Publications

xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria secretes proteases and xylanases via the xps type ii secretion system and outer membrane vesicles.	many plant-pathogenic bacteria utilize type ii secretion (t2s) systems to secrete degradative enzymes into the extracellular milieu. t2s substrates presumably mediate the degradation of plant cell wall components during the host-pathogen interaction and thus promote bacterial virulence. previously, the xps-t2s system from xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was shown to contribute to extracellular protease activity and the secretion of a virulence-associated xylanase. the identities and funct ...	2015	26124239
aggressive emerging pathovars of xanthomonas arboricola represent widespread epidemic clones distinct from poorly pathogenic strains, as revealed by multilocus sequence typing.	deep and comprehensive knowledge of the genetic structure of pathogenic species is the cornerstone on which the design of precise molecular diagnostic tools is built. xanthomonas arboricola is divided into pathovars, some of which are classified as quarantine organisms in many countries and are responsible for diseases on nut and stone fruit trees that have emerged worldwide. recent taxonomic studies of the genus xanthomonas showed that strains isolated from other hosts should be classified in x ...	2015	25934623
two different evolutionary lines of filamentous phages in ralstonia solanacearum: their effects on bacterial virulence.	the integration and excision of various filamentous phage genomes into and out of their host chromosomes occurs by site-specific recombination. the mechanisms proposed for these events include reactions mediated by phage-encoded recombinases and host recombination systems. site-specific integration of filamentous phages plays a vital role in a variety of biological functions of the host, such as phase variation of certain pathogenic bacterial virulence factors. the importance of these filamentou ...	2015	26150828
comparative genomics of a cannabis pathogen reveals insight into the evolution of pathogenicity in xanthomonas.	pathogenic bacteria in the genus xanthomonas cause diseases on over 350 plant species, including cannabis (cannabis sativa l.). because of regulatory limitations, the biology of the xanthomonas-cannabis pathosystem remains largely unexplored. to gain insight into the evolution of xanthomonas strains pathogenic to cannabis, we sequenced the genomes of two geographically distinct xanthomonas strains, ncppb 3753 and ncppb 2877, which were previously isolated from symptomatic plant tissue in japan a ...	2015	26136759
plant expansins: diversity and interactions with plant cell walls.	expansins were discovered two decades ago as cell wall proteins that mediate acid-induced growth by catalyzing loosening of plant cell walls without lysis of wall polymers. in the interim our understanding of expansins has gotten more complex through bioinformatic analysis of expansin distribution and evolution, as well as through expression analysis, dissection of the upstream transcription factors regulating expression, and identification of additional classes of expansin by sequence and struc ...	2015	26057089
microbial effectors target multiple steps in the salicylic acid production and signaling pathway.	microbes attempting to colonize plants are recognized through the plant immune surveillance system. this leads to a complex array of global as well as specific defense responses, which are often associated with plant cell death and subsequent arrest of the invader. the responses also entail complex changes in phytohormone signaling pathways. among these, salicylic acid (sa) signaling is an important pathway because of its ability to trigger plant cell death. as biotrophic and hemibiotrophic path ...	2015	26042138
prhn, a putative marr family transcriptional regulator, is involved in positive regulation of type iii secretion system and full virulence of ralstonia solanacearum.	the marr-family of transcriptional regulators are involved in various cellular processes, including resistance to multiple antibiotics and other toxic chemicals, adaptation to different environments and pathogenesis in many plant and animal pathogens. here, we reported a new marr regulator prhn, which was involved in the pathogenesis of ralstonia solanacearum. prhn mutant exhibited significantly reduced virulence and stem colonization compared to that of wild type in tomato plants. prhn mutant c ...	2015	25972849
nuclear processes associated with plant immunity and pathogen susceptibility.	plants are sessile organisms that have evolved exquisite and sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to their biotic and abiotic environment. plants deploy receptors and vast signalling networks to detect, transmit and respond to a given biotic threat by inducing properly dosed defence responses. genetic analyses and, more recently, next-generation -omics approaches have allowed unprecedented insights into the mechanisms that drive immunity. similarly, functional genomics and the emergence of pathogen ...	2015	25846755
bacterial expansins and related proteins from the world of microbes.	the discovery of microbial expansins emerged from studies of the mechanism of plant cell growth and the molecular basis of plant cell wall extensibility. expansins are wall-loosening proteins that are universal in the plant kingdom and are also found in a small set of phylogenetically diverse bacteria, fungi, and other organisms, most of which colonize plant surfaces. they loosen plant cell walls without detectable lytic activity. bacterial expansins have attracted considerable attention recentl ...	2015	25833181
development of pcr and taqman pcr assays to detect pseudomonas coronafaciens, a causal agent of halo blight of oats.	pseudomonas coronafaciens causes halo blight on oats and is a plant quarantine bacterium in many countries, including the republic of korea. using of the certificated seed is important for control of the disease. since effective detection method of p. coronafaciens is not available yet, pcr and taqman pcr assays for specific detection of p. coronafaciens were developed in this study. pcr primers were designed from the draft genome sequence of p. coronafaciens lmg 5060 which was obtained by the n ...	2015	25774107
rpon1, but not rpon2, is required for twitching motility, natural competence, growth on nitrate, and virulence of ralstonia solanacearum.	the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum has two genes encoding for the sigma factor σ(54): rpon1, located in the chromosome and rpon2, located in a distinct "megaplasmid" replicon. in this study, individual mutants as well as a double mutant of rpon were created in r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 in order to determine the extent of functional overlap between these two genes. by virulence assay we observed that rpon1 is required for virulence whereas rpon2 is not. in addition rpon1 controls othe ...	2015	25852679
