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identification and expression profiles of six transcripts encoding carboxylesterase protein in vitis flexuosa infected with pathogens.plants protect themselves from pathogen attacks via several mechanisms, including hypersensitive cell death. recognition of pathogen attack by the plant resistance gene triggers expression of carboxylesterase genes associated with hypersensitive response. we identified six transcripts of carboxylesterase genes, vitis flexuosa carboxylesterase 5585 (vfcxe5585), vfcxe12827, vfcxe13132, vfcxe17159, vfcxe18231, and vfcxe47674, which showed different expression patterns upon transcriptome analysis of ...201627493610
a host basal transcription factor is a key component for infection of rice by tale-carrying bacteria.transcription activator-like effectors (tales) are sequence-specific dna binding proteins found in a range of plant pathogenic bacteria, where they play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. however, it has been unclear how tales, after they have been injected into the host cells, activate transcription of host genes required for infection success. here, we show that the basal transcription factor iia gamma subunit tfiiaγ5 from rice is a key component for infection by the tale-carrying ...201627472897
modification of bacterial effector proteins inside eukaryotic host cells.pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts by delivering a number of virulence proteins -called effectors- directly into the plant or animal cells. recent findings have shown that such effectors can suffer covalent modifications inside the eukaryotic cells. here, we summarize the recent reports where effector modifications by the eukaryotic machinery have been described. we restrict our focus on proteins secreted by the type iii or type iv systems, excluding other bacterial toxins. we describe t ...201627489796
gamr, the lysr-type galactose metabolism regulator, regulates hrp gene expression via transcriptional activation of two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx, in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice. for the virulence of the bacterium, the hrp genes, encoding components of the type iii secretion system, are indispensable. the expression of hrp genes is regulated by two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx: hrpg regulates hrpx, and hrpx regulates other hrp genes. several other regulators have been shown to be involved in the regulation of hrp genes. here, we found that a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that w ...201627107122
directed evolution of fls2 towards novel flagellin peptide recognition.microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) are molecules, or domains within molecules, that are conserved across microbial taxa and can be recognized by a plant or animal immune system. although mamp receptors have evolved to recognize conserved epitopes, the mamps in some microbial species or strains have diverged sufficiently to render them unrecognizable by some host immune systems. in this study, we carried out in vitro evolution of the arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor flagellin-se ...201627270917
changes in the aggressiveness and fecundity of hot pepper anthracnose pathogen (colletotricum acutatum) under elevated co2 and temperature over 100 infection cycles.we observed the changes in aggressiveness and fecundity of the anthracnose pathogen colletotrichum acutatum on hot pepper, under the ambient and the twice-ambient treatments. artificial infection was repeated over 100 cycles for ambient (25°c/400 ppm co2) and twice-ambient (30°c/700 ppm co2) growth chamber conditions, over 3 years. during repeated infection cycles (ics) on green-pepper fruits, the aggressiveness (incidence [% of diseased fruits among 20 inoculated fruits] and severity [lesion le ...201627298601
dna microarray and gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals that a mutation in opsx affects virulence and chemotaxis in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (blb) in rice (oryza sativa l.). in this study, we investigated the effect of a mutation in opsx (xoo1056), which encodes a saccharide biosynthesis regulatory protein, on the virulence and bacterial chemotaxis of xoo. we performed dna microarray analysis, which showed that 63 of 2,678 genes, including genes related to bacterial motility (flagellar and chemotaxis proteins) were significantly downregulated (<-2 log2 fold changes) by ...201627298594
aba suppresses botrytis cinerea elicited no production in tomato to influence h2o2 generation and increase host susceptibility.abscisic acid (aba) production has emerged a susceptibility factor in plant-pathogen interactions. this work examined the interaction of aba with nitric oxide (no) in tomato following challenge with the aba-synthesizing pathogen, botrytis cinerea. trace gas detection using a quantum cascade laser detected no production within minutes of challenge with b. cinerea whilst photoacoustic laser detection detected ethylene production - an established mediator of defense against this pathogen - occurrin ...201627252724
hrcu and hrpp are pathogenicity factors in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora required for the type iii secretion of dspa/e.many gram-negative bacterial pathogens mediate host-microbe interactions via utilization of the type iii secretion (t3s) system. the t3s system is a complex molecular machine consisting of more than 20 proteins. collectively, these proteins translocate effectors across extracellular space and into the host cytoplasm. successful translocation requires timely synthesis and allocation of both structural and secreted t3s proteins. based on amino acid conservation in animal pathogenic bacteria, hrcu ...201627206522
identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes.plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. they induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. to combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysi ...201627001199
phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection.plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. in order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. to counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. accumul ...201626879412
pf filamentous phage requires uvrd for replication in pseudomonas aeruginosa.pf is a lysogenic filamentous phage that promotes biofilm development in pseudomonas aeruginosa. pf replicates by a rolling circle replication system which depends on a phage-encoded initiator protein and host factors usually involved in chromosome replication. rep, an accessory replicative dna helicase, is crucial for replication of filamentous phages in escherichia coli. in contrast, here we show that, instead of depending on rep, pf replication depends on uvrd, an accessory helicase implicate ...201627303696
involvement of agrobacterium tumefaciens galacturonate tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporter gaapqm in virulence gene expression.monosaccharides capable of serving as nutrients for the soil bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens are also inducers of the vir regulon present in the tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid of this plant pathogen. one such monosaccharide is galacturonate, the predominant monomer of pectin found in plant cell walls. this ligand is recognized by the periplasmic sugar binding protein chve, which interacts with the vira histidine kinase that controls vir gene expression. although chve is also a member of the chv ...201626637603
