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the trinity of covid-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. alongside investigations into the virology of sars-cov-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of covid-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of sars-cov-2 infection. we describe the inter ...202032346093
molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the emergence of sars-cov-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the twenty-first century. in this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the gene ...202032282863
interorganizational coordination and collaboration during the 2015 mers-cov response in south korea.this study examined the way organizations were involved in the response to the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov, mers) outbreak that occurred in korea in 2015.202032279680
remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits rna-dependent rna polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency.effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are urgently needed to control this current pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). replication of sars-cov-2 depends on the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), which is the likely target of the investigational nucleotide analogue remdesivir (rdv). rdv shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity against rna viruses, and previous studies with rdrps from ebola virus and middle east respiratory ...202032284326
insight into 2019 novel coronavirus - an updated interim review and lessons from sars-cov and mers-cov.the rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by a zoonotic beta-coronavirus entitled 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), has become a global threat. awareness of the biological features of 2019-ncov should be updated in time and needs to be comprehensively summarized to help optimize control measures and make therapeutic decisions.202032247050
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein suppresses type i and type iii interferon induction by targeting rig-i signaling.type i and type iii interferons (ifns) are the frontline of antiviral defense mechanisms that trigger hundreds of downstream antiviral genes. in this study, we observed that mers-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein suppresses type i and type iii ifn gene expression. the n protein suppresses sendai virus-induced ifn-β and ifn-λ1 by reducing their promoter activity and mrna levels, as well as downstream ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) is known to recognize viral rna an ...202032295922
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and covid-19 infection during pregnancy. 202032247017
[progress and challenge of vaccine development against 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-ncov)].the outbreak of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) infection poses a serious threat to global public health. vaccination is an effective way to prevent the epidemic of the virus. 2019-ncov along with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) belong to the same β-genus of coronavirus family. basing on the previous experience and the technical platform of developing sars-cov and mers-cov vaccines, scientists from all over t ...202032234130
[epidemiology, treatment, and epidemic prevention and control of the coronavirus disease 2019: a review].this review summarizes the ongoing researches regarding etiology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, treatment, and prevention and control strategies of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), with comparison to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and pandemic h1n1 virus. sars-cov-2 may be originated from bats, and the patients and asymptomatic c ...202032220177
managing oncology services during a major coronavirus outbreak: lessons from the saudi arabia experience.outbreaks of infectious etiology, particularly those caused by a novel virus that has no known treatment or vaccine, may result in the interruption of medical care provided to patients with cancer and put them at risk for undertreatment in addition to the risk of being exposed to infection, a life-threatening event among patients with cancer. this article describes the approach used to manage patients with cancer during a large-scale middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus hospital outbreak ...202032216653
covid-19 and the digestive system.the novel coronavirus disease is currently causing a major pandemic. it is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a member of the betacoronavirus genus that also includes the sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. while patients typically present with fever and a respiratory illness, some patients also report gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. studies have identified the sars-cov-2 rna in stool specim ...202032215956
cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with covid-19.in december 2019, the world started to face a new pandemic situation, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). although coronavirus disease (covid-19) clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, major cardiac complications are being reported. cardiac manifestations etiology seems to be multifactorial, comprising direct viral myocardial damage, hypoxia, hypotension, enhanced inflammatory status, ace2-receptors downregulation, drug toxicity, endogenous catecholamine ad ...202032270559
cd-sace2 inclusion compounds: an effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).coronaviruses are common human viruses and include the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the sars-cov-2. coronaviruses mainly bind to transmembrane receptor proteins on the human cell membrane through spike proteins (s-proteins), thus releasing the rna of the virus into the interior of the host cell to cause an infection. in this article, we discuss the mechanism and production of cyclodextrin-soluble angiotensin-conver ...202032232976
competing endogenous rna network profiling reveals novel host dependency factors required for mers-cov propagation.circular rnas (circrnas) are an integral component of the host competitive endogenous rna (cerna) network. these noncoding rnas are characterized by their unique splicing reactions to form covalently closed loop structures and play important rna regulatory roles in cells. recent studies showed that circrna expressions were perturbed in viral infections and circrnas might serve as potential antiviral targets. we investigated the host cerna network changes and biological relevance of circrnas in h ...202032223537
the origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak - an update on the status.an acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2, previously known as 2019-ncov), the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has spread throughout china and received worldwide attention. on 30 january 2020, world health organization (who) officially declared the covid-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. the emergence of sars-cov-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002 and middle east respiratory syndrome cor ...202032169119
the potential chemical structure of anti-sars-cov-2 rna-dependent rna polymerase.an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) occurred in wuhan and it has rapidly spread to almost all parts of the world. for coronaviruses, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is an important polymerase that catalyzes the replication of rna from rna template and is an attractive therapeutic target. in this study, we screened these chemical structures from traditional chinese medicinal compounds proven to show antiviral activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) ...202032167173
novel coronavirus 2019-ncov: prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics comparison with sars-cov and mers-cov.human infections with zoonotic coronavirus contain emerging and reemerging pathogenic characteristics which have raised great public health concern. this study aimed at investigating the global prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus, wuhan china (2019-ncov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection outbreaks.202032141570
compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus.currently, the expansion of the novel human respiratory coronavirus (known as sars-cov-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], covid-2019 [coronavirus disease 2019], or 2019-ncov [2019 novel coronavirus]) has stressed the need for therapeutic alternatives to alleviate and stop this new epidemic. the previous epidemics of infections by high-morbidity human coronaviruses, such as sars-cov in 2003 and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, prompted the cha ...202032152082
serologic detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus functional antibodies.we developed and validated 2 species-independent protein-based assays to detect middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus functional antibodies that can block virus receptor-binding or sialic acid-attachment. antibody levels measured in both assays correlated strongly with virus-neutralizing antibody titers, proving their use for serologic confirmatory diagnosis of middle east respiratory syndrome.202032150528
a numerical study of ventilation strategies for infection risk mitigation in general inpatient wards.aerial dispersion of human exhaled microbial contaminants and subsequent contamination of surfaces is a potential route for infection transmission in hospitals. most general hospital wards have ventilation systems that drive air and thus contaminants from the patient areas towards the corridors. this study investigates the transport mechanism and deposition patterns of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) within a typical six bedded general inpatient ward cubicle through numer ...202032211123
antiviral therapy in management of covid-19: a systematic review on current evidence.the purpose of the current systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral therapies in treatment of covid-19. in addition, clinical trials on the efficacy of antiviral therapies in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) or middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have also been reviewed, in order to identify potential treatment options for covid-19.202032309809
the first clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in oman: time to act.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), is an emerging infectious disease of growing global importance. this review describes the latest mers-cov clusters and the first cases of nosocomial transmission within health care facilities in oman. we have highlighted lessons learned and proposed steps to prevent healthcare-associated infections.202032307315
mers-cov spike protein vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine formulated with single strand rna adjuvant induce t-cell activation through intranasal immunization in mice.the effectiveness of vaccines is enhanced by adding adjuvants. furthermore, the selection of an inoculation route depends on the type of adjuvant used and is important for achieving optimum vaccine efficacy. we investigated the immunological differences between two types of vaccines-spike protein from the middle east respiratory syndrome virus and inactivated influenza virus vaccine, in combination with a single-stranded rna adjuvant-administered through various routes (intramuscular, intraderma ...202032397649
anesthetic and surgical management of tracheostomy in a patient with covid-19.the ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) infection causes severe respiratory dysfunction and has become an emergent issue for worldwide healthcare. since covid-19 spreads through contact and droplet infection routes, careful attention to infection control and surgical management is important to prevent cross-contamination of patients and medical staff. tracheostomy is an effective method to treat severe respiratory dysfunction with prolonged respiratory management and should be p ...202032345515
novel guanosine derivatives against mers cov polymerase: an in silico perspective.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers cov), also termed camel flu, is a new viral infection that first reported in the year 2012 in the middle east region and further spread during the last seven years. mers cov is characterized by its high mortality rate among different human coronaviruses. mers cov polymerase shares more than 20% sequence identity with the hepatitis c virus (hcv) non-structural 5b (ns5b) rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). despite the low sequence identity, t ...202032306854
coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: covid-19, sars-cov-1, mers-cov and lessons from the past.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus strain disease, has recently emerged in china and rapidly spread worldwide. this novel strain is highly transmittable and severe disease has been reported in up to 16% of hospitalized cases. more than 600,000 cases have been confirmed and the number of deaths is constantly increasing. covid-19 hospitalized patients, especially those suffering from severe respiratory or systemi ...202032305883
a quality evaluation of guidelines on five different viruses causing public health emergencies of international concern.this project aims to evaluate the methods and reporting quality of practice guidelines of five different viruses that have caused public health emergencies of international concern (pheic) over 20 past years: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), zika virus and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). we systematically searched databases, guideline websites and government health ...202032395544
role of the eye in transmitting human coronavirus: what we know and what we do not know.the outbreak of the current 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov, now named sars-cov-2) infection has become a worldwide health threat. currently, more information is needed so as to further understand the transmission and clinical characteristics of 2019-ncov infection and the infection control procedures required. recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-ncov has been intensively discussed. previous investigations of other highly infectious human covs, that is, severe acute respiratory ...202032391309
the current and future state of vaccines, antivirals and gene therapies against emerging coronaviruses.emerging coronaviruses (cov) are constant global public health threats to society. multiple ongoing clinical trials for vaccines and antivirals against covs showcase the availability of medical interventions to both prevent and treat the future emergence of highly pathogenic covs in human. however, given the diverse nature of covs and our close interactions with wild, domestic and companion animals, the next epidemic zoonotic cov could resist the existing vaccines and antivirals developed, which ...202032390971
improving detection and response to respiratory events - kenya, april 2016-april 2020.respiratory pathogens, such as novel influenza a viruses, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), are of particular concern because of their high transmissibility and history of global spread (1). clusters of severe respiratory disease are challenging to investigate, especially in resource-limited settings, and disease etiology often is not well understood. in 2014, endorsed by the group of seven (g7),* the g ...202032379727
application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses.nanotechnology and nanomedicine have excellent potential in dealing with a range of different health problems, including viruses, which are considered to be a serious challenge in the medical field. application of nanobiotechnology could represent a new avenue for the treatment or disinfection of viruses. there is increasing concern regarding the control of coronaviruses, among these, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute res ...202032378459
coronavirus infections: epidemiological, clinical and immunological features and hypotheses.coronaviruses (covs) are a large family of enveloped, positive-strand rna viruses. four human covs (hcovs), the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-like hcovs (namely hcov 229e, nl63, oc43, and hku1), are globally endemic and account for a substantial fraction of upper respiratory tract infections. non-sars-like cov can occasionally produce severe diseases in frail subjects but do not cause any major (fatal) epidemics. in contrast, sars like covs (namely sars-cov and middle-east respira ...202032292881
a review of sars-cov-2 and the ongoing clinical trials.the sudden outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov, later named sars-cov-2) in wuhan, china, which rapidly grew into a global pandemic, marked the third introduction of a virulent coronavirus into the human society, affecting not only the healthcare system, but also the global economy. although our understanding of coronaviruses has undergone a huge leap after two precedents, the effective approaches to treatment and epidemiological control are still lacking. in this article, we present a ...202032290293
the rationale for potential pharmacotherapy of covid-19.on 11 march 2020, the coronavirus disease (covid-19) was defined by the world health organization as a pandemic. severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (sars-cov-2) is the newly evolving human coronavirus infection that causes covid-19, and it first appeared in wuhan, china in december 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. covid-19 is being increasingly investigated through virology, epidemiology, and clinical management strategies. there is currently no established consensus on the standard ...202032423024
identifying research trends and gaps in the context of covid-19.the covid-19 pandemic has affected the world in different ways. not only are people's lives and livelihoods affected, but the virus has also affected people's lifestyles. in the research sector, there have been significant changes, and new research is coming very strongly in the related fields of virology and epidemiology. similar trends were observed after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) episodes of 2003 an ...202032408679
analysis of the healthcare mers-cov outbreak in king abdulaziz medical center, riyadh, saudi arabia, june-august 2015 using a seir ward transmission model.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic coronavirus that has a tendency to cause significant healthcare outbreaks among patients with serious comorbidities. we analyzed hospital data from the mers-cov outbreak in king abdulaziz medical center, riyadh, saudi arabia, june-august 2015 using the susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (seir) ward transmission model. the seir compartmental model considers several areas within the hospital where transmission oc ...202032340361
animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential.pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. when a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. in this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. we discuss interpretations of the experime ...202032337177
