Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| effect of anticoagulants on the susceptibility of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to dengue virus infection. | 2002 | 12197636 | |
| comparative safety and immunogenicity of two yellow fever 17d vaccines (arilvax and yf-vax) in a phase iii multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. | yellow fever (yf) is a significant health problem in south america and africa. travelers to these areas require immunization. the united states, infested with aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is at risk of introduction of this disease. there is only a single u.s. manufacturer of yf 17d vaccine, and supplies may be insufficient in an emergency. a randomized, double-blind outpatient study was conducted in 1,440 healthy individuals, half of whom received the u.s. vaccine (yf-vax) and half the vaccine manu ... | 2002 | 12201587 |
| large genetic distances among aedes aegypti populations along the south pacific coast of mexico. | a population genetic analysis was conducted among 20 aedes aegypti collections from 19 cities along the south pacific coast in the mexican states of guerrero, oaxaca, and chiapas and in coatepeque, guatemala. genetic variation was scored at 131 random amplified polymorphic dna loci. the amount of genetic differentiation among collections was approximately 3 times as great as detected among collections in an earlier study in northeastern mexico. regression analysis of linear or road distances on ... | 2002 | 12201597 |
| genetic differentiation of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti (ho chi minh city, vietnam) using microsatellite markers. | dengue haemorrhagic fever emerged in the 1950s and has become a major public health concern in most asian countries. in vietnam, little is known about the intraspecific variation of the vector and its consequences on vectorial capacity. here we report the use of microsatellite markers to differentiate aedes aegypti populations in ho chi minh city, a typical, overcrowded asian city. six microsatellite loci, with 5-14 alleles per locus, were scored in 20 mosquito samples collected in 1998 in ho ch ... | 2002 | 12207714 |
| reduced efficacy of the immune melanization response in mosquitoes infected by malaria parasites. | although the mosquito vectors of malaria have an effective immune system capable of encapsulating many foreign particles, they rarely encapsulate malaria parasites in natural populations. a possible reason for this apparent paradox is that infection by malaria reduces the capability of the mosquito to mount an effective immune response. to investigate this possibility, we blood-fed aedes aegypti mosquitoes on an uninfected chicken or on one infected with plasmodium gallinaceum, and compared the ... | 2002 | 12211612 |
| dynamics of dengue virus circulation: a silent epidemic in a complex urban area. | serotypes of dengue den-1 and den-2 have been reported in much of brazil over the last 15 years, and den-3 serotype was only recently detected. this prospective study was conducted in salvador, a large city in north-east brazil, where two epidemics were previously recorded (den-1 and den-2). we obtained the seroprevalence and 1-year incidence of dengue infections in the population of 30 sampling areas of salvador and analysed the relationship between intensity of viral circulation, standard of l ... | 2002 | 12225506 |
| engineering mosquito resistance to malaria parasites: the avian malaria model. | genetic approaches to controlling the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases are being developed to augment the available chemical control practices and environmental manipulation methods. much progress has been made in laboratory-based research that seeks to develop antipathogen or antivector effector genes and methods for genetically manipulating host vector strains. research is summarized here in the development of a malaria-resistant phenotype using as a model system the avian parasite, pla ... | 2002 | 12225922 |
| developing arbovirus resistance in mosquitoes. | diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses are increasingly significant public health problems, and novel methods are needed to control pathogen transmission. the hypothesis underlying the research described here is that genetic manipulation of aedes aegypti mosquitoes can profoundly and permanently reduce their competence to transmit dengue viruses to human hosts. recent key findings now allow us to test the genetic control hypothesis. we have identified viral genome-derived rna segments that c ... | 2002 | 12225924 |
| infectious diseases in mexico. a survey from 1995-2000. | data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. an outstanding increase of den-3 circulation was identified. aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of ... | 2002 | 12234523 |
| flavivirus susceptibility in aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti is the primary vector of yellow fever (yf) and dengue fever (df) flaviviruses worldwide. in this review we focus on past and present research on genetic components and environmental factors in aedes aegypti that appear to control flavivirus transmission. we review genetic relationships among ae. aegypti populations throughout the world and discuss how variation in vector competence is correlated with overall genetic differences among populations. we describe current research into h ... | 2002 | 12234528 |
| development of monoclonal antibody based antigen capture elisa to detect chikungunya virus antigen in mosquitoes. | chikungunya (chik) virus has caused numerous large outbreaks in india. no active or passive surveillance has been carried out since the last epidemic which occurred in 1971. for active surveillance, it is necessary to have a test, which can detect the virus from a large number of field-collected mosquitoes. | 2002 | 12239836 |
| genetic differentiation of aedes aegypti mainland and island populations from southern thailand. | isozymes of 5 wild-caught collections of aedes aegypti were compared by using starch gel electrophoresis. all collections were collected from surat-thanee province, southern thailand, an area considered to be a hyperendemic zone for dengue virus. one collection was from donsak harbor, whereas the other 4 collections were from 4 districts of samui island. the percent polymorphic loci (24.2-33%) in the 4 island collections was lower than in the mainland collection (36.4%). this study revealed a la ... | 2002 | 12322938 |
| chemical analysis of human skin emanations: comparison of volatiles from humans that differ in attraction of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | host odors are believed to play a major role in the location of blood meals by female mosquitoes. previous work has shown that female aedes aegypti (l.) are attracted to a residuum of skin emanations deposited on glass. the attraction of mosquitoes to handled or rubbed glass varies from person to person and from day to day. this variation indicates that mosquito behavior varies over time and that a relative difference exists in the ability of people over time to attract mosquitoes. volatiles des ... | 2002 | 12322940 |
