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who external quality assessment for detecting influenza a virus using polymerase chain reaction – summary, 2010. 201121243827
thermal image scanning for influenza border screening: results of an airport screening study.infrared thermal image scanners (itis) appear an attractive option for the mass screening of travellers for influenza, but there are no published data on their performance in airports.201121245928
antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza --- recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).this report updates previous recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of antiviral agents for the prevention and treatment of influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2008;57[no. rr-7]).this report contains information on treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza virus infection and provides a summary of the effectiveness and safety of antiviral tre ...201121248682
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for identifying acute viral upper respiratory tract infections.diagnosis of respiratory viruses traditionally relies on culture or antigen detection. we aimed to demonstrate capacity of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) platform to identify clinical relevant respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) samples and compare the diagnostic performance characteristics relative to conventional culture- and antigen-based methods. an rt-pcr/esi-ms respiratory virus surveillance kit ...201121251562
nuclear localization of influenza b polymerase proteins and their binary complexes.the viral rna-dependent rna polymerases of influenza a and b are trimeric complexes of pa, pb1, and pb2 subunits that are crucial for both transcription and replication of the viral genome. unlike the significant progress made recently in understanding nuclear transport and molecular assembly of influenza a polymerase, little is known about the influenza b polymerase, although influenza b viruses cause severe upper respiratory disease in humans. the aim of this study was to characterize nuclear ...201121215284
virological analysis of fatal influenza cases in the united kingdom during the early wave of influenza in winter 2010/11.the 2010/11 winter influenza season is underway in the united kingdom, with co-circulation of influenza a(h1n1)2009 (antigenically similar to the current 2010/11 vaccine strain), influenza b (mainly b/victoria/2/87 lineage, similar to the 2010/11 vaccine strain) and a few sporadic influenza a(h3n2) viruses. clinical influenza activity has been increasing. severe illness, resulting in hospitalisation and deaths, has occurred in children and young adults and has predominantly been associated with ...201121223836
trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in african adults infected with human immunodeficient virus: double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety.data on the efficacy of trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) in hiv-infected adults, particularly in africa, are limited. this study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of tiv in hiv-infected adults.201121148531
oseltamivir-resistant influenza a and b viruses pre- and postantiviral therapy in children and young adults with cancer.immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to influenza infection and can have prolonged viral shedding, which is a risk factor for the development of antiviral resistance.201121048522
drug sensitivity, drug-resistant mutations, and structures of three conductance domains of viral porins.recent controversies associated with the structure of the m2 protein from influenza a virus and the binding site of drug molecules amantadine and rimantadine motivated the comparison here of the drug binding to three viral porins including the m2 proteins from influenza a and b as well as the viral protein 'u' from hiv-1. while the m2 protein from influenza b does not normally bind amantadine, chimeras with the m2 protein from influenza a show blockage by amantadine. similarly, vpu does not norm ...201120655872
human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv 3) viral community-acquired pneumonia (cap) mimicking swine influenza (h1n1) during the swine flu pandemic.the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic began in mexico in 2009 and quickly spread worldwide. during the h1n1 pandemic, many patients were admitted to the winthrop-university hospital with influenza-like illnesses (ilis). many hospitalized adults had h1n1 pneumonia diagnosed by laboratory or clinical criteria. however, the laboratory diagnosis of h1n1 was problematic. the rapid influenza (quickvue a/b [quidel, san diego, ca]) test frequently showed false-negative results. reverse transcriptase-polym ...201120888645
vaccine preventable community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in northwest china.community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a major cause of morbidity in industrialized countries and morbidity/mortality in developing countries. in china, comprehensive studies of the etiology of cap in children aged between 2 months and 14 years who are serious enough to require hospitalization are lacking. previous studies have been limited in child age range, focused on fatal cases, and/or limited in etiologies sought. an understanding of the etiologies is needed for development of best preventi ...201120625346
influenza m2 proton channels.m2 of the influenza virus is an intriguing transmembrane protein that forms a minuscule proton channel in the viral envelope. its recognized function is to equilibrate ph across the viral membrane during cell entry and across the trans-golgi membrane of infected cells during viral maturation. it is vital for viral replication and it is a target for the anti-influenza drugs, amantadine and rimantadine. recently, high resolution structures of m2 channels of both flu a and b have been obtained, pro ...201120451491
characterization of the antiviral activity for influenza viruses m1 zinc finger peptides.we sought to investigate the cellular uptake and antiviral activity for the m1 zinc finger peptides derived from influenza a and influenza b viruses in vitro. no cellular uptake was detected by fluorescent microscopy for the synthetic zinc finger peptides. when flanked to a cell permeable peptide tp10, the zinc finger recombinant proteins were efficiently internalized by mdck cells. however, no antiviral activity was detected against homologous or heterologous virus infections for the synthetic ...201120526602
mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in primary care investigated by real-time pcr in england and wales.real-time pcr was employed to detect a conserved region of the p1 cytadhesin gene of mycoplasma pneumoniae in combined nose and throat swabs collected from patients attending gp surgeries during 2005-2009 with symptoms of respiratory tract infection (rti). samples were collected as part of an annual winter epidemiological and virological linked study in england and wales. a total of 3,987 samples were tested, 65 (1.7%, 95%ci 1.3-2.1) had detectable m. pneumoniae dna. positive patients were detec ...201121311941
group a streptococcal infections during the seasonal influenza outbreak 2010/11 in south east england.we present a series of 19 cases of invasive group a streptococcal (igas) infection reported to the thames valley health protection unit from 1 december 2010 to 15 january 2011. ten patients died and a prodrome of influenza-like illness was reported in 14 cases.influenza b co-infection was confirmed in four cases,three of which were fatal. our report provides further evidence that influenza b co-infection with igas has the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality.201121315058
a novel capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex pcr assay for detection of respiratory pathogens.the field of infectious disease testing has recently experienced rapid expansion in the number of multiplexed pcr-based assays available for detecting respiratory pathogens. this study provides a preliminary evaluation of a multiplex assay from seegene that uses capillary electrophoresis as the detection platform for viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. we compared this technology to a real-time pcr assay for 3 viral targets. thirty respiratory samples were collected that had previously te ...201121325252
monitoring epidemic viral respiratory infections using one-step real-time triplex rt-pcr targeting influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus.rapid and specific diagnosis of influenza a/b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) viruses is needed for optimal management of patients with acute respiratory infections. in this study, a one-step triplex real-time rt-pcr assay was developed for rapid diagnosis of influenza a/b and rsv infections to optimize diagnosis efficiency of acute respiratory infections. cell-culture supernatants and clinical samples were used to evaluate specificity and sensitivity of the assay. the assay was used routi ...201121328385
influenza drug resistance.influenza viruses are major human pathogens with a global distribution, accounting for more than 500,000 annual deaths worldwide and with considerable impact on the quality of life and productivity of the society. due to the limited efficacy of vaccination, antiviral drugs constitute a complementary approach in the control and prevention of influenza infections and thus play an important role in the management of influenza outbreaks and pandemics. currently, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibit ...201121858746
immunogenicity and safety of intradermal influenza vaccine in children.in order to compare the immunogenicity and safety of different doses of trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) administered intradermallly (id) with those evoked by a full dose of intramuscular (im) virosomal-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (va-tiv), 112 previously primed healthy children aged ≥ 3 years were randomised to receive 9 μg or 15 μg of each strain of id-tiv, or a full im dose (15 μg of each strain) of va-tiv. the a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 seroconversion and seroprotection rates were ≥ 90% and geometr ...201121855592
first influenza season after the 2009 pandemic influenza: characteristics of intensive care unit admissions in adults and children in vall d'hebron hospital.clin microbiol infect abstract: to assess potential differences in epidemiology and management of patients admitted with influenza infection in the intensive care unit (icu) during the first post-pandemic influenza period. observational prospective study comparing september 2009-january 2010 with september 2010-january 2011. variables captured: demographics, co-morbidities, physiological parameters, outcomes and management. analysis was performed using spss v. 13.0; significance was set at p 0.5 ...201121851487
applicability of a sensitive duplex real-time pcr assay for identifying b/yamagata and b/victoria lineages of influenza virus from clinical specimens.type b influenza virus is one of the major epidemic strains and responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity. rapidly and accurately identifying different influenza b virus lineages, i.e., b/yamagata (b/y) and b/victoria (b/v), is desirable during the flu season. however, the available rapid techniques lack sensitivity, and the usual methods for identifying influenza viruses require expansion of virus in tissue culture or embryonated hen's eggs. thus, we developed several sets of primer ...201122113559
antimycotic-antibiotic amphotericin b promotes influenza virus replication in cell culture.in general, antibiotics are not rated as substances that inhibit or support influenza virus replication. we describe here the enhancing effect of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin b (amb) on influenza virus growth in vero cells. we show that isolation rates of influenza a and b viruses from clinical samples can be dramatically enhanced by adding amb to the culture medium. we demonstrate that amb promotes the viral uptake and endocytic processing of the virus particles. this effect is specific ...201121849438
Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011.This document provides updated guidance for the use of influenza vaccines in the United States for the 2011-12 influenza season. In 2010, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) first recommended annual influenza vaccination for all persons aged =6 months in the United States. Vaccination of all persons aged =6 months continues to be recommended. Information is presented in this report regarding vaccine strains for the 2011-12 influenza season, the vaccination schedule for childr ...201121866086
Laninamivir octanoate: a new long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza.Oseltamivir and zanamivir are well-established and well-researched drugs for the treatment of influenza in Japan and the rest of the world. A new neuraminidase inhibitor, laninamivir octanoate, has been approved for use in Japanese clinics. Laninamivir octanoate is an inhaled drug with unique characteristics. The inhaled laninamivir octanoate is converted into its active form, laninamivir, in the lungs where a high concentration persists for a long period of time. The concentration of laninamivi ...201121973296