covid-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov)-2, a novel coronavirus from the same family as sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, has spread worldwide leading the world health organization to declare a pandemic. the disease caused by sars-cov-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), presents flu-like symptoms which can become serious in high-risk individuals. here, we provide an overview of the known clinical features and treatment options for covid-19. we carried ...202032348588
is the collapse of the respiratory center in the brain responsible for respiratory breakdown in covid-19 patients?following the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, we are now again facing a global highly pathogenic novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) epidemic. although the lungs are one of the most critically affected organs, several other organs, including the brain may also get infected. here, we have highlighted that sars-cov-2 might infect the central nervous system (cns) through the olfactory ...202032348111
what's new with the old coronaviruses?coronaviruses contribute to the burden of respiratory diseases in children, frequently manifesting in upper respiratory symptoms considered to be part of the "common cold." recent epidemics of novel coronaviruses recognized in the 21st century have highlighted issues of zoonotic origins of transmissible respiratory viruses and potential transmission, disease, and mortality related to these viruses. in this review, we discuss what is known about the virology, epidemiology, and disease associated ...202032314790
recent apprise on coronavirus and its terrible insinuations.epidemically increased evidence reveals that the link between the 2019-ncov and other similar strain of coronaviruses circulating in bats and specifically the rhinopodous bat sub-species. these sub-species are ample and widely present in southern china, middle east africa and europe. recent studies show that more than 500 cov have been identified in bats in china. the center for diseases control and prevention and the world health organization maintains a website that is updated frequently with ...202032313822
safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia virus ankara vector vaccine candidate for middle east respiratory syndrome: an open-label, phase 1 trial.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a respiratory disease with a case fatality rate of up to 35%. given its potential to cause a public health emergency and the absence of efficacious drugs or vaccines, mers is one of the who priority diseases warranting urgent research and development of countermeasures. we aimed to assess safety and tolerability of an anti-mers-cov modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva)-based vaccine candidate that expresses the mers-cov spike glyc ...202032325037
myocardial injury and covid-19: possible mechanisms.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has quickly progressed to a global health emergency. respiratory illness is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients with the disease spectrum ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infection, to severe pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome. there is growing evidence describing pathophysiological resemblance of sars-cov-2 infection with other coronavirus infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ...202032360126
corrigendum to "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and covid-19 infection during pregnancy" [trav med infect dis. (2020) 101641].[this corrects the article doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101641.].202032359917
demographic, clinical, and outcomes of confirmed cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in najran, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa); a retrospective record based study.mers is caused by a viral infection, which was first identified in ksa, 2012. mers-cov infection consequences with either hospitalization or death.202032354534
covid-19: look to the future, learn from the past.there is a current pandemic of a new type of coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the number of confirmed infected cases has been rapidly increasing. this paper analyzes the characteristics of sars-cov-2 in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and influenza. covid-19 is similar to the diseases caused by sars-cov and mers-cov virologically and etiologically, but c ...202033138262
covid-19: the epidemiology and treatment.after initially emerging in late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has spread rapidly to cause a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is a betacoronavirus that is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, all of which can cause severe lung injury, respiratory distress and cytokine storm. while mortality rates associated with sars-cov-2 are lower tha ...202033135928
gordian knot: gastrointestinal lesions caused by three highly pathogenic coronaviruses from sars-cov and mers-cov to sars-cov-2.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), is currently spreading around the world. the who declared on january 31 that the outbreak of sars-cov-2 was a public health emergency. sars-cov-2 is a member of highly pathogenic coronavirus group that also consists of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). although respiratory tract lesions wer ...202033131637
the prevalence of mers-cov among military personnel and their families: a single center study.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a betacoronavirus that results in a severe fatal respiratory disease; however, it is also associated with mild inapparent infections. the western part of the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) contains the holy places where millions of muslims gathered from all over the world, all year round, with a high probability of mass disease transmission. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of mers-cov among military personnel and thei ...202033128396
changes in physiology and immune system during pregnancy and coronavirus infection: a review.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the 3rd epidemic coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). since december 2019, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by sars-cov-2 has aroused great attention around the world. pregnant women and their fetuses have been concerned as a high-risk population. we explained why pregnant women are susceptible to coronavi ...202033125977