| larvicidal activity of leguminous seeds and grains against aedes aegypti and culex pipiens pallens. | larvicidal activity of methanol extracts of 26 leguminous seeds and 20 grains against early 4th-stage larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens pallens was examined. at 200 ppm of the extracts from cassia obtusifolia, cassia tora, and vicia tetrasperma, more than 90% mortality was obtained in larvae of ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens pallens. extract of c. tora gave 86.7 and 100% mortality in the larvae of ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens pallens at 40 ppm but 59.2 and 78.3% mortality against larvae of a ... | 2002 | 12322944 |
| cloning and characterization of an insecticidal crystal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kenyae. | a sporulating culture of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae strain hd549 is toxic to larvae of lepidopteran insect species such as spodoptera litura, helicoverpa armigera and phthorimaea operculella, and a dipteran insect, culex fatigans. a 1.9-kb dna fragment, pcr-amplified from hd549 using cryii-gene-specific primers, was cloned and expressed in e. coli. the recombinant protein produced 92% mortality in first-instar larvae of spodoptera litura and 86% inhibition of adult emergence in phthori ... | 2002 | 12357073 |
| genetic structure of aedes aegypti populations in chiang mai (thailand) and relation with dengue transmission. | we analysed the population genetic structure and differentiation regarding vector competence for a dengue virus of 15 aedes aegypti samples collected from chiang mai in northern thailand. based on polymorphism of 10 isoenzyme loci, genetic differentiation was confirmed among samples collected in different subdistricts (high fst values and p < 0.05). based on infection rate for a dengue 2 virus, susceptibilities were similar in mosquitoes collected in san nuea subdistrict and in choeng doi subdis ... | 2002 | 12358622 |
| a putative receptor for dengue virus in mosquito tissues: localization of a 45-kda glycoprotein. | dengue virus (denv) infects target cells by attaching to various cell receptors, many of which are still unknown. in c6/36 cells (aedes albopictus cell line), denv-4 bound to two glycoproteins of 40 and 45 kda, located on the cell surface. preincubation of cells with polyclonal antibody against the 45-kda protein specifically blocked denv-4 infection of c6/36 cells. the antibody and purified denv-4 detected the 45-kda molecule in total extracts from eggs, larvae, and pupae as well as from the mi ... | 2002 | 12363068 |
| variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of aedes aegypti from mexico and the united states. | aedes aegypti from 24 collections in mexico and the united states were challenged orally with dengue 2 virus jam1409 (den-2 jam1409). the vector competence (vc) of the populations ranged from 24% to 83%. mosquito populations from the yucatan exhibited greater vc than those from other areas of mexico. the presence or absence of a midgut infection barrier (mib) and a midgut escape barrier (meb) was determined for mosquitoes in each population. the percentage of mosquitoes exhibiting an mib ranged ... | 2002 | 12363070 |
| a coup-tf/svp homolog is highly expressed during vitellogenesis in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | in the mosquito aedes aegypti, vitellogenesis is activated via an ecdysteroid hormonal cascade initiated by a blood meal. the functional ecdysone receptor is a heterodimer composed of the ecdysone receptor (ecr) and ultraspiracle, the homolog of the retinoid x receptor. the precise tuning of this hormonal response requires participation of both positive and negative transcriptional regulators. in drosophila, svp, a homolog of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (coup-tf), in ... | 2002 | 12370123 |
| conservation of long-range synteny and microsynteny between the genomes of two distantly related nematodes. | comparisons between the genomes of the closely related nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and caenorhabditis briggsae reveal high rates of rearrangement, with a bias towards within-chromosome events. to assess whether this pattern is true of nematodes in general, we have used genome sequence to compare two nematode species that last shared a common ancestor approximately 300 million years ago: the model c. elegans and the filarial parasite brugia malayi. | 2002 | 12372145 |
| infection outcome and cytokine gene expression in brugia pahangi- infected gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) sensitized with brucella abortus. | filarial infections have been associated with the development of a strongly polarized th2 host immune response and a severe impairment of mitogen-driven proliferation and type 1 cytokine production in mice and humans. the role of this polarization in the development of the broad spectra of clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis is still unknown. recently, data gathered from humans as well as from immunocompromised mouse models suggest that filariasis elicits a complex host immune respon ... | 2002 | 12379668 |
| nitric oxide limits the expansion of antigen-specific t cells in mice infected with the microfilariae of brugia pahangi. | infection of balb/c mice with the microfilariae (mf) of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi results in an antigen-specific proliferative defect that is induced by high levels of no. using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimydl ester and cell surface labeling, it was possible to identify a population of antigen-specific t cells from mf-infected balb/c mice that expressed particularly high levels of cd4 (cd4(hi)). these cells proliferated in culture only when inducible no synthase was inhibited ... | 2002 | 12379675 |
| genome fragment of wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to x chromosome of host insect. | the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis, is triple-infected with distinct lineages of wolbachia endosymbiont, wbrucon, wbruori, and wbruaus, which were identified by their wsp (wolbachia surface protein) gene sequences. whereas wbrucon and wbruori caused cytoplasmic incompatibility of the host insect, wbruaus did not. although wbrucon and wbruori were easily eliminated by antibiotic treatments, wbruaus persisted over five treated generations and could not be eliminated. the inheritance ... | 2002 | 12386340 |
| suitability of containers from different sources as breeding sites of aedes aegypti (l.) in a cemetery of buenos aires city, argentina. | cemeteries are ideal urban areas to study the importance of different types of containers as breeding sites of aedes aegypti (l.). in the present study, the suitability of plastic, glass, ceramic and metal containers was evaluated in four patches within a cemetery of buenos aires city, argentina. between october 1998 and may 2000, we found 215 breeding sites of ae. aegypti out of 13,022 water-filled containers examined. in two patches containing microenvironments sheltered from the sun, the use ... | 2002 | 12386697 |
| dengue virus type 3 isolation from aedes aegypti in the municipality of nova iguaçu, state of rio de janeiro. | in a prospective field study conducted from july 2000 to june 2001, adult aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes were caught from the municipality of nova iguaçu, state of rio de janeiro, brazil. virus isolation in ae. albopictus clone c6/36 cell line and a semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected only dengue virus type 3 in three pools of ae. aegypti, despite the co-circulation of den-1, den-2 and den-3 serotypes in that area. no viruses were detected in ae. alb ... | 2002 | 12386700 |
