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long-term dynamics of bluetongue virus in wild ruminants: relationship with outbreaks in livestock in spain, 2006-2011.wild and domestic ruminants are susceptible to bluetongue virus (btv) infection. three btv serotypes (btv-4, btv-1 and btv-8) have been detected in spain in the last decade. even though control strategies have been applied to livestock, btv circulation has been frequently detected in wild ruminant populations in spain. the aim of the present study is to assess the role for wild ruminants in maintaining btv after the vaccination programs in livestock in mainland spain. a total of 931 out 1,914 (4 ...201424940879
evaluation of microbial communities and symbionts in ixodes ricinus and ungulate hosts (cervus elaphus and ovis aries) from shared habitats on the west coast of norway.recent reports suggest a potential for transmission of a newly discovered rickettsial endosymbiont, midichloria mitochondrii, to animals and humans from feeding ticks (ixodes ricinus). using molecular methods; i. ricinus, sheep and red deer in anaplasma phagocytophilum-endemic areas of norway, were examined to see if they were infected by m. mitochondrii or related organisms like wolbachia pipientis and rickettsia spp. a total of 532 ticks collected from pastures, 76 blood samples from grazing l ...201425132534
genotyping of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from poland for selected genes.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a veterinary and medical tick-borne pathogen of vertebrates which invades granulocytes. the potential reservoirs of anaplasma include game animals and small mammals. the aim ofthis study was to gain insight into the variability ofnucleotide sequences of ribosomal and selected protein-coding genes (anka, msp4 and the groesl heat-shock protein operon) present in isolates of a. phagocytophilum collected from wild ruminants (cervus elaphus and capreolus capreolus) in pol ...201424745148
what cues do ungulates use to assess predation risk in dense temperate forests?anti-predator responses by ungulates can be based on habitat features or on the near-imminent threat of predators. in dense forest, cues that ungulates use to assess predation risk likely differ from half-open landscapes, as scent relative to sight is predicted to be more important. we studied, in the białowieża primeval forest (poland), whether perceived predation risk in red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) is related to habitat visibility or olfactory cues of a predator. we us ...201424404177
cross-sectional study of schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in wild ruminants in poland at the end of the vector season of 2013.in view of recurrent schmallenberg virus (sbv) infections all over europe between 2011 and 2013, a lively scientific debate over the importance of the sylvatic transmission cycle of the virus has emerged. the study presents results of serosurvey which included wild ruminants representing species of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), european bison (bison bonasus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) hunted or immobilized at 34 different locations of ...201425528665
positioning the red deer (cervus elaphus) hunted by the tyrolean iceman into a mitochondrial dna phylogeny.in the last years several phylogeographic studies of both extant and extinct red deer populations have been conducted. three distinct mitochondrial lineages (western, eastern and north-african/sardinian) have been identified reflecting different glacial refugia and postglacial recolonisation processes. however, little is known about the genetics of the alpine populations and no mitochondrial dna sequences from alpine archaeological specimens are available. here we provide the first mitochondrial ...201424988290
red deer synchronise their activity with close neighbours.models of collective animal behaviour frequently make assumptions about the effects of neighbours on the behaviour of focal individuals, but these assumptions are rarely tested. one such set of assumptions is that the switch between active and inactive behaviour seen in herding animals is influenced by the activity of close neighbours, where neighbouring animals show a higher degree of behavioural synchrony than would be expected by chance. we tested this assumption by observing the simultaneous ...201424765578
attachment site selection of life stages of ixodes ricinus ticks on a main large host in europe, the red deer (cervus elaphus).ticks and tick-borne diseases are increasing in many areas of europe and north america due to climate change, while land use and the increased abundances of large hosts play a more controversial role. the pattern of host selection involves a crucial component for tick abundance. while the larvae and nymphs feed on a wide range of different sized hosts, the adult female ticks require blood meal from a large host (>1 kg), typically a deer, to fulfil the life cycle. understanding the role of differ ...201425391754
babesia spp. in european wild ruminant species: parasite diversity and risk factors for infection.babesia are tick-borne parasites that are increasingly considered as a threat to animal and public health. we aimed to assess the role of european free-ranging wild ruminants as maintenance mammalian hosts for babesia species and to determine risk factors for infection. edta blood was collected from 222 roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus), 231 red deer (cervus e. elaphus), 267 alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra) and 264 alpine ibex (capra i. ibex) from all over switzerland and analysed by pcr ...201424925474
blood-feeding patterns of horse flies in the french pyrenees.horse flies can mechanically transmit besnoitia besnoiti, the agent of bovine besnoitiosis. although previously limited to enzootic areas, especially the french pyrenees mountains, bovine besnoitiosis is now considered a re-emerging disease in western europe. to improve understanding of the role of horse flies as mechanical vectors, this study investigated their blood-feeding ecology in the eastern french pyrenees, in two high-altitude summer pastures whose main domestic ungulates were cattle, a ...201424210525
wild ungulates as sentinel of btv-8 infection in piedmont areas.bluetongue caused by the genotype 8 virus (btv-8) appeared for the first time in btv free areas in northern italy in 2008. the presence of domestic animals outbreaks, abundant wild ungulates populations, and ongoing regional btv control plans, made this area interesting to evaluate the role of wild ruminants in btv-8 epidemiology. we analyzed spleen samples from hunted red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) by quantitative rt-pcr. sampl ...201425306211
blood feeding on large grazers affects the transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by ixodes ricinus.the presence of ixodes ricinus and their associated borrelia infections on large grazers was investigated. carcases of freshly shot red deer, mouflon and wild boar were examined for the presence of any stage of i. ricinus. questing ticks were collected from locations where red deer and wild boar are known to occur. presence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. dna was examined in a fraction of the collected ticks. larvae, nymphs and adult ticks were found on the three large grazers. red deer had the hig ...201425113977