animal models for sars-cov-2 research: a comprehensive literature review.emerging and reemerging viral diseases can create devastating effects on human lives and may also lead to economic crises. the ongoing covid-19 pandemic due to the novel coronavirus (ncov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which originated in wuhan, china, has caused a global public health emergency. to date, the molecular mechanism of transmission of sars-cov-2, its clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis are not completely understood. the global scientific commun ...202033128861
the molecular virology of coronaviruses.few human pathogens have been the focus of as much concentrated worldwide attention as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of covid-19. its emergence into the human population and ensuing pandemic came on the heels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), two other highly pathogenic coronavirus spillovers, which collectively have reshaped our view of a virus family previously assoc ...202032661197
impact of thiol-disulfide balance on the binding of covid-19 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has led to an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19), which started in 2019. this is a member of coronaviridae family in the genus betacoronavirus, which also includes sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the functional receptor for sars-cov and sars-cov-2 to enter the host cells. in particular, the interaction of viral sp ...202032656452
evolving sequence mutations in the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has continued to cause sporadic outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection over the last 8 years.202032654959
the spatial allocation of hospitals with negative pressure isolation rooms in korea: are we prepared for new outbreaks?allocation of adequate healthcare facilities is one of the most important factors that public health policymakers consider when preparing for infectious disease outbreaks. negative pressure isolation rooms (npirs) are one of the critical resources for control of infectious respiratory diseases, such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak. however, there is insufficient attention to efficient allocation of npir-equipped hospitals.202032654437
masks for prevention of respiratory virus infections, including sars-cov-2, in health care and community settings : a living rapid review.recommendations on masks for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vary.202032579379
systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of nanoscale materials against coronaviruses-possible potential antiviral agents for sars-cov-2.the available antiviral agents and their potential for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak are important interventions. a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize the available evidence on the efficacy of nanoscale materials against coronaviruses in vitro and in animal models. pubmed, scopus and wiley online library databases were searched up to 4 march 2020. studies that developed the efficacy of nanoscale materials against coronaviruses were inc ...202032603297
nosocomial outbreak of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a phylogenetic, epidemiological, clinical and infection control analysis.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to cause intermittent community and nosocomial outbreaks. obtaining data on specific source(s) and transmission dynamics of mers-cov during nosocomial outbreaks has been challenging. we performed a clinical, epidemiological and phylogenetic investigation of an outbreak of mers-cov at a university hospital in riyadh, kingdom of saudi arabia.202032599173
a close look at the biology of sars-cov-2, and the potential influence of weather conditions and seasons on covid-19 case spread.there is sufficient epidemiological and biological evidence of increased human susceptibility to viral pathogens such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and influenza virus, in cold weather. the pattern of outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in china during the flu season is further proof that meteorological conditions may potentially influence the susceptibility of human populations to coronaviruses, a situation th ...202032586369
persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in aerosol suspensions.we aerosolized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and determined that its dynamic aerosol efficiency surpassed those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome. although we performed experiment only once across several laboratories, our findings suggest retained infectivity and virion integrity for up to 16 hours in respirable-sized aerosols.202032568661
surveillance and testing for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, saudi arabia, march 2016-march 2019.during march 2016-march 2019, a total of 200,936 suspected cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection were identified in saudi arabia; infections were confirmed in 698 cases (0.3% [0.7/100,000 population per year]). continued surveillance is necessary for early case detection and timely infection control response.202032568049
drug discovery strategies for sars-cov-2.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a novel disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov)-2 virus that was first detected in december of 2019 in wuhan, china, and has rapidly spread worldwide. the search for a suitable vaccine as well as effective therapeutics for the treatment of covid-19 is underway. drug repurposing screens provide a useful and effective solution for identifying potential therapeutics against sars-cov-2. for example, the experimental drug r ...202032723801
advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of covid-19.since the end of 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (covid-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. previously, there were two outbreaks of severe coronavirus caused by different coronaviruses worldwide, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). this article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epide ...202032714083
the potential effects of dpp-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular system in covid-19 patients.with the outbreak of a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the public healthcare systems are facing great challenges. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) could develop into severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure. remarkably, in addition to the respiratory symptoms, some covid-19 patients also suffer from cardiovascular injuries. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) is a ubiquitous glycoprotein which could act both as a c ...202032713161
