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early smoking initiation, sexual behavior and reproductive health - a large population-based study of nordic women.to investigate associations between early smoking initiation, risk-taking behavior and reproductive health.201020353801
evaluation of cervical screening results in a population at normal risk.to evaluate the frequency of dysplasia and other cervical conditions in a population at normal risk, and compare demographic characteristics of the women with normal and abnormal results.201020362986
a pilot study on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among clients of brothel-based female sex workers in jessore, bangladesh.the prevalence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections among clients of female sex workers (fsws) was studied. a total of 156 condoms were collected from clients of 13 sex workers during three consecutive days. condoms used by clients of fsws were collected and dna was extracted from the seminal fluid and used for the diagnosis of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction. the prevalence of n. gonorrhoeae, c. trachomatis and t. vagin ...201020378907
rapid detection of coinfections by trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum by a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction.we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) assay to simultaneously detect trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum. the test is extremely specific and has a sensitivity of 10 cells for t. vaginalis and u. urealyticum and of 1 cell for m. hominis. the technique was validated on vaginal swabs from 240 women presenting symptoms of vaginitis, and results were compared with data obtained using microscopic and culture techniques on the same patients. the m- ...201020385350
[local combined therapy of vaginal infections by nifuratel-nistatin].a test included 40 women in the reproductive age with clinical symptoms of vaginitis and microbiological examination. they were treated by combined therapy of vaginal tablets of nifuratel, 500 mg and nistatin 200 000 i. u. during six days, after which they underwent gynaecological reexamination and repeated microbiological examination of vaginal and cervical smears. an analiysis of vaginal secretion found bacterial flora in 34 smears (65%), fungus (candida albicans) in 15 (24%) and trichomonas v ...201020387731
gardnerella, trichomonas vaginalis, candida, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in the genital discharge of symptomatic fertile and asymptomatic infertile women.this study aimed to establish the different prevalence of the microorganisms investigated in the two groups considered: fertile women with symptoms and asymptomatic women with infertility problems. the data from women (n= 952) investigated for two years for quality of genital discharge and the presence of gardnerella vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis, candida species, streptococcus agalactiae, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyiticum and chlamydia trachomatis were retrospectively analyzed. in ...201020402416
treatment of trichomoniasis in pregnancy in sub-saharan africa does not appear to be associated with low birth weight or preterm birth.to determine whether treatment of trichomoniasis increases the risk of prematurity.201020429491
synthesis and biological activity of 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-benzimidazole derivatives against some protozoa and trichinella spiralis.a series of 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-benzimidazole derivatives (1a-1i) were synthesized via phillips cyclocondensation of a substituted 1,2-phenylenediamine and trifluoroacetic acid. the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro against various protozoan parasites: giardia intestinalis, entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis and leishmania mexicana, and they showed nanomolar activities against the first three protozoa tested. the compounds were also tested in vitro and in vivo against th ...201020430484
trichomonas vaginalis: investigation of a novel diagnostic method in urine samples using cysteine proteinase 4 gene and pcr technique.trichomonas vaginalis is the agent of a highly prevalent sexually transmitted disease that leads to vaginitis, urethritis, ectocervicitis and has been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). detection of t. vaginalis based on wet-mount microscopy and culture methods is insensitive and time consuming, respectively. thus the quest for reliable pcr techniques of t. vaginalis in vaginal discharge and urine sample is more importance. in this study, 500 urine and vaginal-discharge samples ...201020434441
should expedited partner treatment for women with trichomonas vaginalis be recommended? 201020453719
a randomized controlled trial of partner notification methods for prevention of trichomoniasis in women.trichomoniasis is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus. males are usually asymptomatic, and thus there is heavy reliance on partner notification for identifying infected male partners. the usual approach is partner referral but it is estimated that only a minority of men seek care. we conducted a randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of 3 methods of partner notification.201020453720
[frequency of curable sexually transmitted infections among registered female sex-workers in ankara city].sex-workers are considered as the high-risk population for sexually transmitted infections (stis). early diagnosis and treatment of curable stis in this high-risk group have crucial importance in sti control and prevention of complications and transmission of infection. in this study, 146 registered female sex-workers in ankara city were screened with rapid diagnostic tests (rdt) for causative agents of curable stis such as, neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis and ...201020455407
proteome analysis of the surface of trichomonas vaginalis reveals novel proteins and strain-dependent differential expression.the identification of surface proteins on the plasma membrane of pathogens is of fundamental importance in understanding host-pathogen interactions. surface proteins of the extracellular parasite trichomonas are implicated in the initial adherence to mucosal tissue and are likely to play a critical role in the long term survival of this pathogen in the urogenital tract. in this study, we used cell surface biotinylation and multidimensional protein identification technology to identify the surfac ...201020467041
