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antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities of mono- and bis-quaternary pyridinium compounds.pyridinium-based oxime compounds have been utilized worldwide as antidotes following exposure to anticholinesterase agents. in the event of combined chemical and biological incident, it is of vital importance to know the ability of antidotes to provide additional protection against biological threats. this paper reports results of in vitro antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of a series of quaternary pyridinium oximes against a number of lower pathogenicity bsl-1 and 2 agents. in general, ...201021040494
in vitro activity of ceftaroline against a broad spectrum of recent clinical anaerobic isolates.the in vitro activity of ceftaroline was compared with those of ceftriaxone, clindamycin, imipenem, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and vancomycin against 514 clinical anaerobic isolates using clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) standard methodology. ceftaroline demonstrated good to excellent activity against gram-positive anaerobic pathogens and limited activity against gram-negative pathogens, particularly bacteroides fragilis group isolates.201021041506
in vitro activity of ceftaroline against a broad spectrum of recent clinical anaerobic isolates.the in vitro activity of ceftaroline was compared with those of ceftriaxone, clindamycin, imipenem, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and vancomycin against 514 clinical anaerobic isolates using clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) standard methodology. ceftaroline demonstrated good to excellent activity against gram-positive anaerobic pathogens and limited activity against gram-negative pathogens, particularly bacteroides fragilis group isolates.201021041506
multicomponent moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles induce an inflammatory response and are internalized by human epithelial cells.moraxella catarrhalis is an emerging human respiratory pathogen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and in children with acute otitis media. the specific secretion machinery known as outer membrane vesicles (omvs) is a mechanism by which gram-negative pathogens interact with host cells during infection. we identified 57 proteins in m. catarrhalis omvs using a proteomics approach combining two-dimensional sds-page and maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis. the omvs contai ...201021044239
human complement regulators c4b-binding protein and c1 esterase inhibitor interact with a novel outer surface protein of borrelia recurrentis.the spirochete borrelia recurrentis is the causal agent of louse-borne relapsing fever and is transmitted to humans by the infected body louse pediculus humanus. we have recently demonstrated that the b. recurrentis surface receptor, hcpa, specifically binds factor h, the regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, thereby inhibiting complement mediated bacteriolysis. here, we show that b. recurrentis spirochetes express another potential outer membrane lipoprotein, termed cih ...201020532227
vibrio cholerae el tor tcpa crystal structure and mechanism for pilus-mediated microcolony formation.type iv pili (t4p) are critical to virulence for vibrio cholerae and other bacterial pathogens. among their diverse functions, t4p mediate microcolony formation, which protects the bacteria from host defences and concentrates secreted toxins. the t4p of the two v. cholerae o1 disease biotypes, classical and el tor, share 81% identity in their tcpa subunits, yet these filaments differ in their interaction patterns as assessed by electron microscopy. to understand the molecular basis for pilus-med ...201020545841
detection and characterization of human ureaplasma species and serovars by real-time pcr.we designed primers and probes for the detection and discrimination of ureaplasma parvum and u. urealyticum and their 14 serovars by real-time pcr. the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex species-specific pcr were determined by testing corresponding american type culture collection (atcc) type strains, 47 other microbial species, and human genomic dna. the limits of the multiplex pcr were 2.8 x 10(-2) cfu/microl pcr mixture for detecting u. parvum and 4.1 x 10(-2) cfu/microl ...201020554828
[usefulness and limit of gram staining smear examination].gram staining is one of the most simple and inexpensive methods for the rapid diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections. it yields results much faster than culture, and provides important data for the patient's treatment and prognosis. however, a difference exists in the quality and quantity of information yielded by gram staining smears based on the experience and knowledge of those conducting the tests. therefore, a risk of misdiagnosis based on the information obtained from gram staining s ...201020560458
performance of the oxoid m.i.c.evaluator strips compared with the etest assay and bsac agar dilution.the oxoid m.i.c.evaluator (m.i.c.e; thermo fisher scientific) comprises an antibiotic gradient on a plastic support. we compared its performance with etest--a similar product--using bsac agar dilution as a reference.201020562429
an independent in vitro comparison of povidone iodine and sterilid.povidone iodine (pi) and sterilid (sl) are biocides used to decrease bacterial load on the eyelid margin. we compared the antibacterial activity of pi and sl to determine the better antiseptic.201020565315
antibiotic susceptibility of respiratory pathogens recently isolated in italy: focus on cefditoren.the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of respiratory pathogens recently isolated in italy to commonly used antibiotics including cefditoren. six clinical microbiological laboratories collected, between january and september 2009, a total of 2,510 respiratory pathogens from subjects with community-acquired respiratory tract infections (carti). ceftditoren, out of all the beta-lactams studied, had the lowest mic(90 )against 965 strains of streptococcus pneumo ...201020566418
community-acquired moraxella catarrhalis pneumonia in previously healthy children.the aim of this study was to determine if moraxella catarrhalis is a common cause of community acquired pneumonia in children with no chronic medical problems. a secondary goal was to describe the clinical features of children with m. catarrhalis pneumonia.201020575092
mapping the anatomy of respiratory syncytial virus infection of the upper airways in chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera).although most viral infections of the upper respiratory tract can predispose to bacterial otitis media, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the predominant viral copathogen of this highly prevalent pediatric polymicrobial disease. rigorous study of the specific mechanisms by which hrsv predisposes to otitis media has been hindered by lack of a relevant animal model. we recently reported that the chinchilla, the preferred rodent host for studying otitis media, is semipermissive for upper- ...201020579438