dances with anthrax: wolves (canis lupus) kill anthrax bacteremic plains bison (bison bison bison) in southwestern montana.bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax, was recovered from two plains bison (bison bison bison) cows killed by wolves (canis lupus) in montana, usa, without associated wolf mortality in july 2010. this bison herd experienced an epizootic in summer 2008, killing ∼ 8% of the herd, the first documented in the region in several decades. no wolf deaths were associated with the 2008 event. surveillance has continued since 2008, with research, ranch, and wildlife personnel diligent during summer. as ...201424484485
development of 12 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers using a next generation sequencing approach for spiculopteragia spiculoptera, a nematode parasite of deer.twelve novel polymorphic microsatellite markers were produced and characterized for spiculopteragia spiculoptera (nematoda, trichostrongyloidae) a common parasite of abomasum of roe and red deer, using next generation sequencing approach, and two multiplexes pcr were developed with these markers. polymorphism of each locus was tested in 40 individuals of this species from diverse wild populations of cervids, and was tested for crossed-amplification on four other species of nematodes, close to s. ...201425257224
mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease risk at communal use sites of elk and deer.free-ranging cervids acquire most of their essential minerals through forage consumption, though occasionally seek other sources to account for seasonal mineral deficiencies. mineral sources occur as natural geological deposits (i.e., licks) or as anthropogenic mineral supplements. in both scenarios, these sources commonly serve as focal sites for visitation. we monitored 11 licks in rocky mountain national park, north-central colorado, using trail cameras to quantify daily visitation indices (d ...201424711146
assessing the susceptibility of transgenic mice overexpressing deer prion protein to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.several transgenic mouse models have been developed which facilitate the transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of cervids and allow prion strain discrimination. the present study was designed to assess the susceptibility of the prototypic mouse line, tg(cerprp)1536(+/-), to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) prions, which have the ability to overcome species barriers. tg(cerprp)1536(+/-) mice challenged with red deer-adapted bse resulted in 90% to 100% attack rates, and bse from catt ...201424257620
identity of rumen fluke in deer.as evidence is growing that in many temperate areas paramphistome infections are becoming more common and widespread, this study was undertaken to determine the role of deer as reservoirs for rumen fluke infections in livestock. a total of 144 deer faecal samples (88 from fallow deer, 32 from red deer and 24 samples from sika, sika/red deer hybrids) were screened for the presence of fluke eggs. based on the its-2 rdna locus plus flanking 5.8s and 28s sequences (its-2+), fluke eggs were identifie ...201425127736
reduced efficacy of moxidectin and abamectin in young red deer (cervus elaphus) after 20 years of moxidectin pour-on use on a new zealand deer farm.a study was undertaken on weaned 4-5 month old farmed red deer to test the efficacy of moxidectin and abamectin anthelmintics, given by three different routes of administration, compared with an untreated control. faecal samples were collected on days 0, 7 and 14 for a faecal egg count reduction test (fecrt), blood samples were collected on days 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 for pharmacokinetics, and the deer were killed on days 14 or 15 for total nematode count. the control group averaged 12 ...201424144515
enterocytozoon bieneusi in sika deer (cervus nippon) and red deer (cervus elaphus): deer specificity and zoonotic potential of its genotypes.as the most common cause of the human microsporidiosis, enterocytozoon bieneusi has been found in a wide variety of animal hosts. deers are the ruminant mammals living in a variety of biomes, and the distribution of deer species differ by geography. to understand the prevalence of natural infection of e. bieneusi in deer and to assess their epidemiological role in the transmission of microsporidiosis caused by e. bieneusi, 91 fecal specimens were collected from 86 sika deers and five red deers i ...201425185666
gastrointestinal parasites in an isolated norwegian population of wild red deer (cervus elaphus).thirteen red deer (cervus elaphus), culled from the isolated population at the mongstad oil refinery, norway, were investigated for gastrointestinal helminths. these animals, enclosed by the refinery fence, do not have contact with other ruminants and have a high population density considering the available browsing area (1 km(2)) within the refinery site (3 km(2)). the population was estimated to be 110-130 at the time of culling.201425294401
antimicrobial resistant bacteria in wild mammals and birds: a coincidence or cause for concern?the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (amr) is a growing concern to public and animal health. the contribution attributable to wildlife remains unclear. in this study two unrelated wildlife species herring gulls (larus argentatus) and a hybrid deer (cervus elaphus x cervus nippon) were investigated for the presence of escherichia coli expressing an amr phenotype.201424795805
molecular identification of fascioloides magna (bassi, 1875) from red deer from south-western poland (lower silesian wilderness) on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 2 (its-2).the study was conducted in 2012-2013 on 75 fecal samples of red deer from the lower silesian wilderness which were examined to determine the prevalence of fascioloides magna in the game population. finding liver fluke eggs in a single sample which were larger in size than fasciola hepatica eggs indicated that further molecular analysis was necessarily. the partial sequence (116 bp long) of its-2 of the investigated eggs was identical to the sequences of f. magna from red deer (cervus elaphus) (g ...201425286665
wherefrom and whereabouts of an alien: the american liver fluke fascioloides magna in austria: an overview.the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna, an invasive species originating from north america, was recorded in austria in the wild for the first time in 2000. since then, various data concerning the epidemiology in snail intermediate hosts and cervid final hosts have been reported. galba truncatula acts as snail intermediate host, and red deer, roe deer and fallow deer act as final hosts. g. truncatula is abundant throughout the region, especially along muddy shores of slow-flowing branches of th ...201424535172
wild deer as potential vectors of anthelmintic-resistant abomasal nematodes between cattle and sheep farms.gastrointestinal (gi) nematodes are among the most important causes of production loss in farmed ruminants, and anthelmintic resistance is emerging globally. we hypothesized that wild deer could potentially act as reservoirs of anthelmintic-resistant gi nematodes between livestock farms. adult abomasal nematodes and faecal samples were collected from fallow (n = 24), red (n = 14) and roe deer (n = 10) from venison farms and areas of extensive or intensive livestock farming. principal components ...201424552838
axenic in vitro culture and molecular characterization of giardia duodenalis from red deer (cervus elaphus) and thomson's gazelle (gazella thomsonii).giardia duodenalis is an ubiquitous flagellate that infects humans and many species of animals. this species exhibits great biotypic and genetic diversity. in the present study, we established short- and long-term in vitro cultures of g. duodenalis trophozoites originating from red deer and thomson's gazelle (artiodactyls) and genetically characterised the isolates by their glutamate dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase gene sequences. the g. duodenalis isolates from red deer and the gaz ...201425236290
