Publications

synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new adamantane derivatives ii.	a series of new derivatives of adamantane was synthesised. the new compound 4-(adamant-1-ylethylenoxycarbonyl)phthalanhydride obtained from 1-adamantaneethanol and trimellitic anhydride chloride, as well as 4-(adamant-1-ylmethylenoxycarbonyl)phthalanhydride, appeared very useful for preparation of a number of n-substituted phthalimides. antimicrobial activity of newly obtained derivatives such as, for example, 4-(adamant-1-ylethylenoxycarbonyl)-n-(l-phenylalanyl)phthalimide or 4-(adamant-1-ylmet ...	2000	11152243
synthesis and biological studies of some benzopyran.	3-chlorobenzopyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole (2) was prepared and reacted with sodium azide to give compound 3, whereas its reaction with benzoyl hydrazide, ethyl glycinate, anthranilic acid or o-phenylenediamine afforded the products 4-7, respectively. compounds 8 and 9 were synthesized by the reaction of compound 2 with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole or piperidine. 3-hydrazinobenzopyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole (10) was obtained and subjected to cyclization with different reagents such as cs2, benzoic acid, acetyl acet ...	2000	11152247
bioactivity studies of extracts from tridax procumbens.	an updated review on the biological activity of tridax procumbens is presented. a detailed biological screening comprised of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi using crude extracts of this plant was undertaken. the n-hexane extract of the flowers showed activity against escherichia coli. the same extract of the whole aerial parts was active against mycobacterium smegmatis, escherichia coli, salmonella group c and salmonella paratyphi. the ethyl-acetate extract of the flow ...	2000	11185735
[study of the virulence of a recombinant strain of bacillus anthracis, obtained as a result of transductive transfer of chromosomal genes from a strain of bacillus cereus].	auxotrophic markers of b. anthracis strains differing them from other bacillus representatives have been determined. chromosome genes from prototrophic b. cereus strain were transduced into auxotrophic b. anthracis strain. the properties of transductants were studied in order to establish common transfer of chromosomal determinants responsible for realization of various signs. transduction mating between species resulted in construction of prototroph b. anthracis strains (px01- px02+), whose der ...	2000	11186451
[effect of increased pressure and changed gaseous media on biological properties of microorganisms].	bacterial contamination of diving outfit and inner surfaces of pressure complex increases at the expense of expansion of gram-negative microflora during long exploitation of undersea complexes. gram-negative bacteria were hypothesized to effectively adapt to hyperbaric conditions. we investigated the effect of hyperbaric conditions and changed gaseous environment on the cultural and morphological characteristics of colonies, growth rate and time of generation of test cultures (p. aeruginosa atcc ...	2000	11186454
bacillus cereus meningitis complicating cerebrospinal fluid fistula repair and spinal drainage.	non-anthrax bacillus species are rare, but serious causes of bacterial meningitis in those either immunocompromised or treated with csf diversion. although resistant to first-line antibiotics, they usually respond to chloramphenicol. we report a case of fulminant bacillus cereus meningitis that complicated lumbar spinal drainage which proved resistant to all first-line antibiotics including chloramphenicol.	2000	11272043
biochemical mineralization of native gold.		2000	11977241
production of bacteriocin-like metabolites by lactic acid cultures isolated from sucuk samples.	a total of 51 sucuk samples, obtained from different regions of turkey, were examined for lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains producing putative bacteriocin-like metabolites. for detection of antagonistic activity, agar spot and well diffusion assay tests were used. lactobacillus sake lb790, listeria monocytogenes li6, staphylococcus aureus st44 and escherichia coli nrrl b-3704 were used as indicator organisms. strains having antimicrobial activity were also tested against clostridium perfringens ...	2000	22060908
regression analyses for evaluating the influence of bacillus cereus on alfalfa yield under variable disease intensity.	abstract we developed and tested regression methods to exploit the variability in disease inherent in field experiments, and applied the methods to evaluate strains of bacillus cereus for biocontrol efficacy. four b. cereus strains were tested for their effect on alfalfa (medicago sativa) performance in 16 field trials planted during 1993 to 1996 at multiple sites in wisconsin. to evaluate performance of the strains, we used the ratio of (metalaxyl response)/(untreated control response) as a mea ...	2000	18944546
antimicrobial effects of propolis extracts on escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to various antibiotics and some microorganisms.	abstract propolis is collected by worker honey bees from the trees. the bees pack propolis on their hind legs, carry it to their colony, and use it as a sterilant in the hive. propolis has also been used by humans since early times for various purposes and, especially, as a medicine because of its antimicrobial properties. in this study, antimicrobial effects of propolis samples on three escherichia coli and two staphylococcus aureus strains that are multiresistant to antibiotics and on salmonel ...	2000	19236174
an active-site mutation causes enhanced reactivity and altered regiospecificity of transglucosylation catalyzed by the bacillus sp. sam1606 alpha-glucosidase.	bacillus sp. sam1606 alpha-glucosidase catalyzes the transglucosylation of sucrose to produce three regioisomers of the glucosylsucroses, with theanderose (6-o(g)-glucosylsucrose) as the most abundant transfer product. to find the active-site amino acid residues which can affect the reactivity and regiospecificity of the glucosyl transfer, 16 mutants with amino acid substitutions near the active site were allowed to react with 1.75 m sucrose at 60 degrees c, ph 6.0, and the course of transglucos ...	2000	16232773
antimicrobial potency of the leaf - stalk extract of curcuma longa (linn).	the methanolic extract of the leaf-stalk of curcuma longa linn, was tested for its minimum inhibitor concentration (mic) against gram positive-staphylococcus aureus, bacillus pumilus, bacillus subtilis, klebsiella pnemoniae, bacillus cereus, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis, and vibrio cholerae strains, further, the ones of inhibition produced by the crude ...	2000	22557005
molecular epidemiology of bacillus cereus food poisoning.	to investigate the potential use of dna techniques in epidemiological diagnosis of bacillus cereus food poisoning.	2001	11921595