discovery of core biotic stress responsive genes in arabidopsis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.	intricate signal networks and transcriptional regulators translate the recognition of pathogens into defense responses. in this study, we carried out a gene co-expression analysis of all currently publicly available microarray data, which were generated in experiments that studied the interaction of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana with microbial pathogens. this work was conducted to identify (i) modules of functionally related co-expressed genes that are differentially expressed in response ...	2015	25730421
absence of lysogeny in wild populations of erwinia amylovora and pantoea agglomerans.	lytic bacteriophages are in development as biological control agents for the prevention of fire blight disease caused by erwinia amylovora. temperate phages should be excluded as biologicals since lysogeny produces the dual risks of host resistance to phage attack and the transduction of virulence determinants between bacteria. the extent of lysogeny was estimated in wild populations of e. amylovora and pantoea agglomerans with real-time polymerase chain reaction primers developed to detect e. a ...	2015	25678125
selection of a protein solubilization method suitable for phytopathogenic bacteria: a proteomics approach.	finding the best extraction method of proteins from lysed cells is the key step for detection and identification in all proteomics applications. these are important to complement the knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between plants and phytopathogens causing major economic losses. to develop an optimized extraction protocol, strains of acidovorax citrulli, pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and ralstonia solanacearum were used as representative cells in the study of phytop ...	2015	25670925
plant ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, play a role in nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens.	characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, were identified in the screening. these genes when silenced in n. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hyper ...	2015	26779226
plant ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, play a role in nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens.	characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, were identified in the screening. these genes when silenced in n. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hyper ...	2015	26779226
edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ...	2015	26459509
edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ...	2015	26459509
engineering bacterial surface displayed human norovirus capsid proteins: a novel system to explore interaction between norovirus and ligands.	human noroviruses (hunovs) are major contributors to acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks. many aspects of hunovs are poorly understood due to both the current inability to culture hunovs, and the lack of efficient small animal models. surrogates for hunovs, such as recombinant viral like particles (vlps) expressed in eukaryotic system or p particles expressed in prokaryotic system, have been used for studies in immunology and interaction between the virus and its receptors. however, it ...	2015	26733983
peptidoglycan perception in plants.		2015	26679352
evaluation of a sumo e2 conjugating enzyme involved in resistance to clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in solanum peruvianum, through a tomato mottle virus vigs assay.	clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cmm) causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. currently, no solanum lycopersicum resistant varieties are commercially available, but some degree of cmm resistance has been identified in solanum peruvianum. previous research showed up-regulation of a sumo e2 conjugating enzyme (scei) transcript in s. peruvianum compared to s. lycopersicum following infection with cmm. in order to test the role of scei in resistance to cmm, a fragment of scei from ...	2015	26734014
host target modification as a strategy to counter pathogen hijacking of the jasmonate hormone receptor.	in the past decade, characterization of the host targets of pathogen virulence factors took a center stage in the study of pathogenesis and disease susceptibility in plants and humans. however, the impressive knowledge of host targets has not been broadly exploited to inhibit pathogen infection. here, we show that host target modification could be a promising new approach to "protect" the disease-vulnerable components of plants. in particular, recent studies have identified the plant hormone jas ...	2015	26578782
o antigen modulates insect vector acquisition of the bacterial plant pathogen xylella fastidiosa.	hemipteran insect vectors transmit the majority of plant pathogens. acquisition of pathogenic bacteria by these piercing/sucking insects requires intimate associations between the bacterial cells and insect surfaces. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is the predominant macromolecule displayed on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria and thus mediates bacterial interactions with the environment and potential hosts. we hypothesized that bacterial cell surface properties mediated by lps would be import ...	2015	26386068
pbl13 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that negatively regulates arabidopsis immune responses.	receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) are a subset of plant receptor-like kinases lacking both extracellular and transmembrane domains. some of the 46 members in the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) rlck subfamily vii have been linked to plant innate immunity; however, most remain uncharacterized. thus, multiple subfamily vii members are expected to be involved in plant immune signaling. here, we investigate the role of avrpphb susceptible1-like13 (pbl13), a subfamily vii rlck with unique ...	2015	26432875
mini-tn7 vectors for stable expression of diguanylate cyclase pled* in gram-negative bacteria.	the cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) is currently considered an ubiquitous second messenger in bacteria that influences a wide range of cellular processes. one of the methodological approaches to unravel c-di-gmp regulatory networks involves raising the c-di-gmp intracellular levels, e.g. by expressing a diguanylate cyclase (dgc), to provoke phenotypic changes.	2015	26415513
selection and validation of potato candidate genes for maturity corrected resistance to phytophthora infestans based on differential expression combined with snp association and linkage mapping.	late blight of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) caused by the oomycete phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary, is one of the most important bottlenecks of potato production worldwide. cultivars with high levels of durable, race unspecific, quantitative resistance are part of a solution to this problem. however, breeding for quantitative resistance is hampered by the correlation between resistance and late plant maturity, which is an undesirable agricultural attribute. the objectives of our research ...	2015	26442110
maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response.	in plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding leu-rich repeat (nlr) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr) upon pathogen recognition. the maize (zea mays) nlr protein rp1-d21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two nlrs, rp1-d and rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive hr in the absence of pathogen infection. from a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide ...	2015	26373661
novel glucose-1-phosphatase with high phytase activity and unusual metal ion activation from soil bacterium pantoea sp. strain 3.5.1.	phosphorus is an important macronutrient, but its availability in soil is limited. many soil microorganisms improve the bioavailability of phosphate by releasing it from various organic compounds, including phytate. to investigate the diversity of phytate-hydrolyzing bacteria in soil, we sampled soils of various ecological habitats, including forest, private homesteads, large agricultural complexes, and urban landscapes. bacterial isolate pantoea sp. strain 3.5.1 with the highest level of phytas ...	2015	26209662
genome-wide identification and validation of reference genes in infected tomato leaves for quantitative rt-pcr analyses.	the gram-negative bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) causes bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato by direct translocation of type iii effector proteins into the plant cell cytosol. once in the plant cell the effectors interfere with host cell processes and manipulate the plant transcriptome. quantitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) is usually the method of choice to analyze transcriptional changes of selected plant genes. reliable results depend, however, on measuring stably expre ...	2015	26313760
xanthomonas campestris cell-cell signalling molecule dsf (diffusible signal factor) elicits innate immunity in plants and is suppressed by the exopolysaccharide xanthan.	several secreted and surface-associated conserved microbial molecules are recognized by the host to mount the defence response. one such evolutionarily well-conserved bacterial process is the production of cell-cell signalling molecules which regulate production of multiple virulence functions by a process known as quorum sensing. here it is shown that a bacterial fatty acid cell-cell signalling molecule, dsf (diffusible signal factor), elicits innate immunity in plants. the dsf family of signal ...	2015	26248667
the xanthomonas effector xopj triggers a conditional hypersensitive response upon treatment of n. benthamiana leaves with salicylic acid.	xopj is a xanthomonas type iii effector protein that promotes bacterial virulence on susceptible pepper plants through the inhibition of the host cell proteasome and a resultant suppression of salicylic acid (sa) - dependent defense responses. we show here that nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing xopj display hypersensitive response (hr) -like symptoms when exogenously treated with sa. this apparent avirulence function of xopj was further dependent on effector myristoylation as w ...	2015	26284106
stress-responsive expression, subcellular localization and protein-protein interactions of the rice metacaspase family.	metacaspases, a class of cysteine-dependent proteases like caspases in animals, are important regulators of programmed cell death (pcd) during development and stress responses in plants. the present study was focused on comprehensive analyses of expression patterns of the rice metacaspase (osmc) genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress-related hormones. results indicate that members of the osmc family displayed differential expression patterns in response to abiotic (e.g., dro ...	2015	26193260
the sulfur/sulfonates transport systems in xanthomonas citri pv. citri.	the xanthomonas citri pv. citri (x. citri) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that infects different species of citrus plants where it causes canker disease. the adaptation to different habitats is related to the ability of the cells to metabolize and to assimilate diverse compounds, including sulfur, an essential element for all organisms. in escherichia coli, the necessary sulfur can be obtained by a set of proteins whose genes belong to the cys regulon. although the cys regulon proteins and their ...	2015	26169280
tight regulation of plant immune responses by combining promoter and suicide exon elements.	effector-triggered immunity (eti) is activated when plant disease resistance (r) proteins recognize the presence of pathogen effector proteins delivered into host cells. the eti response generally encompasses a defensive 'hypersensitive response' (hr) that involves programmed cell death at the site of pathogen recognition. while many r protein and effector protein pairs are known to trigger hr, other components of the eti signaling pathway remain elusive. effector genes regulated by inducible pr ...	2015	26138488
small rnas--the secret agents in the plant-pathogen interactions.	eukaryotic regulatory small rnas (srnas) that induce rna interference (rnai) are involved in a plethora of biological processes, including host immunity and pathogen virulence. in plants, diverse classes of srnas contribute to the regulation of host innate immunity. these immune-regulatory srnas operate through distinct rnai pathways that trigger transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene silencing. similarly, many pathogen-derived srnas also regulate pathogen virulence. remarkably, the influe ...	2015	26123395
chloroplast stromules function during innate immunity.	inter-organellar communication is vital for successful innate immune responses that confer defense against pathogens. however, little is known about how chloroplasts, which are a major production site of pro-defense molecules, communicate and coordinate with other organelles during defense. here we show that chloroplasts send out dynamic tubular extensions called stromules during innate immunity or exogenous application of the pro-defense signals, hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and salicylic acid. int ...	2015	26120031
global transcriptional analysis of burkholderia pseudomallei high and low biofilm producers reveals insights into biofilm production and virulence.	chronic bacterial infections occur as a result of the infecting pathogen's ability to live within a biofilm, hence escaping the detrimental effects of antibiotics and the immune defense system. burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative facultative pathogen, is distinctive in its ability to survive within phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, to persist in vivo for many years and subsequently leading to relapse as well as the development of chronic disease. the capacity to persist has been attrib ...	2015	26092034