autophagy/virophagy: a "disposal strategy" to combat covid-19.given the devastating consequences of the current covid-19 pandemic and its impact on all of us, the question arises as to whether manipulating the cellular degradation (recycling, waste disposal) mechanism known as macroautophagy/autophagy (in particular, the selective degradation of virus particles, termed virophagy) might be a beneficial approach to fight the novel coronavirus, sars-cov-2. knowing that "autophagy can reprocess everything", it seems almost inevitable that, sooner rather than l ...202032578486
obstetric management of covid-19 in pregnant women.the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), which is caused by the novel beta coronavirus, sars-cov-2, is currently prevalent all over the world, causing thousands of deaths with relatively high virulence. like two other notable beta coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), sars-cov-2 can lead to severe contagious respiratory disease. due to impaired cellular immunity and physiological changes, pre ...202032574255
ly6e impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease.zoonotic coronaviruses (covs) are significant threats to global health, as exemplified by the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) 1 . host immune responses to cov are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. however, the interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit cov are not well characterized 2 . here, we show that interferon-inducible lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus e (ly6e) potently restricts cellular infection by mult ...202032511345
single-cell rna analysis on ace2 expression provides insights into sars-cov-2 potential entry into the bloodstream and heart injury.coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) is a global pandemic with high infectivity and pathogenicity, accounting for tens of thousands of deaths worldwide. recent studies have found that the pathogen of covid-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), shares the same cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme ii (ace2) as sars-cov. the pathological investigation of covid-19 deaths showed that the lungs had characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis. however, how sars-cov-2 spreads ...202032510598
the influence of interferon-lambda on restricting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in the respiratory epithelium.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory in human with high mortality and it has been a challenge to determine optimum treatment for mers-cov-induced respiratory infection. here, we observed the distribution of mers-cov receptors using human respiratory mucosa and also evaluated the contribution of interferon-lambdas (ifn-λs) in response to mers-cov infection using in vitro normal human nasal epithelial (nhne) and bronchial epithelial (nhbe) cells. we fou ...202032565134
household secondary attack rate of covid-19 and associated determinants in guangzhou, china: a retrospective cohort study.as of june 8, 2020, the global reported number of covid-19 cases had reached more than 7 million with over 400 000 deaths. the household transmissibility of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), remains unclear. we aimed to estimate the secondary attack rate of sars-cov-2 among household and non-household close contacts in guangzhou, china, using a statistical transmission model.202032562601
[importance of corneal organ culture in donors with possible sars-cov-2 infections].the appearance of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov‑2) poses challenges in ophthalmology particularly for eye banks. a valid risk assessment for the removal and processing of donor corneas is difficult due to the lack of data. the risk to infect transplant recipients with sars-cov‑2 still appears very unlikely due to the experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus(‑1) (sars-cov(‑1)) and middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov); ...202032556552
insights into sars-cov-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach.the sudden emergence of severe respiratory disease, caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has recently become a public health emergency. genome sequence analysis of sars-cov-2 revealed its close resemblance to the earlier reported sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). however, initial testing of the drugs used against sars-cov and mers-cov has been ineffective in controlling sars-cov-2. the present study highlights the gen ...202032544429
severe coronavirus infections in pregnancy: a systematic review.to inform the current coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak, we conducted a systematic literature review of case reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus that causes covid-19, during pregnancy and summarized clinical presentation, course of illness, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.202032544146
social distancing and transmission-reducing practices during the 2019 coronavirus disease and 2015 middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks in korea.the absence of effective antiviral medications and vaccines increased the focus on non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors for mitigating against the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to examine the current status of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors practiced during the covid-19 outbreak and factors affecting behavioral activities, we compared to the 2015 middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak in korea.202032537955
assessment of th1/th2 cytokines among patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a member of the beta-coronavirus genus of zoonotic origin that emerged in the arabian peninsula and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. this study was conducted to assess the plasma levels of cytokines to evaluate the th1/th2 status among 46 mers-cov infected patients (19 asymptomatic and 27 symptomatic) and 52 normal healthy controls using a customized luminex kit. comparative analysis of data between mers-cov infect ...202032645711