statistical evaluation of a commercial neospora caninum competitive elisa in the absence of a gold standard: application to wild elk (cervus elaphus) in alberta.neospora caninum is an important abortive agent of domestic ruminants, but few diagnostic tools are available to reliably assess the exposure of wild cervid species such as elk (cervus elaphus) to this pathogen, which limits our ability to understand their role in the life cycle of this parasite. in the absence of a gold standard test or panels of samples from individuals of known infection status, classical laboratory-based validation methods are not applicable. however, there are a number of s ...201424861013
orf virus infection in a hunter in western austria, presumably transmitted by game.a variety of animals host parapoxviruses. orf virus is prevalent in sheep and goats in the tyrol region of austria and northern italy. zoonotic infections in humans mostly occur after occupational exposure. we report here a case of a hunter with a typical orf lesion (contagious ecthyma) on the finger, with no history of direct contact with domestic animals. three weeks previously he had been hunting chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and cut his finger while handling a carcass. parapoxvirus infection ...201423995221
evaluating the tuberculosis hazard posed to cattle from wildlife across europe.tuberculosis (tb) caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and other closely related members of the m. tuberculosis complex (mtc) infects many domestic and wildlife species across europe. transmission from wildlife species to cattle complicates the control of disease in cattle. by determining the level of tb hazard for which a given wildlife species is responsible, the potential for transmission to the cattle population can be evaluated. we undertook a quantitative review of tb ha ...201424423727
observations on the phenotypic relationships between anti-carla salivary iga antibody response, nematode infection levels and growth rates in farmed red (cervus elaphus) and wapiti hybrid deer (cervus elaphus canadensis).nematode parasites are one of the most significant production limiting factors in farmed deer in new zealand. one long term strategy to reduce reliance on anthelmintics is to select deer that develop resistance to parasites. it has been shown in sheep that secretory antibody (iga) in the saliva against a carbohydrate larval antigen (carla) on infective larvae (l3) of a wide range of gastro-intestinal nematodes protects against reinfection. this paper describes a longitudinal slaughter study unde ...201424582525
faunal record identifies bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-pleistocene migration to the new world.human colonization of the new world is generally believed to have entailed migrations from siberia across the bering isthmus. however, the limited archaeological record of these migrations means that details of the timing, cause and rate remain cryptic. here, we have used a combination of ancient dna, 14c dating, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, and collagen sequencing to explore the colonization history of one of the few other large mammals to have successfully migrated into the americas at this t ...201424335981
ecosystem scale declines in elk recruitment and population growth with wolf colonization: a before-after-control-impact approach.the reintroduction of wolves (canis lupus) to yellowstone provided the unusual opportunity for a quasi-experimental test of the effects of wolf predation on their primary prey (elk--cervus elaphus) in a system where top-down, bottom-up, and abiotic forces on prey population dynamics were closely and consistently monitored before and after reintroduction. here, we examined data from 33 years for 12 elk population segments spread across southwestern montana and northwestern wyoming in a large scal ...201425028933
consequences of a refuge for the predator-prey dynamics of a wolf-elk system in banff national park, alberta, canada.refugia can affect predator-prey dynamics via movements between refuge and non-refuge areas. we examine the influence of a refuge on population dynamics in a large mammal predator-prey system. wolves (canis lupus) have recolonized much of their former range in north america, and as a result, ungulate prey have exploited refugia to reduce predation risk with unknown impacts on wolf-prey dynamics. we examined the influence of a refuge on elk (cervus elaphus) and wolf population dynamics in banff n ...201424670632
bluetongue dynamics in french wildlife: exploring the driving forces.bluetongue (bt) was monitored in wildlife in france during two consecutive years corresponding to contrasting incidence rates in livestock: in 2008 at the peak of domestic outbreaks and in 2009 when very few outbreaks were observed. the disease status of 2 798 ruminants comprising 837 red deer (cervus elaphus) was explored using elisa test on serum and real-time rt-pcr test on blood or spleen. a large proportion of red deer were seropositive and positive to rt-pcr in 2008, but also in 2009 (sero ...201423414427
farm-level risk factors for the occurrence, new infection or persistence of tuberculosis in cattle herds from south-central spain.eradication of tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a priority in the eu. however, and despite the resources invested, tb eradication is still a goal yet to be accomplished. as a consequence, the identification of risk factors contributing to tb transmission and persistence is key to a better understand and, ultimately, more cost-effectively control and eradicate this complex zoonotic disease worldwide. this study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the tb occurrence, new infection, and pers ...201424299905
pigmented chin papillomas in red (cervus elaphus)  x wapiti (cervus canadensis) stags associated with a novel papillomavirus.lesions were observed on the chins of two 2- to 3-year-old red (cervus elaphus)  x wapiti (cervus canadensis) stags from the lower north island of new zealand during velvet removal.201424224490
bioserotypes and virulence markers of y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus).free-living animals are an important environmental reservoir of pathogens dangerous for other animal species and humans. one of those is yersinia (y.) enterocolitica, the causative agent of yersiniosis--foodborne, enzootic disease, significant for public health. the purpose of the study was to identify bioserotypes and virulence markers of y enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) obtained during the 2010/2011 hunting season in north-east ...201424988858
leptospira spp. infection in wild ruminants: a survey in central italian alps.leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease diffused worldwide, and wildlife species are commonly considered to be important epidemiological carriers. four-hundred and forty-one serological and 198 renal samples from red deer, roe deer and chamois collected in the province of sondrio were analysed using the microscopic agglutination test and histopathologic examination. positive serological findings were found only in 15 red deer and 19 positive serologic reactions were recorded. the most fre ...201425546066