specific detection and identification of american mulberry-infecting and italian olive-associated strains of xylella fastidiosa by polymerase chain reaction.	xylella fastidiosa causes bacterial leaf scorch in many landscape trees including elm, oak, sycamore and mulberry, but methods for specific identification of a particular tree host species-limited strain or differentiation of tree-specific strains are lacking. it is also unknown whether a particular landscape tree-infecting x. fastidiosa strain is capable of infecting multiple landscape tree species in an urban environment. we developed two pcr primers specific for mulberry-infecting strains of ...	2015	26061051
the knottin-like blufensin family regulates genes involved in nuclear import and the secretory pathway in barley-powdery mildew interactions.	plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to control a multi-layered defense response to microbial attack. both temporal and spatial gene expression are tightly regulated in response to pathogen ingress, modulating both positive and negative control of defense. blufensins, small knottin-like peptides in barley, wheat, and rice, are highly induced by attack from fungal pathogens, in particular, the obligate biotrophic fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), causal agent of barley p ...	2015	26089830
phylogenomics of xanthomonas field strains infecting pepper and tomato reveals diversity in effector repertoires and identifies determinants of host specificity.	bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato is caused by four distinct xanthomonas species and is a severely limiting factor on fruit yield in these crops. the genetic diversity and the type iii effector repertoires of a large sampling of field strains for this disease have yet to be explored on a genomic scale, limiting our understanding of pathogen evolution in an agricultural setting. genomes of 67 xanthomonas euvesicatoria (xe), xanthomonas perforans (xp), and xanthomonas gardneri (xg) strai ...	2015	26089818
minimal genomes of mycoplasma-related endobacteria are plastic and contain host-derived genes for sustained life within glomeromycota.	arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf, glomeromycota) colonize roots of the majority of terrestrial plants. they provide essential minerals to their plant hosts and receive photosynthates in return. all major lineages of amf harbor endobacteria classified as mollicutes, and known as mycoplasma-related endobacteria (mre). except for their substantial intrahost genetic diversity and ability to transmit vertically, virtually nothing is known about the life history of these endobacteria. to understand m ...	2015	25964324
cyclic nucleotide gated channel gene family in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.	the cyclic nucleotide gated channel (cngc) is suggested to be one of the important calcium conducting channels. nevertheless, genome-wide identification and systemic functional analysis of cngc gene family in crop plant species have not yet been conducted. in this study, we performed genome-wide identification of cngc gene family in the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed function of the group ivb slcngc genes in disease resistance. eighteen cngc genes were ...	2015	25999969
a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize leaf cells to form tumors.	the biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize (zea mays) and induces tumors in the plant tissues. u. maydis deploys many effector proteins to manipulate its host. previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. here, we present the functional characterization of the effector see1 (seedling efficient effector1). see1 is required for the reactivation of plant dna syn ...	2015	25888589
pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase caaldh1 interacts with xanthomonas effector avrbst and promotes effector-triggered cell death and defence responses.	xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death and defence responses in pepper (capsicum annuum) and nicotiana benthamiana. little is known about the host factors that interact with avrbst. here, we identified pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (caaldh1) as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between caaldh1 and avrbst in planta. caaldh1:smgfp fluorescence was detected in the cyto ...	2015	25873668
unmasking host and microbial strategies in the agrobacterium-plant defense tango.	coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. eloquently captured in the red queen hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or pamps, that are harbingers of microbial presence. upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of ...	2015	25873923
osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin.	osmotin is a stress responsive antifungal protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related (pr)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. protective efforts of osmotin in plants range from high temperature to cold and salt to drought. it lyses the plasma membrane of the pathogens. it is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. it is a differentially expressed and developmentally regulated protein that protects the cells from osmotic stress and invading patho ...	2015	25852715
ecological genomics in xanthomonas: the nature of genetic adaptation with homologous recombination and host shifts.	comparative genomics provides insights into the diversification of bacterial species. bacterial speciation usually takes place with lasting homologous recombination, which not only acts as a cohering force between diverging lineages but brings advantageous alleles favored by natural selection, and results in ecologically distinct species, e.g., frequent host shift in xanthomonas pathogenic to various plants.	2015	25879893
structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley.	the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ...	2015	25732064
myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management.	nanotechnology can offer green and eco-friendly alternatives for plant disease management. apart from being eco-friendly, fungi are used as bio-manufacturing units, which will provide an added benefit in being easy to use, as compared to other microbes. the non-pathogenic nature of some fungal species in combination with the simplicity of production and handling will improve the mass production of silver nanoparticles. recently, a diverse range of fungi have been screened for their ability to cr ...	2015	26019636