catalysts of plant cell wall loosening.the growing cell wall in plants has conflicting requirements to be strong enough to withstand the high tensile forces generated by cell turgor pressure while selectively yielding to those forces to induce wall stress relaxation, leading to water uptake and polymer movements underlying cell wall expansion. in this article, i review emerging concepts of plant primary cell wall structure, the nature of wall extensibility and the action of expansins, family-9 and -12 endoglucanases, family-16 xylogl ...201626918182
rutin-mediated priming of plant resistance to three bacterial pathogens initiating the early sa signal pathway.flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions, including uv protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, flower coloring and insect resistance. here we show that rutin, a proud member of the flavonoid family, could be functional as an activator to improve plant disease resistances. three plant species pretreated with 2 mm rutin were found to enhance resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato st ...201626751786
the use of stable and unstable green fluorescent proteins for studies in two bacterial models: agrobacterium tumefaciens and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.fluorescent proteins have been used to track plant pathogens to understand their host interactions. to be useful, the transgenic pathogens must present similar behaviour than the wild-type isolates. herein, a gfp marker was used to transform two plant pathogenic bacteria, agrobacterium and xanthomonas, to localize and track the bacteria during infection. the transgenic bacteria were evaluated to determine whether they showed the same fitness than the wild-type strains or whether the expression o ...201627995281
non-host resistance induced by the xanthomonas effector xopq is widespread within the genus nicotiana and functionally depends on eds1.most gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins (t3es) directly into plant cells via a conserved type iii secretion system, which is essential for pathogenicity in susceptible plants. in resistant plants, recognition of some t3es is mediated by corresponding resistance (r) genes or r proteins and induces effector triggered immunity (eti) that often results in programmed cell death reactions. the identification of r genes and understanding their evolution/distribution b ...201627965697
cloning-free genome engineering in sinorhizobium meliloti advances applications of cre/loxp site-specific recombination.the soil-dwelling α-proteobacterium sinorhizobium meliloti serves as model for studies of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, a highly important process in sustainable agriculture. here, we report advancements of the genetic toolbox accelerating genome editing in s. meliloti. the hsdmsr operon encodes a type-i restriction-modification (r-m) system. transformation of s. meliloti is counteracted by the restriction endonuclease hsdr degrading dna which lacks the appropriate methylation pattern. we provide ...201627393468
acinetobacter baumannii is dependent on the type ii secretion system and its substrate lipa for lipid utilization and in vivo fitness.gram-negative bacteria express a number of sophisticated secretion systems to transport virulence factors across the cell envelope, including the type ii secretion (t2s) system. genes for the t2s components gspc through gspn and pild are conserved among isolates of acinetobacter baumannii, an increasingly common nosocomial pathogen that is developing multidrug resistance at an alarming rate. in contrast to most species, however, the t2s genes are dispersed throughout the genome rather than linke ...201626668261
new, hybrid pectin-based biosorbents.in this work hybrid pectin-based biosorbents with secondary polysaccharide additives (gellan, carob and xanthan gum, ratio to pectin 1:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively) were obtained at two temperatures. the presence of these additives in prepared beads was confirmed by raman spectra. the sem micrographs show better homogeneity of blends and grater differences between structures of beads with various additives obtained at higher temperature. the sorption capacity of our hybrid biosorbents as well as ...201627812233
antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of three essential oils extracted from mediterranean aromatic plants.there is a growing interest in essential oils (eos) as possible alternatives for traditional chemical pesticides. this study was carried out to characterize the chemical composition of the three eos extracted from verbena officinalis, majorana hortensis, and salvia officinalis using gas chromatography (gc) and gc-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and to evaluate in vitro their efficacy against some phyto or human pathogens. the antifungal activity was investigated against colletotrichum acutatum and bot ...201627792456
effects of different heat treatments on lysozyme quantity and antimicrobial activity of jenny milk.thermal treatments are used to improve milk microbial safety, shelf life, and biological activity of some of its components. however, thermal treatments can reduce the nutritional quality of milk, affecting the molecular structure of milk proteins, such as lysozyme, which is a very important milk component due to its antimicrobial effect against gram-positive bacteria. jenny milk is characterized by high lysozyme content. for this reason, in the last few years, it has been used as an antimicrobi ...201627157571
an in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus schinus.growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection enhanced the need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. the chemical composition of the three essential oils (eos) extracted from leaves and fruits of schinus terebinthifolius and leaves of schinus molle, growing in tunisia, was studied by gc and gc-ms. in all, 12 compounds were identified. the oils were mainly composed of terpene compounds. α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and d-limonene were the major constituents. the aim o ...201626836214
cobalt(ii) complexes of sparfloxacin: characterization, structure, antimicrobial activity and interaction with dna and albumins.the cobalt(ii) complexes with the quinolone sparfloxacin (hsf) in the absence or presence of the nitrogen-donor heterocyclic ligands 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2'-bipyridylamine (bipyam) were prepared and characterized physicochemically and spectroscopically. the crystal structures of complexes [co(sf)2(bipy)]∙3meoh∙2h2o and [co(sf)2(phen)]∙4meoh were determined by x-ray crystallography. the antimicrobial activity of the complexes was tested against four different mi ...201627501348
decontamination by persteril 36 may affect the reliability of dna-based detection of biological warfare agents-short communication.persteril 36 is a disinfectant with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. because of its bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal effectiveness, it is used as a disinfectant against biological warfare agents in the emergency and army services. in case of an attack with potentially harmful biological agents, a person's gear or afflicted skin is sprayed with a diluted solution of persteril 36 as a precaution. subsequently, the remains of the biological agents are analyzed. however ...201626910525