what attracts elk onto cattle pasture? implications for inter-species disease transmission.in southwest alberta, beef cattle and wild elk (cervus elaphus) have similar habitat preferences. understanding their inter-species contact structure is important for assessing the risk of pathogen transmission between them. these spatio-temporal patterns of interactions are shaped, in part, by range management and environmental factors affecting elk distribution. in this study, resource selection modeling was used to identify factors influencing elk presence on cattle pasture and elk selection ...201425218913
spatio-temporal variability of bovine tuberculosis eradication in spain (2006-2011).in this study we analyzed the space-time variation of the risk of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in cattle between 2006 and 2011. the results indicated that at country level, there were no significant temporal changes between years, but, at county level btb evolution was more heterogeneous. in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of spain. the analysis of potential risk factors indicate ...201425113586
the symbiotic intestinal ciliates and the evolution of their hosts.the evolution of sophisticated differentiations of the gastro-intestinal tract enabled herbivorous mammals to digest dietary cellulose and hemicellulose with the aid of a complex anaerobic microbiota. distinctive symbiotic ciliates, which are unique to this habitat, are the largest representatives of this microbial community. analyses of a total of 484 different 18s rrna genes show that extremely complex, but related ciliate communities can occur in the rumen of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer ...201424703617
isolation of mycobacterium caprae (lechtal genotype) from red deer (cervus elaphus) in italy.during tuberculosis (tb) surveillance, 53 hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected to determine whether tb was present in free-ranging animals from an italian alpine area. samples (lungs, liver, intestine, and lymph nodes) were cultured and analyzed by real-time pcr assay carried out directly on tissue. mycobacterium caprae was isolated from small granulomatous, tuberculosis-like lesions in the liver of a 12-yr-old female. identification of suspect colonies was done by pcr restriction fra ...201424499334
acaricide and ivermectin resistance in a field population of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) in the mexican tropics.in the neotropics the control of tick infestations in red deer (cervus elaphus) is achieved primarily through the use of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. in mexico, resistance to one or multiple classes of acaricides has been reported in rhipicephalus microplus infesting cattle, but information on acaricide susceptibility in r. microplus infesting red deer is lacking. in this study we report the level of resistance to different classes of acaricides and ivermectin in r. microplus collected f ...201424365245
origin of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae) on elk in the yukon, canada.winter ticks (dermacentor albipictus) on elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) have recently increased in numbers in the yukon, canada, potentially posing risks to other indigenous host species in the region. to evaluate the regional source of winter ticks in the yukon, we sequenced one nuclear (its-2) and two mitochondrial (16srrna and coi) genes, and genotyped 14 microsatellite loci from 483 winter tick specimens collected across north america. we analyzed genetic variation across the geographic and ...201424779459
partial migration and transient coexistence of migrants and residents in animal populations.partial migration, whereby a proportion of the population migrates, is common across the animal kingdom. much of the focus in the literature has been on trying to explain the underlying mechanisms for the coexistence of migrants and residents. in addition, there has been an increasing number of reports on the prevalence and frequency of partially migratory populations. one possible explanation for the occurrence of partial migration, which has received no attention in the literature, is that of ...201424722396
concentrations of trace elements in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from florida, usa.concentrations of 28 trace elements (li, mg, al, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, ga, as, se, rb, sr, mo, ag, cd, in, sn, sb, cs, tl, hg, pb, and bi) in the livers of juvenile and adult american alligators inhabiting two central florida lakes, lake apopka (la), and lake woodruff national wildlife refuge (lw) and one lagoon population located in merritt island national wildlife refuge (minwr; nasa), were determined. in juveniles from minwr, concentrations of nine elements (li, fe, ni, sr, in, sb, h ...201424698170
trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in yellowstone.we explored multiple linkages among grey wolves (canis lupus), elk (cervus elaphus), berry-producing shrubs and grizzly bears (ursus arctos) in yellowstone national park. we hypothesized competition between elk and grizzly bears whereby, in the absence of wolves, increases in elk numbers would increase browsing on berry-producing shrubs and decrease fruit availability to grizzly bears. after wolves were reintroduced and with a reduced elk population, we hypothesized there would be an increase in ...201424033136
intra- and interspecific differences in diet quality and composition in a large herbivore community.species diversity in large herbivore communities is often explained by niche segregation allowed by differences in body mass and digestive morphophysiological features. based on large number of gut samples in fall and winter, we analysed the temporal dynamics of diet composition, quality and interspecific overlap of 4 coexisting mountain herbivores. we tested whether the relative consumption of grass and browse differed among species of different rumen types (moose-type and intermediate-type), w ...201424586233
influence of group size on the success of wolves hunting bison.an intriguing aspect of social foraging behaviour is that large groups are often no better at capturing prey than are small groups, a pattern that has been attributed to diminished cooperation (i.e., free riding) in large groups. although this suggests the formation of large groups is unrelated to prey capture, little is known about cooperation in large groups that hunt hard-to-catch prey. here, we used direct observations of yellowstone wolves (canis lupus) hunting their most formidable prey, b ...201425389760
characterization of rhodococcus equi isolates from submaxillary lymph nodes of wild boars (sus scrofa), red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus).rhodococcus equi is a soil saprophyte and an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in animals, and rarely in humans. the presence of r. equi in tissues and faeces of some wild animal species was demonstrated previously. in this study we characterized r. equi isolates from submaxillary lymph nodes of free-living wild boars (n=23), red deer (n=2) and roe deer (n=2). this is the first description of r. equi strains isolated from tissues of the cervidae. all isolates were initially recognized as ...201424878324
retrospective study of central nervous system lesions and association with parelaphostrongylus species by histology and specific nested polymerase chain reaction in domestic camelids and wild ungulates.formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from elk (cervus elaphus), goats, and camelids with case histories and lesions suggestive of parelaphostrongylus tenuis were examined by histology to characterize lesions that could aid in definitively diagnosing p. tenuis infection. additionally, sections of paraffin-embedded tissue were used in a nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) using parelaphostrongylus-specific primers to determine how pcr results corresponded with histological findings. histo ...201425274743