the xanthomonas campestris type iii effector xopj proteolytically degrades proteasome subunit rpt6.	many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria inject type iii effector (t3e) proteins into their eukaryotic host cells to suppress immunity. the yersinia outer protein j (yopj) family of t3es is a widely distributed family of effector proteins found in both animal and plant pathogens, and its members are highly diversified in virulence functions. some members have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity; however, whether this is a general feature of yopj family t3es is currently unknown. th ...	2015	25739698
the capsicum annuum class iv chitinase chitiv interacts with receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase pik1 to accelerate pik1-triggered cell death and defence responses.	the pepper receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase, capik1, which mediates signalling of plant cell death and defence responses was previously identified. here, the identification of a class iv chitinase, cachitiv, from pepper plants (capsicum annuum), which interacts with capik1 and promotes capik1-triggered cell death and defence responses, is reported. cachitiv contains a signal peptide, chitin-binding domain, and glycol hydrolase domain. cachitiv expression was up-regulated by xanthomonas c ...	2015	25694549
a tale of transposition: tn3-like transposons play a major role in the spread of pathogenicity determinants of xanthomonas citri and other xanthomonads.	members of the genus xanthomonas are among the most important phytopathogens. a key feature of xanthomonas pathogenesis is the translocation of type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector proteins (t3ses) into the plant target cells via a t3ss. several t3ses and a murein lytic transglycosylase gene (mlt, required for citrus canker symptoms) are found associated with three transposition-related genes in xanthomonas citri plasmid pxac64. these are flanked by short inverted repeats (irs). the region ...	2015	25691597
long-chain bases, phosphatidic acid, mapks, and reactive oxygen species as nodal signal transducers in stress responses in arabidopsis.	due to their sessile condition, plants have developed sensitive, fast, and effective ways to contend with environmental changes. these mechanisms operate as informational wires conforming extensive and intricate networks that are connected in several points. the responses are designed as pathways orchestrated by molecules that are transducers of protein and non-protein nature. their chemical nature imposes selective features such as specificity, formation rate, and generation site to the informa ...	2015	25763001
downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica.	downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. the occurrence of outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 (eco157) and salmonella enterica typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens und ...	2015	25648408
arabidopsis hfr1 is a potential nuclear substrate regulated by the xanthomonas type iii effector xopd(xcc8004).	xopdxcc8004, a type iii effector of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) 8004, is considered a shorter version of the xopd, which lacks the n-terminal domain. to understand the functions of xopdxcc8004, in planta, a transgenic approach combined with inducible promoter to analyze the effects of xopdxcc8004 in arabidopsis was done. here, the expression of xopdxcc8004, in arabidopsis elicited the accumulation of host defense-response genes. these molecular changes were dependent on salicylic ...	2015	25647296
functional analysis of plant defense suppression and activation by the xanthomonas core type iii effector xopx.	many phytopathogenic type iii secretion effector proteins (t3es) have been shown to target and suppress plant immune signaling but perturbation of the plant immune system by t3es can also elicit a plant response. xopx is a "core" xanthomonas t3e that contributes to growth and symptom development during xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection of tomato but its functional role is undefined. we tested the effect of xopx on several aspects of plant immune signaling. xopx promoted ethylene production and ...	2015	25338145
perturbation of maize phenylpropanoid metabolism by an avre family type iii effector from pantoea stewartii.	avre family type iii effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. however, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. wtse is an avre family member required for the ability of pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (z ...	2015	25635112
hydrogen cyanide in the rhizosphere: not suppressing plant pathogens, but rather regulating availability of phosphate.	plant growth promoting rhizobacteria produce chemical compounds with different benefits for the plant. among them, hcn is recognized as a biocontrol agent, based on its ascribed toxicity against plant pathogens. based on several past studies questioning the validity of this hypothesis, we have re-addressed the issue by designing a new set of in vitro experiments, to test if hcn-producing rhizobacteria could inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. the level of hcn produced by the rhizobacteria in v ...	2016	27917154
the rna-binding protein csra plays a central role in positively regulating virulence factors in erwinia amylovora.	the gacs/gaca two-component system (also called grrs/grra) is a global regulatory system which is highly conserved among gamma-proteobacteria. this system positively regulates non-coding small regulatory rna csrb, which in turn binds to the rna-binding protein csra. however, how gacs/gaca-csr system regulates virulence traits in e. amylovora remains unknown. results from mutant characterization showed that the csrb mutant was hypermotile, produced higher amount of exopolysaccharide amylovoran, a ...	2016	27845410
mir1918 enhances tomato sensitivity to phytophthora infestans infection.	late blight of tomato is caused by the oomycete pathogen phytophthora infestans. in our previous work, we identified and characterized a mir1918 in p. infestans (pi-mir1918), and showed that its sequence is similar to the sequence of tomato mir1918 (sly-mir1918). in this study, we used arabidopsis thaliana pre-mir159a as a backbone to synthesize pi-mir1918 via pcr and mutagenesis. the artificial pi-mir1918 was used to investigate the role of mir1918 in tomato-p. infestans interaction. trangenic ...	2016	27779242
isolation, identification and characterization of paenibacillus polymyxa cr1 with potentials for biopesticide, biofertilization, biomass degradation and biofuel production.	paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium that could be exploited as an environmentally friendlier alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. various strains have been isolated that can benefit agriculture through antimicrobial activity, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, plant hormone production, or lignocellulose degradation. however, no single strain has yet been identified in which all of these advantageous traits have been confirmed.	2016	27756215