Influenza-associated pediatric deaths--United States, September 2010-August 2011.Influenza-associated pediatric mortality has been a nationally notifiable condition since October 2004. This report summarizes the 115 cases of influenza-associated pediatric mortality reported to CDC that occurred from September 1, 2010, through August 31, 2011. Deaths occurred in 33 states. Nearly half of the deaths (46%) occurred in children aged <5 years. Of the children who died, 49% had no known Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-defined high-risk medical conditions, and 3 ...201121918492
influenza b viruses with mutation in the neuraminidase active site, north carolina, usa, 2010-11.oseltamivir is 1 of 2 antiviral medications available for the treatment of influenza b virus infections. we describe and characterize a cluster of influenza b viruses circulating in north carolina with a mutation in the neuraminidase active site that may reduce susceptibility to oseltamivir and the investigational drug peramivir but not to zanamivir.201122099093
impact of influenza during the post-pandemic season: epidemiological picture from syndromic and virological surveillance.following the observation that 1 or 2 pandemic peak due to the circulation ofahinlv had occurred in most countries and in most world health organization (who) regions, who declared on august 10"h, 2010 that the world was moving into the post-pandemic period, whose surveillance presents considerable interest both from epidemiological and clinical point of view. we described the epidemiological picture emerged from syndromic and virological surveillance during the post-pandemic season in liguria, ...201122010543
[Etiology survey on virus of acute respiratory infection in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009].To investigate the pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009.201122177307
comparison of the filmarray respiratory panel and prodesse real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory pathogens.we compared the diagnostic performance and overall respiratory pathogen detection rate of the premarket version of the filmarray respiratory panel (rp) multiplex pcr assay (idaho technology, inc., salt lake city, ut) with those of the food and drug administration (fda)-cleared prodesse proflu+, profast+, proparaflu+, pro hmpv+, and proadeno+ real-time pcr assays (gen-probe, san diego, ca). the assays were performed on a panel of 192 nasopharyngeal-secretion specimens collected from 81 children u ...201121998418
the dba.2 mouse is susceptible to disease following infection with a broad, but limited, range of influenza a and b viruses.we assessed the relative susceptibilities to disease of the dba.2 and c57bl/6 mouse models upon infection with a range of influenza a and b viruses. dba.2 mice were more susceptible to disease upon inoculation with human h1n1 influenza a virus strains, several swine influenza viruses, and influenza b viruses but were not overtly susceptible to infection with human seasonal h3n2 strains. hemagglutination inhibition and immunoglobulin isotype profiling indicated that dba.2 and c57bl/6 mice generat ...201121917963
Update: influenza activity--United States and worldwide, May 22-September 3, 2011.During May 22-September 3, 2011, the United States experienced low levels of influenza activity; 2009 influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses were detected worldwide and identified sporadically in the United States. Typical seasonal patterns of influenza activity occurred in the Southern Hemisphere. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States and worldwide since the last update.201121918493
comparative analyses of pandemic h1n1 and seasonal h1n1, h3n2, and influenza b infections depict distinct clinical pictures in ferrets.influenza a and b infections are a worldwide health concern to both humans and animals. high genetic evolution rates of the influenza virus allow the constant emergence of new strains and cause illness variation. since human influenza infections are often complicated by secondary factors such as age and underlying medical conditions, strain or subtype specific clinical features are difficult to assess. here we infected ferrets with 13 currently circulating influenza strains (including strains of ...201122110664
[Comparative immunogenicity studies of cultural and peptide influenza vaccines].Comparative immunogenicity studies of experimental vaccines based onA/Aichi/2/68 neuraminidase peptide fragments (NA) and influenza virus A and B strains produced in MDCK cell culture.201122145349
safety and immunogenicity of a new trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine in healthy korean children: a randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, phase iii study.we report results of a randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, phase iii study conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a new trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine (gc501) manufactured by the green cross corporation in korea. a total of 283 healthy children aged 6 months to < 18 yr were randomized to receive either gc501 or control. of the gc501 recipients, seroconversion occurred in 48.5% for a/h1n1, 67.7% for a/h3n2 and 52% for influenza b. the proportion of ...201122065897
influenza-like illness surveillance on the california-mexico border, 2004-2009.please cite this paper as: kammerer et al. (2011). influenza-like illness surveillance on the california-mexico border, 2004-2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00316.x. background  since 2004, the naval health research center, with san diego and imperial counties, has collaborated with the us centers for disease control and prevention to conduct respiratory disease surveillance in the us-mexico border region. in 2007, the secretariat of health, mexico and ...201122212638
virological surveillance and antiviral resistance of human influenza virus in argentina, 2005-2008.to describe the virological characteristics of the influenza strains circulating in argentina in 2005-2008 and to assess the prevalence of antiviral resistance.201122358415
[a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection of twelve human respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect twelve different respiratory viruses types/subtypes including influenza a virus, influenza b virus, influenza a virus sh1n1, parainfluenza virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus a, respiratory syncytial virus b and human bocavirus. twelve sets of specific primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of ...201122263264
phylogenetic comparison of influenza virus isolates from three medical centers in tehran with the vaccine strains during 2008-2009.background: influenza virus is a major infectious pathogen of the respiratory system causing a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. the worldwide vaccines are decided and produced annually by world health organization and licensed companies based on the samples collected from all over the world. the aim of this study was to determine phylogenecity and heterogenecity of the circulating influenza isolates during 2008-2009 outbreaks in tehran, compare them with the vaccine strains that ...201123359291