spiculopteragia asymmetrica infection in cervus elaphus from iran.spiculopteragia asymmetrica is a gastrointestinal nematode frequently found in the abomasum of cervids. during december and february 2010, two red deer were died in semeskandeh sanctuary in mazandaran province. moreover, five live deer from mentioned area were treated by ivermectin and collected feces of these animals were used for assessment helminthes infection by parasitological methods. several nematodes were recovered in abomasums and in fecal samples of treated animals. number of worms rec ...201425568698
sarcocystis species in red deer revisited: with a re-description of two known species as sarcocystis elongata n. sp. and sarcocystis truncata n. sp. based on mitochondrial cox1 sequences.in a previous investigation, five sarcocystis species were described from norwegian red deer and believed to be conspecific with species occurring in either reindeer or moose based on sarcocyst morphology and nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal dna unit. the aim of the present study was to characterize numerous isolates of these sarcocyst types at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene (cox1) in order to corroborate or refute previous species designations of sarcocystis ...201424230915
[the importance of wildlife as reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in bavaria--first results].the use of antimicrobial agents is responsible for the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. nevertheless, multiresistant bacteria have been found in animals that have never been exposed to antimicrobial agents. wild animals that are carriers of methicillin-resistant organisms represent a hazard since they can transmit their bacteria to other animals and to humans. in the hunting season 2009/2010 nasal swabs of 98 red deer and 109 wild boars were examined for the presence of met ...201424693658
detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) in croatia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a growing public health concern in central and northern european countries. even though tbe is a notifiable disease in croatia, there is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick identification, distribution as well as tbe virus prevalence in ticks or animals. the aim of our study was to identify and to investigate the viral prevalence of tbe virus in ticks removed from red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses hunted in endemic areas in northern croatia ...201424035586
why do cervids feed on aquatic vegetation?consumption of aquatic plants is rare among cervids, despite the common occurrence of this form of vegetation. however, the paucity of literature reporting on this feeding behaviour suggests that na (but also other minerals), protein, and the ubiquitous availability of aquatic vegetation may play a role in its consumption. we present results quantifying those factors that regulate the consumption of aquatic plants in the iberian red deer. we focussed our study primarily on two questions: (i) wha ...201424220797
validation of a single-nucleotide polymorphism panel for parentage testing of farmed red deer.red deer behaviour prevents the accurate physical matching of dams to fawns and, therefore, breeders have to rely on dna-based parentage testing. a panel consisting of 100 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, with an average minor allele frequency of 0.25, was able to resolve 92% of fawns to both parents. in comparison, an existing 12-marker microsatellite panel was able to resolve 68% of fawns to both parents. when excluding dam dna information, the single nucleotide polymorphism panel match ...201424033517
adding structure to land cover - using fractional cover to study animal habitat use.linking animal movements to landscape features is critical to identify factors that shape the spatial behaviour of animals. habitat selection is led by behavioural decisions and is shaped by the environment, therefore the landscape is crucial for the analysis. land cover classification based on ground survey and remote sensing data sets are an established approach to define landscapes for habitat selection analysis. we investigate an approach for analysing habitat use using continuous land cover ...201425709834
cross-amplification of nonspecific microsatellites markers: a useful tool to study endangered/vulnerable species of southern andes deer.thirty-nine microsatellite loci that are highly conserved in red deer, sika deer, reindeer, soay sheep, and other artiodactyls were tested in two vulnerable and endangered neotropical deer (pudu: pudu puda and huemul: hippocamelus bisulcus) with the aim of producing a standardized set of markers that can be used successfully in noninvasive samples from these species. we also compared these nonspecific loci against eight polymorphic loci that were recently developed for huemul to determine whethe ...201424841651
aqueous extract of red deer antler promotes hair growth by regulating the hair cycle and cell proliferation in hair follicles.deer antlers are the only mammalian appendage capable of regeneration. we aimed to investigate the effect of red deer antler extract in regulating hair growth, using a mouse model. the backs of male mice were shaved at eight weeks of age. crude aqueous extracts of deer antler were prepared at either 4 °c or 100 °c and injected subcutaneously to two separate groups of mice (n = 9) at 1 ml/day for 10 consecutive days, with water as a vehicle control group. the mice skin quantitative hair growth pa ...201424695964
campylobacter infection in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain: occurrence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility.a cross-sectional study was performed to assess the occurrence of campylobacter species and to identify potential associated risk factors for wild artiodactyl species in southern spain. campylobacter species were isolated in 55 of 363 (15.2%) faecal samples. campylobacter was identified in faeces from wild boar (49/126; 38.9%), red deer (5/179; 2.8%) and mouflon (1/13; 7.7%) but not from fallow deer (0/45). the isolated campylobacter species were identified as c. jejuni (2 isolates; 3.6%), c. co ...201424462184
sperm flagellum volume determines freezability in red deer spermatozoa.the factors affecting the inter-individual differences in sperm freezability is a major line of research in spermatology. poor sperm freezability is mainly characterised by a low sperm velocity, which in turn is associated with low fertility rates in most animal species. studies concerning the implications of sperm morphometry on freezability are quite limited, and most of them are based on sperm head size regardless of the structural parts of the flagellum, which provides sperm motility. here, ...201425380133
cadmium, lead, and mercury exposure assessment among croatian consumers of free-living game.free-living game can be an important source of dietary cadmium and lead; the question is whether exposure to these two elements is such that it might cause adverse health effects in the consumers. the aim of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury from free-living big game (fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and brown bear), and to mercury from small game (pheasant and hare), hunted in croatia from 1990 to 2012. the exposure assessment was based on avai ...201425205692