the viriato study: update on antimicrobial resistance of microbial pathogens responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections in portugal.the viriato study is a prospective, multicentre laboratory-based surveillance study of antimicrobial susceptibility in which 30 microbiology laboratories throughout portugal are asked to isolate, identify and submit to a central laboratory for testing streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis responsible for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections and streptococcus pyogenes from tonsillitis. to monitor changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns of ...201020590169
spiral gradient endpoint susceptibility testing: a fresh look at a neglected technique.increasing antibiotic resistance and interest in matching antibiotic therapy with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of isolates has led to increasing demands for determination of mics. this can lead to increased costs for the laboratory. the spiral gradient endpoint (sge) technique, a low-cost method of mic determination, was developed some years ago. although the technique showed good correlation with reference methods, it was not widely employed, mainly due to the introduction of ...201020595209
characterization of the six glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:3 lipopolysaccharide outer core.yersinia enterocolitica (ye) is a gram-negative bacterium; ye serotype o:3 expresses lipopolysaccharide (lps) with a hexasaccharide branch known as the outer core (oc). the oc is important for the resistance of the bacterium to cationic antimicrobial peptides and also functions as a receptor for bacteriophage phir1-37 and enterocoliticin. the biosynthesis of the oc hexasaccharide is directed by the oc gene cluster that contains nine genes (wzx, wbcklmnopq, and gne). in this study, we inactivated ...201020595390
growth inhibition of oral mutans streptococci and candida by commercial probiotic lactobacilli--an in vitro study.probiotic bacteria are suggested to play a role in the maintenance of oral health. such health promoting bacteria are added to different commercial probiotic products. the aim of the study was to investigate the ability of a selection of lactobacilli strains, used in commercially available probiotic products, to inhibit growth of oral mutans streptococci and c. albicans in vitro.201020598145
medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children.testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in children presents a number of problems for the practitioner that are not usually faced when testing adults for the same infections. the identification of an sti in a child can have, in addition to medical implications, serious legal implications. the presence of an sti is often used to support the presence or allegations of sexual abuse, and conversely, the identification of an sti in a child will prompt an investigation of possible abuse. th ...201020610820
peptide deformylase inhibitors with retro-amide scaffold: synthesis and structure-activity relationships.peptide deformylase (pdf) is a metalloprotease catalyzing the removal of a formyl group from newly synthesized proteins. thus inhibition of pdf activity is considered to be one of the most effective antibiotic strategies. reported herein are the synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of retro-amide inhibitors based on actinonin, a naturally occurring pdf inhibitor. analysis of the structure-activity relationships led to the discovery of 7a, which exhibits potent enzyme inhibition ...201020615695
an outer membrane receptor of neisseria meningitidis involved in zinc acquisition with vaccine potential.since the concentration of free iron in the human host is low, efficient iron-acquisition mechanisms constitute important virulence factors for pathogenic bacteria. in gram-negative bacteria, tonb-dependent outer membrane receptors are implicated in iron acquisition. it is far less clear how other metals that are also scarce in the human host are transported across the bacterial outer membrane. with the aim of identifying novel vaccine candidates, we characterized in this study a hitherto unknow ...201020617164
performance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of bacterial strains routinely isolated in a clinical microbiology laboratory.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has recently been introduced in diagnostic microbiology laboratories for the identification of bacterial and yeast strains isolated from clinical samples. in the present study, we prospectively compared maldi-tof ms to the conventional phenotypic method for the identification of routine isolates. colonies were analyzed by maldi-tof ms either by direct deposition on the target plate or after a formic acid- ...201020220166
a new paradigm of bacteria-gut interplay brought through the study of shigella.bacteria-gut epithelial interplay and the mucosal immune response are the most critical issues in determining the fate of bacterial infection and the severity of diseases. shigella species (abbreviated here as shigella), the causative agent of bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), are highly adapted human pathogens that are capable of invading and colonizing the intestinal epithelium, which results in severe inflammatory colitis. shigella secrete a large and diverse number (more then 50) of effecto ...201020228623
comparative in vitro antimicrobial activities of torezolid (tr-700), the active moiety of a new oxazolidinone, torezolid phosphate (tr-701), determination of tentative disk diffusion interpretive criteria, and quality control ranges.this study assessed the spectrum of activity of torezolid (tr-700), the active moiety of torezolid phosphate (tr-701), and proposes tentative mic and disk diffusion breakpoints as well as quality control ranges. the in vitro susceptibilities of 1,096 bacterial isolates, representing 23 different species or phenotypic groups, were determined for torezolid, linezolid, cefotaxime, and levofloxacin using clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution mics, minimum bactericida ...201020231392
swab transport in amies gel followed by frozen storage in skim milk tryptone glucose glycerol broth (stggb) for studies of respiratory bacterial pathogens.nasopharyngeal carriage studies are needed to monitor changes in important bacterial pathogens in response to vaccination and antibiotics. commercial swab transport followed by transfer to skim milk tryptone glucose glycerol broth for frozen storage is an option for studies of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.201020298727
bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly and younger adults.this study was undertaken in order to compare the frequency of bacterial agents of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and their antimicrobial resistance in the elderly and younger adults admitted to a teaching hospital in hamedan, iran. a total of 150 cases of cap, including 81 elderly and 69 younger adults, were evaluated. the most frequently identified pathogens in younger adults were moraxella catarralis (11.5%), streptococcus pneumonia (10.1%) and staphylococcus aureus (10.1%); while in the ...201020305102