susceptibility in vitro of clinically metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis to nitazoxanide, toyocamycin, and 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine.this study investigates the susceptibility of a clinically metronidazole (mz)-resistant isolate of trichomonas vaginalis to alternative anti-trichomonal compounds. the microaerobic minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of the 5-nitroimidazole (ni) drug, mz, against a typical mz-susceptible isolate of t. vaginalis is around 3.2 microm mz while the clinically, highly mz-resistant isolate has an mic of 50-100 microm. this isolate was cross-resistant to other members of the 5-ni family of compounds ...201020532912
epidemiological synergy of trichomonas vaginalis and hiv in zimbabwean and south african women.trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis) is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the world. despite the coexisting global epidemics of t. vaginalis and hiv, little attention has focused on the emerging evidence that t. vaginalis increases susceptibility to, and potentially transmission of, hiv.201020562586
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behavior among female sex workers in nine provinces in indonesia, 2005.the objective of this study was to assess the sexually transmitted infection (sti) prevalence and sexual risk behavior among female sex workers (fsws) in indonesia. this cross-sectional 2005 study involved 2500 fsws in nine provinces in indonesia. informed consent was obtained; behavioral and clinical data were collected. specimens were collected for sti testing, endocervical swabs were tested for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae (pcr), vaginal smears were cultured to detect trich ...201020578531
identification and characterization of a surface-associated, subtilisin-like serine protease in trichomonas vaginalis.summary: trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite causing trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted infection in humans. this parasite has numerous proteases, most of which are cysteine proteases that appear to be involved in adherence and cytotoxicity of host cells. in this report we identify and characterize a putative subtilisin-like serine protease (sub1). the sub1 gene encodes a 101-kda protein. in silico analyses predict signal and pro-peptides at the n-terminus, and a transmembrane helix ...201020602853
risk of having a sexually transmitted infection in women presenting at a termination of pregnancy clinic in pretoria, south africa.this study was undertaken to assess the risk of being infected with a known sexually transmitted pathogen at the time of presentation for termination of pregnancy. endocervical and vaginal swabs were collected for the diagnosis of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis. single infections were found in 21.5% of the women, with c. trachomatis being the commonest (10.0%). mixed infections were found in nine women, with trichomoniasis and chlamydial infections in six. ...201020604651
[clinical laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in patients with internal diseases].urogenital trichomoniasis is an infectious inflammatory disease of the urogenital system caused by protozoan trichomonas vaginalis and characterized by rapid dissemination and development of complications. because laboratory diagnosis by microscopic methods encounters difficulty, we undertook detection of t. vaginalis by microscopic study of native and stained (methylene blue, acridine orange, gram, romanovsky-giemsa) uretheral scrapings. 69 patients having no clinical signs of the disease were ...201020608069
medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children.testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in children presents a number of problems for the practitioner that are not usually faced when testing adults for the same infections. the identification of an sti in a child can have, in addition to medical implications, serious legal implications. the presence of an sti is often used to support the presence or allegations of sexual abuse, and conversely, the identification of an sti in a child will prompt an investigation of possible abuse. th ...201020610820
male circumcision, hiv and sexually transmitted infections: a review.three randomized controlled trials in sub-saharan africa have shown that circumcision reduces the risk of acquiring hiv infection in men by approximately 60%. in this paper, we review the evidence that male circumcision protects against infection with hiv and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) in men and their female partners. data from the clinical trials indicate that circumcision may be protective against genital ulcer disease, herpes simplex type 2, trichomonas vaginalis and human ...201020622758
[trichomoniasis: prevalence in the female gender in 2004-2005 in sergipe state, brazil].trichomoniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, which initiates a wide variety of clinical manifestations. it may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus, cervical cancer, infertility and other diseases. its incidence ranges from 20% up to 40% in brazil. the primary channel of transmission is by sexual contact and laboratorial diagnostic may be performed by chain polymerase reaction (cpr), culture medium isolation, fresh vaginal content exam and/or colored by g ...201020640302
molecular analysis of clonal trichomonad isolates indicate the existence of heterogenic species present in different birds and within the same host.trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoon and the etiological agent of avian trichomoniasis. despite its importance, especially in columbiformes and falconiformes, only a few molecular studies have yet been performed in order to investigate the degree of genetic diversity and cross-transmissibility between different isolates of this parasite. to address these questions 63 clonal cultures of trichomonas spp. isolates were established by successful isolation of single trichomonads from a mix ...201020471174