synthesis and biological activities of indolocarbazoles bearing amino acid residues.	three indolocarbazole compounds bearing a tripeptide or a lysine group attached to one of the indole nitrogens via a propylamino chain and two rebeccamycin derivatives bearing a lysine residue on the sugar moiety were synthesised with the aim of improving the binding to dna and the antiproliferative activities. four tumour cell lines, from murine l1210 leukemia, human ht29 colon carcinoma, a549 non-small cell lung carcinoma and k-562 leukemia, were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the drugs. ...	2001	11755231
epidemiologic profiling: evaluating foodborne outbreaks for which no pathogen was isolated by routine laboratory testing: united states, 1982-9.	the objective was to evaluate foodborne outbreaks of undetermined aetiology by comparing them to pathogen-specific epidemiologic profiles of laboratory-confirmed foodborne outbreaks. national foodborne outbreak data reported to cdc during 1982-9 were categorized by clinico-epidemiologic profiles based on incubation, duration, percent vomiting, fever and vomiting to fever ratio. from the pathogen-specific profiles, five syndromes were developed: a vomiting-toxin syndrome resembling bacillus cereu ...	2001	11811869
substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of class b beta-lactamases: a molecular modelling study.	increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is mainly due to beta-lactamases whose production by pathogenic bacteria makes their broad activity spectrum especially frightening. x-ray structures of several zinc beta-lactamases have revealed the coordination of the two metal ions, but their mode of action remains unclear. geometry optimisation of stable complexes along the reaction pathway of benzylpenicillin hydrolysis highlighted a proton shuttle occurring from d120 of the bacillus cereus be ...	2001	11814063
isolation and expression of a bacillus cereus gene encoding benzil reductase.	benzil was reduced stereospecifically to (s)-benzoin by bacillus cereus strain tim-r01. to isolate the gene responsible for asymmetric reduction, we constructed a library consisting of escherichia coli clones that harbored plasmids expressing bacillus cereus genes. the library was screened using the halo formation assay, and one clone showed benzil reduction to (s)-benzoin. thus, this clone seemed to carry a plasmid encoding a bacillus cereus benzil reductase. the deduced amino acid sequence had ...	2001	11745140
detection of specific bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tofms) was applied for the characterization of bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers. b. anthracis spores were extracted under a simple procedure, followed by linear mode analysis, using sinapinic acid as the matrix. several markers with a mass range of 4-7 kda were detected in three b. anthracis strains: vollum, sterne and v770-np1-r. similar spectra were also obtained for spore extracts of two members ...	2001	11746875
selection of metalloenzymes by catalytic activity using phage display and catalytic elution.	the metallo-beta-lactamase betalii from bacillus cereus 569/h/9 was displayed on the filamentous phage fd. the phage-bound enzyme fd-betalii was shown to be active on benzylpenicillin as substrate; it could be inactivated by complexation of the essential zinc(ii) ion with edta and reactivated by addition of a zinc(ii) salt. a selection process was designed to extract active phage-bound enzymes from libraries of mutants in three steps: 1. inactivation of active phage-bound enzymes by metal ion co ...	2001	11828452
growth behaviour of a spore forming probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and piglets.	the growth behaviour of the probiotic strain bacillus cereus var. toyoi in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and suckling piglets was evaluated. the strain germinated rapidly in intestinal samples from both animal species. less than 10% of spores were recovered from the chicken crop and piglet stomach, respectively. lumen samples and mucosal tissues from the hind gut of piglets displayed increasing colonization of the probiotic strain throughout the trial period. after oral administr ...	2001	11851013
occurrence of bacillus sporothermodurans and other aerobic spore-forming species in feed concentrate for dairy cattle.	to determine the aerobic spore composition and presence of bacillus sporothermodurans spores in feed concentrate for dairy cattle.	2001	11851816
heat and salt stress in the food pathogen bacillus cereus.	the effects of stresses imposed on bacterial contaminants during food processing and treatment of packaging material were evaluated on the food pathogen bacillus cereus.	2001	11851817
the incompatibility between the plcr- and atxa-controlled regulons may have selected a nonsense mutation in bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus are members of the bacillus cereus group. these bacteria express virulence in diverse ways in mammals and insects. the pathogenic properties of b. cereus and b. thuringiensis in mammals results largely from the secretion of non-specific toxins, including haemolysins, the production of which depends upon a pleiotropic activator plcr. in b. anthracis, plcr is inactive because of a nonsense mutation in the plcr gene. this suggests that ...	2001	11886551
production and characterization of tannase from bacillus cereus kbr9.	a tannase-producing soil bacteria has been isolated and identified as bacillus cereus. it can degrade tannic acid and produce maximum tannase (0.22 u/ml) at stationary phases of growth (24 h). maximum growth and enzyme production occurred with initial medium ph of 4.5-5.0. partial purified tannase showed optimum activity at ph 4.5 and 40 degrees c. it remains stable up to 30 degrees c and ph 4.5 to 5.0. the enzyme is salt tolerant, stable up to 2 m of nacl and retains 82% original activity in 3 ...	2001	12483613
research note: effect of bacillus cereus on performances of growing bulls.	the effect of including bacillus cereus (bc) in a diet of growing bulls was examined. 64 german holstein bulls (initial body weight: 187 kg) were allotted to one of two treatments (control and bc). the bulls were fed corn silage ad libitum and a restricted amount of concentrate (without bc or with 100 mg bc/kg). they were slaughtered with a final body weight averaging 555 kg. no significant treatment differences were detected for any feedlot performance or carcass characteristics measured. bulls ...	2001	12068483
[detection of enterotoxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis by pcr].	the presence of hemolysin hbla (hbla), enterotoxin bcet (bcet) and enterotoxin s (ents) genes from 45 strains of b. thuringiensis, 4 strains of b. cereus and b. sphaericus have been detected respectively by multiple pcr. the results showed that 95.6% b. thuringiensis strains contain the b component of hbla gene, 91.1% and 93.3% of them contain bcet and ents genes sequences respectively. the enterotoxin productions in all strains have also been analysis using two commercial immunoassay kits(tecra ...	2001	12549018