role of infection in the development and exacerbation of asthma.respiratory infections are associated with wheezing illnesses in all ages and may also impact the development and severity of asthma. respiratory tract infections caused by viruses, chlamydophila or mycoplasma have been hypothesized to have significant roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. progress is being made toward establishing the mechanisms by which these agents can cause acute wheezing and impact the pathophysiology of asthma. host factors probably contribute to the risk of asthma inceptio ...201020305826
trimer stability of yada is critical for virulence of yersinia enterocolitica.yersinia adhesin a (yada) is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin with multiple functions in host-pathogen interactions. the aim of this study was to dissect the virulence functions promoted by yada in vitro and in vivo. to accomplish this, we generated yersinia enterocolitica o:8 mutants expressing point mutations in yada g389, a highly conserved residue in the membrane anchor of yada, and analyzed their impact on yada expression and virulence functions. we found that point mutations of yada g389 ...201020308293
time-kill assay results for a linalool-hinokitiol-based eyelid cleanser for lid hygiene.time-kill testing was performed for a linalool-hinokitiol-based eyelid cleanser against pseudomonas aeruginosa, moraxella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), staphylococcus epidermidis, and pityrosporum ovale to evaluate its efficacy.201020308878
ceftaroline: a new cephalosporin with activity against resistant gram-positive pathogens.ceftaroline is a novel, broad-spectrum, advanced-generation cephalosporin whose action is mediated by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, consistent with other beta-lactam antibiotics. ceftaroline is distinct in that it has antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant s. aureus, vancomycin-intermediate s. aureus [visa], heteroresistant visa, and vancomycin-resistant s. aureus), streptococcus pneumonia (including drug-re ...201020334458
simultaneous assay for four bacterial species including alloiococcus otitidis using multiplex-pcr in children with culture negative acute otitis media.the 3 most commonly encountered bacteria in acute otitis media (aom) are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. conventional culture methods detect these pathogens in only 60% to 70% of cases of aom. alloiococcus otitidis, another potential pathogen, has often been ignored.201020335823
activity of the streptogramin antibiotic etamycin against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.the alarming rise of hospital- and community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ha- and ca-mrsa) infections has prompted a desperate search for novel antibiotics. we discovered the streptogramin etamycin produced by an actinomycete species isolated from the coast of fiji, the first time this antibiotic has been identified from a marine microbe. etamycin was extracted and purified from this strain (cns-575) and identified as a three-rotamer species by 2d nmr spectroscopy. eta ...201020339399
antimicrobial susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis isolated from children in kalgoorlie-boulder, western australia.to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis isolated from a cohort of children being followed in a study of the natural history of otitis media in a semi-arid region of western australia.201020350222
the diagnosis and treatment of elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis.the syndrome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) consists of chronic bronchitis (cb), bronchiectasis, emphysema, and reversible airway disease that combine uniquely in an individual patient. older patients are at risk for copd and its components--emphysema, cb, and bronchiectasis. bacterial and viral infections play a role in acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd) and in acute exacerbations of cb (aecb) without features of copd. older patients are at risk for resistant bacterial organi ...201020398122
functional characterization of lcpa, a surface-exposed protein of leptospira spp. that binds the human complement regulator c4bp.we have previously shown that pathogenic leptospiral strains are able to bind c4b binding protein (c4bp). surface-bound c4bp retains its cofactor activity, indicating that acquisition of this complement regulator may contribute to leptospiral serum resistance. in the present study, the abilities of seven recombinant putative leptospiral outer membrane proteins to interact with c4bp were evaluated. the protein encoded by lic11947 interacted with this human complement regulator in a dose-dependent ...201020404075
ceacam1 recognition by bacterial pathogens is species-specific.carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (ceacam1), an immunoglobulin (ig)-related glycoprotein, serves as cellular receptor for a variety of gram-negative bacterial pathogens associated with the human mucosa. in particular, neisseria gonorrhoeae, n. meningitidis, moraxella catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae possess well-characterized ceacam1-binding adhesins. ceacam1 is typically involved in cell-cell attachment, epithelial differentiation, neovascularisation and regulatio ...201020406467
detection of tmrna molecules on microarrays at low temperatures using helper oligonucleotides.the hybridization of synthetic streptococcus pneumoniae tmrna on a detection microarray is slow at 34 degrees c resulting in low signal intensities.201020426847
the development of a 16s rrna gene based pcr for the identification of streptococcus pneumoniae and comparison with four other species specific pcr assays.streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most frequently encountered pathogens in humans but its differentiation from closely related but less pathogenic streptococci remains a challenge.201020426878
the polymorphism of il-17 g-152a was associated with childhood asthma and bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in bronchiolitis.interleukin (il)-17 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. we investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) of il-17 (rs2275913, il-17 g-152a) and asthma-related traits. its effect on il-17 production was also attractive.201020437253
large screening of ca-mrsa among staphylococcus aureus colonizing healthy young children living in two areas (urban and rural) of portugal.the incidence of pediatric infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa), including children with no identifiable risk factors, has increased worldwide in the last decade. this suggests that healthy children may constitute a reservoir of mrsa in the community. in this study, nested within a larger one on nasopharyngeal ecology, we aimed to: (i) evaluate the prevalence of mrsa colonizing young children in portugal; and (ii) compare results with those ...201020438633