interspecies comparison of chlorinated contaminant concentrations and profiles in wild terrestrial mammals from northwest poland.the aim of this study was to determine residual polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and organochlorine pesticides in the adipose tissue of wild terrestrial mammals coming from the same area in northwest poland and to compare the organochlorine content and profile between species. the study was performed on five mammalian species, including omnivores (badger, wild boar, raccoon dog) and herbivores (roe deer, red deer). the obtained results show that the levels of residues of most of the analyzed com ...201424430167
schmallenberg virus infection among red deer, france, 2010-2012.schmallenberg virus infection is emerging in european domestic and wild ruminants. we investigated the serologic status of 9 red deer populations to describe virus spread from september 2010 through march 2012 among wildlife in france. deer in 7 populations exhibited seropositivity, with an average seroprevalence of 20%.201424377838
serosurvey for schmallenberg virus in alpine wild ungulates.because schmallenberg virus (sbv) was first reported in domestic ruminants in northern italy in february 2012, we conducted a serosurvey to assess the presence of sbv-specific antibodies in free-ranging alpine ruminants. the tested serum samples were from chamois (23) and red deer (352) hunted from 2007 to 2013. all of the serum samples collected through september, 2012, tested negative, whereas a single chamois serum and 21 red deer sera taken during the 2012-2013 hunting season tested positive ...201424034277
interaction effects between weather and space use on harvesting effort and patterns in red deer.most cervid populations in europe and north america are managed through selective harvesting, often with age- and sex-specific quotas, with a large influence on the population growth rate. less well understood is how prevailing weather affects harvesting selectivity and off-take indirectly through changes in individual animal and hunter behavior. the behavior and movement patterns of hunters and their prey are expected to be influenced by weather conditions. furthermore, habitat characteristics ...201425558369
long-range gene flow and the effects of climatic and ecological factors on genetic structuring in a large, solitary carnivore: the eurasian lynx.due to their high mobility, large terrestrial predators are potentially capable of maintaining high connectivity, and therefore low genetic differentiation among populations. however, previous molecular studies have provided contradictory findings in relation to this. to elucidate patterns of genetic structure in large carnivores, we studied the genetic variability of the eurasian lynx, lynx lynx throughout north-eastern europe using microsatellite, mitochondrial dna control region and y chromos ...201425551216
genetic differentiation among 6 populations of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in poland based on microsatellite dna polymorphism.recently, there has been considerable interest in genetic differentiation in the cervidae family. a common tool used to determine genetic variation in different species, breeds and populations is dna analysis, which allows for direct determination of the differences and changes within a group of animals. because the analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in different cervidae populations revealed considerable genetic variability in individual populations, it was important to test a set of marke ...201425475981
heritability and cross-sex genetic correlations of early-life circulating testosterone levels in a wild mammal.testosterone is an important hormone that has been shown to have sex-specific links to fitness in numerous species. although testosterone concentrations vary substantially between individuals in a population, little is known about its heritable genetic basis or between-sex genetic correlations that determine its evolutionary potential. we found circulating neonatal testosterone levels to be both heritable (0.160 ± 0.064 s.e.) and correlated between the sexes (0.942 ± 0.648 s.e.) in wild red deer ...201425428929
greece: a balkan subrefuge for a remnant red deer (cervus elaphus) population.a number of phylogeographic studies have revealed the existence of multiple ice age refugia within the balkan peninsula, marking it as a biodiversity hotspot. greece has been reported to harbor genetically differentiated lineages from the rest of balkans for a number of mammal species. we therefore searched for distinct red deer lineages in greece, by analyzing 78 samples originating from its last population in parnitha mountain (central greece). additionally, we tested the impact of human-induc ...201424558101
constructing str multiplexes for individual identification of hungarian red deer.red deer is the most valuable game of the fauna in hungary, and there is a strong need for genetic identification of individuals. for this purpose, 10 tetranucleotide str markers were developed and amplified in two 5-plex systems. the study presented here includes the flanking region sequence analysis and the allele nomenclature of the 10 loci as well as the pcr optimization of the deerplex i and ii. ld pairwise tests and cross-species similarity analyses showed the 10 loci to be independently i ...201424512288
reversible immobilization of free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) with xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and atipamezole.forty-eight free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) were immobilized with xylazine (x) and tiletamine-zolazepam (tz) by dart injection during winter 2008 in norway. a follow-up study in five animals during winter 2010 included arterial blood samples analyzed with a portable clinical analyzer in the field. thirty-five of 48 animals were effectively immobilized and 13 required a second dart. mean ± sd doses were 2.89 ± 0.45 mg x/kg and 2.89 ± 0.45 mg tz/kg in calves and 2.97 ± 0.66 mg x/kg and 1.91 ...201424506427
severe hoof disease in free-ranging roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in southwestern washington, usa.reports of free-ranging roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) with abnormal hooves and lameness increased significantly in southwestern washington, usa, during winter 2008. in march 2009 we examined five severely affected elk with clinical lameness from this region to characterize hoof lesions, examine the general health of affected elk, and potentially identify etiologies causing hoof disease. three clinically normal elk from an adjacent but unaffected region were also collected as normal c ...201424484504
use of stable isotopes to identify dietary differences across subpopulations and sex for a free-ranging generalist herbivore.carbon and nitrogen isotopes in tissues can be used to understand plants consumed by various taxa, but can they provide additional information about consumers? values of δ(13)c and δ(15)n were assessed from tissue of free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) occupying disparate habitats of mixed prairie-oak savannah that contained c3 agricultural crops in a c4-dominated landscape and in key plants consumed by elk. muscle and hoof samples were collected from female and male elk in two subpopulations (for ...201424450704