the historical role of species from the solanaceae plant family in genetic research.	this article evaluates the main contributions of tomato, tobacco, petunia, potato, pepper and eggplant to classical and molecular plant genetics and genomics since the beginning of the twentieth century. species from the solanaceae family form integral parts of human civilizations as food sources and drugs since thousands of years, and, more recently, as ornamentals. some solanaceous species were subjects of classical and molecular genetic research over the last 100 years. the tomato was one of ...	2016	27744490
regulation of stomatal defense by air relative humidity.	it has long been observed that environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants and animals. for instance, many bacterial plant disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. a critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds and natural openings, such as stomata, which are adjustable microscopic pores in the epidermal tissue. several studies have shown that stomatal closure is an integral part of the p ...	2016	27702841
a non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in arabidopsis thaliana.	proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins. here, we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [sbt5.2(b)] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity. the sbt5.2 gene produces two distinct transcripts encoding a canonical secreted subtilase [sbt5.2(a)] and an intracellular protein [sbt5.2(b)]. concomitant to sbt5.2(a) downregulation, sbt5.2(b) expression is induc ...	2016	27685353
map-based cloning and characterization of the bph18 gene from wild rice conferring resistance to brown planthopper (bph) insect pest.	brown planthopper (bph) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice which causes severe yield loss. we cloned the bph18 gene from the bph-resistant introgression line derived from the wild rice species oryza australiensis. map-based cloning and complementation test revealed that the bph18 encodes cc-nbs-nbs-lrr protein. bph18 has two nbs domains, unlike the typical nbs-lrr proteins. the bph18 promoter::gus transgenic plants exhibited strong gus expression in the vascular bundles of the leaf shea ...	2016	27682162
quantitative proteomics reveals the defense response of wheat against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.	wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. in this study, we used an itraq-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible pst race cyr23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar suwon11. a total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. quantitative analysis sh ...	2016	27678307
a small cysteine-rich protein from the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, suppresses plant immunity.	the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. molecular mechanisms by which p. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. the genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (sscrp). while these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. here, we present the characterization of p. pachyrhizi effect ...	2016	27676173
calecrk-s.5, a pepper l-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming.	in arabidopsis, several l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks) have been identified as putative immune receptors. however, to date, there have been few analyses of lecrks in crop plants. virus-induced gene silencing of calecrk-s.5 verified the role of calecrk-s.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. compared with control plants, calecrk-s.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation ...	2016	27647723
the proteasome acts as a hub for plant immunity and is targeted by pseudomonas type iii effectors.	recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in several aspects of plant immunity and that a range of plant pathogens subvert the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enhance their virulence. here, we show that proteasome activity is strongly induced during basal defense in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). mutant lines of the proteasome subunits rpt2a and rpn12a support increased bacterial growth of virulent pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pst) and pseudomonas sy ...	2016	27613851
the arabidopsis protein phosphatase pp2c38 negatively regulates the central immune kinase bik1.	plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) via cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to prr-triggered immunity (pti). the arabidopsis cytoplasmic kinase bik1 is a downstream substrate of several prr complexes. how plant pti is negatively regulated is not fully understood. here, we identify the protein phosphatase pp2c38 as a negative regulator of bik1 activity and bik1-mediated immunity. pp2c38 dynamically associates with bik1, as well as with ...	2016	27494702
surface immobilization of human arginase-1 with an engineered ice nucleation protein display system in e. coli.	ice nucleation protein (inp) is frequently used as a surface anchor for protein display in gram-negative bacteria. here, male and tora signal peptides, and three charged polypeptides, 6×lys, 6×glu and 6×asp, were anchored to the n-terminus of truncated inp (inak-n) to improve its surface display efficiency for human arginase1 (arg1). our results indicated that the tora signal peptide increased the surface translocation of non-protein fused inak-n and human arg1 fused inak-n (inak-n/arg1) by 80.7 ...	2016	27479442
responses to combined abiotic and biotic stress in tomato are governed by stress intensity and resistance mechanism.	stress conditions in agricultural ecosystems can occur at variable intensities. different resistance mechanisms against abiotic stress and pathogens are deployed by plants. thus, it is important to examine plant responses to stress combinations under different scenarios. here, we evaluated the effect of different levels of salt stress ranging from mild to severe (50, 100, and 150mm nacl) on powdery mildew resistance and overall performance of tomato introgression lines with contrasting levels of ...	2016	27436279
the xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria type-3 effector xopb inhibits plant defence responses by interfering with ros production.	the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10 (xcv) translocates about 30 type-3 effector proteins (t3es) into pepper plants (capsicum annuum) to suppress plant immune responses. among them is xopb which interferes with pti, eti and sugar-mediated defence responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and direct targets are unknown so far. here, we examined the xopb-mediated suppression of plant defence responses in more detail. infection of susceptible pepper plants wi ...	2016	27398933
function of succinoglycan polysaccharide in sinorhizobium meliloti host plant invasion depends on succinylation, not molecular weight.	the acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant medicago truncatula and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. s. meliloti mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs. s. meliloti exoh mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large q ...	2016	27329751