| laboratory evaluation of mesocyclops annulatus (wierzejski, 1892) (copepoda: cyclopidea) as a predator of container-breeding mosquitoes in argentina. | in laboratory bioassays we tested the predatory capacity of the copepod mesocyclops annulatus on aedes aegypti and culex pipiens larvae. a single adult female of m. annulatus caused 51.6% and 52.3% mortality of 50 first instar larvae of ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens respectively, in a 72 h test period. when alternative food was added to the containers, mortality rates declined to 16% and 10.3% for ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens respectively. when 50 first instar larvae of each of the two mosquito spe ... | 2002 | 12386705 |
| persistence of dengue-3 virus through transovarial transmission passage in successive generations of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | progeny of aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected intrathoracically with dengue-3 virus was reared to subsequent generations. in each generation, blood-fed females were confined individually and the eggs obtained from the transovarially infected females were pooled. the seventh generation obtained from the infected parental mosquitoes showed that virus could persist in mosquitoes in successive generations through transovarial passage. the rate of vertical transmission initially increased in the few g ... | 2002 | 12389940 |
| roof gutters: a key container for aedes aegypti and ochlerotatus notoscriptus (diptera: culicidae) in australia. | the contribution of roof gutters to aedes aegypti (l.) and ochlerotatus notoscriptus (skuse) pupal populations was quantified for the first time in cairns, australia. concurrent yard and roof surveys yielded an estimated 6,934 mosquito pupae, comprising four species. roof gutters were an uncommon but productive source of ae. aegypti in both wet season (n = 11) and dry season (n = 2) surveys, producing 52.6% and 39.5% of the respective populations. first story gutters accounted for 92.3% of the p ... | 2002 | 12408662 |
| dengue and its vectors in thailand: introduction to the study and seasonal distribution of aedes larvae. | a study was conducted from 1989 to 1994 that included surveillance for dengue and its mosquito vectors in 3 villages and 2 schools in chachoengsao province, 100 km east of bangkok, thailand. the study is introduced, and results of larval surveys for aedes mosquitoes (predominantly aedes aegypti (l.)), with 94, 86, and 90% of positive containers infested by this species in the hot, wet, and cool seasons, respectively), are described. these surveys were conducted in 1990-1991 during each of the 3 ... | 2002 | 12408663 |
| growth characteristics of chimerivax-den2 vaccine virus in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. | the chimeric yellow fever (yf) 17d-dengue type 2 (chimerivax-den2) vaccine virus developed by acambis, inc. (cambridge, ma) contains the prm and e genes of wild-type (wt) dengue 2 (den-2) (strain puo-218) virus in the yf vaccine virus (strain 17d) backbone. the potential of chimerivax-den2 virus to infect and be transmitted by aedes aegypti, the principal den and yf virus mosquito vector, and aedes albopictus, a species that occurs in areas of active transmission of yf and den viruses, was evalu ... | 2002 | 12408664 |
| differential partitioning of maternal fatty acid and phospholipid in neonate mosquito larvae. | in animals, lipids are a source of energy, cell membrane components, signaling pathway modulators and emulsifying agents. in egg-laying animals, maternal yolk lipids, imported into the egg before laying, are metabolized or distributed in the developing embryo to serve these functions. studies with birds, reptiles and insects have described lipid metabolism in adults and in eggs, but no studies have addressed how lipids are distributed in developing organs in the embryo. here we show that materna ... | 2002 | 12409488 |
| frequency, diversity, and productivity study on the aedes aegypti most preferred containers in the city of manaus, amazonas, brazil. | the most preferred containers by aedes aegypti were studied april and july (rainy and dry periods) in two manaus neighbourhoods. in all, 2,700 premises and 13,912 containers were examined, most (87%) recorded outdoors. out of the 13,100 inspected premises, only 1.6% showed to be positive for aedes aegypti, summing up to 7,916 collected samples. most frequently found containers outdoors in either neighbourhood regardless of rain or dry period were bottles flasks and storage, and indoors, fixed, f ... | 2002 | 12436162 |
| rna silencing of dengue virus type 2 replication in transformed c6/36 mosquito cells transcribing an inverted-repeat rna derived from the virus genome. | double-stranded rna (dsrna) initiates cellular posttranscriptional responses that are collectively called rna silencing in a number of different organisms, including plants, nematodes, and fruit flies. in plants, rna silencing has been associated with protection from virus infection. in this study, we demonstrate that dsrna-mediated interference also can act as a viral defense mechanism in mosquito cells. c6/36 (aedes albopictus) cells were stably transformed with a plasmid designed to transcrib ... | 2002 | 12438618 |
| preadult stage parasites and multiple timed exposure to infective larvae are involved in development of limb edema in brugia malayi-infected indian leaf monkeys (presbytis entellus). | the pathogenesis of filarial limb edema is not known. the role of parasitological variables and parasite-mediated phenomena in the development of limb edema was investigated in the presbytis entellus-brugia malayi model. infection was initiated with subcutaneous inoculation of infective third-stage larvae (l(3)), and the animals were reexposed to different doses of l(3) at the prepatent, patent, and diminishing microfilaremia (0 to 5% of peak microfilaremia count) stages of infection. a large l( ... | 2002 | 12093695 |
| first outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever, bangladesh. | during the first countrywide outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in bangladesh, we conducted surveillance for dengue at a hospital in dhaka. of 176 patients, primarily adults, found positive for dengue, 60.2% had dengue fever, 39.2% dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 0.6% dengue shock syndrome. the dengue virus 3 serotype was detected in eight patients. | 2002 | 12095447 |
| new enamine derivatives of lapachol and biological activity. | a convenient synthesis of the new enamine derivatives 2-(4-morpholinyl)-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione, 2-(1-piperidinyl)-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphtalenedione and 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione was carried out from natural 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione (lapachol) and morpholine, piperidine and pyrrolidine. the structures of the products were established mainly by nmr analysis, including 2d experiments. biological activiti ... | 2002 | 12098751 |
| insulin receptor expression during development and a reproductive cycle in the ovary of the mosquito aedes aegypti. | a key tyrosine kinase receptor regulates steroidogenesis during egg maturation in the mosquito aedes aegypti. this study examined expression patterns and phosphorylation states of the mosquito insulin receptor (mir) in ovaries during the previtellogenic stage and a reproductive cycle. little or no mir protein was present until 24 h after adult eclosion, when the mature mir appeared as a approximately 400-kda tetrameric protein composed of two 116-kda alpha-subunits and two 95-kda beta-subunits. ... | 2002 | 12107434 |