genome analysis of moraxella catarrhalis strain rh4, a human respiratory tract pathogen.moraxella catarrhalis is an emerging human-restricted respiratory tract pathogen that is a common cause of childhood otitis media and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. here, we report the first completely assembled and annotated genome sequence of an isolate of m. catarrhalis, strain rh4, which originally was isolated from blood of an infected patient. the rh4 genome consists of 1,863,286 nucleotides that form 1,886 protein-encoding genes. comparison of the rh4 ge ...201020453089
keratinocyte growth factor stimulates macrophage inflammatory protein 3α and keratinocyte-derived chemokine secretion by mouse uterine epithelial cells.communication between uterine epithelial cells and the underlying stromal fibroblasts is critical for proper endometrial function. stromal fibroblast-derived growth factors have been shown to regulate epithelial immune functions. the purpose of this study was to determine whether keratinocyte growth factor (kgf) regulates uterine epithelial cell chemokine and antimicrobial secretion.201020455876
besifloxacin: a novel anti-infective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.bacterial conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is demographically unbiased in its prevalence and can be caused by a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. timely empiric treatment with a broad-spectrum anti-infective, such as a topical fluoroquinolone, is critical in preventing potentially irreversible ocular damage. however, the rise in ocular methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates and the patterns of fluoroquinolone resistance for patients with other ocular bacterial ...201020463787
disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways.a rich microbial environment in infancy protects against asthma [1], [2] and infections precipitate asthma exacerbations [3]. we compared the airway microbiota at three levels in adult patients with asthma, the related condition of copd, and controls. we also studied bronchial lavage from asthmatic children and controls.201020052417
high-throughput identification of bacteria and yeast by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in conventional medical microbiology laboratories.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is suitable for high-throughput and rapid diagnostics at low costs and can be considered an alternative for conventional biochemical and molecular identification systems in a conventional microbiological laboratory. first, we evaluated maldi-tof ms using 327 clinical isolates previously cultured from patient materials and identified by conventional techniques (vitek-ii, api, and biochemical tests). discre ...201020053859
capacity of serotype 19a and 15b/c streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for experimental otitis media: implications for the conjugate vaccine.non-vaccine streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes are increasingly associated with disease. we evaluated isolates of the same sequence type (st199) but different serotypes (15b/c, 19a) for growth in vitro, and pathogenic potential in a chinchilla otitis media model. we also developed a quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay to quantitatively assess each isolate, circumventing the need for selectable markers. in vitro studies showed faster growth of serotype 19a over 15b/c. both were equally capable of colon ...201020067753
duplex real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assays for rapid detection and identification of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza a/h1, a/h3, and b viruses.reports of a novel influenza virus type a (h1n1), now designated by the world health organization as pandemic (h1n1) 2009, emerged from the united states and mexico in april 2009. the management of the pandemic in australia required rapid and reliable testing of large numbers of specimens for the novel influenza strain and differentiation from seasonal influenza strains. a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 was designed and used with exis ...201020071557
community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections and the role of third-generation oral cephalosporins.common community-acquired infections include those of the upper respiratory tract. in the 1990s, the antimicrobial treatment of upper respiratory tract infections focused on penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. however, following the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease occurred, and in the case of otitis media a shift towards haemophilus influenzae as the predominant causative pathogen was observed. future antimicrobial therapy ...201020014898
etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods.the microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is still not well characterized. during the past few years, polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods have been developed for many pathogens causing respiratory tract infections. the aim of this study was to determine the etiology of cap among adults-especially the occurrence of mixed infections among patients with cap-by implementing a new diagnostic pcr platform combined with conventional methods.201020014950
a systemic neutrophil response precedes robust cd8(+) t-cell activation during natural respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants.severe primary respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are characterized by bronchiolitis accompanied by wheezing. controversy exists as to whether infants suffer from virus-induced lung pathology or from excessive immune responses. furthermore, detailed knowledge about the development of primary t-cell responses to viral infections in infants is lacking. we studied the dynamics of innate neutrophil and adaptive t-cell responses in peripheral blood in relation to the viral load and paramete ...201020015982
a systemic neutrophil response precedes robust cd8(+) t-cell activation during natural respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants.severe primary respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are characterized by bronchiolitis accompanied by wheezing. controversy exists as to whether infants suffer from virus-induced lung pathology or from excessive immune responses. furthermore, detailed knowledge about the development of primary t-cell responses to viral infections in infants is lacking. we studied the dynamics of innate neutrophil and adaptive t-cell responses in peripheral blood in relation to the viral load and paramete ...201020015982
atypical bacteria in adenoids and tonsils of children requiring adenotonsillectomy.the results of this study suggest that atypical bacteria may be involved not only in acute upper airway diseases but also in recurrent infections requiring adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. therefore, their identification, followed by an appropriate treatment, should be considered.201019958241