[transcriptional activator plcr regulate the expression of multiple genes in bacillus cereus].	food-poisoning and some diseases of human can be caused by potential pathogenic factors including phospholipases of c-type, hemolysins, enterotoxins, emetic toxin and others from bacillus cereus which is an opportunistic pathegon. generally, the expression of pathogenic genes is completed by a co-regulation in many bacteria. the isolation of a mutant, displaying significant reducing expression of lecithinase and general proteolytic activities, from a transposon-induced bank of b. cereus type str ...	2001	12549084
sensitivities of germinating spores and carvacrol-adapted vegetative cells and spores of bacillus cereus to nisin and pulsed-electric-field treatment.	treatment of bacillus cereus spores with nisin and/or pulsed-electric-field (pef) treatment did not lead to direct inactivation of the spores or increased heat sensitivity as a result of sublethal damage. in contrast, germinating spores were found to be sensitive to pef treatment. nisin treatment was more efficient than pef treatment for inactivating germinating spores. pef resistance was lost after 50 min of germination, and not all germinated spores could be inactivated. nisin, however, was ab ...	2001	11282623
cytk toxin of bacillus cereus forms pores in planar lipid bilayers and is cytotoxic to intestinal epithelia.	cytk is a cytotoxin isolated from a strain of bacillus cereus cultured from cases of necrotic enteritis and the amino acid sequence of the protein suggests that it may belong to the family of beta-barrel pore-forming toxins. we show here in planar lipid bilayers the toxin is able to form pores which are weakly anion selective and exhibit an open channel probability close to one. the predicted minimum pore diameter is approximately 7 a. we also show that cytk is a potent cytotoxin against human i ...	2001	11287145
influence of carvacrol on growth and toxin production by bacillus cereus.	the natural antimicrobial compound carvacrol was investigated for its effect on diarrheal toxin production by bacillus cereus. carvacrol (0-0.06 mg/ml) reduced the viable count and the maximal specific growth rate (mumax) of b. cereus in bhi broth. the total amount of protein was not affected by carvacrol. however, a sharp decrease (80%) in diarrheal toxin production was observed in the presence of 0.06 mg/ml carvacrol. carvacrol also inhibited toxin production in soup, but approximately 50-fold ...	2001	11294360
diacylglycerol effects on phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c activity and vesicle fusion.	diacylglycerol increased the hydrolytic activity of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c on large unilamellar vesicles containing 5-40% phosphatidylinositol. moreover, diacylglycerol increased the rate and extent of vesicle fusion (contents mixing) induced by the enzyme. kinetic studies of intervesicular lipid mixing revealed that fusion was limited by the frequency of contacts involving two diacylglycerol-rich domains.	2001	11297746
biosynthesis of phb tercopolymer by bacillus cereus uw85.	the study was attempted to determine the ability of a gram-positive bacillus cereus uw85 strain to biosynthesize poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) copolymers when epsilon-caprolactone, or epsilon-caprolactone and glucose, were used as carbon sources.	2001	11298229
thuricin 7: a novel bacteriocin produced by bacillus thuringiensis bmg1.7, a new strain isolated from soil.	detection and identification of new antagonistic activities towards bacillus cereus and relatives.	2001	11298934
the effect of growth stage and growth temperature on high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of some psychrotrophic bacteria in milk.	the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the survival of the psychrotrophic organisms listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, and pseudomonas fluorescens was investigated in ultrahigh-temperature milk. variation in pressure resistance between two strains of each organism were studied. the effect of growth stage (exponential and stationary phase), growth temperature (8 and 30 degrees c) on pressure resistance, and sublethal pressure injury were investigated. exponential-phase cells were signif ...	2001	11307889
psychrotolerant species from the bacillus cereus group are not necessarily bacillus weihenstephanensis.	twenty-six strains of bacillus cereus from different sources were determined to be either mesophilic or psychrotrophic by growth at 6 and 42 degrees c. the strains were also screened by two polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods designed to discriminate between mesophilic and psychrotrophic types. seventeen of the 26 strains were able to grow at 6 degrees c, but only four conformed to the new psychrotolerant species bacillus weihenstephanensis. among the 26 strains were two which caused outbrea ...	2001	11313138
evaluation of an automated culture system for detecting bacterial contamination of platelets: an analysis with 15 contaminating organisms.	approximately 1 in 2000 platelet components are bacterially contaminated. the time to detection of 15 seeded organisms in platelets recovered from an automated culture system was studied.	2001	11316897
bacillus cereus bacteremia and meningitis in immunocompromised children.	two cases of bacillus cereus meningitis in immunocompromised children at our hospital within a 2-month period prompted us to review b. cereus--related invasive disease. we identified 12 patients with b. cereus isolated in blood cultures from september 1988 through august 2000 at our institution. three of these patients also had b. cereus isolated from csf specimens; 1 additional patient had possible cns involvement (33%, group a), whereas 8 patients had no evidence of cns involvement (67%, group ...	2001	11317247
a general strategy for identification of s-layer genes in the bacillus cereus group: molecular characterization of such a gene in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae nrrl 4045.	despite its possible role in virulence, there has been little molecular characterization of members of the s-layer protein family of the bacillus cereus group. it is hypothesized that the components of the s-layers are likely to display similar anchoring structures in bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus anthracis. based on inferred sequence similarities, a dna fragment encoding the cell-wall-anchoring domain of an s-layer component of bac: thuringiensis subsp. galleriae nrrl 4045 was isolated. t ...	2001	11320137
foodborne diseases in kenya.	to determine the occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks in kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.	2001	11320765
surface characteristics of bacillus cereus and its adhesion to stainless steel.	the ability of a bacillus cereus strain, isolated from spoiled milk, to adhere to the surface of stainless steel chips was evaluated during its growth in diluted tryptic soy broth (dtsb). the number of cells that adhered to the surface increased markedly as the culture reached the end of the log phase and entered stationary phase, and continued to increase with further incubation. the surface properties of cells from the log, stationary, and late stationary phases were measured by hydrophobic in ...	2001	11322692