iminimycin a, the new iminium metabolite produced by streptomyces griseus os-3601.a new natural product, designated iminimycin a, was isolated from the cultured broth of a streptomycin-producing microbial strain, streptomyces griseus os-3601, via a physicochemical screening method using hp-20, silica gel and ods column chromatographies and subsequent preparative hplc. iminimycin a is an indolizidine alkaloid, containing of an unusual iminium group and a cyclopropane ring with a triene side chain. the absolute configuration of iminimycin a was elucidated by nmr studies and ele ...201626758492
new insights on molecular regulation of biofilm formation in plant-associated bacteria.biofilms are complex bacterial assemblages with a defined three-dimensional architecture, attached to solid surfaces, and surrounded by a self-produced matrix generally composed of exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids and extracellular dna. biofilm formation has evolved as an adaptive strategy of bacteria to cope with harsh environmental conditions as well as to establish antagonistic or beneficial interactions with their host. plant-associated bacteria attach and form biofilms on different tiss ...201626377849
diffusible signal factor family signals provide a fitness advantage to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in interspecies competition.diffusible signal factor (dsf) represents a new class of widely conserved quorum sensing signals, which regulates various biological functions through intra- or interspecies signaling. the previous studies identified that there is an antagonistic interaction between xanthomonas and bacillus species bacteria in natural ecosystem, but the detailed molecular mechanism of interspecies competition is not clear. this study showed that xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) interfered with morphol ...201626913592
enhancement of 5-keto-d-gluconate production by a recombinant gluconobacter oxydans using a dissolved oxygen control strategy.the rapid and incomplete oxidation of sugars, alcohols, and polyols by the gram-negative bacterium gluconobacter oxydans facilitates a wide variety of biological applications. for the conversion of glucose to 5-keto-d-gluconate (5-kga), a promising precursor of the industrial substance l-(+)-tartaric acid, g. oxydans dsm2343 was genetically engineered to strain zju2, in which the gox1231 and gox1081 genes were knocked out in a markerless fashion. then, a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (gcd) fro ...201626896860
crystal structure of truncated flgd from the human pathogen helicobacter pylori.flagellin component d (flgd) participates in the assembly of flagella, helical tubular structures that provide motility in non-filamentous bacteria. flgd guides and controls the polymerization of flge that builds the hook, a short curved and hollow cylinder that connects the flagellar basal body spanning the cell envelope to the protruding filament. crystal structures of truncated forms of helicobacter pylori flgd from two different strains in two space groups, i422 and p2, are reported here, at ...201626868107
synthesis of silver nanoparticles by endosymbiont pseudomonas fluorescens ca 417 and their bactericidal activity.the present study emphasizes on biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their bactericidal activity against human and phytopathogens. nanoparticle synthesis was performed using endosymbiont pseudomonas fluorescens ca 417 inhabiting coffea arabica l. synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using hyphenated spectroscopic techniques such as uv-vis spectroscopy which revealed maximum absorption 425nm. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) analysis revealed the possible functiona ...201627866607
(1)h, (13)c, and (15)n resonance assignments and secondary structure information for methylobacterium extorquens pqqd and the complex of pqqd with pqqa.the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (ripp), pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq), is a dehydrogenase cofactor synthesized by, but not exclusively used by, certain prokaryotes. ripps represent a rapidly expanding and diverse class of natural products-many of which have therapeutic potential-and the biosynthetic pathways for these are gaining attention. five gene products from the pqq operon (pqqa, pqqb, pqqc, pqqd, and pqqe) are essential for pqq biosynthesis. the subs ...201627638737
designing potent antimicrobial peptides by disulphide linked dimerization and n-terminal lipidation to increase antimicrobial activity and membrane perturbation: structural insights into lipopolysaccharide binding.the remarkable rise in multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial pathogens is a major concern to the well being of humans as well as susceptible plants. in recent years, diseases associated with inflammation and septicemia have already become a global health issue. therefore, there is a rising demand for the development of novel "super" antibiotics. in this context, antimicrobial peptides offer an attractive, alternate therapeutic solution to conventional antibiotics.201626407061
cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel thermophilic monofunctional catalase from geobacillus sp. chb1.catalases are widely used in many scientific areas. a catalase gene (kat) from geobacillus sp. chb1 encoding a monofunctional catalase was cloned and recombinant expressed in escherichia coli (e. coli), which was the first time to clone and express this type of catalase of genus geobacillus strains as far as we know. this kat gene was 1,467 bp in length and encoded a catalase with 488 amino acid residuals, which is only 81% similar to the previously studied bacillus sp. catalase in terms of amin ...201627579320
zinc coordination is essential for the function and activity of the type ii secretion atpase epse.the type ii secretion system eps in vibrio cholerae promotes the extracellular transport of cholera toxin and several hydrolytic enzymes and is a major virulence system in many gram-negative pathogens which is structurally related to the type iv pilus system. the cytoplasmic atpase epse provides the energy for exoprotein secretion through atp hydrolysis. epse contains a unique metal-binding domain that coordinates zinc through a tetracysteine motif (cxxcx29 cxxc), which is also present in type i ...201627168165
bioprospecting sponge-associated microbes for antimicrobial compounds.sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. however, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. we discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioact ...201627144573
the diguanylate cyclase hsbd intersects with the hptb regulatory cascade to control pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and motility.the molecular basis of second messenger signaling relies on an array of proteins that synthesize, degrade or bind the molecule to produce coherent functional outputs. cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) has emerged as a eubacterial nucleotide second messenger regulating a plethora of key behaviors, like the transition from planktonic cells to biofilm communities. the striking multiplicity of c-di-gmp control modules and regulated cellular functions raised the question of signaling specificity. are c-di-gmp ...201627792789
editorial: harnessing useful rhizosphere microorganisms for pathogen and pest biocontrol. 201627807429
salicylic acid is involved in the basal resistance of tomato plants to citrus exocortis viroid and tomato spotted wilt virus.tomato plants expressing the nahg transgene, which prevents accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (sa), were used to study the importance of the sa signalling pathway in basal defence against citrus exocortis viroid (cevd) or tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). the lack of sa accumulation in the cevd- or tswv-infected nahg tomato plants led to an early and dramatic disease phenotype, as compared to that observed in the corresponding parental money maker. addition of acibenzolar-s-methyl, a ben ...201627893781