intravenous peramivir for treatment of influenza a and b virus infection in high-risk patients.influenza virus infections are known to persist longer in patients with underlying diseases, including respiratory tract diseases, and tend to become complicated by secondary influenza-associated infections, such as pneumonia. to assess the efficacy and safety of the novel anti-influenza virus drug peramivir in high-risk patients, we conducted a clinical trial of patients with diabetes or chronic respiratory tract diseases and patients being treated with drugs that suppress immune function. in t ...201121464252
pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir according to trimester of pregnancy.the purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters for oseltamivir in all trimesters of pregnancy. thirty pregnant women, 10 per trimester, who were receiving oseltamivir phosphate (75 mg) were recruited to study first-dose pharmacokinetics. plasma samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after the first dose. samples were analyzed for oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate levels. with the use of a noncompartmental model, we estimated the area-under-the-curv ...201121492824
viral infections in workers in hospital and research laboratory settings: a comparative review of infection modes and respective biosafety aspects.to compare modes and sources of infection and clinical and biosafety aspects of accidental viral infections in hospital workers and research laboratory staff reported in scientific articles.201121497126
impaired response to influenza vaccine associated with persistent memory b cell depletion in non-hodgkin's lymphoma patients treated with rituximab-containing regimens.influenza vaccination is generally recommended for non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) patients, but no data are available about the activity of this vaccine after treatment with rituximab-containing regimens. we evaluated the humoral response to the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in a group of nhl patients in complete remission for ≥6 mo (median, 29 mo) after treatment with rituximab-containing regimens (n = 31) compared with age-matched healthy subjects (n = 34). b cell populations and incidenc ...201121498665
vereflu™: an integrated multiplex rt-pcr and microarray assay for rapid detection and identification of human influenza a and b viruses using lab-on-chip technology.threatening sporadic outbreaks of avian influenza and the h1n1 pandemic of 2009 highlight the need for rapid and accurate detection and typing of influenza viruses. in this paper, we describe the validation of the vereflu™ lab-on-chip influenza assay, which is based on the integration of two technologies: multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr followed by microarray amplicon detection. this assay simultaneously detects five influenza virus subtypes, including the 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n ...201121503642
repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up.to cite this article: turchiarelli v, schinkel j, molenkamp r, foschino barbaro mp, carpagnano ge, spanevello a, lutter r, bel eh, sterk pj. repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up. allergy 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02600.x. abstract: background:  respiratory viruses may persist in the airways of asthmatics between episodes of clinical worsening. we hypothesized that patients with clinically stable, severe asthma ...201121507005
shedding of ann arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in children 6-59 months of age.a trivalent, ann arbor strain, live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) is approved for use in children 24 months of age and older in a number of countries. the incidence, duration, and other parameters of viral shedding after vaccination with laiv have not been fully described in children ≤5 years of age.201121513761
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza in hospitalized children in manitoba: nosocomial transmission and lessons learned from the first wave.to review the experiences at winnipeg children's hospital (wch) during the 2009 influenza season, with an emphasis on nosocomial transmission and infection prevention and control responses.201121515973
virological surveillance in africa can contribute to early detection of new genetic and antigenic lineages of influenza viruses.in africa, the burden of influenza is largely unknown since surveillance schemes exist in very few countries. the national institute of hygiene in morocco implemented a sentinel network for influenza surveillance in 1996.201121537068
a reassortment-incompetent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine for protection against pandemic virus strains.although live-attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv) are safe for use in protection against seasonal influenza strains, concerns over their potential to reassort with wild-type virus strains have been voiced. laivs have been demonstrated to induce enhanced mucosal and cell-mediated immunity over inactivated vaccines, while also requiring a smaller dose to achieve a protective immune response. to address the need for a reassortment-incompetent live influenza a virus vaccine, we have designed a chim ...201121543486
the role for prudence before describing novel infectious etiologies for acute pancreatitis. the experience of one institution before describing influenza b pancreatitis.while the majority of acute pancreatitis is secondary to alcohol and gallstones in the developed world, infectious causes are recognized and recent evidence has linked influenza a to acute pancreatitis.201121546701
defective interfering virus protects elderly mice from influenza.abstract: background: we have identified and characterised a defective-interfering (di) influenza a virus particles containing a highly deleted segment 1 rna that has broad-spectrum antiviral activity. in young adult mice it exerts protection against several different subtypes of influenza a virus (defined here as homologous or genetically compatible protection) and against a paramyxovirus and an influenza b virus (heterologous or genetically unrelated protection). homologous protection is media ...201121549019
detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings.background: viral and bacterial pathogens may be present in the air after being released from infected individuals and animals. filters are installed in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (hvac) systems of buildings to protect ventilation equipment and maintain healthy indoor air quality. these filters process enormous volumes of air. this study was undertaken to determine the utility of sampling used ventilation filters to assess the types and concentrations of virus aerosols presen ...201121549446