| isolation, characterization, and functional expression of kynurenine aminotransferase cdna from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti(1). | this study describes the molecular and biochemical characterization of kynurenine aminotransferase (kat) from aedes aegypti mosquitoes. through screening an a. aegypti larval cdna library, a 1695-bp full-length cdna clone with a 1434-bp open reading frame (orf) was isolated. its deduced amino acid sequence consists of 477 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 53,490 and the amino acid sequence shares 47 and 42% identity with kats from homo sapiens and rattus norvegicus, respecti ... | 2002 | 12110301 |
| the use of commercial saponin from quillaja saponaria bark as a natural larvicidal agent against aedes aegypti and culex pipiens. | the larvicidal activity of commercial bark saponin extract (sigma) from quillaja saponaria was studied on 3rd-4th instar larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens (vectors for dengue fever and western nile virus, respectively). the larvae were exposed to serial concentrations (1000, 800, 500, 300, 100, 10, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/l) of the extract for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 11 days. the results indicate that commercial bark saponin is toxic, causing 100% larval mortality in a. aegypti and c. pipiens after 1 ... | 2002 | 12127245 |
| gender-related family head schooling and aedes aegypti larval breeding risk in southern mexico. | to investigate if family head genre-associated education is related to the risk of domiciliary aedes aegypti larval breeding in a dengue-endemic village of southern mexico. | 2002 | 12132321 |
| dengue virus selectively induces human mast cell chemokine production. | severe dengue virus infections usually occur in individuals who have preexisting anti-dengue virus antibodies. mast cells are known to play an important role in host defense against several pathogens, but their role in viral infection has not yet been elucidated. the effects of dengue virus infection on the production of chemokines by human mast cells were examined. elevated levels of secreted rantes, mip-1alpha, and mip-1beta, but not il-8 or ena-78, were observed following infection of ku812 o ... | 2002 | 12134044 |
| control of aedes vectors of dengue in three provinces of vietnam by use of mesocyclops (copepoda) and community-based methods validated by entomologic, clinical, and serological surveillance. | we describe remarkable success in controlling dengue vectors, aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse), in 6 communes with 11,675 households and 49,647 people in the northern provinces of haiphong, hung yen, and nam dinh in vietnam. the communes were selected for high-frequency use of large outdoor concrete tanks and wells. these were found to be the source of 49.6-98.4% of ae. aegypti larvae, which were amenable to treatment with local mesocyclops, mainly m. woutersi van der velde, m. as ... | 2002 | 12135266 |
| breeding structure of aedes aegypti populations in mexico varies by region. | a population genetic analysis of aedes aegypti was conducted among 38 collections from throughout coastal regions of mexico. multiple collections were made within 5 cities to examine local patterns of gene flow. single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used to screen for variation in a 387-bp region of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 4 mitochondrial gene (nd4) and 25 haplotypes were detected. northeastern mexico collections were genetically differentiated ... | 2002 | 12135296 |
| comparison of penaeid shrimp and insect parvoviruses suggests that viral transfers may occur between two distantly related arthropod groups. | the dna and putative amino acid sequences of representative insect and shrimp parvoviruses (subfamily densovirinae) were analyzed using computer programs. shrimp viruses included hepatopancreatic parvovirus (hpv) of penaeus monodon (hpvmon) and p. chinensis (hpvchin), spawner-isolated mortality virus from p. monodon (smvmon) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihhnv) from p. vannamei. insect viruses included aedes aegypti densovirus (aaednv), aedes albopictus densovirus ( ... | 2002 | 12135792 |
| [repellent activity against aedes aegypti (l.) of formulas based on natural vegetable extracts or synthetic active agents]. | a comparison of 5 commercial mosquito repellents was made on adult male and female volunteers in laboratory trials. the products tested in forms of cream or lotion included 4 natural oil formulations (containing citronella, clover, eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, peppermint, sandalwood, thyme, etc.) and 1 synthetic chemical repellent containing 10% kbr 3023). natural oil products showed essentially poor or no repellency against ae, aegypti: the protection times were less than or equal to 1 hour. ... | 2002 | 12162118 |
| [aedes albopictus (s) in the region of são josé do rio preto, sp, brazil: a study of its infestation in an area where aedes aegypti was already established and a discussion of its role as a possible vector of dengue and yellow fever]. | the objectives of this survey were to study the evolution of aedes albopictus infestation in são josé do rio preto region, sp, an area already occupied by aedes aegypti and also to discuss its role in transmitting diseases. analyzing data from urban mosquito larval density surveys of the region's municipalities, year and site of the occurrence, composition and location of larval samples, breeding containers and breteau indices were studied. by may 2001, the vector was found in 96 of 100 municipa ... | 2002 | 12170331 |
| novel cost-effective method of screening soils for the presence of mosquito-pathogenic bacilli. | the aim was to simplify the cumbersome conventional process of isolating virulent bacilli, which involves isolating all bacilli strains from a source followed by screening for strains that are effective for bio-control of mosquito vectors. | 2002 | 12460424 |
| [main breeding-containers for aedes aegypti and associated culicids, argentina]. | breeding containers for aedes (stegomyia) aegypti were identified in two cities of chaco province (northeast argentina): presidencia roque saenz peña and machagai. all water-retaining recipients found in house backyards capable to retain water were classified according to their type and size, counted and checked. aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were the most frequently collected species, being also found cx. maxi, cx. saltanensis and ochlerotatus scapularis. tires and car batteries repr ... | 2002 | 12471389 |
| laboratory vector competence experiments with yellow fever virus and five south african mosquito species including aedes aegypti. | three domestic and peridomestic mosquito species, selected because their prevalence, distribution and ecology favoured them as potential urban vectors of yellow fever (yf) in south africa, were submitted to numerous tests for infectivity [measured as dose needed to infect 50% of the mosquitoes (mid50)], mainly with a kenyan strain (bc7914) of the virus. use of a nigerian virus strain (tvp1617) did not significantly alter infectivity. after artificial infective blood meals with titres of 7.0-8.0 ... | 2002 | 12474475 |