development of a rapid automated influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus a/b multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay and its use during the 2009 h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus epidemic in milwaukee, wisconsin.rapid, semiautomated, and fully automated multiplex real-time rt-pcr assays were developed and validated for the detection of influenza (flu) a, flu b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) from nasopharyngeal specimens. the assays can detect human h1n1, h3n2, and swine-origin (s-oiv) h1n1 flu a viruses and were effectively used to distinguish flu a infections (of all subtypes) from flu b and rsv infections during the current s-oiv outbreak in milwaukee, wi. the analytical limits of detection we ...201019959800
virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters of haemophilus parasuis are antigenic proteins expressed in vivo.glässer's disease is a re-emerging swine disease characterized by a severe septicaemia. vaccination has been widely used to control the disease, although there is a lack of extended cross-protection. trimeric autotransporters, a family of surface exposed proteins implicated in host-pathogen interactions, are good vaccine candidates. members of this family have been described in haemophilus parasuis and designated as virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters (vtaa). in this work, we produced ...201019995512
virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters of haemophilus parasuis are antigenic proteins expressed in vivo.glässer's disease is a re-emerging swine disease characterized by a severe septicaemia. vaccination has been widely used to control the disease, although there is a lack of extended cross-protection. trimeric autotransporters, a family of surface exposed proteins implicated in host-pathogen interactions, are good vaccine candidates. members of this family have been described in haemophilus parasuis and designated as virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters (vtaa). in this work, we produced ...201019995512
bro {beta}-lactamase and antibiotic resistances in a global cross-sectional study of moraxella catarrhalis from children and adults.to compare and contrast the geographic and demographic distribution of bro beta-lactamase and antibiotic mic(50/90) for 1440 global moraxella catarrhalis isolates obtained from children and adults between 2001 and 2002.201019889789
the prevalence of middle ear pathogens in the outer ear canal and the nasopharyngeal cavity of healthy young adults.culturing middle ear fluid samples from children with chronic otitis media with effusion (ome) using standard techniques results in the isolation of bacterial species in approximately 30-50% of the cases. haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis, the classic middle ear pathogens of acute otitis media, are involved but, recently, several studies suggested alloiococcus otitidis as an additional pathogen. in the present study, we used species-specific pcrs to estab ...201019895585
unique host iron utilization mechanisms of helicobacter pylori revealed with iron-deficient chemically defined media.helicobacter pylori chronically infects the gastric mucosa, where it can be found free in mucus, attached to cells, and intracellularly. h. pylori requires iron for growth, but the sources of iron used in vivo are unclear. in previous studies, the inability to culture h. pylori without serum made it difficult to determine which host iron sources might be used by h. pylori. using iron-deficient, chemically defined medium, we determined that h. pylori can bind and extract iron from hemoglobin, tra ...201020176792
cem-101 activity against gram-positive organisms.the in vitro activity of cem-101, a new fluoroketolide, was determined against gram-positive organisms with various macrolide susceptibility profiles. experiments for determination of the mics and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs), timed killing, single-step and multistep mutation rates, the erythromycin induction of resistance, postantibiotic effect (pae), and drug interactions were performed for cem-101; and the results were compared to those obtained with telithromycin, macrolides, a ...201020176910
in vitro antibacterial activities of jnj-q2, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone.jnj-q2, a novel fluorinated 4-quinolone, was evaluated for its antibacterial potency by broth and agar microdilution mic methods in studies focused on skin and respiratory tract pathogens, including strains exhibiting contemporary fluoroquinolone resistance phenotypes. against a set of 118 recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, including fluoroquinolone-resistant variants bearing multiple dna topoisomerase target mutations, an mic(90) value for jnj-q2 of 0.12 microg/ml was determi ...201020176911
neutralization of genetically diverse hiv-1 strains by iga antibodies to the gp120-cd4-binding site from long-term survivors of hiv infection.to identify an hiv epitope suitable for vaccine development.201020186035
virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles.outer membrane (om) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by gram-negative bacteria during all stages of bacterial growth. om vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. strong experimental evidence exists to categorize om vesicle production as a type of gram-negative bacterial virulence factor. a growing body of data demonstrates an association of active virulence factors and toxins with vesicles, suggesting that they play a role in pathogenesis. one of the most ...201020197500
vitronectin binds to the head region of moraxella catarrhalis ubiquitous surface protein a2 and confers complement-inhibitory activity.the serum resistance of the common respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis is mainly dependent on ubiquitous surface proteins (usp) a1 and a2 that interact with complement factor 3 (c3) and complement inhibitor c4b binding protein (c4bp) preventing the alternative and classical pathways of the complement system respectively. uspa2 also has the capacity to attract vitronectin that in turn binds c9 and hereby inhibits membrane attack complex (mac) formation. we found uspa2 as a major vitronecti ...201020199596
rapid differentiation of francisella species and subspecies by fluorescent in situ hybridization targeting the 23s rrna.francisella (f.) tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. due to its low infectious dose, ease of dissemination and high case fatality rate, f. tularensis was the subject in diverse biological weapons programs and is among the top six agents with high potential if misused in bioterrorism. microbiological diagnosis is cumbersome and time-consuming. methods for the direct detection of the pathogen (immunofluorescence, pcr) have been developed but are restricted to reference laboratories.201020205957