neuroinvasive potential of a primary respiratory pathogen sars- cov2: summarizing the evidences.after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the last two decades, the world is facing its new challenge in sars-cov-2 pandemic with unfathomable global responses. the characteristic clinical symptoms for coronavirus (covid-19) affected patients are high fever, dry-cough, dyspnoea, lethal pneumonia whereas some patients also show additional neurological signs such as headache, nausea, vomiting etc. ...202032640417
clinical characteristics of two human-to-human transmitted coronaviruses: corona virus disease 2019 vs. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.subsequent to a global outbreak of the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) in 2012, a novel human coronavirus, known as corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) has caused a major disease outbreak. the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to compare epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features of covid-19 and mers-cov populations.202032495918
advances in the relationship between coronavirus infection and cardiovascular diseases.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has once again aroused people's concern about coronavirus. seven human coronaviruses (hcovs) have been discovered so far, including hcov-229e, hcov-nl63, hcov-oc43, hcov-hku115, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. existing studies show that the cardiovascular disease increased the incidence and severity of coronavirus infection. at the s ...202032428835
particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against mers-cov.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a who priority pathogen for which vaccines are urgently needed. using an immune-focusing approach, we created self-assembling particles multivalently displaying critical regions of the mers-cov spike protein ─fusion peptide, heptad repeat 2, and receptor binding domain (rbd) ─ and tested their immunogenicity and protective capacity in rabbits. using a "plug-and-display" spytag/spycatcher system, we coupled rbd to lumazine synthase (ls) p ...202032471334
the potency of an anti-mers coronavirus subunit vaccine depends on a unique combinatorial adjuvant formulation.vaccination is one of the most successful strategies to prevent human infectious diseases. combinatorial adjuvants have gained increasing interest as they can stimulate multiple immune pathways and enhance the vaccine efficacy of subunit vaccines. we investigated the adjuvanticity of aluminum (alum) in combination with rasp-1, a protein adjuvant, using the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus mers-cov receptor-binding-domain (rbd) vaccine antigen. a highly enhanced anti-mers-cov neutrali ...202032471056
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus deficient in rna cap guanine-n-7 methylation is attenuated and induces higher type i and iii interferon responses.the 5' cap methylation of viral rna plays important roles in rna stability, efficient translation, and immune evasion. thus, rna cap methylation is an attractive target for antiviral discovery and development of new live attenuated vaccines. for coronaviruses, rna cap structure is first methylated at the guanine-n-7 (g-n-7) position by nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14), which facilitates and precedes the subsequent ribose 2'-o methylation by the nsp16-nsp10 complex. using porcine epidemic diarrhe ...202032461321
preparedness and response to covid-19 in saudi arabia: building on mers experience.nearly four months have passed since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), which caused the rapidly spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to date, there have been more than 2.3 million confirmed cases and more than 160,000 deaths globally caused by covid-19. chinese health authorities, where the virus emerged, have taken prompt strict public health measures to control and prevent the spread of the outbreak. in saudi arabia, unprecede ...202032451260
covid-19 target: a specific target for novel coronavirus detection.an ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus has been reported worldwide and become a global health problem; hence, the diagnosis and differentiation of this virus from other types of coronavirus is essential to control of the disease. to this end, the analysis of genomics data plays a vital role in introducing a stronger target and consequently provides better results in laboratory examinations. the modified comparative genomics approach helps us to find novel specific t ...202032510005
the psychological impact of covid-19 pandemic on health care workers in a mers-cov endemic country.the global pandemic of coronavirus disease of 2019 (covid-19) has led to unprecedented psychological stress on health workers (hcws). we aimed to assess the psychological impact of covid-19 on hcws in comparison to the stress brought on by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) epidemic in saudi arabia.202032505461
comparison of confirmed covid-19 with sars and mers cases - clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.within this large-scale study, we compared clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiographic signs, and outcomes of covid-19, sars, and mers to find unique features.202032502331
long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or icu admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis.to determine long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus infections after hospitalization or intensive care unit admission.202032449782
the hallmarks of covid-19 disease.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic of the human respiratory illness covid-19, resulting in a severe threat to public health and safety. analysis of the genetic tree suggests that sars-cov-2 belongs to the same betacoronavirus group as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). although the route for viral transmission remains a mystery, ...202032442210
a global treatments for coronaviruses including covid-19.in late december 2019 in wuhan, china, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov). so far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and influenza virus. in this article, we have tried to ...202032394467
prevention and treatment of covid-19 disease by controlled modulation of innate immunity.the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an enormous threat to global public health and economies. human coronaviruses normally cause no or mild respiratory disease but in the past two decades, potentially fatal coronavirus infections have emerged, causing respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. these include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), follow ...202032438473