inhibition of xanthomonas fragariae, causative agent of angular leaf spot of strawberry, through iron deprivation.in commercial production settings, few options exist to prevent or treat angular leaf spot (als) of strawberry, a disease of economic importance and caused by the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas fragariae. in the process of isolating and identifying x. fragariae bacteria from symptomatic plants, we observed growth inhibition of x. fragariae by bacterial isolates from the same leaf macerates. identified as species of pseudomonas and rhizobium, these isolates were confirmed to suppress growth of x. ...201627790193
two distinct cardiolipin synthases operate in agrobacterium tumefaciens.cardiolipin (cl) is a universal component of energy generating membranes. in most bacteria, it is synthesized via the condensation of two molecules phosphatidylglycerol (pg) by phospholipase d-type cardiolipin synthases (pld-type cls). in the plant pathogen and natural genetic engineer agrobacterium tumefaciens cl comprises up to 15% of all phospholipids in late stationary growth phase. a. tumefaciens harbors two genes, atu1630 (cls1) and atu2486 (cls2), coding for pld-type cls. heterologous exp ...201627472399
potentiation of aminoglycoside activity in pseudomonas aeruginosa by targeting the amgrs envelope stress-responsive two-component system.a screen for agents that potentiated the activity of paromomycin (par), a 4,5-linked aminoglycoside (ag), against wild-type pseudomonas aeruginosa identified the rna polymerase inhibitor rifampin (rif). rif potentiated additional 4,5-linked ags, such as neomycin and ribostamycin, but not the clinically important 4,6-linked ags amikacin and gentamicin. potentiation was absent in a mutant lacking the amgrs envelope stress response two-component system (tcs), which protects the organism from ag-gen ...201627021319
dynamic clustering of the bacterial sensory kinase baes.several bacterial sensory-kinase receptors form clusters on the cell membrane. however, the dynamics of sensory-kinase clustering are largely unclear. using measurements of fluorescence anisotropy and time-lapse imaging of escherichia coli cells, we demonstrate that copper ions trigger self-association of baes receptors and lead to rapid formation of clusters, which can be reversibly dispersed by a metal chelator. copper ions did not trigger self-association of other fluorescently tagged sensory ...201626950881
unravelling potential virulence factor candidates in xanthomonas citri. subsp. citri by secretome analysis.citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus production in brazil. it's mainly caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype a (xac). we analysed the differential expression of proteins secreted by wild type xac and an asymptomatic mutant for hrpb4 (δhrpb4) grown in nutrient broth (nb) and a medium mimicking growth conditions in the plant (xam1). this allowed the identification of 55 secreted proteins, of which 37 were secreted by both strains when cultured in xam1. in this ...201626925342
a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay and sample preparation procedure for sensitive detection of xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry.xanthomonas fragariae is a bacterium that causes angular leaf spot of strawberry. asymptomatic infection is common and contributes to the difficulties in disease management. the aim of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay as an efficient method for detection of asymptomatic infections of x. fragariae. in addition, a new method of sample preparation was developed that allows sampling of a larger amount of plant tissue, hence increasing the detection rate ...201626766068
going beyond the control of quorum-sensing to combat biofilm infections.most bacteria attach to surfaces where they form a biofilm, cells embedded in a complex matrix of polymers. cells in biofilms are much better protected against noxious agents than free-living cells. as a consequence it is very difficult to control pathogens with antibiotics in biofilm infections and novel targets are urgently needed. one approach aims at the communication between cells to form and to maintain a biofilm, a process called quorum-sensing. water soluble small-sized molecules mediate ...201627025518
quantitative disease resistance to the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas campestris involves an arabidopsis immune receptor pair and a gene of unknown function.although quantitative disease resistance (qdr) is a durable and broad-spectrum form of resistance in plants, the identification of the genes underlying qdr is still in its infancy. rks1 (resistance related kinase1) has been reported recently to confer qdr in arabidopsis thaliana to most but not all races of the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc). we therefore explored the genetic bases of qdr in a. thaliana to diverse races of x. campestris (xc). a nested genome-wide ...201626212639
backbone chemical shift assignments for xanthomonas campestris peroxiredoxin q in the reduced and oxidized states: a dramatic change in backbone dynamics.peroxiredoxins (prx) are ubiquitous enzymes that reduce peroxides as part of antioxidant defenses and redox signaling. while prx catalytic activity and sensitivity to hyperoxidative inactivation depend on their dynamic properties, there are few examples where their dynamics has been characterized by nmr spectroscopy. here, we provide a foundation for studies of the solution properties of peroxiredoxin q from the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris (xcprxq) by assigning the observable (1)h(n), ...201626438558
comparative analysis of different xanthan samples by atomic force microscopy.the polysaccharide xanthan which is produced by the γ-proteobacterium xanthomonas campestris is used as a food thickening agent and rheologic modifier in numerous food, cosmetics and technical applications. its great commercial importance stimulated biotechnological approaches to optimize the xanthan production. by targeted genetic modification the metabolism of xanthomonas can be modified in such a way that the xanthan production efficiency and/or the shear-thickening potency is optimized. usin ...201627919690
substrate trapping in crystals of the thiolase olea identifies three channels that enable long chain olefin biosynthesis.phylogenetically diverse microbes that produce long chain, olefinic hydrocarbons have received much attention as possible sources of renewable energy biocatalysts. one enzyme that is critical for this process is olea, a thiolase superfamily enzyme that condenses two fatty acyl-coa substrates to produce a β-ketoacid product and initiates the biosynthesis of long chain olefins in bacteria. thiolases typically utilize a ping-pong mechanism centered on an active site cysteine residue. reaction with ...201627815501
xanthomonas campestris attenuates virulence by sensing light through a bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor.phytochromes constitute a major photoreceptor family found in plants, algae, fungi, and prokaryotes, including pathogens. here, we report that xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), the causal agent of black rot disease which affects cruciferous crops worldwide, codes for a functional bacteriophytochrome (xccbphp). xccbphp possesses an n-terminal pas2-gaf-phy photosensory domain triad and a c-terminal pas9 domain as its output module. our results show that illumination of xcc, prior to pla ...201627621284