antimicrobial characterisation of cem-101 activity against respiratory tract pathogens, including multidrug-resistant pneumococcal serogroup 19a isolates.cem-101 is a novel fluorinated macrolide-ketolide with potent activity against bacterial pathogens that are susceptible or resistant to other macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls(b))-ketolide agents. cem-101 is being developed for oral and parenteral use in moderate to moderately severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. the objective of this study was to assess the activity of cem-101 and comparators against contemporary respiratory tract infection (rti) isolates. a worldwide sample ...201020211548
b cell activation by outer membrane vesicles--a novel virulence mechanism.secretion of outer membrane vesicles (omv) is an intriguing phenomenon of gram-negative bacteria and has been suggested to play a role as virulence factors. the respiratory pathogens moraxella catarrhalis reside in tonsils adjacent to b cells, and we have previously shown that m. catarrhalis induce a t cell independent b cell response by the immunoglobulin (ig) d-binding superantigen mid. here we demonstrate that moraxella are endocytosed and killed by human tonsillar b cells, whereas omv have t ...201020090836
identification of potential therapeutic targets for burkholderia cenocepacia by comparative transcriptomics.burkholderia cenocepacia is an endemic soil dweller and emerging opportunistic pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). the identification of virulence factors and potential therapeutic targets has been hampered by the genomic diversity within the species as many factors are not shared among the pathogenic members of the species.201020090946
a two-tube combined taqman/sybr green assay to identify mycobacteria and detect single global lineage-defining polymorphisms in mycobacterium tuberculosis.we have developed a novel real-time pcr assay to identify and perform preliminary genotyping of mycobacteria in a manner tailored to our local service. within a single thermocycler run, mycobacterial 16s rdna and the mycobacterium tuberculosis global lineage-defining rd750 polymorphism are targeted in separate reaction tubes, each of which includes both taqman and sybr green chemistries. the results of this 16s-rd assay differentiate m. tuberculosis complex (mtbc) from nontuberculous mycobacteri ...201020093392
early biofilm formation on microtiter plates is not correlated with the invasive disease potential of streptococcus pneumoniae.biofilm formation has been suggested to play an important role during streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and may facilitate progression to pneumonia. to test whether the ability of s. pneumoniae to form biofilms was important for virulence we screened the ability of 30 invasive and 22 non-invasive clinical isolates of serotype 6a and 6b to form early biofilms on polystyrene microtiter plates and infect mice following intranasal and intratracheal challenge. we first determined t ...201020096771
current management of pediatric acute otitis media.acute otitis media (aom) is the most common childhood bacterial infection for which antibiotics are prescribed worldwide. the most common pathogens causing aom in children are streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and group a streptococcus. antibiotic resistance is increasing among the bacterial pathogens causing aom, with percentages of penicillin- and macrolide-resistant s. pneumoniae strains estimated to be between 30 and 70%, and of beta-lactamas ...201020109045
nxl-103, a combination of flopristin and linopristin, for the potential treatment of bacterial infections including community-acquired pneumonia and mrsa.novexel is developing the novel, orally active, semisynthetic streptogramin nxl-103, which has potential therapeutic application in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, community- or hospital-acquired mrsa, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, and acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections. nxl-103 is a combination of streptogramin a:streptogramin b components, initially developed in a 70:30 dose ratio. in multiple in vitro studies, nxl-103 demonstrated potent activity against diffe ...201020112172
the use of culture-independent tools to characterize bacteria in endo-tracheal aspirates from pre-term infants at risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.although premature infants are increasingly surviving the neonatal period, up to one-third develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd). despite evidence that bacterial colonization of the neonatal respiratory tract by certain bacteria may be a risk factor in bpd development, little is known about the role these bacteria play. the aim of this study was to investigate the use of culture-independent molecular profiling methodologies to identify potential etiological agents in neonatal airway secretion ...201020121490
coevolution of activating and inhibitory receptors within mammalian carcinoembryonic antigen families.most rapidly evolving gene families are involved in immune responses and reproduction, two biological functions which have been assigned to the carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) gene family. to gain insights into evolutionary forces shaping the cea gene family we have analysed this gene family in 27 mammalian species including monotreme and marsupial lineages.201020132533
the interaction between respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic aboriginal and non-aboriginal children.associations between respiratory viruses and the bacterial pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis may be important in the pathogenesis of otitis media (om). however, data on asymptomatic identification rates of respiratory viruses are limited, particularly in indigenous populations, who suffer a high burden of om.201020134359
emerging agents to combat complicated and resistant infections: focus on ceftobiprole.antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. over the past few years, considerable efforts and resources have been expended to detect, monitor, and understand at the basic level the many different facets of emerging and increasing resistance. development of new antimicrobial agents has been matched by the development of new mechanisms of resistance by bacteria. current antibiotics act at a variety of sites within the target bacteria, including the cross-linking enzymes in the cell wall, various ...201021694889
bacterial conjunctivitis.most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to develop bacterial conjunctivitis than they are viral forms. the main bacterial pathogens are haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae in adults and children, and moraxella catarrhalis in children. contact lens wearers may be more likely to develop gram-negative infections. bacterial keratitis occurs in up to 30 per 100,000 contact lens wearers. methods and outcomes: we conducted ...201021718563