the tropical brown alga lobophora variegata: a source of antiprotozoal compounds.lobophora variegata, a brown alga collected from the coast of the yucatan peninsula, mexico, was studied for antiprotozoal activity against giardia intestinalis, entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis. the whole extract showed the highest activity against t. vaginalis, with an ic(50) value of 3.2 microg/ml. for the fractions, the best antiprotozoal activity was found in non-polar fractions. the chloroform fraction of the extract contained a major sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (sqdg), id ...201020479979
methyl jasmonate induces cell death and loss of hydrogenosomal membrane potential in trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is an important human parasite of the urogenital tract. jasmonates are a group of small lipids that are produced in plants and function as stress hormones. naturally occurring methyl jasmonate (mj) has been used to treat several types of cancer cells and it is cytotoxic to protistan parasites. it has been suggested that mitochondria are the target organelles of jasmonates. here, we tested this drug against t. vaginalis. although metronidazole has been the drug of choice for ...201020483382
the burden and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections among pregnant women in zimbabwe.sexually transmitted infections (stis) and reproductive tract infections (rtis) are responsible for high morbidity among women. we aim to quantify the magnitude of the burden and risk factors of sti/rti s among pregnant women in zimbabwe.201020492681
screening for trichomonas vaginalis in high-risk adolescent females with a new transcription-mediated nucleic acid amplification test (naat): associations with ethnicity, symptoms, and prior and current stis.the importance of diagnosing trichomoniasis is highlighted by its strong association with hiv acquisition and viral shedding. the low sensitivity of wet preparation and often asymptomatic nature of trichomoniasis results in failure to recognize and treat this sexually transmitted infection. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of screening high-risk adolescent females using a new highly sensitive and specific naat assay.201020493735
multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based reverse line blot hybridization assay to detect common genital pathogens.the objective of the present paper is to develop and apply a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) based reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization assay to facilitate the diagnosis of genital infections by detection of seven recognized or putative genital pathogens (neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum, ureaplasma parvum, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis and trichomonas vaginalis). species-specific biotin-labelled primer pairs were used in a single mpcr ...201020498099
patient-delivered partner treatment and trichomonas vaginalis repeat infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women.repeat infections with trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected women are common and may increase the risk of hiv transmission. patient delivered partner treatment (pdpt) has been shown to reduce repeat infections of other sexually transmitted diseases. the purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence to pdpt and possible causes of repeat tv infection among hiv-infected women.201020502393
etiology and sti/hiv coinfections among patients with urethral and vaginal discharge syndromes in south africa.this study was undertaken to establish the etiology of the male urethral discharge (muds) and vaginal discharge (vds) syndromes, to determine the prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (sti) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) coinfections, and to examine associations between stis and hiv serostatus among sti patients in south africa.201020502394
efficacy of punica granatum extract on in-vitro and in-vivo control of trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis vaginalis is now an important worldwide health problem. metronidazole has so far been used in treatment, but the metronidazole-resistant strains and unpleasant adverse effects have been developed. treatment of patients with metronidazole refractory vaginal trichomoniasis constitutes a major therapeutic challenge and treatment options are extremely limited. the last 7 years have seen over seven times as many publication indexed by midline dealing with pomegranate (punica granatum) ...201020503601
observation of probable persistent, undetected trichomonas vaginalis infection among hiv-positive women. 201020518674
[association of human papillomavirus infection with other microbial pathogens in gynecology].to investigate correlation between screening assay of human papillomavirus (hpv) and microbial pathogens in gynecology.201021029592
[detection of vaginal discharge by ultra-high power microscope and conventional microscope].to study the significance of the ultra-high power microscope in the examination of vaginal discharge.201021033119
male circumcision for hiv prevention: current research and programmatic issues.randomized controlled trials in sub-saharan africa have shown that adult male circumcision reduces the risk of hiv acquisition in men by about 60%. in this article, we review recent data on the association of male circumcision and hiv/sexually transmitted infection in men and women. this includes a summary of data showing some evidence of an effect of male circumcision against genital ulcer disease, hsv-2 infection, human papillomavirus and trichomonas vaginalis, but not chlamydia trachomatis or ...201021042054
adohcy hydrolase of trichomonas vaginalis: studies of the effects of 5'-modified adenosine analogues and related 6-n-cyclopropyl derivatives.trypanosoma brucei and trichomonas vaginalis are both parasitic protozoans that are known to share many similar biochemical pathways. aristeromycin, as well as 5'-iodovinyl and 5'-oxime analogues of adenosine, are potent inhibitors of adohcy hydrolase in t. brucei, an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of adohcy to adenosine and l-homocysteine. to help determine the role of this enzyme in t. vaginalis, we have tested a library of 5'-modified adenosine derivatives, including 5'-deoxy-5'-(iodome ...201021044841
epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus infection detected by real-time pcr in flanders.the goal of this cross-sectional laboratory-based study is to investigate the association between trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and human papillomavirus (hpv) infections in cervical samples in flanders.201021051847