mixed influenza a and b infections complicate the detection of influenza viruses with altered sensitivities to neuraminidase inhibitors.previously, three influenza a(h3n2) isolates with a reduced susceptibility to the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) zanamivir and oseltamivir were identified during screening by the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network (nisn). the isolates were from untreated patients from the first three years post licensure of the nais. we plaque-purified progeny from each of these isolates and determined the nai sensitivity of each plaqued population. sequencing and serology for each population reveal ...201121549758
chloroquine for influenza prevention: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.background: chloroquine has in-vitro activity against influenza and could be an ideal candidate for worldwide prevention of influenza in the period between onset of a pandemic with a virulent influenza strain and the development and widespread dissemination of an effective vaccine. we aimed to assess the efficacy of such an intervention. methods: in this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done at a single centre in singapore, we randomly assigned (1:1) healthy adults to receive c ...201121550310
use of chloroquine in viral diseases. 201121550312
[genetic variation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza b viruses isolated in zhejiang province during 1999 - 2010.]objective: to characterize the genetic diversity of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of influenza b viruses isolated in zhejiang province during 1999 - 2010. methods: respiratory specimens were collected from patients with flu-like syndrome during the influenza outbreaks or from the hospitals which carrying out influenza surveillance project in zhejiang province. samples were detected by real-time rt-pcr and isolated for influenza virus. ha(1) and na genes of influenza b virus isolates ...201121569670
involvement of type i immune responses in swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus infection.swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus (s-oiv) appeared in 2009 with a higher incidence rate among children. although fever was the most common symptom, some complicated cases occurred. we evaluated the percentages of effector t cells, b cells, and regulatory t cells in peripheral blood from 5 children infected by s-oiv (1 with acute necrotizing encephalitis, 2 with pneumonia, and 2 without complications), 5 children with seasonal influenza, and 5 healthy children. we found higher percentages of t-be ...201121571020
complicated features in a young child with influenza b virus pneumonia and co-infection with stenotrophomonas maltophilia.a 3·5-year-old child with influenza b virus pneumonia developed pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema on the 3rd day of illness. bronchoscopy demonstrated obstruction of the left main bronchus by mucopurulent sputum. culture of the broncho-alveolar lavage yielded stenotrophomonas maltophilia. after the respiratory complications resolved (11 days), the patient developed neurological symptoms and was diagnosed as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem). stenotrophomonas maltophilia was ...201121575322
influenza b virus rna polymerase recognizes the cap structure less dependently on the methyl residue than influenza a virus polymerase.the cap-dependent endonuclease activity of the influenza virus rna-dependent rna polymerase cleaves host mrnas to produce capped rna fragments for primers to initiate viral mrna synthesis. the influenza virus type a (flua) cap-dependent endonuclease preferentially recognizes cap1 structure (m(7)gpppnm). however, little is known about the substrate specificity of the influenza virus type b (flub) endonuclease. here, we determined the substrate specificity of the flub polymerase using purified vir ...201121593178
combined, concurrent, and sequential administration of seasonal influenza and mf59-adjuvanted a/h5n1 vaccines: a phase ii randomized, controlled trial of immunogenicity and safety in healthy adults.objective. we performed a phase ii randomized, controlled, open-label, single-center study (centros de estudios de infectología pediátrica, colombia) to examine the feasibility of combined administration of seasonal and mf59-adjuvanted a/h5n1 influenza vaccines using extemporaneous mixing or simultaneous administration. methods. the primary objective of the study was to assess the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza and a/h5n1 vaccines using european licensure criteria (committee for medicinal ...201121606530
anti-influenza activity of marchantins, macrocyclic bisbibenzyls contained in liverworts.the h1n1 influenza a virus of swine-origin caused pandemics throughout the world in 2009 and the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus has also caused epidemics in southeast asia in recent years. the threat of influenza a thus remains a serious global health issue and novel drugs that target these viruses are highly desirable. influenza a possesses an endonuclease within its rna polymerase which comprises pa, pb1 and pb2 subunits. to identify potential new anti-influenza compounds in our ...201121625478
di influenza a virus protects in vivo against disease caused by a heterologous influenza b virus.influenza a and b viruses are major human respiratory pathogens that contribute to the burden of seasonal influenza. they are both members of the orthomyxoviridae but do not interact genetically and are classified in different genera. defective interfering (di) influenza viruses have a major deletion of one or more of their eight genome segments which renders them both non-infectious and able to interfere in cell culture with the production of infectious progeny by a genetically compatible, homo ...201121632569
n-acetyl-l-cysteine (nac) inhibit mucin synthesis and pro-inflammatory mediators in alveolar type ii epithelial cells infected with influenza virus a and b and with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).64% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations are caused by respiratory infections including influenza (strains a and b) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). they affect the airway epithelium increasing inflammatory and apoptosis events through mechanisms involving ros generation, and induce the release of mucins from epithelial cells that are involved in the deterioration of the patient's health during the course of the disease. the antioxidant nac has proved useful in the ...201121635874