coronatine facilitates pseudomonas syringae infection of arabidopsis leaves at night.	in many land plants, the stomatal pore opens during the day and closes during the night. thus, periods of darkness could be effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves through stomata, the primary sites for infection by many pathogens. pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000 produces coronatine (cor) and opens stomata, raising an intriguing question as to whether this is a virulence strategy to facilitate bacterial infection at night. in fact, we found that (a) biological conce ...	2016	27446113
multiple patterns of regulation and overexpression of a ribonuclease-like pathogenesis-related protein gene, ospr10a, conferring disease resistance in rice and arabidopsis.	an abundant 17 kda rnase, encoded by ospr10a (also known as pbz1), was purified from pi-starved rice suspension-cultured cells. biochemical analysis showed that the range of optimal temperature for its rnase activity was 40-70°c and the optimum ph was 5.0. disulfide bond formation and divalent metal ion mg2+ were required for the rnase activity. the expression of ospr10a::gus in transgenic rice was induced upon phosphate (pi) starvation, wounding, infection by the pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. ...	2016	27258121
a phytophthora sojae effector pscrn63 forms homo-/hetero-dimers to suppress plant immunity via an inverted association manner.	oomycete pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection. their mode of action are largely unknown. here we show that a phytophthora sojae effector, pscrn63, suppresses flg22-induced expression of frk1 gene, a molecular marker in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti). however, pscrn63 does not suppress upstream signaling events including flg22-induced mapk activation and bik1 phosphorylation, indicating that it acts downstream of mapk cascades. ...	2016	27243217
multiple targets of salicylic acid and its derivatives in plants and animals.	salicylic acid (sa) is a critical plant hormone that is involved in many processes, including seed germination, root initiation, stomatal closure, floral induction, thermogenesis, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. its central role in plant immunity, although extensively studied, is still only partially understood. classical biochemical approaches and, more recently, genome-wide high-throughput screens have identified more than two dozen plant sa-binding proteins (sabps), as well as mu ...	2016	27303403
transgenic soybean overexpressing gmsamt1 exhibits resistance to multiple-hg types of soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines.	soybean (glycine max (l.) merr.) salicylic acid methyl transferase (gmsamt1) catalyses the conversion of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. prior results showed that when gmsamt1 was overexpressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots, resistance is conferred against soybean cyst nematode (scn), heterodera glycines ichinohe. in this study, we produced transgenic soybean overexpressing gmsamt1 and characterized their response to various scn races. transgenic plants conferred a significant reduction ...	2016	27064027
type iii-dependent translocation of hrpb2 by a nonpathogenic hpaabc mutant of the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to translocate effector proteins into plant cells. the t3s apparatus spans both bacterial membranes and is associated with an extracellular pilus and a channel-like translocon in the host plasma membrane. t3s is controlled by the switch protein hpac, which suppresses secretion and translocation of the predicted inner rod protein hrpb2 and promotes secretion of translocon and effector p ...	2016	27016569
genomic screens identify a new phytobacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern and the cognate arabidopsis receptor-like kinase that mediates its immune elicitation.	the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns during infection is central to the mounting of an effective immune response. in spite of their importance, it remains difficult to identify these molecules and the host receptors required for their perception, ultimately limiting our understanding of the role of these molecules in the evolution of host-pathogen relationships.	2016	27160854
light suppresses bacterial population through the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in tobacco leaves infected with pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (pst) is a hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen responsible for tobacco wildfire disease. although considerable research has been conducted on the tobacco plant's tolerance to pst, the role of light in the responses of the photosystems to pst infection is poorly understood. this study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the reduced photosystem damage in tobacco leaves due to pst infection under light conditions. compared to dark conditions, pst infection ...	2016	27148334
elucidation of a masked repeating structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of the halotolerant soil bacteria azospirillum halopraeferens au4.	an o-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide isolated by the phenol-water extraction from the halotolerant soil bacteria azospirillum halopraeferens type strain au4. the polysaccharide was studied by sugar and methylation analyses, selective cleavages by smith degradation and solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid, one- and two-dimensional (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following masked repeating structure of the o-specific polysaccharide was es ...	2016	27340454
overexpression of slupa-like induces cell enlargement, aberrant development and low stress tolerance through phytohormonal pathway in tomato.	upa20 induces cell enlargement and hypertrophy development. in our research, overexpression of slupa-like, orthologous to upa20, severely affected the growth of vegetative and reproductive tissues. wilted leaves curled upwardly and sterile flowers were found in transgenic lines. through anatomical analysis, palisade and spongy tissues showed fluffy and hypertrophic development in transgenic plants. gene expression analysis showed that ga responsive, biosynthetic and signal transduction genes (e. ...	2016	27025226
katg, the bifunctional catalase of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, responds to hydrogen peroxide and contributes to epiphytic survival on citrus leaves.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker. this bacterium is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ros) at different points during its life cycle, including those normally produced by aerobic respiration or upon exposition to ultraviolet (uv) radiation. moreover, ros are key components of the host immune response. among enzymatic ros-detoxifying mechanisms, catalases eliminate h2o2, avoiding the potential damage caused by this specie. xcc genome includes f ...	2016	26990197