familial mutations and zinc stoichiometry determine the rate-limiting step of nitrocefin hydrolysis by metallo-beta-lactamase from bacteroides fragilis.	the diverse members of the metallo-beta-lactamase family are a growing clinical threat evolving under considerable selective pressure. the enzyme from bacillus cereus differs from the bacteroides fragilis enzyme in sequence, zinc stoichiometry, and mechanism. to chart the evolution of the more reactive b. fragilis enzyme, we have made changes in an active site cysteine residue as well as in zinc content to mimic that which occurs in the b. cereus enzyme. specifically, by introducing a c104r muta ...	2001	11327823
involvement of the arg-asp-his catalytic triad in enzymatic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond.	phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) catalyzes the cleavage of the p-o bond in phosphatidylinositol via intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the 2-hydroxyl group of inositol on the phosphorus atom. our earlier stereochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that this reaction proceeds by a mechanism similar to that of rnase a, and that the catalytic site of pi-plc consists of three major components analogous to those observed in rnase a, the his32 general base, ...	2001	11331006
microbiological status of commercially available medicinal herbal drugs--a screening study.	one hundred and thirty-eight medicinal herbal drugs obtained from different suppliers were examined for microbial contaminants and for the detectability of pathogenic microorganisms. for this purpose, several microbiological standard parameters (total aerobic mesophilic count, enterobacteria, coliforms, aerobic sporeformers, yeasts and moulds, enterococci, lactobacilli, pseudomonades and aeromades) and selective methods for the detection of indicator microorganisms and pathogens (e. coli, entero ...	2001	11345700
exogenous phospholipase c stimulates epithelial cell migration and integrin expression in vitro.	phospholipase c secreted by bacterial pathogens has been identified as a virulence factor in several human diseases and has been implicated in impeding wound healing. the role of phospholipase c in the intracellular signal control of epithelial growth was studied in normal human skin keratinocytes cultured in conditions simulating aspects of wound healing. bacillus cereus phospholipase c decreased cell-cell contact and increased cell migration resulting in disruption of the advancing epithelial ...	2001	11350646
fluoranthene-2,3- and -1,5-diones are novel products from the bacterial transformation of fluoranthene.	fluoranthene is one of the predominant compounds found in soils and sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah). four bacterial strains isolated from pah-contaminated soils transformed fluoranthene to a number of products during growth on phenanthrene, including the novel metabolites fluoranthene-2,3-dione (f23q) and fluoranthene-1,5-dione (f15q). given the known toxicity and mutagenicity of f23q, we focused on characterizing this metabolite with respect to its effects on ...	2001	11351535
inhibition tests for detection and presumptive identification of tetracyclines, beta-lactam antibiotics and quinolones in poultry meat.	a combination of three plates, seeded with strains of micrococcus luteus, bacillus cereus or escherichia coli, can be used for detection of residues of beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. the sensitivity of each plate is optimal for only one of these groups, resulting in detection limits (lod) lower than the corresponding maximum residue limits (mrl) and in distinct inhibition patterns typical for each antibiotic family. beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin g, ampi ...	2001	11358180
the expanding spectrum of disease caused by bacillus cereus.		2001	11368114
changes in the disintegration properties of some brands of paracetamol tablets inoculated with four bacterial species.	four most common brands of paracetamol (4-aceta-midophenol) tablets were examined for the changes in their disintegration properties after inoculation with staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, klebsiella aerogenes and pseudomonas aeruginosa and incubating for 5 weeks. the disintegration times varied from one brand to the other, reaching maximum values of 72 min., 82 min., 110 min. and 120 min. for s. aureus, b. cereus, p. aeruginosa and klebsiella aerogenes, respectively. all brands of parace ...	2001	11370281
a novel surfactant nanoemulsion with a unique non-irritant topical antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi.	a novel non-ionic surfactant nanoemulsion designated 8n8 has been tested for its biocidal activity. one percent 8n8 produced effective bactericidal activity against bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and vibrio cholerae in 15 minutes. in contrast, most enteric gram-negative bacteria were resistant to 8n8. one percent 8n8 was also virucidal within 15 minutes for all tested enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex type 1, ...	2001	11372645
field evaluation of a bioregulator containing live bacillus cereus spores on health status and performance of sows and their litters.	the efficacy of paciflor, a bioregulator containing live bacillus cereus cip 5832 spores, was assessed in sows during late pregnancy and lactation, as well as in their piglets up to the growing phase. two groups each of 30 pregnant gilts and sows received normal feed (t1 group), or feed with 85 g paciflor per ton feed (t2 group), from 15 days prior to farrowing up to the end of the lactation period. furthermore, 15 litters of the t1 group and 15 litters of the t2 group, were offered normal feed ...	2001	11379387
phospholipases stimulate secretion in rbl mast cells.	roles for glycerophospholipids in exocytosis have been proposed, but remain controversial. phospholipases are stimulated following the activation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin e (ige) in mast cells. to study the biochemical sequelae that lead to degranulation, broken cell systems were employed. we demonstrate that the addition of three distinct types of exogenous phospholipases (i.e., bcplc, scpld, and tfpla(2)), all of which hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (pc), trigger degranu ...	2001	11380253
study on indoor air pollutants: toxicity screening of suspended particulate matter.		2001	11381325
nontypical bacillus cereus outbreak in a child care center.	on october 29, 1998, the garland health department in texas investigated seven illnesses at a church day school. the six children and one adult had handled hydrated, orange-colored rice before consuming a meal. b. cereus organisms were found in the rice at an estimated concentration of 5.6 x 10(5) per gram. as far as the authors can determine, this outbreak is the first one documented to have occurred from indirect ingestion of b. cereus by way of contaminated hands, as opposed to ingestion of t ...	2001	11381470