in vitro activity of n-chlorotaurine (nct) in combination with nh4cl against trichomonas vaginalis.trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, is usually treated with metronidazole, however resistance is on the rise. in this study, n-chlorotaurine (nct), a new endogenous mild active chlorine compound for topical use, killed t. vaginalis in vitro within 15 min of treatment at a concentration of 55 mm (1%), which is well tolerated by human tissue. the activity of nct was further enhanced by addition of ammonium chloride (nh(4)cl). a combination of 5.5 mm (0.1%) nct plus 19 mm ...201021074373
hydrogenosome-localization of arginine deiminase in trichomonas vaginalis.the arginine dihydrolase (adh) pathway has an analogous function to the urea cycle in mitochondria-containing cells, by removing nitrogen from amino acids and generating atp. subcellular localization of the adh pathway enzymes in trichomonas vaginalis revealed that arginine deiminase (adi) localizes to the hydrogenosome, a mitochondrion-like organelle of anaerobic protists. however the other enzymes of the adh pathway, ornithine carbamyltransferase and carbamate kinase localize to the cytosol. t ...201021074581
high prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and other sexually transmitted infections among women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa.the objective was to examine the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2 and 10 other sexually transmitted infections (stis), and to explore the relationship between hiv and those stis in women attending two sexual health clinics in bissau, guinea-bissau. in all, 711 women with urogenital problems were included. clinical examination was performed and hiv-1, hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-1, htlv-2 and syphilis were diagnosed by serology. trichomonas vaginalis was examined using wet mount micro ...201021097735
trichomonas vaginalis: an unusual presentation.we report a case of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) presenting as vulval ulceration in a 41-year-old woman. there was complete resolution of her symptoms only after oral tinidazole. the delayed diagnosis and importance of using the correct tests for the diagnosis of tv are discussed.201021097745
non-monogamy and risk of infection with chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis among young adults and their cohabiting partners in peru.to determine how patterns of non-monogamy influence prevalences of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in individuals and their cohabitating sex partners. methods a 2002 survey in 24 peruvian cities enrolled men and women aged 18-29 years from random household samples. the cohabiting sex partner of each enrolee was also enrolled until approximately 100 couples per city were recruited. men provided urine and women vaginal swabs or urine for molecular testing for chlamydia trachomatis an ...201021098055
candimine-induced cell death of the amitochondriate parasite trichomonas vaginalis.candimine (1), an alkaloid from the bulbs of hippeastrum morelianum, was found to be cytotoxic for the amitochondriate parasite trichomonas vaginalis. candimine (1) induced cell death with an unprecedented group of effects that failed to fulfill the criteria for apoptosis and apoptosis-like death already reported in trichomonads. arrest of the parasite cell cycle, and morphologic and ultrastructural alterations, including marked cytoplasmic vacuolization, were induced by 1. the present findings ...201021105684
identification and characterization of a type iii trichomonas vaginalis virus in the protozoan pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.a type iii trichomonas vaginalis virus, which may be involved in transcriptional regulation of the major surface protein gene p270 of the protozoan pathogen trichomonas vaginalis, was purified and characterized in the present study. the complete 4844-base-pair complementary dna sequence of the viral genome reveals overlapping cap and pol genes with a putative ribosomal frame-shifting signal within the overlap region. the type iii virus is related more closely to the type ii virus than to the typ ...201021110050
genetic relatedness of trichomonas vaginalis reference and clinical isolates.we have determined the metronidazole susceptibility status of 20 trichomonas vaginalis isolates from american type culture collection (atcc) and assessed the level of genetic relatedness in these isolates using 32 additional t. vaginalis clinical isolates for comparison. these atcc isolates are commonly used as reference strains in t. vaginalis research and this information provides a rational basis for selection of reference strains for use in comparative studies of t. vaginalis phenotypic and ...201021118935
abnormal vaginal flora in low-risk pregnant women cared for by a public health service: prevalence and association with symptoms and findings from gynecological exams.this study identifies the prevalence of vaginal flora alterations in low-risk pregnant women and their association with reported symptoms and gynecological exams. this quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in public primary care service units in botucatu, sp, brazil from 2006 to 2008 with 289 pregnant women from a stratified sample obtained by sampling by care unit. tests of vaginal content were performed using gram's method and testing for trichomonas vaginalis using di ...201021120411
metronidazole 1.5 gram dose for 7 or 14 days in the treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis caused by trichomonas vaginalis: a randomized study. 201021123162
design and synthesis of 3-(azol-1-yl)phenylpropanes as microbicidal spermicides for prophylactic contraception.we designed a series of 25 3-(azol-1-yl)phenylpropanes which yielded 10 compounds (3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 21, 23, 26) that irreversibly immobilized 100% human sperm at 1% (w/v) concentration in 60s; 12 compounds (8, 9, 15, 16, 19-21, 23-25, 27, 28) that showed potent microbicidal activity at 12.5-50 μg/ml against trichomonas vaginalis; and 17 compounds (3-11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30) that exhibited potent anticandida activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 12.5-50 μg/ml. ...201021130651
[influence of iron ion on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro].to study the influence of iron ion on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.201021137312