are pectin esterase inhibitor genes involved in mediating resistance to rhynchosporium commune in barley?	a family of putative pectin esterase inhibitor (pei) genes, which were detected in the genomic region co-segregating with the resistance gene rrs2 against scald caused by rhynchosporium commune in barley, were characterized and tested for their possible involvement in mediating resistance to the pathogen by complementation and overexpression analysis. the sequences of the respective genes were derived from two bac contigs originating from the susceptible cultivar 'morex'. for the genes hvpei2, h ...	2016	26937960
global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the cross-road.	current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. however, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signalin ...	2016	26941757
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wrky gene family in capsicum annuum l.	the wrky family of transcription factors is one of the most important families of plant transcriptional regulators with members regulating multiple biological processes, especially in regulating defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little information is available about wrkys in pepper (capsicum annuum l.). the recent release of completely assembled genome sequences of pepper allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for pepper wrky proteins. in the present study, a total ...	2016	26941768
fire blight disease reactome: rna-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to erwinia amylovora pathogen infection.	the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. rna-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. in presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. these included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen relate ...	2016	26883568
mapk cascades in guard cell signal transduction.	guard cells form stomata on the epidermis and continuously respond to endogenous and environmental stimuli to fine-tune the gas exchange and transpirational water loss, processes which involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapks form three-tiered kinase cascades with mapk kinases and mapk kinase kinases, by which signals are transduced to the target proteins. mapk cascade genes are highly conserved in all eukaryotes, and they play crucial roles in myriad developmental and phy ...	2016	26904052
identification of pectin degrading enzymes secreted by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and determination of their role in virulence on rice.	xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (xoo) causes the serious bacterial blight disease of rice. xoo secretes a repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (cwdes) like cellulases, xylanases, esterases etc., which act on various components of the rice cell wall. the major cellulases and xylanases secreted by xoo have been identified and their role in virulence has been determined. in this study, we have identified some of the pectin degrading enzymes of xoo and assessed their role in virulence. bioin ...	2016	27907079
inducible expression of the de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide sp1-1 in tomato confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides with less than 50 amino acids and are part of the innate immune response in almost all organisms, including bacteria, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. amps are active against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. the inducible expression of amps in plants is a promising approach to combat plant pathogens with minimal negative side effects, such as phytotoxicity or infertility. in this study, inducible expression of the de-novo designed amp sp1-1 in ...	2016	27706237
plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application.	this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ...	2016	27706100
differential control efficacies of vitamin treatments against bacterial wilt and grey mould diseases in tomato plants.	bacterial wilt and grey mould in tomato plants are economically destructive bacterial and fungal diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum and botrytis cinerea, respectively. various approaches including chemical and biological controls have been attempted to arrest the tomato diseases so far. in this study, in vitro growths of bacterial r. solanacearum and fungal b. cinerea were evaluated using four different vitamins including thiamine (vitamin b1), niacin (vitamin b3), pyridoxine (vitamin b6) ...	2016	27721697
chilli anthracnose: the epidemiology and management.	indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. the flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. besides being a vital ingredient of of indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in indian economy. chilli also ha ...	2016	27746765
xanthomonas campestris fabh is required for branched-chain fatty acid and dsf-family quorum sensing signal biosynthesis.	xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), a gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, causes black rot disease of cruciferous vegetables. although xcc has a complex fatty acid profile comprised of straight-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids (bcfas), and encodes a complete set of genes required for fatty acid synthesis, there is still little known about the mechanism of bcfa synthesis. we reported that expression of xcc fabh restores the growth of ralstonia solanacearum fabh mutan ...	2016	27595587
how auxin and cytokinin phytohormones modulate root microbe interactions.	a large range of microorganisms can associate with plants, resulting in neutral, friendly or hostile interactions. the ability of plants to recognize compatible and incompatible microorganisms and to limit or promote their colonization is therefore crucial for their survival. elaborated communication networks determine the degree of association between the host plant and the invading microorganism. central to these regulations of plant microbe interactions, phytohormones modulate microorganism p ...	2016	27588025
behind the lines-actions of bacterial type iii effector proteins in plant cells.	pathogenicity of most gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. type iii effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. one major virulence function of type iii effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. type ...	2016	27526699
nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens.		2016	27513453
the plant cell wall: a complex and dynamic structure as revealed by the responses of genes under stress conditions.	the plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. it provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. the cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different str ...	2016	27559336