discrimination between bacterial spore types using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and matrix-free infrared laser desorption and ionization.	we demonstrate that molecular ions with mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) ranging from a few hundred to 19 050 can be desorbed from whole bacterial spores using infrared laser desorption and no chemical matrix. we have measured the mass of these ions using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and we observe that different ions are desorbed from spores of bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus niger. our results raise the possibility of identifying microorganisms using mas ...	2001	11393860
an enzymatic assay for quantifying sphingomyelin in tissues and plasma from humans and mice with niemann-pick disease.	sphingomyelin is an important lipid component of cell membranes and lipoproteins which can be hydrolyzed by sphingomyelinases into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. the type a and b forms of niemann-pick disease (npd) are lipid storage disorders due to the deficient activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase, and the resultant accumulation of sphingomyelin in cells and tissues. in this paper we report a new, enzyme-based method to quantify the levels of sphingomyelin in tissues and plasma of nor ...	2001	11399033
oligopeptide permease is required for expression of the bacillus thuringiensis plcr regulon and for virulence.	plcr is a pleiotropic regulator of virulence factors in the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis and in the opportunistic human pathogen bacillus cereus. it activates the transcription of at least 15 genes encoding extracellular proteins, including phospholipases c, proteases and enterotoxins. expression of the plcr gene is autoregulated and activated at the onset of stationary phase. here, we used mini-tn10 transposition to generate a library of b. thuringiensis mutants, with the goal of char ...	2001	11401703
meningoencephalitis caused by bacillus cereus in a neonate.	we report on a newborn boy, who was delivered at 26 weeks' gestation by emergency caesarean section because of a prolapsed cord and breech presentation. grade iv hyaline membrane disease subsequently developed, for which a surfactant was given. on day 8, there were frequent apnoeic attacks, and on day 30, marked irritability developed, as did intermittent stiffening of all four limbs. the anterior fontanelle was bulging and tense, and the cerebrospinal fluid was found to be turbid. gram staining ...	2001	11406681
reaction of b. cereus bacteria and peroxidase enzymes under pressures >400 mpa.	it is known that b. cereus (gram-positive bacteria) and peroxidase enzymes are resistant to pressures of approximately 400 mpa in fruit and vegetable products among others. the aim of the present work is to have knowledge about their behavior when using pressures >400 mpa without other combined treatments. the results showed that b. cereus was not inactivated at pressures of 1000 mpa for 15 min at 20 degrees c. in peroxidase enzymes the results remained similar and the pressure of 1000 mpa for 3 ...	2001	11409973
sensitive fluorescent quantitation of myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and myo-inositol 1-phosphate by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.	a non-radioactive micro-assay for the cyclic phosphodiesterase reaction catalyzed by bacillus cereus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c is described. the assay involves high-performance thin-layer chromatography on silica gel to resolve the substrate (myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate) and the product (myo-inositol 1-phosphate), followed by detection with a lead tetraacetate-fluorescein stain. the quantitation of these inositol phosphates in sample spots relative to a series of standa ...	2001	11417877
class ii broad-spectrum mercury resistance transposons in gram-positive bacteria from natural environments.	we have studied the mechanisms of the horizontal dissemination of a broad-spectrum mercury resistance determinant among bacillus and related species. this mer determinant was first described in bacillus cereus rc607 from boston harbor, usa, and was then found in various bacillus and related species in japan, russia and england. we have shown that the mer determinant can either be located at the chromosome, or on a plasmid in the bacillus species, and is carried by class ii mercury resistance tra ...	2001	11446519
kinetic study of two novel enantiomeric tricyclic beta-lactams which efficiently inactivate class c beta-lactamases.	a detailed kinetic study of the interaction between two ethylidene derivatives of tricyclic carbapenems, lek 156 and lek 157, and representative beta-lactamases and d-alanyl-d-alanine peptidases (dd-peptidases) is presented. both compounds are very efficient inactivators of the enterobacter cloacae 908r beta-lactamase, which is usually resistant to inhibition. preliminary experiments indicate that various extended-spectrum class c beta-lactamases (act-1, cmy-1, and mir-1) are also inactivated. w ...	2001	11451677
minor cytotoxic and antibacterial compounds from the rhizomes of amomum aculeatum.	a new cytotoxic 1,7-dioxa-dispiro[5.1.5.2]pentadeca-9,12-dien-11-one derivative, aculeatin d, and a new alkenone, 5-hydroxy-hexacos-1-en-3-one, have been isolated as minor compounds from the rhizomes of amomum aculeatum. their structures have been determined mainly by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. aculeatin d showed high cytotoxicity against the kb and the l-6 cell line with ic(50) of 0.38 microg/ml and 1 microg/ml, respectively. additionally, it revealed remarkable activity against tw ...	2001	11454360
influence of food matrix on inactivation of bacillus cereus by combinations of nisin, pulsed electric field treatment, and carvacrol.	carvacrol was used as a third preservative factor to enhance further the synergy between nisin and pulsed electric field (pef) treatment against vegetative cells of bacillus cereus. when applied simultaneously with nisin (0.04 microg/ml), carvacrol (0.5 mm) enhanced the synergy found between nisin and pef treatment (16.7 kv/cm, 30 pulses) in potassium-n-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-n-ethanesulfonic acid (hepes) buffer. the influence of food ingredients on bactericidal activity was tested using skimm ...	2001	11456185
molecular dynamics simulations of the mononuclear zinc-beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus.	herein, we report molecular dynamics simulations of the mononuclear form of the bacillus cereuszinc-beta-lactamase. we studied two different configurations which differ in the presence of a zinc-bound hydroxide or a zinc-bound water and in the protonation state of the essential his210 residue. contacts of the catalytically important residues (asp90, his210, cys168, etc.) with the zinc center are characterized by the md analyses. the nature of the zn-oh(2) --> his210 proton transfer pathway conne ...	2001	11457108