| [cytopathological effect of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis endotoxins on the intestines of aedes aegypti mosquito larvae]. | the dynamics of pathological changes in the intestine of aedes aegypti larvae under the influence of toxins cry11a and cry4b produced by bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was studied by means of electron microscope. most significant ultrastructure changes in the intestine of the second instar larvae were observed in the midgut. the cytoplasm of cells disintegrated, and elongated lacunae appeared. the number of microvilli decreased, or they disappeared in the result of destruction. the peritroph ... | 2002 | 12481602 |
| geographic genetic variation in populations of the dengue virus vector aedes aegypti. | isoenzyme variation was assessed in 79 mosquito samples of aedes aegypti, and susceptibility to a dengue 2 virus strain was evaluated in 83 samples. analysis of fst values, differentiation indexes, and geographic distances separating populations revealed that genetic differences between populations depended on the species' history of migration and colonization. three major clusters were identified: (1). the sylvan form, ae. ae. formosus, from west africa and some islands in the indian ocean; (2) ... | 2002 | 12486524 |
| evaluation of the residual effect of temephos on aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae) larvae in artificial containers in manaus, amazonas state, brazil. | trial tests and container observations were conducted in households to verify the residual effect of temephos in manaus, amazonas state, brazil. three plastic buckets, three tin cans, and three tires filled with water from an artesian well and larvicide were used in the experiment, with twenty-five third-instar larvae, which remained exposed for 24h, followed by mortality readings. the same types of containers were selected from common households. collection and counts followed by chemical treat ... | 2002 | 12488878 |
| cross-resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides induced by selection with temephos in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from cuba. | a sample of aedes aegypti (l.) from santiago de cuba, cuba, with a high level of temephos resistance (19.58x at the 50% lethal concentration [lc50]), was subjected to temephos selection to evaluate the utility of this organophosphate insecticide for mosquito control. high resistance developed after six generations of selection (200.00x). little or no cross-resistance was observed to the organophosphates, malathion and fenitrothion, but high cross-resistance was observed for the pyrethroid deltam ... | 2002 | 12495187 |
| completion of the sequence of the nuclear ribosomal dna subunit of simulium sanctipauli, with descriptions of the 18s, 28s genes and the igs. | we describe the igs-ets, 18s and 28s ribosomal gene sequences of simulium sanctipauli vajime & dunbar, a member of the s. damnosum theobald (diptera: simuliidae) complex of blackflies (diptera: simuliidae). these regions, together with the its-1, its-2 and 5.8s rdna presented elsewhere (accession number u36206), constitute the composite sequence of the entire rdna unit, making s. sanctipauli the second dipteran species of medical importance for which the entire rdna has been sequenced. despite t ... | 2002 | 12510891 |
| isoenzyme variation in aedes aegypti correlated with dirofilaria immitis infectability. | from the vero beach strain of the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae), substrains were selected for susceptibility (ss) and refractoriness (rr) to the dog heartworm dirofilaria immitis (leidy) (filarioidea: onchocercidae). these two lines and their reciprocal f1 hybrids were analysed for genetic variation at 14 enzyme loci, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. six of the enzyme loci showed variation (sample size 48 alleles/locus/line). three of these were monomorphi ... | 2002 | 12510895 |
| isoenzyme differentiation of aedes aegypti populations in french guiana. | population genetics of peri-domestic aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), vector of dengue and yellow fever, were investigated by gel electrophoresis of 10 enzyme loci in 14 samples of mosquito larvae collected in 1997-1998 from localities separated by distances of 3-275 km in french guiana. genetic differentiation between geographical populations was generally high (mean fst = +0.111, p < 10(-5)) even among seven sites <30 km apart (fst = +0.137, p < 0.05), but not positively correlated with dis ... | 2002 | 12510901 |
| host-specific cues cause differential attractiveness of kenyan men to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | many studies have suggested that variability in the attractiveness of humans to host-seeking mosquitoes is caused by differences in the make-up of body emanations, and olfactory signals in particular. most investigations have either been laboratory-based, utilising odour obtained from sections of the body, or have been done in the field with sampling methods that do not discriminate between visual, physical and chemical cues of the host. accordingly, evidence for differential attractiveness base ... | 2002 | 12513703 |
| laboratory evaluation of vectobac as against aedes aegypti in monterrey, nuevo león, mexico. | intensive use of the organophosphate insecticide malathion against adults and temephos against larvae of aedes aegypti in mexico over the past 30 years has led to problems requiring the use of new larvicides. toward this objective, bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti), a target-specific and environmentally safer control agent, was evaluated. laboratory bioassays were done to determine the susceptibility of 2nd- and 3rd-stage larvae of ae. aegypti to vectobac 12 as (aqueous suspension, 6 ... | 2002 | 12545970 |
| fast and slow blood-feeding durations of aedes aegypti mosquitoes in trinidad. | the duration of blood feeding by similar-sized aedes aegypti (l.) was determined under laboratory conditions in trinidad, west indies. ae. aegypti from the f0 generation contained individuals that fed quickly (106.2 seconds) as well as slowly (330.0 seconds). among the fast feeders (<2 min), the time taken for blood feeding during the first gonotrophic cycle was much shorter than that observed for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gonotrophic cycles. in contrast, among the slow feeders the time taken was muc ... | 2002 | 12546453 |
| larvicidal activity of isobutylamides identified in piper nigrum fruits against three mosquito species. | the insecticidal activity of materials derived from the fruits of piper nigrum against third instar larvae of culex pipiens pallens, aedes aegypti, and a. togoi was examined and compared with that of commercially available piperine, a known insecticidal compound from piper species. the biologically active constituents of p. nigrum fruits were characterized as the isobutylamide alkaloids pellitorine, guineensine, pipercide, and retrofractamide a by spectroscopic analysis. retrofractamide a was is ... | 2002 | 11902925 |