potential role of protozoa and tight junctions in the airway epithelium disruption. 201021159133
ultrastructural alterations induced by δ(24(25))-sterol methyltransferase inhibitors on trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is an important human parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a cosmopolitan sexually transmitted disease. currently, the treatment of choice for t. vaginalis infections is metronidazole. the increase in metronidazole-resistant parasites and undesirable side effects of this drug make the search for alternative chemotherapeutic approaches a priority for the management of trichomoniasis. here, the antiproliferative and ultrastructural effects of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors ag ...201021175744
anti-protozoal activity of diamine derivatives.ten n-monoalkylated diamines were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activities against trichomonas vaginalis and giardia lamblia. several compounds displayed a good inhibition of parasite growth, with mic less or equal to 20μg/ml. n-hexadecil-1,4-butanediamine was found to be the most active compound in vitro against t. vaginalis with mic of 2.5μg/ml, twice more active in comparison to the reference drug metronidazole (mtz). seven of the studied compounds showed a better anti-g. lamblia act ...201021186095
incidence and epidemiology of streptococcus pseudoporcinus in the genital tract.streptococcus pseudoporcinus, a beta-hemolytic microorganism first isolated from the female gastrourinary tract in 2006, cross-reacts with serogrouping kits for group b streptococcus (gbs) and could be misidentified in the laboratory. the epidemiologic characteristics of this species have not been reported previously, but this organism is thought to be rare. paired vaginal and rectal samples were collected from 663 nonpregnant women enrolled in a phase ii clinical vaccine trial of a gbs type iii ...201021191057
fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) mapping of single copy genes on trichomonas vaginalis chromosomes.the highly repetitive nature of the trichomonas vaginalis genome and massive expansion of various gene families has caused difficulties in genome assembly and has hampered genome mapping. here, we adapted fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) for t. vaginalis, which is sensitive enough to detect single copy genes on metaphase chromosomes. sensitivity of conventional fish, which did not allow single copy gene detection in t. vaginalis, was increased by means of tyramide signal amplification. ...201021195113
[cryopreservation of trichomonas vaginalis and its influence factors].different concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) and glycerol, various densities of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites and duration of storage were used to study the effects on the cryopreservation of t. vaginalis at -78 degrees c. the optimal densities of trichomonads for cryopreservation were (1-2) x10(6)/ml. glycerol and dmso showed a high protective effect, with a maximum effect at a concentration of 10%, and the survival rates were 38.0% and 31.7%, respectively. there was no significant ...201021351558
cryptic diversity of free-living parabasalids, pseudotrichomonas keilini and lacusteria cypriaca n. g., n. sp., as inferred from small subunit rdna sequences.ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic evidence indicate that the parabasalia consists of seven main subgroups: the trichomonadida, honigbergiellida, hypotrichomonadida, tritrichomonadida, cristamonadida, spirotrichonymphida, and trichonymphida. only five species of free-living parabasalids are known: monotrichomonas carabina, ditrichomonas honigbergii, honigbergiella sp., tetratrichomonas undula, and pseudotrichomonas keilini. phylogenetic analyses show that free-living species do not form ...201020880033
towards a systematic characterization of the antiprotozoal activity landscape of benzimidazole derivatives.parasitic infections caused by the protozoa trichomonas vaginalis and giardia intestinalis still represent a major problem in developing countries. despite the fact that benzimidazoles are promising compounds with activity against both protozoa, systematic studies to characterize and compare their structure-activity relationships (sar) are limited. herein, we report a systematic characterization of the sar of 32 benzimidazoles with activity against t. vaginalis and g. intestinalis. the analysis ...201020888242
sphingolipids in parasitic protozoa.the surface of most protozoan parasites relies heavily upon lipid-anchored molecules, to form protective barriers and play critical functions required for infectivity. sphingolipids (sls) play important roles through their abundance and involvement in membrane microdomain formation, as well as serving as the lipid anchor for many of these molecules and in some but possibly not all species, as important signaling molecules. interactions of parasite sphingolipid metabolism with that of the host ma ...201020919659
estimating the number of unlicensed brothels operating in melbourne.to estimate the number of unlicensed brothels operating in melbourne, australia, and the sexual health of the women working in them.201020920108
modified field's staining--a rapid stain for trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan parasite commonly found in the human genitourinary tract, is transmitted primarily by sexual intercourse. diagnosis is usually by in vitro culture method and staining with giemsa stain. there are laboratories that use gram stain as well. we compared the use of modified field's (mf), giemsa, and gram stains on 2 axenic and xenic isolates of t. vaginalis, respectively. three smears from every sediment of spun cultures of all 4 isolates were stained, re ...201020846588
aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic south african men attending a family practice.the objective was to determine the occurrence of four urethral pathogens in urine specimens from symptomatic men using transcription mediated amplification (tma) assay. urethral swab and urine specimens from 300 men presenting to a family practitioner were gram stained and tested for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis and mycoplasma genitalium using three tma assays respectively. except for t. vaginalis, the other recognized pathogens viz. n. gonorrhoeae, c. trac ...201020852197
paromomycin treatment of recalcitrant trichomonas vaginalis. 201020852211