new antioxidant and antimicrobial ellagic acid derivatives from pteleopsis hylodendron.	bioassay-guided isolation of two new compounds, 3,4-methylenedioxy-3'-o-methyl-4'-o-glucoside ellagic acid (1) and the pteleoellagic acid derivative (2), from the stem bark of pteleopsis hylodendron is reported along with 3,4-methylenedioxy-3'-o-methyl ellagic acid (3), 3,3'-di-o-methyl ellagic acid (4) and 3,3',4'-tri-o-methyl ellagic acid (5), which were obtained for the first time from this plant. the structures of these compounds were elucidated with the help of spectroscopic studies. compou ...	2001	11458450
microbiological survey of retail herbs and spices from mexican markets.	in the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in mexico were analyzed for the presence of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. high levels (10(5) to 10(7) cfu/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of ...	2001	11198448
the effect of calcium and sodium lactates on growth from spores of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens in a 'sous-vide' beef goulash under temperature abuse.	the effect of calcium and sodium lactates on growth from spores of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens at three different concentrations (0, 1.5 and 3% w/w) and at different temperatures (10, 15 and 20 degrees c for b. cereus and 15, 20 and 25 degrees c for c. perfringens) was investigated, using beef goulash as a model system for pasteurised vacuum-packaged convenience foods. calcium lactate at a level of 3% reduced the ph values of the samples from 6.0 to 5.5. no b. cereus growth was o ...	2001	11205943
heat resistance of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhimurium and lactobacillus delbrueckii in relation to ph and ethanol.	the aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of ethanol alone and in combination with low ph on the heat resistance of specific bacteria. the bacteria chosen are representative of heat resistant and heat sensitive pathogens (bacillus cereus and salmonella typhimurium) and of relatively heat resistant spoilage microorganisms (lactobacillus delbrueckii). the chosen bacteria were treated at different temperatures ranging between 70 and 97 degrees c for b. cereus, 48 and 54 degrees c fo ...	2001	11205944
modelling the influence of ph and organic acid types on thermal inactivation of bacillus cereus spores.	a model is proposed to describe the influence ph on the heat resistance of bacillus cereus spores. in addition to the conventional z value, the effect of ph on the thermal resistance of spores is characterised by a z(ph) value (z(ph) is the distance of ph from a reference ph*, which leads to a 10-fold reduction of d value). the type of organic acid used for acidifying the heating medium, influences the z(ph) value. for nine organic acids, a linear relationship between the calculated z(ph) value ...	2001	11205951
investigation of bacterial spore structure by high resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.	high resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr) in combination with transmission electron microscopy (tem) of spores of bacillus cereus, an outer coatless mutant b. subtilis 322, an inner coatless mutant b. subtilis 325 and of germinated spores of b. subtilis cmcc 604 were carried out. structural differences in the coats, mainly protein of spores were reflected by nmr spectra which indicated also differences in molecular mobility of carbohydrates which was partially att ...	2001	11205952
investigation of the interactions between beta-lactams and a metallo-beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus using a monoclonal antibody.	a monoclonal antibody recognizing the active site of a beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus was identified and characterized. the binding of the monoclonal antibody to the active site was quantitatively inhibited by a broad spectrum of beta-lactam antibiotics. the levels of inhibition were found to be associated with particular structural features of the antibiotics and their ability to form stable enzyme/substrate complexes. a novel, broad specificity assay for beta-lactams was developed based o ...	2001	11152585
the application of a fermented food ingredient containing 'variacin', a novel antimicrobial produced by kocuria varians, to control the growth of bacillus cereus in chilled dairy products.	the feasibility of applying variacin, a lantibiotic produced by kocuria varians in the form of a spray-dried fermented ingredient to control the growth of psychrotrophic bacillus cereus strains in chilled dairy foods, was evaluated.	2001	11155129
influence of tomato genotype on growth of inoculated and indigenous bacteria in the spermosphere.	we previously demonstrated a genetic basis in tomato for support of the growth of a biological control agent, bacillus cereus uw85, in the spermosphere after seed inoculation (k. p. smith, j. handelsman, and r. m. goodman, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 96:4786-4790, 1999). here we report results of studies examining the host effect on the support of growth of bacillus and pseudomonas strains, both inoculated on seeds and recruited from soil, using selected inbred tomato lines from the recombinant i ...	2001	11157211
the mammalian safety of bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides.	the united states environmental protection agency between the years 1961 and 1995 registered 177 products containing viable bacillus thuringiensis (bt). numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that bt and bt products are noninfectious and are toxic to mammals only at a dose > or =10(8) colony forming units (cfu) per mouse (a human equivalent based on the weight of >10(11) cfu). in contrast, as few as three vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis can kill mice (a human equivalent of >10(3) c ...	2001	11161988
lactic acid bacteria from healthy oral cavity of thai volunteers: inhibition of oral pathogens.	the aims of the present study were to screen and characterize the antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria which were isolated from healthy oral cavities of thai volunteers, and to characterize their inhibiting substances. among 3790 isolates (suspected to be lactic acid bacteria) from 130 volunteers, five showed an appreciable effect against sarcina lutea atcc 9341, bacillus cereus atcc 11778, escherichia coli atcc 25922, staphylococcus aureus atcc 6538, streptococcus mutans dtmu 1, strep. salivarius ...	2001	11168719
isolation and identification of bacteria associated with adult laboratory mexican fruit flies, anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae).	from the guts of new and old colonies (female and male) of mexican fruit flies, anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae), we identified a total of 18 different bacterial species belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae, vibrionaceae, micrococcaceae, deinococcacea, bacillaceae, and the genus listeria. enterobacter, providencia, serratia, and staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated genera, with citrobacter, streptococcus, aerococcus, and listeria found less freque ...	2001	11178731