| microsatellite markers for population genetic studies in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from côte d'ivoire: evidence for a microgeographic genetic differentiation of mosquitoes from bouaké. | in west africa, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) (linnaeus, c., 1762. zweyter theil, enhalt beschreibungen veschiedener wichtiger naturalien. in: hasselquist, f. (ed.), reise nach palastina in den jahren von 1749 bis 1752, rostock, germany, pp. 267-606) represents the principal vector of yellow fever. this study reports the use of microsatellite markers to characterise various a. aegypti populations from côte d'ivoire according to a north-south transect, and to perform a temporal genetic surve ... | 2002 | 11904102 |
| specific detection of chikungunya virus using a rt-pcr/nested pcr combination. | chikungunya (chik) virus is enzootic in many countries in asia and throughout tropical africa. in asia the virus is transmitted from primates to humans almost exclusively by aedes aegypti, while various aedine mosquito species are responsible for human infections in africa. the clinical picture is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, rash and severe pain in the joints which may persist in a small proportion of cases. although not listed as a haemorrhagic fever virus, illness caused by chik ... | 2002 | 11911593 |
| epidemiological significanceof subterranean aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) breeding sites to dengue virus infection in charters towers, 1993. | the objective of this study wasto determine the epidemiological significance of subterranean mosquito breeding sites to the 1993 outbreak of dengue fever (type 2) in the northern queensland town of charters towers, australia. in recent studies on subterranean mosquito breeding, containers such as wells and service manholes have been shown to be important breeding sites to australia's only dengue vector, aedes aegypti (l.). this study demonstrates a direct epidemiological association between subt ... | 2002 | 11931248 |
| dengue in cuba: mobilisation against aedes aegypti. | 2002 | 11937420 | |
| dengue virus infection rate in field populations of female aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in singapore. | we developed a single-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) followed by a semi-nested pcr using an upstream consensus primer and four type-specific primers within the non-structural protein gene (ns3) of dengue viruses to type dengue viruses in field populations of female aedes mosquitoes. this yielded diagnostic fragments of 169, 362, 265 and 426 base pairs for dengue virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. from 1997 to 2000, 54 (6.9%) of 781 aedes aegypti and 67 (2.9%) ... | 2002 | 11952948 |
| isolation of cdna clones encoding putative odourant binding proteins from the antennae of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | one way of controlling disease transmission by blood-feeding mosquitoes is to reduce the frequency of insect-host interaction, thus reducing the probability of parasite transmission and re-infection. a better understanding of the olfactory processes responsible for allowing mosquitoes to identify human hosts is required in order to develop methods that will interfere with host seeking. we have therefore initiated a molecular approach to isolate and characterize the genes and their products that ... | 2002 | 11966877 |
| germ line transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, mediated by transpositional insertion of a piggybac vector. | mosquito-vectored diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever continue to have a substantial impact on human populations world-wide. novel strategies for control of these mosquito vectored diseases can arise through the development of reliable systems for genetic manipulation of the insect vector. a piggybac vector marked with the drosophila melanogaster cinnabar (cn) gene was used to transform the white-eyed khw strain of aedes aegypti. microinjection of preblastoderm embryos resulted in fou ... | 2002 | 11966878 |
| the d7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera. | the d7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. although d7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. in the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel d7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty-o ... | 2002 | 11966880 |
| potential application of nonstructural protein ns1 serotype-specific immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the seroepidemiologic study of dengue virus infection: correlation of results with those of the plaque reduction neutralization test. | an ns1 serotype-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to differentiate primary and secondary dengue virus infections and serotypes of primary dengue virus infection. for this report, we carried out retrospective seroepidemiologic studies on serum samples collected from residents of liuchiu hsiang, pingtung county, an isolated island in southern taiwan during 1997-1998. the results demonstrated that good correlation existed between dengue virus ns1 serotype-spe ... | 2002 | 11980973 |
| hospital-based diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis in cambodian children. | surveillance was conducted for three clinical syndromes (hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis) in cambodian children admitted to the national pediatric hospital in phnom penh from july 1996 through september 1998. acute- and convalescent-phase sera, and cerebrospinal fluid, when applicable, underwent diagnostic evaluation for infections with dengue virus (denv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), and hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses. of 621 children admitted with hemorrhagic fever, 499 ... | 2002 | 11996683 |
| do plasmodium ookinetes invade a specific cell type in the mosquito midgut? | recent debate in plasmodium ookinete invasion has been centered on whether the parasite chooses a specific cell type to cross the midgut epithelium in the mosquito. a few publications have described the mosquito midgut being composed of complex surface-structures, histochemically and biochemically diverse cell types, and have proposed that plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes prefers a specific cell type (ross cell) in aedes aegypti for crossing the midgut epithelium. two recent publications reporte ... | 2002 | 11998702 |
| an inexpensive intervention for the control of larval aedes aegypti assessed by an improved method of surveillance and analysis. | a sampling method coupled with statistical calibration factors was developed to accurately assess the numbers of larvae and pupae of aedes aegypti in large water-storage containers of variable capacities and water levels. aedes aegypti productivity in different types of breeding sites found in an urban study area in central colombia was assessed and compared. in this study, water-storage tanks and drums were found to comprise 79% of the containers positive for larval ae. aegypti, which contribut ... | 2002 | 11998929 |
| indoor thermal fogging against vector mosquitoes with two bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, vectobac abg 6511 water-dispersible granules and vectobac 12as liquid. | bioefficacy of thermal fogging application of 2 bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, vectobac abg 6511 water-dispersible granules (3,000 international toxic unit [itu]/mg) and vectobac 12as liquid (1,200 itu/mg), was assessed for larvicidal activities against aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, anopheles dirus, and culex quinquefasciatus. portable agrofog af35 sprayers were used to apply the 2 formulations indoors in residential premises on penang island, malaysia. vectobac abg 6511 sho ... | 2002 | 11998931 |