habitat selection during ungulate dispersal and exploratory movement at broad and fine scale with implications for conservation management.dispersal has a critical influence on demography and gene flow and as such maintaining connectivity between populations is an essential element of modern conservation. advances in satellite radiotelemetry are providing new opportunities to document dispersal, which previously has been difficult to study. this type of data also can be used as an empirical basis for defining landscapes in terms of resistance surfaces, enabling habitat corridors to be identified. however, despite the scale-dependen ...201427148450
element concentrations and element ratios in antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer (cervus elaphus) stags-a quantitative x-ray fluorescence study.the present study compared the concentrations of different elements (ca, p, mg, sr, ba, k, s, zn, mn) as well as ca/p, ca/mg, sr/ca, and ba/ca ratios in hard antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags (n = 11). pedicles showed higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus and a higher ca/mg ratio than antlers, while antlers exhibited higher concentrations of potassium, sulfur, and manganese as well as higher ca/p, sr/ca, and ba/ca ratios. the findings indicate that antlers are less min ...201425319008
oral squamous cell carcinoma in a red deer (cervus elaphus).we describe the pathomorphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics of an oral squamous cell carcinoma in a 13-yr-old, free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in lower saxony, germany.201424171568
condition dependent effects on sex allocation and reproductive effort in sequential hermaphrodites.theory predicts the optimal timing of sex change will be the age or size at which half of an individual's expected fitness comes through reproduction as a male and half through reproduction as a female. in this way, sex allocation across the lifetime of a sequential hermaphrodite parallels the sex allocation of an outbreeding species exhibiting a 1:1 ratio of sons to daughters. however, the expectation of a 1:1 sex ratio is sensitive to variation in individual condition. if individuals within a ...201425302941
a multivariate analysis of genetic constraints to life history evolution in a wild population of red deer.evolutionary theory predicts that genetic constraints should be widespread, but empirical support for their existence is surprisingly rare. commonly applied univariate and bivariate approaches to detecting genetic constraints can underestimate their prevalence, with important aspects potentially tractable only within a multivariate framework. however, multivariate genetic analyses of data from natural populations are challenging because of modest sample sizes, incomplete pedigrees, and missing d ...201425278555
diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration cytology in testicular disorders of red deer (cervus elaphus): a case report.we used fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) to diagnose sertoli cell-only pattern and hypospermatogenesis in an iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). cytologic diagnosis was confirmed by histology and epididymal sperm analysis. we conclude that fnac can be an important diagnostic tool in testicular diseases of wildlife.201425248117
early life expenditure in sexual competition is associated with increased reproductive senescence in male red deer.the evolutionary theories of senescence predict that investment in reproduction in early life should come at the cost of reduced somatic maintenance, and thus earlier or more rapid senescence. there is now growing support for such trade-offs in wild vertebrates, but these exclusively come from females. here, we test this prediction in male red deer (cervus elaphus) using detailed longitudinal data collected over a 40-year field study. we show that males which had larger harems and thereby alloca ...201425122226
novel combinations of nalbuphine and medetomidine for wildlife immobilization.we formulated novel drug combinations of nalbuphine hcl and medetomidine hcl (nalmed), with or without azaperone tartrate, for use in immobilizing rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and potentially for other wildlife species. using the lowest tested nalbuphine dose (0.3 mg/kg) that produced sedation in elk, we initially evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) for immobilizing adult elk. based on initial success, we then conducted follow-up trials to ...201425121404
response of red deer stags (cervus elaphus) to playback of harsh versus common roars.red deer stags (cervus elaphus) give two distinct types of roars during the breeding season, the "common roar" and the "harsh roar." harsh roars are more frequent during contexts of intense competition, and characterized by a set of features that increase their perceptual salience, suggesting that they signal heightened arousal. while common roars have been shown to encode size information and mediate both male competition and female choice, to our knowledge, the specific function of harsh roars ...201425119193
habituating to handling: factors affecting preorbital gland opening in red deer calves.the preorbital gland plays not only an olfactory role in cervids but also a visual one. opening this gland is an easy way for the calf to communicate with the mother, indicating hunger/satiety, stress, pain, fear, or excitement. this information can be also useful for farm operators to assess how fast the calves habituate to handling routines and to detect those calves that do not habituate and may suffer chronic stress in the future. thirty-one calves were subjected to 2 consecutive experiments ...201425035243
use of acepromazine and medetomidine in combination for sedation and handling of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and black bears (ursus americanus).we opportunistically evaluated a combination of acepromazine maleate and medetomidine hcl for use in sedating rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and black bears (ursus americanus) as an alternative to scheduled drug combinations. this combination was safe and effective with limitations inherent in its sedative rather than anesthetic properties.201425014907
effect of pelvic suspension on the instrumental meat quality characteristics of red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) venison.the effect of pelvic and achilles tendon suspension of red and fallow deer carcasses on meat quality parameters were compared. venison was evaluated from red deer stags (n=14), bucks (n=14) and fallow deer does (n=10) between 12 and 36months old. immediately after slaughter, carcasses were split down the dorsal midline and assigned to one of the two hanging methods and ph and core body temperature measured. twenty-four hours post-slaughter muscles were excised. venison from fallow deer and red d ...201424922603
efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (bam) to immobilize rocky mountain elk.we compared dosages of a combination of sedatives, which included butorphanol tartrate, azaperone tartrate, and medetomidine hcl (bam) in captive adult rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). all three bam dosages (low, medium, and high) effectively immobilized elk and produced an adequate level of sedation in all subjects. induction times were similar among the three groups (mean ± sd: low=6.9 ± 1.1 min; medium=6.3 ± 0.9 min; high=4.7 ± 1.3 min). most elk became hypoxemic regardless of bam ...201424807358
dental development pathology in wild artiodactyls: two prehistoric case studies from france.in this paper we report two unique cases of dental development anomalies observed on prehistoric faunal material from france. the first is a severely malformed first incisor from a red deer, dated to the 13th-12th millennium bc, which is interpreted as a composite odontoma, a rare pseudo-tumor of odontogenic origin. the second is a mesolithic (9th-8th millennium bc) wild boar skull presenting an anomalous tooth row including a duplication of the upper left second premolar. both pathologies are d ...201429539502