molecular cloning of an alpha-glucosidase-like gene from penicillium minioluteum and structure prediction of its gene product.	the dexc cdna, which is expressed in dextran-containing medium by the filamentous fungus penicillium minioluteum, was cloned and sequence characterized. the cdna sequence comprises 1859 bp plus a poly (a) tail, coding for a predicted protein of 597 amino acids. the genomic counterpart was isolated by pcr, finding three introns in its sequence. the dexc gene was located by southern blot in the same 9-kb fragment that the previously isolated dextranase-encoding gene (dexa). sequence analysis revea ...	2001	11178973
detection of enterotoxic bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains by pcr analysis.	many strains of bacillus cereus cause gastrointestinal diseases, and the closely related insect pathogen b. thuringiensis has also been involved in outbreaks of diarrhea. the diarrheal types of diseases are attributed to enterotoxins. two different enterotoxic protein complexes, hemolysin bl (hbl) and nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nhe), and an enterotoxic protein, enterotoxin t, have been characterized, and the genes have been sequenced. pcr primers for the detection of these genes were deduced and ...	2001	11133444
effect of water activities of heating and recovery media on apparent heat resistance of bacillus cereus spores.	spores of bacillus cereus were heated and recovered in order to investigate the effect of water activity of media on the estimated heat resistance (i.e., the d value) of spores. the water activity (ranging from 0.9 to 1) of the heating medium was first successively controlled with three solutes (glycerol, glucose, and sucrose), while the water activity of the recovery medium was kept near 1. reciprocally, the water activity of the heating medium was then kept at 1, while the water activity of th ...	2001	11133461
gern, an antiporter homologue important in germination of bacillus cereus endospores.	a homologue of the grma spore germination gene of bacillus megaterium and of a nah-antiporter gene (napa) of enterococcus hirae has been identified in bacillus cereus 569 (atcc 10876). the putative protein product has 58 and 43% amino acid identity with grma and napa, respectively. insertional inactivation of this b. cereus gene, named gern, did not affect vegetative growth or sporulation. the null mutant spores were 30-fold slower to germinate in inosine (5 mm) but germinated almost normally in ...	2001	11133940
novel method for the proteomic investigation of a dairy-associated bacillus cereus biofilm.	the biofilm proteome of a dairy-associated bacillus cereus strain (b. cereus 5) was investigated. biofilm biomass of sufficient concentration for 2d-page was obtained by growing the culture in the presence of glass wool. b. cereus 5 readily attached to the glass wool and biofilms formed within 18 h. the biofilm proteome of whole-cell proteins revealed that 10 proteins were synthesized as a result of surface attachment of which four were unique to the biofilm profile. seven proteins appeared to b ...	2001	11150664
[synthesis of anabiosis autoinducers in non-spore-forming bacteria as a mechanism regulating their activity in soil and subsoil sedimentary rocks].	non-spore-forming bacteria of the genera arthrobacter and micrococcus, isolated from permafrost subsoil, were found to produce greater amounts of the d1 extracellular factor than closely related collection strains isolated from soil. the effect of this factor, responsible for cell transition to anabiosis, was not species-specific. thus, the d1 crude preparation isolated from the culture liquid of the permafrost isolate arthrobacter globiformis 245 produced an effect on the collection strain arth ...	2001	11763780
prediction of microbial growth in fresh-cut vegetables treated with acidic electrolyzed water during storage under various temperature conditions.	effects of storage temperature (1, 5, and 10 degrees c) on growth of microbial populations (total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, bacillus cereus, and psychrotrophic bacteria) on acidic electrolyzed water (acew)-treated fresh-cut lettuce and cabbage were determined. a modified gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of microbial growth. growth data were analyzed using regression analysis to generate "best-fit" modified gompertz equations, which were subsequently used to calculat ...	2001	11770620
tandem mass spectrometry of intact proteins for characterization of biomarkers from bacillus cereus t spores.	intact protein biomarkers from bacillus cereus t spores have been analyzed by high-resolution tandem fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. two techniques have been applied for excitation of the isolated multiply charged precursor ion species: sustained off-resonance irradiation/collisionally activated dissociation and electron capture dissociation. fragmentation-derived sequence tags and blast sequence similarity proteome database searches allow unequivocal identification ...	2001	11774913
[characteristics of bacillus cereus dissociants].	the autoregulation of the phenotypic (populational) variability of the bacillus cereus strain 504 was studied. the isolated colonial morphotypes of this bacterium were found to differ in their growth characteristics and the synthesis of extracellular proteases. the phenotypic variabilities of vegetative proliferating cells and those germinated from endospores and cystlike refractory cells were different. bacterial variants also differed in the production of the d1 and d2 factors (the autoinducer ...	2001	11785138
isolation and bioactivities of constitutents of the roots of garcinia atroviridis.	two new prenylated compounds, the benzoquinone atrovirinone (1) and the depsidone atrovirisidone (2), were isolated from the roots of garcinia atroviridis. their structures were determined on the basis of the analysis of spectroscopic data. while compound 2 showed some cytotoxicity against hela cells, both compounds 1 and 2 were only mildly inhibitory toward bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus.	2001	11473441
analysis of the role of bacterial endospore cortex structure in resistance properties and demonstration of its conservation amongst species.	the aim of this work was to compare the chemical structure of the spore cortex of a range of species, and to determine any correlation between cortex structure and spore resistance properties.	2001	11473602
antimicrobial resistance among pseudomonas spp. and the bacillus cereus group isolated from danish agricultural soil.	from four danish pig farms, bacteria of pseudomonas spp. and the bacillus cereus group were isolated from soil and susceptibility towards selected antimicrobials was tested. from each farm, soil samples representing soil just before and after spread of animal waste and undisturbed agricultural soil, when possible, were collected. soil from a well-characterized danish farm soil (højbakkegaard) was collected for comparison. the pseudomonas spp. and b. cereus were chosen as representative for gram- ...	2001	11485227
pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis due to bacillus cereus.	we present a case of a rapidly progressive pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis and pneumonia in a 52-year-old woman with severe aplastic anemia. bacillus cereus was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, blood cultures, and pseudomembrane biopsy specimens; despite intensive antibiotic treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a b. cereus infection that has caused pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis, possibly because of the producti ...	2001	11486300
purification and characterization of a novel extracellular protease from bacillus cereus kctc 3674.	bacillus cereus kctc 3674 excretes several kinds of extracellular proteases into the growth medium. two proteases with molecular masses of approximately 36-kda and 38-kda, as shown by sds-page, were purified from the culture broth. the 38-kda protease was purified from b. cereus cultivated at 37 degrees c, and the 36-kda protease was obtained from the b. cereus cultivated at 20 degrees c. the 38-kda protease was identified as an extracellular neutral (metallo-) protease and was further character ...	2001	11491087
[determination of the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the essential oil from minthostachys verticillata (griseb.) epling].	the in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and pseudorabies virus (prv). the viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. the antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects prv and hsv-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. the therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for hsv-1 and ...	2001	11494754
cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) binding of bacillus cereus trinuclear phospholipase c: a novel 1h nmr spectrum of a 'tri-cu(ii)' center in protein.	the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase c from bacillus cereus (pc-plc(bc)) is a tri-zn enzyme with two 'tight binding' and one 'loose binding' sites. the zn2+ ions can be replaced with co2+ and cu2+ to afford metal-substituted derivatives. two cu2+-substituted derivatives are detected by means of 1h nmr spectroscopy, a 'transient' derivative and a 'stable' derivative. the detection of sharp hyperfine-shifted 1h nmr signals in the 'transient' derivative indicates the formation of a magn ...	2001	11730896
microbial reclamation of shellfish wastes for the production of chitinases.	shrimp and crab shell powder (scsp), prepared by treating shellfish processing waste with boiling and crushing, was used as a substrate for isolating chitinolytic microorganisms. three potential strains (e1, j1, and j1-1) were isolated and identified as bacillus cereus, b. alvei, and b. sphaericus, respectively. three extracellular chitinases (fb1, fb2, and fb3) were purified from the culture supernatants of bacillus cereus e1, b. alvei j1, and b. sphaericus j1-1, respectively. the molecular wei ...	2001	11240194
prevalence and behaviour of bacillus cereus in a repfed of italian origin.	this paper reports on the prevalence and behaviour of bacillus cereus in gnocchi, a repfed of italian origin. a survey of gnocchi under varying storage conditions, revealed that, although b. cereus was found in 33% of the samples, the contamination level was lower than 10(2) cfu/g for the unstored and the refrigerated (8 degrees c) samples. counts increased with increasing storage temperatures and prolonged storage times in samples prepared without sorbic acid. the effect of different formulatio ...	2001	11246903
effect of heat activation and inactivation conditions on germination and thermal resistance parameters of bacillus cereus spores.	the effect of isothermal and non-isothermal heat activation on germination and thermoresistance of two strains of bacillus cereus spores was studied. results indicated that the germination after isothermal activation was lower than after non-isothermal heating. the activation rate affected the z value, which increased with faster heating rates. for each temperature and inactivation rate, the non-isothermal activation at rate of 2 degrees c/min resulted in larger d values (d90 = 4.70 min) than is ...	2001	11246909
cysteinyl peptide inhibitors of bacillus cereus zinc beta-lactamase.	several cysteinyl peptides have been synthesised and shown to be reversible competitive inhibitors of the bacillus cereus metallo-beta-lactamase. the ph dependence of pki indicates that the thiol anion displaces hydroxide ion from the active site zinc(ii). d,d-peptides bind to the enzyme better than other diastereoisomers, which is compatible with the predicted stereochemistry of the active site.	2001	11249142
rapid identification of bacillus cereus based on the detection of a 28.5-kilodalton cell surface antigen.	conventional procedures for the identification of suspect bacillus cereus isolated on mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (myp) agar may need several days. to facilitate the identification of the bacterium, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed. the assay was based on the detection of a 28.5-kda cell surface antigen of b. cereus. bacterial colonies grown on myp agar or nutrient agar were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (ph 7.2) containing 0.1% teepol. the cell suspensions wer ...	2001	11252478
detection of genes encoding for enterotoxins and determination of the production of enterotoxins by hbl blood plates and immunoassays of psychrotrophic strains of bacillus cereus isolated from pasteurised milk.	the presence of genes for the production of the three components of the hbl enterotoxin complex and enterotoxin-t in bacillus cereus was evaluated by pcr tests for strains isolated from milk. in addition enterotoxin production of b. cereus was evaluated by means of the hbl blood agar plate and two commercially available toxin tests. all three genes for the hbl enterotoxin complex were detected in 55% of the 86 strains tested, the enterotoxin-t gene was detected in 62% of the strains. a few strai ...	2001	11252512
influence of agar content on the growth parameters of bacillus cereus.	factors governing bacillus cereus colony growth on agar media as modified by the agar content (1-7%, w/v) were studied. agar had a significant effect on the radial growth rate which diminished as the agar content increased. cell density in colonies (colony density) was found to decrease during the incubation time, with lower values occurring in the presence of 1% agar. size and dna content of the cells grown on 1 and 7% agar were similar. an increasing proportion of cell population growing on 7% ...	2001	11252514
cloning of maltase gene from a methylotrophic yeast, hansenula polymorpha.	the hansenula polymorpha maltase structural gene (hpmal1) was isolated from a genomic library by hybridization of the library clones with maltase-specific gene probe. an open reading frame of 1695 nt encoding a 564 amino-acid protein with calculated molecular weight of 65.3 kd was characterized in the genomic dna insert of the plasmid p51. the protein sequence deduced from the hpmal1 exhibited 58 and 47% identity with maltases from candida albicans and saccharomyces carlsbergesis encoded by cama ...	2001	11255010