| an isolate of bacillus circulans toxic to mosquito larvae. | a new strain of bacillus circulans isolated from a larva of culex quinquefasciatus showed larvicidal activity on 3 mosquitoes of medical importance. compared to bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, this b. circulans isolate proved less toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae but was 107 times more toxic to aedes aegypti. moreover, in comparison to other studies, b. circulans was at least as pathogenic as b. thuringiensis var. israelensis in ae. aegypti. the tests have showed that the tox ... | 2002 | 11998934 |
| ecdysteroids and oocyte development in the black fly simulium vittatum. | oocyte development was studied in the autogenous black fly, simulium vittatum (diptera, nematocera), a vector of onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of onchocerciasis. | 2002 | 12015816 |
| vector infection determinants of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the e2 envelope glycoprotein. | epizootic subtype iab and ic venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (veev) readily infect the epizootic mosquito vector aedes taeniorhynchus. the inability of enzootic subtype ie viruses to infect this mosquito species provides a model system for the identification of natural viral determinants of vector infectivity. to map mosquito infection determinants, reciprocal chimeric viruses generated from epizootic subtype iab and enzootic ie veev were tested for mosquito infectivity. chimeras containi ... | 2002 | 12021373 |
| detection of west nile virus antigen in mosquitoes and avian tissues by a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay. | an antigen capture immunoassay to detect west nile (wn) virus antigen in infected mosquitoes and avian tissues has been developed. with this assay purified wn virus was detected at a concentration of 32 pg/0.1 ml, and antigen in infected suckling mouse brain and laboratory-infected mosquito pools could be detected when the wn virus titer was 10(2.1) to 10(3.7) pfu/0.1 ml. in a blindly coded set of field-collected mosquito pools (n = 100), this assay detected wn virus antigen in 12 of 18 (66.7%) ... | 2002 | 12037058 |
| cloning and molecular characterization of two mosquito iron regulatory proteins. | iron regulatory proteins (irps) control the synthesis of various proteins at the translational level by binding to iron responsive elements (ires) in the mrnas. iron, infection, and stress can alter irp/ire binding activity. insect messenger rnas for ferritin and succinate dehydrogenase subunit b have ires that are active translational control sites. we have cloned and sequenced cdnas encoding proteins from the irp1 family for the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. both deduced ami ... | 2002 | 11891134 |
| dengue: an update. | this review is an update of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) based on international and cuban experience. we describe the virus characteristics and risk factors for dengue and dhf, and compare incidence and the case fatality rates in endemic regions (southeast asia, western pacific, and the americas). the clinical picture and the pathogenesis of the severe disease are explained. we also discuss the viral, individual, and environmental factors that determine severe disease. much more re ... | 2002 | 11892494 |
| nk t cells are a source of early interleukin-4 following infection with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi. | infection of c57bl/6 mice with the third-stage larvae of brugia pahangi results in a rapid expansion of nk1.1(+) t cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. nk t cells produced interleukin-4 in the spleen within 24 h of infection, and these cells were cd4(-). | 2002 | 11895990 |
| characterization of cyt2bc toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin. | we cloned and sequenced a new cytolysin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin. three is240-like insertion sequence elements and the previously cloned cyt1ab and p21 genes were found in the vicinity of the cytolysin gene. the cytolysin gene encodes a protein 29.7 kda in size that is 91.5% identical to cyt2ba from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and has been designated cyt2bc. inclusions containing cyt2bc were purified from the crystal-negative strain spl407 of b. thuringiensi ... | 2002 | 11872472 |
| transfer rna-dependent amino acid biosynthesis: an essential route to asparagine formation. | biochemical experiments and genomic sequence analysis showed that deinococcus radiodurans and thermus thermophilus do not possess asparagine synthetase (encoded by asna or asnb), the enzyme forming asparagine from aspartate. instead these organisms derive asparagine from asparaginyl-trna, which is made from aspartate in the trna-dependent transamidation pathway [becker, h. d. & kern, d. (1998) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 95, 12832-12837; and curnow, a. w., tumbula, d. l., pelaschier, j. t., min, ... | 2002 | 11880622 |
| dengue virus infections. | dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of public health significance. its geographic distribution includes more than 100 countries worldwide, where more than 2.5 billion people are at risk for dengue infections. most people will have asymptomatic infections, but the disease manifestations range from an influenza-like disease known as dengue fever to a severe, sometimes fatal disease characterized by hemorrhage and shock, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome ... | 2002 | 11880737 |
| [epidemiology of dengue infection in ribeirão preto, sp, brazil]. | to assess dengue transmission in a correctional facility for juvenile delinquents in ribeirão preto, state of são paulo, brazil. | 2002 | 12045796 |
| [presence of aedes aegypti in bromeliaceae and plant breeding places in brazil]. | the frequency of bromeliaceae and other plant breeding places where aedes aegypti can be found is reported during two consecutive operational cycles (focal treatment) in the city of rio de janeiro. these cycles took place from november 12 2000 to march 9 2001 and from march 12 2001 to june 15 2001. this study concentrates on the epidemiological implications resulting from the growing use of these plants as decorative living objects. | 2002 | 12045807 |
| education in primary school as a strategy to control dengue. | the proliferation of aedes aegypti, a species of mosquito that is the vector of the dengue pathogen, is being augmented by the population's lack of care in allowing the formation of larval habitats. one form of controlling dengue is the distribution of information on the mosquito to improve awareness and to provide the means necessary for the elimination of its reproductive habitats. to evaluate a teaching method concerning the vector and dengue, students from the 5th and 6th years of primary ed ... | 2002 | 12045814 |
| oral susceptibility to yellow fever virus of aedes aegypti from brazil. | the oral susceptibility to yellow fever virus was evaluated in 23 aedes aegypti samples from brazil. six ae. aegypti samples from africa, america and asia were also tested for comparison. mosquito samples from asia showed the highest infection rates. infection rates for the brazilian ae. aegypti reached 48.6%, but were under 13% in 60% of sample tested. we concluded that although the low infection rates estimated for some brazilian mosquito samples may not favor the establishment of urban cycle ... | 2002 | 12048581 |