small scale production and characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of xanthomonas campestris.xanthan gum is a commercially important microbial exopolysaccharide (eps) produced by xanthomonas campestris. x. campestris is a plant pathogen causing various plant diseases such as black rot of crucifers, bacterial leaf blight and citrus canker disease resulting in crop damage. in this study, we isolated efficient local bacterial isolates which are capable to produce xanthan gum utilizing different sources of carbon (maltose, sucrose and glucose). bacterial isolates from different plant leaves ...201626934783
identification of proteins in susceptible and resistant brassica oleracea responsive to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection.cruciferous plants are important edible vegetables widely consumed around the world, including cabbage, cauli-flower and broccoli. the main disease that affects crucifer plants is black rot, caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc). in order to better understand this specific plant-pathogen interaction, proteins responsive to xcc infection in resistant (união) and susceptible (kenzan) brassica oleracea cultivars were investigated by 2-de followed by mass spectrometry. a total of 47 ...201626825537
characterization of genes encoding proteins containing hd-related output domain in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.the gram-negative plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causative agent of black rot in crucifers. the production of xcc virulence factors is regulated by clp and rpff. hd-related output domain (hdod) is a protein domain of unknown biochemical function. the genome of xcc encodes three proteins (gsmr, hdpa, and hdpb) with an hdod. the gsmr has been reported to play a role in the general stress response and cell motility and its expression is positively regulated by clp ...201626821378
biochemical and molecular tools reveal two diverse xanthomonas groups in bananas.xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (xcm) causing the banana xanthomonas wilt (bxw) disease has been the main xanthomonad associated with bananas in east and central africa based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. however, biochemical methods cannot effectively distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic xanthomonads. in this study, gram-negative and yellow-pigmented mucoid bacteria were isolated from bxw symptomatic and symptomless bananas collected from different parts of u ...201626805624
functional characterization and transcriptome analysis reveal multiple roles for prc in the pathogenicity of the black rot pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.gram-negative phytopathogenic xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in crucifers. the ability of xcc to incite this disease in plants depends on a number of factors, including exopolysaccharides, extracellular enzymes and biofilm production. in this study, transposon mutagenesis led to identification of the prc gene, encoding a tail-specific protease, which plays a role in xcc pathogenesis. mutation of prc resulted in decreased virulence, extracellular prot ...201626804425
the rpfb-dependent quorum sensing signal turnover system is required for adaptation and virulence in rice bacterial blight pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, produces diffusible signal factor (dsf) family quorum sensing signals to regulate virulence. the biosynthesis and perception of dsf family signals require components of the rpf (regulation of pathogenicity factors) cluster. in this study, we report that rpfb plays an essential role in dsf family signal turnover in x. oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99a. the production of dsf family signals was boosted by deletion of the rpfb gene and was ...201626667598
diversity of xanthomonas campestris isolates from symptomatic crucifers in new york state.to assess the diversity of xanthomonas campestris spp. infecting crucifers in new york, 154 isolates were collected over 10 years across the state. the goal was to determine if isolates of the pathogen were overwintering in new york and serving as primary inoculum in subsequent years, or if novel isolates were entering the state each year. pure cultures of isolates were characterized using multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa), a greenhouse pathogenicity assay, repetitive element-polymerase chain ...201626551450
production of xanthan gum by free and immobilized cells of xanthomonas campestris and xanthomonas pelargonii.production of xanthan gum using immobilized cells of xanthomonas campestris and xanthomonas pelargonii grown on glucose or hydrolyzed starch as carbon sources was investigated. calcium alginate (ca) and calcium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol-boric acid (ca-pva) beads were used for the immobilization of cells. xanthan titers of 8.2 and 9.2g/l were obtained for x. campestris cells immobilized in ca-pva beads using glucose and hydrolyzed starch, respectively, whereas those for x. pelargonii were 8 and ...201626526173
crystal structure of the yajq-family protein xc_3703 from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.as an important bacterial second messenger, bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylate (cyclic di-gmp or c-di-gmp) has been implicated in numerous biological activities, including biofilm formation, motility, survival and virulence. these processes are manipulated by the binding of c-di-gmp to its receptors. xc_3703 from the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which belongs to the yajq family of proteins, has recently been identified as a potential c-di-gmp receptor. xc_3703, together with ...201627599864
peroxiredoxin catalysis at atomic resolution.peroxiredoxins (prxs) are ubiquitous cysteine-based peroxidases that guard cells against oxidative damage, are virulence factors for pathogens, and are involved in eukaryotic redox regulatory pathways. we have analyzed catalytically active crystals to capture atomic resolution snapshots of a prxq subfamily enzyme (from xanthomonas campestris) proceeding through thiolate, sulfenate, and sulfinate species. these analyses provide structures of unprecedented accuracy for seeding theoretical studies, ...201627594682
biosynthesis of xanthan gum by xanthomonas campestris lrelp-1 using kitchen waste as the sole substrate.herein, we report the production of xanthan gum by fermentation using kitchen waste as the sole substrate. the kitchen waste was firstly pretreated by a simple hydrolysis method, after which the obtained kitchen waste hydrolysate was diluted with an optimal ratio 1:2. in a 5-l fermentor, the maximum xanthan production, reducing sugar conversion and utilization rates reached 11.73g/l, 67.07% and 94.82%, respectively. the kinetics of batch fermentation was also investigated. ft-ir and xrd characte ...201627474614
xanthan pyruvilation is essential for the virulence of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.xanthan, the main exopolysaccharide (eps) synthesized by xanthomonas spp., contributes to bacterial stress tolerance and enhances attachment to plant surfaces by helping in biofilm formation. therefore, xanthan is essential for successful colonization and growth in planta and has also been proposed to be involved in the promotion of pathogenesis by calcium ion chelation and, hence, in the suppression of the plant defense responses in which this cation acts as a signal. the aim of this work was t ...201627464764