cementoblastoma in a red deer (cervus elaphus) from the late pleistocene of rochedane, france.only relatively few cases of dental abnormalities in wild ruminants have thus far been described in the paleopathological literature. this study reports a case of cementoblastoma, a benign odontogenic tumor of ectomesenchymal origin, in a red deer (cervus elaphus) from the late pleistocene of rochedane, a prehistoric site in the french jura. the tumor was attached to the root of a heavily worn loose left maxillary third molar. ct imaging revealed several radiolucent (former soft tissue) spaces o ...201529539480
lead, cadmium and organochlorine pesticide residues in hunted red deer and wild boar from northern italy.the objectives of the present study were to assess heavy metal cadmium (cd), lead (pb) and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from nine hunting areas and to evaluate related risk factors for the host animal. over a period of 2 years, a total of 1055 and 210 masseters, 424 and 201 livers, 642 and 152 kidneys were collected from wild boar and red deer, respectively, and concentrations of cd, pb and organochlorine pesticides we ...201526365428
relationship between velvet antler ossification and pth and androgen serum levels in tarim red deer (cervus elaphus).ossification degree is one of the primary variables affecting the medicinal value of velvet antler. multiple factors regulate the calcification of velvet antler. we studied the relationship between the ossification of velvet antlers and the serum levels of parathyroid hormone (pth) and androgen (adg) in tarim red deer. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated that the changes in serum pth and adg levels nearly paralleled antler ossification durin ...201526351085
wear fast, die young: more worn teeth and shorter lives in iberian compared to scottish red deer.teeth in cervidae are permanent structures that are not replaceable or repairable; consequently their rate of wear, due to the grinding effect of food and dental attrition, affects their duration and can determine an animal's lifespan. tooth wear is also a useful indicator of accumulative life energy investment in intake and mastication and their interactions with diet. little is known regarding how natural and sexual selection operate on dental structures within a species in contrasting environ ...201526252380
sexual segregation in north american elk: the role of density dependence.we investigated how density-dependent processes and subsequent variation in nutritional condition of individuals influenced both timing and duration of sexual segregation and selection of resources. during 1999-2001, we experimentally created two population densities of north american elk (cervus elaphus), a high-density population at 20 elk/km(2), and a low-density population at 4 elk/km(2) to test hypotheses relative to timing and duration of sexual segregation and variation in selection of re ...201525691992
pragmatic perspective on conservation genetics and demographic history of the last surviving population of kashmir red deer (cervus elaphus hanglu) in india.the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) is of great conservation concern because it represents the easternmost and only hope for an asiatic survivor of the red deer species in the indian subcontinent. despite the rigorous conservation efforts of the department of wildlife protection in jammu & kashmir, the hangul population has experienced a severe decline in numbers and range contraction in the past few decades. the hangul population once abundant in the past has largely become confined to the dachi ...201525671567
vegetation changes associated with a population irruption by roosevelt elk.interactions between large herbivores and their food supply are central to the study of population dynamics. we assessed temporal and spatial patterns in meadow plant biomass over a 23-year period for meadow complexes that were spatially linked to three distinct populations of roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwestern california. our objectives were to determine whether the plant community exhibited a tolerant or resistant response when elk population growth became irruptive. pla ...201525628868
[identification of antler powder components based on dna barcoding technology].in order to authenticate the components of antler powder in the market, dna barcoding technology coupled with cloning method were used. cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) sequences were obtained according to the dna barcoding standard operation procedure (sop). for antler powder with possible mixed components, the cloning method was used to get each coi sequence. 65 coi sequences were successfully obtained from commercial antler powders via sequencing pcr products. the results indicates that o ...201526837186
circannual changes in serum concentrations of thyroxine, calcitonin and parathormone in immature and mature red deer females (cervus elaphus).the aim of this study was to determine circannual changes in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, calcitonin and parathormone in mature and immature red deer females. blood samples from 8 hinds were collected monthly for 26 months. secretions of thyroxine and calcitonin showed circannual rhythms with significantly higher levels in the immature hinds compared to the mature animals (p<0.05). for thyroxine, the concentration was higher in the winter/spring period than in summer/autumn (p<0.05), w ...201526618595
the larger mammal fauna from the lower paleolithic schöningen spear site and its contribution to hominin subsistence.the locality schöningen (germany) is an important source of knowledge about lower paleolithic hominin subsistence. the locality includes a series of sites dated to the late middle pleistocene with a holsteinian (mis 11) and reinsdorf interglacial (mis 9) age. one of the youngest sites is schöningen 13 ii-4, the spear horizon site also known as the horse butchery site. the organic remains excavated here are exceptionally well-preserved as they were embedded in anaerobic, waterlogged sediments in ...201526607346
[molecular identification of hairy antler by analysis of high resolution melting].high resolution melting (hrm) , an important technology for genotyping and mutation scanning, has broad prospects in the authenticity of traditional chinese medicine. this paper selected universal co i primers and used hrm to establish a new method for authenticity of hairy antler. pcr was conducted at the annealing temperature of 60 °c and 45 cycles. the range of the dna template concentration, the primer concentration and the mg2+ ion concentration were further optimized. the results showed th ...201526137679
assessing nutritional parameters of brown bear diets among ecosystems gives insight into differences among populations.food habit studies are among the first steps used to understand wildlife-habitat relationships. however, these studies are in themselves insufficient to understand differences in population productivity and life histories, because they do not provide a direct measure of the energetic value or nutritional composition of the complete diet. here, we developed a dynamic model integrating food habits and nutritional information to assess nutritional parameters of brown bear (ursus arctos) diets among ...201526083536
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