neighborhood environment, sexual risk behaviors and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents diagnosed with psychological disorders.the association between neighborhood environment and prevalence of stis, sexual partner variables and condom use among adolescents with psychological disorders was examined. cross-sectional data in three urban areas of the us (southeast, northeast and midwest) were obtained from 384 sexually active male and female participants who provided urine samples for laboratory-confirmed testing of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis. a total of 15.4% of participants tes ...201020857329
double-stranded rna viral infection of trichomonas vaginalis and correlation with genetic polymorphism of isolates.trichomonas vaginalis can be infected with double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses known as t. vaginalis virus (tvv). this viral infection may have important implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. the objective of this study was to determine the possible correlation between the t. vaginalis genetic polymorphism and the isolate infection with tvv. the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to determine genetic differences among 37 isolates of t. vaginalis ...201020875411
iatrogenic transmission of trichomonas vaginalis by a traditional healer.a woman presenting to an sti/hiv clinic in the gambia with t vaginalis and a history of a digital vaginal 'exam' by a traditional healer implies non-sexual transmission of trichomonas between patients and reinforces the role of practitioner hygiene in preventing spread of infections.201020876753
cervicovaginal shedding of hiv type 1 is related to genital tract inflammation independent of changes in vaginal microbiota.we examined the relationship of proinflammatory vaginal cytokines and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (slpi) with genital hiv-1 shedding after controlling for genital coinfections. fifty-seven hiv-1-infected women in seattle, wa (n = 38) and rochester, ny (n = 19) were followed every 3-4 months for a total of 391 visits. at each visit, plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) were tested for hiv-1 rna using qpcr. vaginal samples were tested for bacterial vaginosis, yeast, hydrogen peroxide- ...201020929397
trichomonas vaginalis 62 kda proteinase as a possible virulence factor.the aim of this study was to analyze the presence of 62 kda proteinase and anti-62 kda proteinase antibody in clinical samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic infected women. proteinase was detected in all the swabs vaginal of infected women. significantly, amounts of antigen (mean optical density (od) values) were detected in swabs vaginal of symptomatic as compared to asymptomatic women. this protein was not detected in the group of patients with trichomonas vaginalis-culture-negative results ...201020938688
[hydrogen peroxide treatment for vaginal trichomoniasis. 1955]. 201020939246
clinicopathological study of papanicolaou (pap) smears for diagnosing of cervical infections.cervical infections are not uncommon in our population especially in young and sexually active women. one thousand samples of married women, aged between 20 and 70 years, were studied by conventional papanicolaou smears. these samples were examined in the department of pathology, king edward medical university, lahore from january 2007 to june 2009. only cases without (pre)neoplastic cytology were included. six types of infections were diagnosed cytologically. the overall frequency of normal, in ...201020949462
neonatal trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature.neonatal infection with trichomonas vaginalis is an unusual occurrence. we present a case of t. vaginalis found on routine urinalysis in a five-day-old neonate born at 29 weeks gestational age. the patient was treated with metronidazole and had complete resolution of the infection. this report discusses the significance of diagnosis and treatment of t. vaginalis in the neonate.201020975098
trichomonasvirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family totiviridae. 201020976609
relationship between infectious agents for vulvovaginitis and skin color.many factors influence occurrences of vulvovaginitis. the aims here were to assess skin color and age-related differences in the vaginal flora and occurrences of vulvovaginitis.201021308158
sexually transmitted infections and risk of prostate cancer: review of historical and emerging hypotheses.since the early 1950s when sexually transmitted infections (stis) were first proposed as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer, numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted. initially, these studies were primarily small case-control studies with retrospective, self-reported assessments of a narrow range of stis, typically either any stis, or gonorrhea and syphilis. however, as new stis have been discovered/recognized, new and better tests to detect histories of stis have been develope ...201020799875
prevalence and correlates of trichomonas vaginalis infection among female us federal prison inmates.previous studies have observed high prevalences of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women entering us jails and state prisons (22%-47%). we sought to determine the prevalence among women incarcerated in 2 us female-only federal prisons.201020803782
[protein analysis of trichomonas vaginalis treated by pulsatilla chinensis in vitro].water extract of pulsatilla chinensis (pwe) (0.625 mg/ml) was added to the medium for the culture of trichomonas vaginalis. after 2 h and 4 h treatment, the content and component of soluble proteins in the parasites were analyzed by sds-page. a total of 28 protein bands was demonstrated. after treated with pwe for 2 h, the content of 5 protein bands increased and that of 4 bands decreased significantly. four hours later, a new protein band appeared in the electrophoretogram, and the content of 5 ...201020806512
internet-based screening for sexually transmitted infections to reach nonclinic populations in the community: risk factors for infection in men.internet-based screening for sexually transmitted infections (stis) has been acceptable to women, and can reach high-risk populations. no prior published data describe internet-based screening for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and trichomonas vaginalis in men. we studied whether internet-based screening was acceptable and reached a high-risk population, and what risk factors were associated with sti positivity.201020644498