splunc1 regulation in airway epithelial cells: role of toll-like receptor 2 signaling.respiratory infections including mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) contribute to various chronic lung diseases. we have shown that mouse short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 (splunc1) protein was able to inhibit mp growth. further, airway epithelial cells increased splunc1 expression upon mp infection. however, the mechanisms underlying splunc1 regulation remain unknown. in the current study, we investigated if splunc1 production following mp infection is regulated through toll-like recepto ...201021054862
2-aminoacetophenone as a potential breath biomarker for pseudomonas aeruginosa in the cystic fibrosis lung.pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are associated with progressive life threatening decline of lung function in cystic fibrosis sufferers. growth of ps. aeruginosa releases a "grape-like" odour that has been identified as the microbial volatile organic compound 2-aminoacetophenone (2-aa).201021054900
novel hybrids of 15-membered 8a- and 9a-azahomoerythromycin a ketolides and quinolones as potent antibacterials.a series of novel 6-o-substituted and 6,12-di-o-substituted 8a-aza-8a-homoerythromycin a and 9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin a ketolides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against a panel of representative erythromycin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant test strains. another series of ketolides based on 14-membered erythromycin oxime scaffold was also synthesized and their antibacterial activity compared to those of 15-membered azahomoerythromycin analogues. in gen ...201021055953
clinical features and outcome of patients with irak-4 and myd88 deficiency.autosomal recessive interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (irak)-4 and myeloid differentiation factor (myd)88 deficiencies impair toll-like receptor (tlr)- and interleukin-1 receptor-mediated immunity. we documented the clinical features and outcome of 48 patients with irak-4 deficiency and 12 patients with myd88 deficiency, from 37 kindreds in 15 countries.the clinical features of irak-4 and myd88 deficiency were indistinguishable. there were no severe viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases, ...201021057262
fastidious gram-negatives: identification by the vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus card and by partial 16s rrna gene sequencing analysis.taxonomy and identification of fastidious gram negatives are evolving and challenging. we compared identifications achieved with the vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus (nh) card and partial 16s rrna gene sequence (526 bp stretch) analysis with identifications obtained with extensive phenotypic characterization using 100 fastidious gram negative bacteria. seventy-five strains represented 21 of the 26 taxa included in the vitek 2 nh database and 25 strains represented related species not included in th ...201021347215
[acting in pulmonary infections in ambulatory practice at adult].the clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs) of infections of respiratory tract disease are limited and not specific to the cause. however, there is no universal approach, and good clinical judgment is often essential. most people have approximately three colds per year, of which 70% result from viral origin. it should be stressed that a confident diagnosis of pneumonia is difficult outside the hospital. very often the most important clinical questions are whether an antibiotic should b ...201021612048
microbiology of acute complicated bacterial sinusitis at the university of the witwatersrand.a retrospective chart review study at two referral hospitals identified 226 consecutive surgical patients with acute complicated sinusitis.201020822623
gluconobacter as well as asaia species, newly emerging opportunistic human pathogens among acetic acid bacteria.acetic acid bacteria (aab) are broadly used in industrial food processing. among them, members of the genera asaia, acetobacter, and granulibacter were recently reported to be human opportunistic pathogens. we isolated aab from clinical samples from three patients and describe here the clinical and bacteriological features of these cases. we report for the first time (i) the isolation of a gluconobacter sp. from human clinical samples; (ii) the successive isolation of different aab, i.e., an asa ...201020826638
suppression subtractive hybridization identifies an autotransporter adhesin gene of e. coli imt5155 specifically associated with avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec).extraintestinal pathogenic e. coli (expec) represent a phylogenetically diverse group of bacteria which are implicated in a large range of infections in humans and animals. although subgroups of different expec pathotypes, including uropathogenic, newborn meningitis causing, and avian pathogenic e. coli (apec) share a number of virulence features, there still might be factors specifically contributing to the pathogenesis of a certain subset of strains or a distinct pathotype. thus, we made use o ...201020828376
the patterns of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of bacterial keratitis isolates in glasgow, united kingdom.trends in antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria change with time and the emergence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics is not uncommon. the aim of this study is to identify the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns in a tertiary referral centre that commonly manages corneal infections.201020831515
the in vitro evaluation of solithromycin (cem-101) against pathogens isolated in the united states and europe (2009).solithromycin (formerly cem-101) is a novel fluoroketolide with potent activity against bacterial pathogens that are susceptible or resistant to other mls(b)-ketolide agents. the objective of this study was to assess the activity of solithromycin and comparator antimicrobials against a large number and variety of contemporary clinical bacterial pathogens collected in the united states (usa) and europe during 2009.201020831882
moraxella catarrhalis lgt2, a galactosyltransferase with broad acceptor substrate specificity.the genetic basis of lipo-oligosaccharide (los) biosynthesis for the bacterium moraxella catarrhalis has been elucidated and functions suggested for each of the glycosyltransferases. in this study we have expressed and characterised one of these enzymes, the putative galactosyltransferase lgt2(b/c). the lgt2(b/c) gene was amplified from m. catarrhalis, expressed in escherichia coli, and lgt2(b/c) was purified. analysis of its glycosyltransferase catalytic activity ascertained the ph and temperat ...201020832776
do ribosomopathies explain some cases of common variable immunodeficiency?the considerable clinical heterogeneity of patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders (cvid) shares some similarity with bone-marrow failure disorders such as diamond-blackfan anaemia (dba) and shwachman-diamond syndrome (sds), now recognized as defects in ribosome biogenesis or ribosomopathies. the recognition of a patient with dba who subsequently developed cvid lends support to our previous finding of a heterozygous mutation in the sbds gene of sbds in another cvid patient, sugg ...201021062271