molecular mapping of high resistance to bacterial leaf spot in lettuce pi 358001-1.lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) is a diploid (2n = 18) with a genome size of 2,600 mbp, and belongs to the family compositae. bacterial leaf spot (bls), caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, is a major disease of lettuce worldwide. leaf lettuce pi 358001-1 has been characterized as an accession highly resistant to bls and has white seed. in order to understand inheritance of the high resistance in this germplasm line, an f3 population consisting of 163 families was developed from the cross p ...201627454703
biophysical and biochemical studies of a major endoglucanase secreted by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.endoglucanases are the main cellulolytic enzymes secreted by the bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc). the major endoglucanase exported by this bacterium into an external milieu is an enzyme xcccel5a, which belongs to gh5 family subfamily 1 and is encoded by the gene engxca. we purified xcccel5a using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by size exclusion chromatography and identified it by zymogram analysis. circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy studies showed tha ...201627444323
multilocus sequence typing of strains of bacterial spot of lettuce collected in the united states.studies on genetic diversity and recombination in bacterial pathogens are providing a better understanding of the mechanisms shaping bacterial diversity, which can affect disease control. xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, is a threat to the worldwide lettuce industry. we examined the genetic variation within a sample of 83 strains from california, florida, and ohio using multilocus sequence typing of six housekeeping genes, totaling 2.7 kb. addit ...201627359264
xanthoferrin, the α-hydroxycarboxylate-type siderophore of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, is required for optimum virulence and growth inside cabbage.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causes black rot, a serious disease of crucifers. xanthomonads encode a siderophore biosynthesis and uptake gene cluster xss (xanthomonas siderophore synthesis) involved in the production of a vibrioferrin-type siderophore. however, little is known about the role of the siderophore in the iron uptake and virulence of x. campestris pv. campestris. in this study, we show that x. campestris pv. campestris produces an α-hydroxycarboxylate-type siderophore (named ...201627348422
two isocitrate dehydrogenases from a plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004. bioinformatic analysis, enzymatic characterization, and implication in virulence.isocitrate dehydrogenase (idh) is a key enzyme in the tricarboxylate (tca) cycle, which may play an important role in the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. here, two structurally different idhs from a plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (xccidh1 and xccidh2) were characterized in detail. the recombinant xccidh1 forms homodimer in solution, while the recombinant xccidh2 is a typical monomer. phylogenetic analysis showed that xccidh1 belongs to the type i idh subfamily and xc ...201627282849
structure of the full-length bacteriophytochrome from the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris provides clues to its long-range signaling mechanism.phytochromes constitute a major superfamily of light-sensing proteins that are reversibly photoconverted between a red-absorbing (pr) and a far-red-absorbing (pfr) state. bacteriophytochromes (bphps) are found among photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria, including pathogens. to date, several bphps have been biophysically characterized. however, it is still not fully understood how structural changes are propagated from the photosensory module to the output module during the signal trans ...201627107635
binding of the substrate udp-glucuronic acid induces conformational changes in the xanthan gum glucuronosyltransferase.gumk is a membrane-associated glucuronosyltransferase of xanthomonas campestris that is involved in xanthan gum biosynthesis. gumk belongs to the inverting gt-b superfamily and catalyzes the transfer of a glucuronic acid (glca) residue from uridine diphosphate (udp)-glca (udp-glca) to a lipid-pp-trisaccharide embedded in the membrane of the bacteria. the structure of gumk was previously described in its apo- and udp-bound forms, with no significant conformational differences being observed. here ...201627099353
the structure of the lipooligosaccharide from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: the causal agent of the bacterial leaf blight in rice.the structure of the lipooligosaccharide (los) from the rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae has been elucidated. the characterization of the core oligosaccharide structure was obtained by the employment of two chemical degradation protocols and by analysis of the products via nmr spectroscopy. the structure of the lipid a portion was achieved by maldi mass spectrometry analysis on purified lipid a. the los from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae revealed to possess the same core structure of ...201627085742
applying dna affinity chromatography to specifically screen for sucrose-related dna-binding transcriptional regulators of xanthomonas campestris.at a molecular level, the regulation of many important cellular processes is still obscure in xanthomonads, a bacterial group of outstanding relevance as world-wide plant pathogens and important for biotechnology as producers of the polysaccharide xanthan. transcriptome analysis indicated a sucrose-dependent regulation of 18 genes in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) b100. the expression of 12 of these genes was clearly increased in the presence of sucrose. only part of these genes was ...201627060555
activation of glycerol metabolism in xanthomonas campestris by adaptive evolution to produce a high-transparency and low-viscosity xanthan gum from glycerol.many studies have focused on using crude glycerol from biodiesel to obtain valuable products, but few of these studies have focused on obtaining polysaccharides. a mutant strain of xanthomonas campestris cctcc m2015714 that could use glycerol to produce high-transparency and low-viscosity xanthan gum was obtained by adaptive evolution, and the yield of xanthan gum reached 11.0g/l. we found that transcriptional levels of genes related to glycerol metabolism (glpf, glpk, glpd, and fbp) in the muta ...201627030959
co-expression of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase in corynebacterium glutamicum dm1729 towards direct lysine fermentation from cellulose.the aim of the present study is the development of a consolidated bioprocess for the production of lysine with recombinant corynebacterium glutamicum dm1729 strains expressing endoglucanase and β-glucosidase genes. here, the endoglucanase genes from xanthomonas campestris xcc3521 and xcc2387 and betaglucosidase gene from saccharophagus degradans sde1394 were cloned in c. glutamicum dm1729 and expressed either extracellularly or on cell surface. the highest β-glucosidase activity of 9±0.5u/od600 ...201627020126