mycoplasma hominis infection of trichomonas vaginalis is not associated with metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in clinical isolates from the united states.trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that is the cause of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis. metronidazole and tinidazole are the only drugs approved for treatment of t. vaginalis infections in the usa. however, drug resistance exists and some patients are allergic to these medications. furthermore, the exact mechanism of metronidazole resistance remains undefined and current testing methods require several weeks before results are available. identif ...201020652315
arginine metabolism in trichomonas vaginalis infected with mycoplasma hominis.both mycoplasma hominis and trichomonas vaginalis utilize arginine as an energy source via the arginine dihydrolase (adh) pathway. it has been previously demonstrated that m. hominis forms a stable intracellular relationship with t. vaginalis; hence, in this study we examined the interaction of two localized adh pathways by comparing t. vaginalis strain ss22 with the laboratory-generated t. vaginalis strain ss22-moz2 infected with m. hominis moz2. the presence of m. hominis resulted in an approx ...201020656780
a metazoan/plant-like capping enzyme and cap modified nucleotides in the unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.the cap structure of eukaryotic messenger rnas is initially elaborated through three enzymatic reactions: hydrolysis of the 5'-triphosphate, transfer of guanosine through a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage and n7-methylation of the guanine cap. three distinctive enzymes catalyze each reaction in various microbial eukaryotes, whereas the first two enzymes are fused into a single polypeptide in metazoans and plants. in addition to the guanosine cap, adjacent nucleotides are 2'-o-ribose methylated in met ...201020664792
preliminary studies of 3,4-dichloroaniline amides as antiparasitic agents: structure-activity analysis of a compound library in vitro against trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis, a human-infectious protozoan, can display resistance to treatment by metronidazole. a library of 3,4-dichloroaniline amides based on propanil, an herbicide, has been synthesized and screened to test susceptibility to these analogs. from this preliminary study, the most effective compound 15, inhibits growth of the organism by 66% and 69% on the two strains tested, t1 and g3, respectively.201020667728
design, synthesis, and in vitro antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial activities of n-{2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}ureas.we have synthesized a new series of quinoline tripartite hybrids from chloroquine, ethambutol, and isoxyl drugs, using a short synthetic route. compounds 1-8 were tested in vitro against five protozoa (giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis,entamoeba histolytica, leishmania mexicana and trypanosoma cruzi) and mycobacterium tuberculosis. n-(4-butoxyphenyl)-n'-{2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}urea (6) was the most active compound against all parasites tested. compound 6 was 670 times mo ...201020674375
trichomonas transmembrane cyclases result from massive gene duplication and concomitant development of pseudogenes.trichomonas vaginalis has an unusually large genome (approximately 160 mb) encoding approximately 60,000 proteins. with the goal of beginning to understand why some trichomonas genes are present in so many copies, we characterized here a family of approximately 123 trichomonas genes that encode transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmacs).201020689771
sequence signatures of nucleosome positioning in caenorhabditis elegans.our recent investigation in the protist trichomonas vaginalis suggested a dna sequence periodicity with a unit length of 120.9 nt, which represents a sequence signature for nucleosome positioning. we now extended our observation in higher eukaryotes and identified a similar periodicity of 175 nt in length in caenorhabditis elegans. in the process of defining the sequence compositional characteristics, we found that the 10.5-nt periodicity, the sequence signature of dna double helix, may not be s ...201020691394
prevention or treatment: the benefits of trichomonas vaginalis vaccine.trichomoniasis (infection with trichomonas vaginalis) is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (sti) in the world. although treatment is available, most cases occur in developing countries, where accessing healthcare is difficult and facilities are limited. additionally, infection is often asymptomatic and as such goes untreated, creating reservoirs of t. vaginalis that allow the disease to spread within the community. because of this there has been little success in controlling ...201020701891
prevalence and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections and cervical neoplasia in women from a rural area of southern mozambique.there is limited information on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and the prevalence of cervical neoplasia in rural sub-saharan africa. this study describes the prevalence and the etiology of stis and the prevalence of cervical neoplasia among women in southern mozambique. an age-stratified cross-sectional study was performed where 262 women aged 14 to 61 years were recruited at the antenatal clinic (59%), the family-planning clinic (7%), and from the community (34%). at least on ...201020706691
morphologic criteria associated with trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based cytology.to evaluate the morphologic criteria associated with trichomonas vaginalis on cytyc (marlborough, massachusetts, u.s.a.) liquid-based cytology and to compare results between 2 types of liquid-based cytology-cytyc and surepath (bd diagnostics-tripath, burlington, vermont, u.s.a).201020715660
in vitro activity of dermaseptin s1 derivatives against genital pathogens.the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of nine dermaseptin-s1 (drs-s1) derivatives (synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified) against different pathogens causing genital infections (trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, papillomavirus). the in vitro activity on t. vaginalis was determined by counting the protozoon in a hemocytometer after vital staining with trypan blue; antiviral activity of the compounds was tested on monolayers of vero cells for herpes sim ...201020718719
trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification-based analyte-specific reagent and alternative target testing of primary clinical vaginal saline suspensions.following wet mount analysis, 255 vaginal saline suspensions were aliquoted to lysis medium for transcription-mediated amplification (tma)-based trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent testing (asr) (gen-probe, san diego, ca). specimens with visible t. vaginalis were then refrigerated, with additional aliquoting at later intervals. twenty-four wet mount-positive specimens (9.4%) yielded a median luminescent value (x1000, relative light unit [rlu]) of 4736. in contrast, rlu ranged from 1 t ...201020727473
[modified classification of microscopic evaluation of vulvovaginal infections].the objective of the study is to examine the role of microscopy using stained smears for diagnosis of vulvovavaginal infections:201020731300
[procedure for trichomonas vaginalis cultivation].the investigation was undertaken to design a nutrient medium that could reduce the duration of a culture test in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis and to comparatively evaluate its effectiveness. a procedure was proposed to cultivate trichomonas vaginalis, which was based on the use of the nutrient medium containing casein hydrolysate, yeast autolysate, and serum, added by 0.6 ml of liquid ferrum lec (iron (iii) hydroxide polyisomaltose), which reduced the time taken to identify trichomonas vagina ...201021400718
a randomized treatment trial: single versus 7 day dose of metronidazole for the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv-infected women.objective: to determine if the metronidazole (mtz) 2 gm single dose (recommended) is as effective as the 7 day 500 mg bid dose (alternative) for treatment of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among hiv+ women. methods: phase iv randomized clinical trial; hiv+ women with culture confirmed tv were randomized to treatment arm: mtz 2 gm single dose or mtz 500 mg bid 7 day dose. all women were given 2 gm mtz doses to deliver to their sex partners. women were re-cultured for tv at a test-of-cure (toc) visit ...201021423852
[in vitro anti-trichomonas vaginalis effects of a mixture of dihydroartemisinin and metronidazole].to observe the effect of a mixture of dihydroartemisinin and metronidazole on ultrastructure of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites in vitro for exploring trichomonacidal mechanism of the drug mixture.201021500527
[mge-pcr in analyzing the genetic characteristics and the clinical manifestation of trichomonas vaginalis isolates].to analyze the genetic characteristics of trichomonas vaginalis isolates causing different clinical manifestation.201021500530
cloning and sequencing of adhesion protein gene of trichomonas gallinae from pigeon.the adhesion protein (ap) gene of trichomonas gallinae from pigeon was cloned and sequenced. the first-strand cdna of the ap gene of t. gallinae from pigeon was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with total rna extracting kit and cloned in the vector pmd18-t. the recombinant plasmid was identified by pcr and restriction endonuclease, and the positive clone was sequenced and analysed by comparing the sequence similarity with other sequences in the genbank. the a ...201019939572
[diagnostic effectiveness of wet mount examination versus nucleic acid hybridisation for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis]. 201019892437
histomonas meleagridis possesses three alpha-actinins immunogenic to its hosts.histomonas meleagridis is a protozoan parasite known to cause histomonosis (syn. typhlohepatitis) in poultry. due to the economic losses which the disease entails, there is an urgency to understanding its pathogenesis. in the present investigation, three partial cdna sequences encoding heterogenic alpha-actinins previously identified for h. meleagridis were completed and characterized. these three h. meleagridis alpha-actinin isoforms were named alpha-actinin1, alpha-actinin2, and alpha-actinin3 ...201019896981
etiology and determinants of sexually transmitted infections in karnataka state, south india.syndromic case management remains the cornerstone for sti (sexually transmitted infection) treatment in many countries. we undertook this study to better understand the etiology of stis in adults in south india and to inform sti management guidelines.201019901864
imidazole derivatives as possible microbicides with dual protection.twenty seven derivatives (2-28) of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol were synthesized and evaluated for anti-trichomonas, spermicidal and antifungal activities. twenty six compounds were active against trichomonas vaginalis at mic ranging from 1-42 microm and seven compounds (9,18,19,22,24,26,28) immobilized 100% human spermatozoa at 1% concentration (w/v). twenty three compounds (2,3,5,8-26,28) exhibited antifungal activity at 25-50 microg/ml concentration. seven compounds (9,18,19,2 ...201019906466
inflammatory events as detected in cervical smears and squamous intraepithelial lesions.the dutch cytological coding system, kopac, enables to code for eight inflammatory events, that is koilocytosis (related to human papillomavirus (hpv)), trichomonas, dysbacteriosis [related to bacterial vaginosis (bv)], candida, gardnerella, actinomyces, chlamydia, and non-specific inflammation (leucocytosis). this study presents an analysis of 1,008,879 smears. of each smear, the age of the woman and the reason for smear taking (screening or indication) was available. the cytoscores (per mille) ...201019795485
high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in adolescent girls in a tropical area of ecuador.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common clinical syndrome, but data are scarce on the bv prevalence in tropical regions among sexually active and virgin adolescents. to estimate the prevalence of bv among adolescent girls in an ecuadorian coastal town, girls were asked to complete a questionnaire on risk factors for bv and vaginal samples were examined. bacterial vaginosis was present in 31.5% of 213 girls, and the prevalence was similar in self-reported virgin and sexually active girls (or 1.06, 9 ...201019874295
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