short report on implications of covid-19 and emerging zoonotic infectious diseases for pastoralists and africa.many emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infectious diseases occur in africa. these are projected to increase as human-animal host contact increases owing to increasing environmental degradation that shrinks nature habitats for wildlife over the continent. the current outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (covid-19) has reinvigorated discourse on the disruptiveness of the zoonotic emerging infectious diseases, o ...202032537120
vaccination strategies to combat novel corona virus sars-cov-2.the 2019-novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) is caused by sars-cov-2 is transmitted from human to human has recently reported in china. now covid-19 has been spread all over the world and declared epidemics by who. it has caused a public health emergency of international concern. the elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and cytokine storm. due to the rapid i ...202032535078
potential of coronavirus 3c-like protease inhibitors for the development of new anti-sars-cov-2 drugs: insights from structures of protease and inhibitors.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), similar to sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which belong to the same betacoronavirus genus, induces severe acute respiratory disease that is a threat to human health. since the outbreak of infection by sars-cov-2 began, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the disease has rapidly spread worldwide. thus, a search for effective drugs able to inhibit sars-cov-2 has become a global pursuit ...202032534187
the indian perspective of covid-19 outbreak.the emerging infection of covid-19 was initiated from wuhan, china, have been spread to more than 210 countries around the globe including india. the clinical symptoms of covid-19 are very similar to other respiratory viruses. the number of laboratory-confirmed cases and associated deaths are increasing regularly in various parts of the world. seven coronaviruses (229e, nl63, oc43, hku1, sars, mers and, covid-19) can naturally infect human beings. out of these four (229e-cov, nl63-cov, oc43-cov, ...202032368570
multicenter evaluation of the cepheid xpert xpress sars-cov-2 test.nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) are the primary means of identifying acute infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). accurate and fast test results may permit more efficient use of protective and isolation resources and allow rapid therapeutic interventions. we evaluated the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of the xpert xpress sars-cov-2 (xpert) test, a rapid, automated molecular test for sars-cov-2. analytical sensitivity and ...202032366669
the role of human coronavirus infection in pediatric acute gastroenteritis.since human coronavirus (hcov)-like particles were detected in the stool specimens of acute gastroenteritis and necrotizing enterocolitis children with electron microscopy, the relationship between hcov and the pediatric gastrointestinal illness had been recognized. in recent years, the overall detection rates have been low and have varied by region. hcovs have not been considered as the major pathogens in pediatric acute gastroenteritis. hcovs detected in children with acute gastroenteritis hav ...202032433226
the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak at king abdul-aziz medical city-riyadh from emergency medical services perspective.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a form of an infectious respiratory disease, discovered in november 2012 in saudi arabia. according to the world health organization (who; geneva, switzerland) reports, a total of 2,519 laboratory-confirmed cases and 866 mers-cov-related deaths were recorded as of march 5, 2016.1 the majority of reported cases originated from saudi arabia (2,121 cases). also, mers-cov is believed to be of zoonotic origin and has been linked to camels in ...202032431260
the anticoagulant nafamostat potently inhibits sars-cov-2 s protein-mediated fusion in a cell fusion assay system and viral infection in vitro in a cell-type-dependent manner.although infection by sars-cov-2, the causative agent of coronavirus pneumonia disease (covid-19), is spreading rapidly worldwide, no drug has been shown to be sufficiently effective for treating covid-19. we previously found that nafamostat mesylate, an existing drug used for disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), effectively blocked middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) s protein-mediated cell fusion by targeting transmembrane serine protease 2 (tmprss2), and inhibited ...202032532094
covid-19 pandemic and current medical interventions.first humanoid coronavirus was discovered in the middle of 1960s, the class of viruses are considered to be a huge threat. the first onset of human coronavirus, sars (sars-cov) appeared in 2003 which spanned five continents having lethal effects on human population accompanied by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2012 with a death rate of 35%. the viruses remain a threat till date and are of serious concern since no vaccine or specified drug therapy has been approbated for trea ...202032499154
passive immunity for coronavirus disease 2019: a commentary on therapeutic aspects including convalescent plasma.in the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the novel virus sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is infecting a naïve population. the innate immunity of the infected patient is unable to mount an effective defense, resulting in a severe illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. as most treatment modalities including antivirals and anti-inflammatory agents are mostly ineffective, an immunological approach is needed. the mechanism of innate immun ...202032526774
autophagy as an emerging target for covid-19: lessons from an old friend, chloroquine.during the last week of december 2019, wuhan (china) was confronted with the first case of respiratory tract disease 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). due to the rapid outbreak of the transmission (~3.64 million positive cases and high mortality as of 5 may 2020), the world is looking for immediate and better therapeutic options. still, much information is not known, including origin of the disease, complete genomic ...202032522067
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