low-pressure plasma application for the inactivation of the seed-borne pathogen xanthomonas campestris.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-pressure plasma treatment on seed disinfection and the possible mechanisms underlying this effect. seed-borne disease refers to plant diseases that are transmitted by seeds; seed disinfection is an important technique for prevention of such diseases. in this study, the effectiveness of low-pressure plasma treatment in the inactivation of the seed-borne plant pathogenic bacterium, xanthomonas campestris, inoculated on cruciferous seeds, w ...201627009508
genome wide transcription start sites analysis of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris b100 with insights into the gum gene cluster directing the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide xanthan.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the major producer of the exopolysaccharide xanthan, the commercially most important natural polysaccharide of microbial origin. the current work provides deeper insights into the yet uncharacterized transcriptomic features of the xanthan producing strain xcc-b100. towards this goal, rna sequencing of a library based on the selective enrichment of the 5' ends of native transcripts was performed. this approach resulted in the genome wide identificati ...201626975844
toxicity of twenty-two plant essential oils against pathogenic bacteria of vegetables and mushrooms.asbtract toxicity of twenty-two essential oils to three bacterial pathogens in different horticultural systems: xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (causing blight of bean), clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial wilt and canker of tomato), and pseudomonas tolaasii (causal agent of bacterial brown blotch on cultivated mushrooms) was tested. control of bacterial diseases is very difficult due to antibiotic resistance and ineffectiveness of chemical products, to that essential o ...201627494458
two-component signaling system vgrrs directly senses extracytoplasmic and intracellular iron to control bacterial adaptation under iron depleted stress.both iron starvation and excess are detrimental to cellular life, especially for animal and plant pathogens since they always live in iron-limited environments produced by host immune responses. however, how organisms sense and respond to iron is incompletely understood. herein, we reveal that in the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, vgrs (also named cols) is a membrane-bound receptor histidine kinase that senses extracytoplasmic iron limitation in the periplasm, w ...201628036380
effect of arginine on oligomerization and stability of n-acetylglutamate synthase.n-acetylglutamate synthase (nags; e.c.2.3.1.1) catalyzes the formation of n-acetylglutamate (nag) from acetyl coenzyme a and glutamate. in microorganisms and plants, nag is the first intermediate of the l-arginine biosynthesis; in animals, nag is an allosteric activator of carbamylphosphate synthetase i and iii. in some bacteria bifunctional n-acetylglutamate synthase-kinase (nags-k) catalyzes the first two steps of l-arginine biosynthesis. l-arginine inhibits nags in bacteria, fungi, and plants ...201627934952
chemical defence in a millipede: evaluation and characterization of antimicrobial activity of the defensive secretion from pachyiulus hungaricus (karsch, 1881) (diplopoda, julida, julidae).the chemical defence of the millipede pachyiulus hungaricus is reported in the present paper, in which a chemical characterization is given and antimicrobial activity is determined. in total, independently of sex, 44 compounds were identified. all compounds belong to two groups: quinones and pentyl and hexyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. the relative abundances of quinones and non-quinones were 94.7% vs. 5.3% (males) and 87.3% vs. 12.7% (females), respectively. the two dominant quinones in b ...201627907048
co-regulation of iron metabolism and virulence associated functions by iron and xibr, a novel iron binding transcription factor, in the plant pathogen xanthomonas.abilities of bacterial pathogens to adapt to the iron limitation present in hosts is critical to their virulence. bacterial pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to coordinately regulate iron metabolism and virulence associated functions to maintain iron homeostasis in response to changing iron availability in the environment. in many bacteria the ferric uptake regulator (fur) functions as transcription factor that utilize ferrous form of iron as cofactor to regulate transcription of iron me ...201627902780
the preparation and characterization of a novel sphingan wl from marine sphingomonas sp. wg.sphingans, a group of structurally closely related bacterial exopolysaccharides produced by members of the genus sphingomonas, can be applied in a variety of industries such as food, cement, and personal care applications due to their high viscosity. a high sphingan-producing-bacterium, sphingomonas sp. wg can secret large quantity of sphingan designated as wl. to enhance the production of wl, a three-stage control strategy was applied and the highest wl production can reach 33.3 g/l. the rheolo ...201627883073
genetic modulation of c-di-gmp turnover affects multiple virulence traits and bacterial virulence in rice pathogen dickeya zeae.the frequent outbreaks of rice foot rot disease caused by dickeya zeae have become a significant concern in rice planting regions and countries, but the regulatory mechanisms that govern the virulence of this important pathogen remain vague. given that the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) is associated with modulation of various virulence-related traits in various microorganisms, here we set to investigate the role of the genes encoding c-di-gmp metabolism in the regulation of the bacte ...201627855163
oxyr-regulated catalase catb promotes the virulence in rice via detoxifying hydrogen peroxide in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.to facilitate infection, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, needs to degrade hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) generated by the host defense response via a mechanism that is mediated by the transcriptional regulator oxyr. the catalase (cat) gene catb has previously been shown to belong to the oxyr regulon in xoo. however, its expression patterns and function in h2o2 detoxification and bacterial pathogenicity on rice remain to be elucidated.201627825304
identification and classification of known and putative antimicrobial compounds produced by a wide variety of bacillales species.gram-positive bacteria of the bacillales are important producers of antimicrobial compounds that might be utilized for medical, food or agricultural applications. thanks to the wide availability of whole genome sequence data and the development of specific genome mining tools, novel antimicrobial compounds, either ribosomally- or non-ribosomally produced, of various bacillales species can be predicted and classified. here, we provide a classification scheme of known and putative antimicrobial co ...201627821051
old concepts, new molecules and current approaches applied to the bacterial nucleotide signalling field.signalling nucleotides are key molecules that help bacteria to rapidly coordinate cellular pathways and adapt to changes in their environment. during the past 10 years, the nucleotide signalling field has seen much excitement, as several new signalling nucleotides have been discovered in both eukaryotic and bacterial cells. the fields have since advanced quickly, aided by the development of important tools such as the synthesis of modified nucleotides, which, combined with sensitive mass spectro ...201627672152