update: influenza activity --- united states, 2010--11 season, and composition of the 2011--12 influenza vaccine.during the 2010--11 influenza season, influenza activity* first began to increase in the southeastern united states, and peaked nationally in early february. compared with the previous pandemic year (2009--10), higher rates of hospitalization were observed for persons aged ≥65 years during the 2010--11 season, whereas lower hospitalization rates were observed in younger populations than during the pandemic year. overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) were ...201121637185
risk factors for hospitalized seasonal influenza in rural western kenya.risk factors for influenza hospitalization in africa are unknown, including the role of hiv.201121637856
application of a split luciferase complementation assay for the detection of viral protein-protein interactions.intraviral protein-protein interactions are critical for virus survival in the host. discovery of such interactions is important to understand molecular mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenesis. the development of a cell-based assay that can be employed to examine systematically viral protein interactions is described. the method, known as the split luciferase complementation assay (slca), is based on the principle that n- and c-terminal domains of luciferase alone do not emit luminescen ...201121645548
neutralizing antibody but not hemagglutination antibody provides accurate evaluation for protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza virus in vaccinated rabbits.in order to develop an animal model and an assay method to evaluate protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza vaccination, h5n1 avian influenza vaccine was prepared. new zealand rabbits were assigned to receive two doses of vaccine with different hemagglutinin (ha) dosage. the sera from vaccinated rabbits was evaluated to determine antibody titer and specificity using different tested methods including hemagglutination inhibition assay (hi), neutralizing assay (nt), cross-hi assay, cros ...201121645575
children with asthma hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza, 2003-2009.objective: to describe the characteristics and clinical courses of asthmatic children hospitalized with seasonal or 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza and compare complications by influenza type. methods: during the 2003-2009 influenza seasons and the 2009 pandemic, we conducted surveillance of 5.3 million children aged 17 years or younger for hospitalization with laboratory-confirmed influenza and identified those with asthma (defined as those aged 2-17 years with a history of asthma in their medical ...201121646257
viral agents causing lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children: evaluation of the speed-oligo® rsv assay for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the viral agent which is more frequently involved in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in infants under 1 year of age in developed countries. a new oligochromatographic assay, speed-oligo® rsv, was designed and optimized for the specific detection and identification of rsv subtypes a and b. the test was evaluated in 289 clinical samples from 169 hospitalized children using an immunochromatography (ic) test, virus isolation by culture, and an in-house ...201121647616
efficient influenza b virus propagation due to deficient interferon-induced antiviral activity in mdck cells.influenza b virus infections are mainly restricted to humans, which is partially caused by the inability of influenza b virus ns1 protein to counteract the innate immune response of other species. however, for cell culture-based influenza vaccine production non-human cells, such as madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, are commonly used. therefore, the impact of cellular pathogen defence mechanisms on influenza b virus propagation in mdck cells was analysed in this study. activation of the cel ...201121651940
epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009.please cite this paper as: zuccotti et┬áal. (2011) epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé seasonal influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are primary causes of acute respiratory tract infections (artis) in children. new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus (hmpv ...201121668662
comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza a and influenza b in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008.please cite this paper as: irving et┬áal. (2011) comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza a and influenza b in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé there are few prospectively collected data comparing illnesses caused by different subtypes of influenza. we compared the clinical presentation and outcomes of subjects with primarily outpati ...201121668663
pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in kashmir (india).please cite this paper as: koul pa., et┬áal. (2011) pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in kashmir (india). influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00261.x. backgroundôçé with the emergence of pandemic influenza a (2009a/h1n1) virus in india, we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical presentations of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses among acute respiratory illness (ari) patients from srinagar, a temp ...201121668665
reduced antibody responses to the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 vaccine after recent seasonal influenza vaccination.the vaccination program against the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza (2009 h1n1) provided a unique opportunity to determine if immune responses to the 2009 h1n1 vaccine were affected by a recent, prior vaccination against seasonal influenza. in the present study, we studied the immune responses to the 2009 h1n1 vaccine in subjects who either received the seasonal influenza vaccination within the prior three months or did not. following 2009 h1n1 vaccination, subjects previously given a seasonal infl ...201121813667
structural basis for the sequence-specific recognition of human isg15 by the ns1 protein of influenza b virus.interferon-induced isg15 conjugation plays an important antiviral role against several viruses, including influenza viruses. the ns1 protein of influenza b virus (ns1b) specifically binds only human and nonhuman primate isg15s and inhibits their conjugation. to elucidate the structural basis for the sequence-specific recognition of human isg15, we determined the crystal structure of the complex formed between human isg15 and the n-terminal region of ns1b (ns1b-ntr). the ns1b-ntr homodimer intera ...201121808041
a neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza a hemagglutinins.the isolation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza a viruses has been a long-sought goal for therapeutic approaches and vaccine design. using a single-cell culture method for screening large numbers of human plasma cells, we isolated a neutralizing monoclonal antibody that recognized the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein of all 16 subtypes and neutralized both group 1 and group 2 influenza a viruses. passive transfer of this antibody conferred protection to mice and ferrets. comple ...201121798894
synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxic investigation of 2-phenyl-3-substituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones.a series of 3(benzylideneamino)-2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3h)-ones was synthesized by reaction of 3-amino-2-phenyl-3h-quinazoline-4-one with various carbonyl compounds.201121796872
addition of the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide imt504 to a seasonal flu vaccine increases hemagglutinin antibody titers in young adult and elder rats, and expands the anti-hemagglutinin antibody repertoire.flu vaccines are partially protective in infants and elder people. new adjuvants such as immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (odns) are strong candidates to solve this problem, because a combination with several antigens has demonstrated effectiveness. here, we report that imt504, the prototype of a major class of immunostimulatory odns, is a potent adjuvant of the influenza vaccine in young adult and elderly rats. flu vaccines that use virosomes or whole viral particles as antigens were combined ...201121793787
[analysis on the etiological surveillance of influenza/novel influenza a (h1n1) from 2009-2010 in shanxi province].to study the epidemical characteristics of influenza/novel influenza a (h1n1) in shanxi province from 2009 to 2010, and to provide scientific foundations for predicting and controlling the pandemic outbreak of influenza/novel influenza a (h1n1) effectively.201121789846
[restriction analysis of genome composition of live influenza vaccine].live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccine (liv) has been used in russia for over 50 years and proved to be safe and effective. currently, russian reassortant laiv is based on influenza aileningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2) and b/ussr/60/69 master donor viruses (mdvs) which are cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts), and attenuated (att), respectively. the mdvs are used to generate attenuated reassortant vaccine viruses containing the surface antigens of current wild type (wt) influenza a (hin ...201121786624
[monoclonal antibodies with high virus-neutralizing activity against pandemic influenza virus a/llv-moscow/01/2009 (h1n1)swl].the authors have obtained a panel of 7 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against pandemic influenza virus a/iiv-moscow/01/2009 (hin1)swl isolated in russia. one mab is directed to a np protein linear epitope and interacts with all the influenza a viruses under study. six other mabs are directed to h1 hemagglutinin conformation-dependent determinants and detect homologous virus in the hemagglutination-inhibition test, enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence and virus neutralization tests. mabs differen ...201121786621
[taxonomic structure of orthomyxoviridae: current views and immediate prospects].analysis of taxonomic structure of orthomyxoviridae was undertaken in view of its anticipated evolution. four concepts of circulation of influenza a viruses in the biosphere are discussed, viz. anthrponose, zooanthroponose, metastrongilose, and protozoan. all of them may be considered in the framework of the general zooantroponose concept. influenza b and c viruses can not be regarded as strictly anthroponose. comparative molecular-genetic analysis of the genus thogotovirus provides a basis for ...201121786592
retrospective and prospective verification of the cepheid xpert flu assay.we performed a retrospective (n=121) and prospective (n=305) verification of the cepheid xpert flu assay to determine its performance characteristics. the overall sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 100%, respectively. nasopharyngeal specimen sensitivities were 100% for seasonal influenza a/h1 and influenza a/h3, 90% for influenza a/2009/h1n1, and 95% for influenza b.201121775544
[the effects of a hot water soluble extract (s-03) isolated from isatis indigotica root on influenza a and b viruses in vitro].this study was to investigate the antiviral effects of a hot water soluble extract s-03 isolated from isatis indigotica root on different subtypes of influenza a and b viruses in mdck cell cultures, using plaque reduction, immunofluorescence and hemo-agglutination inhibition (had) assays. chemical analysis of the extract s-03 showed that it contained high proportion of polysaccharides. the antiviral effects in vitro showed that the s-03 had no effect on different influenza viruses if the drug wa ...201121774246
influenza vaccine effectiveness in wisconsin during the 2007-08 season: comparison of interim and final results.background: during the 2007-08 influenza season, we reported an interim vaccine effectiveness (ve) estimate of 44% for preventing medically attended influenza. in this analysis we report results for the entire season and compare them with the interim estimate. methods: patients with feverishness, chills, or cough <8 days duration were prospectively recruited over 10 weeks and tested for influenza by real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rrt-pcr). case-control analyses were performed using data fr ...201121767593
evolution of influenza viral neuraminidase (na) revealed by large-scale sequence analysis. 201121761592
crystal structure of human isg15 in complex with influenza b virus ns1b.isg15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15), the first ubiquitin-like protein (ubl) identified, has emerged as an important cellular antiviral factor. it consists of two ubl domains with a short linker between them. the covalent attachment of isg15 to host and viral proteins to modify their functions, similar to ubiquitylation, is named as isgylation. influenza b virus ns1b protein antagonizes human but not mouse isgylation because ns1b exhibits species-specificity: it only binds human and non-human p ...201121757684
a large outbreak of influenza b-associated benign acute childhood myositis in germany, 2007/2008.background:: benign acute childhood myositis (bacm) is a rare syndrome associated with various viral infections. bilateral calve pain may lead to inability to walk. during winter 2007/2008, we investigated a nationwide outbreak of influenza-associated bacm (ia-bacm) to identify etiologic (sub)type, describe the course of disease, and explore how well the syndrome is known among physicians. methods:: we performed retrospective and prospective case finding in all german federal states. physicians ...201121753259