| [critical aspects of dengue control in brazil]. | dengue is now the main reemerging disease in the world. in the absence of an efficacious preventive vaccine and effective etiologic treatment and chemoprophylaxis, the only vulnerable link for reducing dengue transmission is the mosquito aedes aegypti, its principal vector. there are many difficulties in combating this mosquito in large and medium-sized cities. the complexity of contemporary urban life generates factors that facilitate the mosquito's proliferation and constraints on the reductio ... | 2002 | 12048612 |
| a theoretical approach to predicting the success of genetic manipulation of malaria mosquitoes in malaria control. | mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to better encapsulate the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum are being considered as a possible tool in the control of malaria. hopes for this have been raised with the identification of genes involved in the encapsulation response and with advances in the tools required to transform mosquitoes. however, we have only very little understanding of the conditions that would allow such genes to spread in natural populations. | 2002 | 12057019 |
| interaction of 65- and 62-kd proteins from the apical membranes of the aedes aegypti larvae midgut epithelium with cry4b and cry11a endotoxins of bacillus thuringiensis. | a protein with the molecular weight of 65 kd is the only component of aedes aegypti larvae bbm capable to specifically bind mosquitocidal toxins cry4b and cry11a of bacillus thuringiensis. this protein lacks the leucine aminopeptidase activity which is characteristic for the toxin-binding proteins from the membranes of caterpillars. cry-toxins inactive against a. aegypti larvae either fail to bind to the 65-kd protein and to a putative product of its proteolysis with the molecular weight of 62 k ... | 2002 | 12059773 |
| mating alters the cuticular hydrocarbons of female anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | the cuticular hydrocarbons of female anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes were analyzed before and after they mated. in an. gambiae, the proportions of the two cuticular hydrocarbon components, n-heneicosane and n-tricosane, were significantly reduced as the female aged and after it mated. there were no changes in the hydrocarbon composition of males after they mated. hydrocarbon extracts from mated and unmated an. gambiae females as well as those from males ca ... | 2002 | 12061454 |
| temporal genetic variation in aedes aegypti populations in ho chi minh city (vietnam). | aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue viruses in asia, displays variation in population density over time. the larval habitats of this species being unevenly distributed and transient (depending on cycles of drought and flood), the forces generating temporal variation in gene frequencies in populations are studied. we sampled seven mosquito populations from ho chi minh city (vietnam) and its suburbs on five occasions between april 1999 and august 2000. we investigated genetic variation by stu ... | 2002 | 12080364 |
| educational campaign versus malathion spraying for the control of aedes aegypti in colima, mexico. | to evaluate the effect of an educational campaign for reducing the breeding places of aedes aegypti, the principal vector of dengue; and to compare its effects with the ones obtained by spraying of malathion at ultralow volume. | 2002 | 11812816 |
| identification of novel plasmodium gallinaceum zygote- and ookinete-expressed proteins as targets for blocking malaria transmission. | the development of transmission-blocking vaccines is one approach to malaria control. to identify novel plasmodium zygote- and ookinete-secreted proteins as targets of blocking malaria transmission, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against parasite-secreted proteins found in plasmodium gallinaceum ookinete culture supernatants. four mabs-1a6, 2a5, 2b5, and 4b6-were identified that bound to p. gallinaceum zygotes and ookinetes in diverse patterns in terms of spatial localization on para ... | 2002 | 11748169 |
| cloning and characterization of the crystal protein-encoding gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis. | molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cry gene, cry32aa, of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis was carried out. the cry32aa protein was predicted to have a molecular mass of 139.2 kda and was found to have an unusual 42-amino-acid-long tail at the c terminus. the cry32aa gene was localized on the 103-mda plasmid of the organism. bioassays showed no toxicity against several moths and mosquitoes. however, it exhibited weak toxicity against larvae of the diamondback moth, plutell ... | 2002 | 11772653 |
| a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ... | 2002 | 11779831 |
| a cluster of four d7-related genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | four genes expressed in the anopheles gambiae adult female salivary glands and similar in sequence to the aedes aegypti d7 gene were identified. the genes, called d7-related (d7r), are included in a single cluster encompassing approximately six kilobases on chromosome arm 3r. the deduced proteins contain secretory signals and they are probably injected by the mosquito into the host with the saliva during blood feeding. the region of similarity to d7 encompasses the carboxy-terminal part of the a ... | 2002 | 11841502 |
| naturally exposed populations differ in their t1 and t2 responses to the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum. | t-cell responses directed against the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium falciparum can mediate protection against malaria. we determined the frequency of t cells reactive to different regions of the cs in the blood of donors naturally exposed to p. falciparum by examining t1 (gamma interferon [ifn-gamma] elispot assay), t2 (interleukin 4 [il-4] elispot assay), and proliferative t-cell responses. the proliferative responses were weak, which confirmed previous observations. the responses ... | 2002 | 11854234 |
| monoclonal antibody against the plasmodium falciparum chitinase, pfcht1, recognizes a malaria transmission-blocking epitope in plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes unrelated to the chitinase pgcht1. | to initiate invasion of the mosquito midgut, plasmodium ookinetes secrete chitinases that are necessary to cross the chitin-containing peritrophic matrix en route to invading the epithelial cell surface. to investigate chitinases as potential immunological targets of blocking malaria parasite transmission to mosquitoes, a monoclonal antibody (mab) was identified that neutralized the enzymatic activity of the sole chitinase of plasmodium falciparum, pfcht1, identified to date. this mab, designate ... | 2002 | 11854247 |
| invasions by insect vectors of human disease. | nonindigenous vectors that arrive, establish, and spread in new areas have fomented throughout recorded history epidemics of human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhus, and plague. although some vagile vectors, such as adults of black flies, biting midges, and tsetse flies, have dispersed into new habitats by flight or wind, human-aided transport is responsible for the arrival and spread of most invasive vectors, such as anthropophilic fleas, lice, kissing bugs, and mosquitoes. from th ... | 2002 | 11729075 |