marine fungi as producers of benzocoumarins, a new class of inhibitors of glycogen-synthase-kinase 3β.the glycogen-synthase-kinase 3 (gsk-3) is an important target in drug discovery. this enzyme is involved in the signaling pathways of type 2 diabetes, neurological disorders, cancer, and other diseases. therefore, inhibitors of gsk-3 are promising drug candidates for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. here we report pannorin (1), alternariol (2), and alternariol-9-methylether (3) to be promising inhibitors of the isoform gsk-3β showing sub-μm ic50 values. the in vitro inhibition is in t ...201627801816
draft genome sequence of the xanthan producer xanthomonas campestris lmg 8031.here, we report the draft genome sequence of xanthomonas campestris lmg 8031, for which nearly no genetic information is available, despite its good xanthan-producing properties. we performed an illumina-based sequencing approach of lmg 8031. the genome revealed a 5.0-mb chromosome having 4,434 coding sequences and a g+c content of 65%.201627789631
type three secretion system in attaching and effacing pathogens.enteropathogenic escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic e. coli are diarrheagenic bacterial human pathogens that cause severe gastroenteritis. these enteric pathotypes, together with the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium, belong to the family of attaching and effacing pathogens that form a distinctive histological lesion in the intestinal epithelium. the virulence of these bacteria depends on a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which mediates the translocation of effector proteins from the ba ...201627818950
molecular basis for catalysis and substrate-mediated cellular stabilization of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase.tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) play a central role in tryptophan metabolism and are involved in many cellular and disease processes. here we report the crystal structure of human tdo (htdo) in a ternary complex with the substrates l-trp and o2 and in a binary complex with the product n-formylkynurenine (nfk), defining for the first time the binding modes of both substrates and the product of this enzyme. the structure indicates that the dioxygenation react ...201627762317
correction: nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005704.].201627737001
potential for biocontrol of melanized fungi by actinobacteria isolated from intertidal region of ilha do mel, paraná, brazil.actinobacteria occur in many environments and have the capacity to produce secondary metabolites with antibiotic potential. identification and taxonomy of actinobacteria that produce antimicrobial substances is essential for the screening of new compounds, and sequencing of the 16s region of ribosomal dna (rdna), which is conserved and present in all bacteria, is an important method of identification. melanized fungi are free-living organisms, which can also be pathogens of clinical importance. ...201627777013
potential for biocontrol of melanized fungi by actinobacteria isolated from intertidal region of ilha do mel, paraná, brazil.actinobacteria occur in many environments and have the capacity to produce secondary metabolites with antibiotic potential. identification and taxonomy of actinobacteria that produce antimicrobial substances is essential for the screening of new compounds, and sequencing of the 16s region of ribosomal dna (rdna), which is conserved and present in all bacteria, is an important method of identification. melanized fungi are free-living organisms, which can also be pathogens of clinical importance. ...201627777013
dissection of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in kozakia baliensis.acetic acid bacteria (aab) are well known producers of commercially used exopolysaccharides, such as cellulose and levan. kozakia (k.) baliensis is a relatively new member of aab, which produces ultra-high molecular weight levan from sucrose. throughout cultivation of two k. baliensis strains (dsm 14400, nbrc 16680) on sucrose-deficient media, we found that both strains still produce high amounts of mucous, water-soluble substances from mannitol and glycerol as (main) carbon sources. this indica ...201627716345
bioactivity of diterpens from the ethyl acetate extract of kingiodendron pinnatum rox. hams.kingiodendron pinnatum rox. hams. is an endangered medicinal plant used in gonorrhoe, catarrhal conditions of genito-urinary and respiratory tracts. the scientific and pharmacological formulation of k. pinnatum has not been established so far though it is being traditionally used by tribes of the region.201627695270
quantitative, image-based phenotyping methods provide insight into spatial and temporal dimensions of plant disease.plant disease symptoms exhibit complex spatial and temporal patterns that are challenging to quantify. image-based phenotyping approaches enable multidimensional characterization of host-microbe interactions and are well suited to capture spatial and temporal data that are key to understanding disease progression. we applied image-based methods to investigate cassava bacterial blight, which is caused by the pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam). we generated xam strains in which in ...201627443602
the arabidopsis cerk1-associated kinase pbl27 connects chitin perception to mapk activation.perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns by host cell surface pattern recognition receptors (prrs) triggers the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. however, it is not known how prrs transmit immune signals to mapk cascades in plants. here, we identify a complete phospho-signaling transduction pathway from prr-mediated pathogen recognition to mapk activation in plants. we found that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase pbl27 connects the chitin ...201627679653
multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis reveals multiple introductions in spain of xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits and almond.xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni is the causal agent of the bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, almond and some ornamental prunus species. in spain it was first detected in 2002 and since then, several outbreaks have occurred in different regions affecting mainly japanese plum, peach and almond, both in commercial orchards and nurseries. as the origin of the introduction(s) was unknown, we have assessed the genetic diversity of 239 x. arboricola pv. pruni strains collected from 11 spanish pr ...201627669415
using deep learning for image-based plant disease detection.crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. the combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and recent advances in computer vision made possible by deep learning has paved the way for smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis. using a public dataset of 54,306 images of diseased and healthy plant leaves collected under controlled conditions, we train a deep c ...201627713752
structural differences in gut bacteria communities in developmental stages of natural populations of lutzomyia evansi from colombia's caribbean coast.lutzomyia evansi, a phlebotomine insect endemic to colombia's caribbean coast, is considered to be the main vector of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. although insects of this species can harbor pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms in their intestinal microbiota, there is little information available about the diversity of gut bacteria present in lutzomyia evansi. in this study, conventional microbiological methods and molecular tools were used to assess the compositio ...201627618991
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