discovery of dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidines as promising anti-influenza virus agents.a series of novel dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine (dabo) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against influenza virus in mdck cells. four dabo derivatives (4a1, 4a2, 4a3, and 4d1) showed potent activity against influenza virus. among them, compound 4a3 was the most promising lead with broad activity against influenza a (antiviral ec(50) values of 9 and 18 µm for the a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 subtype, respectively) and influenza b virus (ec(50) : 33 µm). the antiviral mecha ...201121752202
predicting the epidemic sizes of influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b: a statistical method.the epidemic sizes of influenza a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b infections vary from year to year in the united states. we use publicly available us centers for disease control (cdc) influenza surveillance data between 1997 and 2009 to study the temporal dynamics of influenza over this period.201121750666
[efficacy of inactivating viruses by photocatalytically reacting nonwoven titanium dioxide fabric].titanium dioxide (tio2) photocatalysis causes oxidative destruction dependent on electrons excited by < or = 400 nm ultraviolet (uv) rays. many studies have covered the destruction of organics and bacteria and bacteriophage inactivation by photocatalysis. we studied the inactivation by new nonwoven siliconized titanium dioxide fabric of the feline calicivirus f9 (fcv-f9), human adenovirus gb (hadv3-gb), and influenza a and b virus (a/new caledonia, b/shandong, and 5 clinical strains). we spotted ...201121706843
infection control implications of influenza a and influenza b: coinfection or cocirculating strains? 201121741728
comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the diagnosis of eight respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription-pcr assays.many acute respiratory illness surveillance systems collect and test nasopharyngeal (np) and/or oropharyngeal (op) swab specimens, yet there are few studies assessing the relative measures of performance for np versus op specimens.201121738731
influenza virus-like particle can accommodate multiple subtypes of hemagglutinin and protect from multiple influenza types and subtypes.despite existing vaccines and specific therapies, epidemics of seasonal influenza annually claim 200,000-500,000 lives worldwide. pandemic influenza represents an even greater threat, with numerous potentially pandemic viruses circulating in nature. development of multi-specific vaccines against multiple pandemic or seasonal strains is important for human health and the global economy. here we report a novel virus-like particle (vlp) platform that contains three hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes. this ...201121723354
comparative evaluation of the seegene seeplex rv15 and real-time pcr for respiratory virus detection.respiratory virus infections contribute substantially both to hospitalizations of young children, and to morbidity in immunocompromised patients such as those with hematological malignancies. their rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to patient management. to evaluate the prospective utility of seeplex-« dpo technology in respiratory virus diagnosis, a panel of 99 respiratory samples positive by real-time rt-pcr for one or more viruses was assayed by the seegene seeplex-« rv12 system. as w ...201121678451
performance of leptospira immunoglobulin m elisa and rapid immunoglobulin g immunochromatographic assays for the diagnosis of leptospirosis.using archived samples, we assessed the diagnostic capacity of two commercially available tests (an elisa igm and a rapid immunochromatographic test, ict) for the detection of leptospira spp. igm and igg antibodies to aid with the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in febrile patients in thailand. the sensitivities of the elisa for the detection of igm and the rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of igg were 60.7% (95% ci, 50.3 to 70.2%), and 83.2% (95% ci 73.9 to 89.6%) respectively ...201121721448
possible reduced effectiveness of the 2009 h1n1 component of live, attenuated influenza vaccine. 201121690631
overexpression of +¦-2,6 sialyltransferase stimulates propagation of human influenza viruses in vero cells.human influenza viruses are major concern as the leading cause of global pandemics. in infecting cells, they preferentially bind to sialyloligosaccharides containing terminal n-acetyl sialic acid linked to galactose by an +¦-2,6-linkage (neuac+¦2,6gal). the amount of neuac+¦2,6gal in vero cells, which are predominantly used for production of influenza vaccines over the past 30 years, may not be as high as that in epithelial cells of human respiratory tract, what leads to the suboptimal virus gro ...201121692563
an influenza outbreak among pilgrims sleeping at a school without purpose built overnight accommodation facilities.this report describes a respiratory illness outbreak amongst a group of over 700 world youth day 2008 pilgrims staying at a basic accommodation venue for 1 week in july 2008. at this venue, 1 group of pilgrims was accommodated as a large group in a gymnasium and another group was sub-divided into smaller groups and accommodated in classrooms. following confirmation of an influenza b outbreak by influenza point of care testing, control measures were promptly implemented. isolation of cases, impro ...201121698978
a-ágel-capture assay for characterizing the sialyl-glycan selectivity of influenza viruses.sialic acids (sa) usually linked to galactose (gal) in an +¦2,6- or +¦2,3-configuration are considered the main cell receptors for influenza viruses, in particular for their hemagglutinins (ha). the typing of influenza virus ha receptor selectivity is relevant for understanding the transmissibility of avian and swine viruses to the human population. in this study we developed a simple and inexpensive gel-capture assay (gca) of the influenza virus ha receptor-binding selectivity. its principle is ...201121692561
self-collected mid-turbinate swabs for the detection of respiratory viruses in adults with acute respiratory illnesses.the gold standard for respiratory virus testing is a nasopharyngeal (np) swab, which is collected by a healthcare worker. midturbinate (mt) swabs are an alternative due to their ease of collection and possible self-collection by patients. the objective of this study was to compare the respiratory virus isolation of flocked mt swabs compared to flocked np swabs.201121731708
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