ceftaroline fosamil: a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin.ceftaroline fosamil is a new extended-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against drug-resistant grampositive pathogens such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. at the same time, its gramnegative spectrum of coverage includes common respiratory pathogens such as haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, as well as wild-type enterobacteriaceae. in vivo efficacy for the treatment of experimental endocarditis, pneumonia, ...201021076711
effect of apolactoferrin on experimental pneumococcal otitis media.to find the effect of apolactoferrin administration on the middle and inner ears after experimentally induced pneumococcal otitis media.201021079169
in vitro antibacterial activity of doripenem against clinical isolates from french teaching hospitals: proposition of zone diameter breakpoints.the aims of the study were to determine the in vitro activity of doripenem, a new carbapenem, against a large number of bacterial pathogens and to propose zone diameter breakpoints for clinical categorization in france according to the european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) breakpoints. the mics of doripenem were determined by the broth microdilution method against 1,547 clinical isolates from eight french hospitals. the disk di ...201021088861
nitric oxide-sensitive and -insensitive interaction of bacillus subtilis nsrr with a resde-controlled promoter.nsrr is a nitric oxide (no)-sensitive transcription repressor that controls no metabolism in a wide range of bacteria. in bacillus subtilis, nsrr represses transcription of the nitrite reductase (nasdef) genes that are under positive control of the resd-rese two-component signal transduction system. derepression is achieved by reaction of no with nsrr. unlike some nsrr orthologues that were shown to contain a no-sensitive [2fe-2s] cluster, b. subtilis nsrr, when purified anaerobically either fro ...201021091510
identification of gene products involved in the oxidative stress response of moraxella catarrhalis.moraxella catarrhalis is subjected to oxidative stress from both internal and environmental sources. a previous study (c. d. pericone, k. overweg, p. w. hermans, and j. n. weiser, infect. immun. 68:3990-3997, 2000) indicated that a wild-type strain of m. catarrhalis was very resistant to killing by exogenous hydrogen peroxide (h₂o₂). the gene encoding oxyr, a lysr family transcriptional regulator, was identified and inactivated in m. catarrhalis strain o35e, resulting in an increase in sensitivi ...201021098105
pharmacokinetics, safety, and biologic effects of azithromycin in extremely preterm infants at risk for ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.ureaplasma spp. respiratory tract colonization is a significant risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), a chronic lung disorder in preterm infants. as an initial step preparatory to future clinical trials to evaluate the clinical efficacy of azithromycin to prevent bpd, the authors characterized the pharmacokinetics, safety, and biological effects of a single intravenous dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) in preterm neonates (n = 12) 24 to 28 weeks gestation at risk for ureaplasma infecti ...201021098694
pharmacokinetics, safety, and biologic effects of azithromycin in extremely preterm infants at risk for ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.ureaplasma spp. respiratory tract colonization is a significant risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), a chronic lung disorder in preterm infants. as an initial step preparatory to future clinical trials to evaluate the clinical efficacy of azithromycin to prevent bpd, the authors characterized the pharmacokinetics, safety, and biological effects of a single intravenous dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg) in preterm neonates (n = 12) 24 to 28 weeks gestation at risk for ureaplasma infecti ...201021098694
burkdiff: a real-time pcr allelic discrimination assay for burkholderia pseudomallei and b. mallei.a real-time pcr assay, burkdiff, was designed to target a unique conserved region in the b. pseudomallei and b. mallei genomes containing a snp that differentiates the two species. sensitivity and specificity were assessed by screening burkdiff across 469 isolates of b. pseudomallei, 49 isolates of b. mallei, and 390 isolates of clinically relevant non-target species. concordance of results with traditional speciation methods and no cross-reactivity to non-target species show burkdiff is a robus ...201021103048
nod1 and nod2 regulation of pulmonary innate immunity to legionella pneumophila.the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (nod1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (nod2), cytoplasmic receptors which detect bacterial cell wall molecules, in pulmonary innate immune responses is poorly understood. we determined that both nod1 and nod2 detect heat-killed legionella and stimulate nf-κb and ifn-β promoter activity using an in vitro luciferase reporter system. we next infected nod1- and nod2-deficient animals with aerosolized legionella pneumophila. at ...201021108472
[sinusitis is common in small children].children have air-filled paranasal sinuses from birth. acute sinusitis is common in early childhood and complicates 5-13% of common colds. bacteriology comprises 30% streptococcus pneumoniae, 20% haemophilus influenzae, 20% moraxella catarrhalis. while suppurative complications are rare, there has been an increasing focus on comorbidity affecting the lower airways (asthma). the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria developed through microbiological studies. antibiotic treatment is controversia ...201021118660
antibiotic therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd).chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is already the world's fourth most common cause of mortality and likely to become the third in a few year's time. because it is an inflammatory airway disease with altered host immune response, infectious complications are frequent. acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd) significantly worsen the patient's general health, accelerating disability. each exacerbation leads progressively to further deterioration of lung function. among the various causes of ...201021123150
pulmonary thin-section ct findings in acute moraxella catarrhalis pulmonary infection.objective: moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen in the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the aim of this study was to assess the clinical and pulmonary thin-section ct findings in patients with acute m. catarrhalis pulmonary infection. methods: thin-section ct scans obtained between january 2004 and march 2009 from 292 patients with acute m. catarrhalis pulmonary infection were retrospectively evaluated. clinical and pulmonary ct findings in the patients were asses ...201021123308
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