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utility of proteomics in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases caused by rna viruses.emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to rna viruses cause major negative consequences for the quality of life, public health, and overall economic development. most of the rna viruses causing illnesses in humans are of zoonotic origin. zoonotic viruses can directly be transferred from animals to humans through adaptation, followed by human-to-human transmission, such as in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respir ...202033095583
pharmacological insight into potential therapeutic agents for the deadly covid-19 pandemic.coronaviruses are pleomorphic, enveloped, or spherical viruses, which have a size ranging from 80 to 120 nm. these viruses act on receptors that cause the triggering of fusion. coronaviruses were first described after cultivation from patients with common colds by tyrell and bynoe in 1966. there are various subtypes of coronavirus, 7 out of these can cause infection in human beings. the alpha subtype is responsible for mild infection showing symptoms or infection without any prevailing symptoms. ...202033065092
single-dose intranasal administration of adcovid elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against sars-cov-2 in mice.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for effective preventive vaccination to reduce burden and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in humans. intranasal vaccination is an attractive strategy to prevent covid-19 as the nasal mucosa represents the first-line barrier to sars-cov-2 entry before viral spread to the lung. although sars-cov-2 vaccine development is rapidly progressing, the current intramuscular vaccin ...202033052351
from people to panthera: natural sars-cov-2 infection in tigers and lions at the bronx zoo.despite numerous barriers to transmission, zoonoses are the major cause of emerging infectious diseases in humans. among these, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and ebolaviruses have killed thousands; the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has killed millions. zoonoses and human-to-animal cross-species transmission are driven by human actions and have important management, conservation, and public health implications. the current sars-cov-2 pande ...202033051368
2019-ncov may create complications in colon cancer patients with ace2 expression.since december 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) has emerged from wuhan, china, causing symptoms in humans. much remains unknown about 2019-ncov, especially the additional risks that 2019-ncov infection may pose for colon cancer patients. many reports show that angiotensin converting enzyme ii (ace2) is the cell receptor through which 2019-ncov enters host cells, and this is similar to the cell entry mechanism of sars coronavirus. previous studies show that ace2 is highly expressed in the ga ...202033042335
favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in sars-cov-2-infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in wuhan in december 2019. with no specific therapeutic and prophylactic options available, the virus has infected millions of people of which more than half a million succumbed to the viral disease, covid-19. the urgent need for an effective treatment together with a lack of small animal infection models has led to clinical trials using repurposed drugs without preclinical evidence o ...202033037151
potential zoonotic sources of sars-cov-2 infections.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causing coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) likely has evolutionary origins in other animals than humans based on genetically related viruses existing in rhinolophid bats and pangolins. similar to other animal coronaviruses, sars-cov-2 contains a functional furin cleavage site in its spike protein, which may broaden the sars-cov-2 host range and affect pathogenesis. whether ongoing zoonotic infections are possible in addition to ef ...202033034151
predicting susceptibility to sars-cov-2 infection based on structural differences in ace2 across species.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the cause of the global pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). sars-cov-2 is a zoonotic disease, but little is known about variations in species susceptibility that could identify potential reservoir species, animal models, and the risk to pets, wildlife, and livestock. certain species, such as domestic cats and tigers, are susceptible to sars-cov-2 infection, while other species such as mice and chickens are not. most ani ...202033015868
experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with sars-cov-2: pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats.the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has reached nearly every country in the world with extraordinary person-to-person transmission. the most likely original source of the virus was spillover from an animal reservoir and subsequent adaptation to humans sometime during the winter of 2019 in wuhan province, china. because of its genetic similarity to sars-cov-1, it is probable that this novel virus has a similar host range and receptor specificity. du ...202032994343
genomic characterization and phylogenetic evolution of the sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) started on 12 december 2019 in wuhan, china, had caused 7,885,123 cases including 431,835 deaths by 14 jun 2020 all over the world. here we report the genomic characterization and phylogenetic evolution of this coronavirus called sars-cov-2 that caused covid-19. the sars-cov-2 genomes and other coronaviruses were obtained from gisaid and genbank. then the genome was annotated, and potential genetic recombination was investigated. phylogenetic analysis was ...202032985209
transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) to animals: an updated review.covid-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) originated in wuhan (hubei province, china) during late 2019. it has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. covid-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. in addition to the considerable covid-19 cases, hospitalizat ...202032957995
no sars-cov-2 neutralization by intravenous immunoglobulins produced from plasma collected before the 2020 pandemic.the 2020 sars-cov-2 pandemic is caused by a zoonotic coronavirus transmitted to humans, similar to earlier events. whether the other, seasonally circulating coronaviruses induce cross-reactive, potentially even cross-neutralizing antibodies to the new species in humans is unclear. the question is of particular relevance for people with immune deficiencies, as their health depends on treatment with immunoglobulin preparations that need to contain neutralizing antibodies against the pathogens in t ...202032941626
highly conserved binding region of ace2 as a receptor for sars-cov-2 between humans and mammals.several cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection transmitted from human owners to their dogs have recently been reported. the first ever case of sars-cov-2 transmission from a human owner to a domestic cat was confirmed on march 27, 2020. a tiger from a zoo in new york, usa, was also reportedly infected with sars-cov-2. it is believed that sars-cov-2 was transmitted to tigers from their caretakers, who were previously infected with this virus. on may 25, 20 ...202032921279
the role of host genetics in susceptibility to severe viral infections in humans and insights into host genetics of severe covid-19: a systematic review.susceptibility to severe viral infections was reported to be associated with genetic variants in immune response genes using case reports and gwas studies. sars-cov-2 is an emergent viral disease that caused millions of covid-19 cases all over the world. around 15 % of cases are severe and some of them are accompanied by dysregulated immune system and cytokine storm. there is increasing evidence that severe manifestations of covid-19 might be attributed to human genetic variants in genes related ...202032918943
ace2 expression in the cat and the tiger gastrointestinal tracts.angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) has been identified as the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). it has been identified in the human gastrointestinal tract (git), and sars-cov-2 has been isolated in human and animal fecal samples. the aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of ace2 in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic (cat) and wild (tiger) felines. samples of the pylorus, duodenum, and distal colon were collected fro ...202032903561
cell and animal models of sars-cov-2 pathogenesis and immunity.the spread of the novel virus sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was explosive, with cases first identified in december 2019, and >22 million people infected and >775,000 deaths as of august 2020. sars-cov-2 can cause severe respiratory disease in humans leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the development of effective clinical interventions, such as antivirals and vaccines that can limit or even prevent the burden and spread of sars-cov-2, is a global health priority. testing of leading ...202032887790
comparative genome analysis of novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) from different geographical locations and the effect of mutations on major target proteins: an in silico insight.a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causing covid-19 pandemic in humans, recently emerged and has exported in more than 200 countries as a result of rapid spread. in this study, we have made an attempt to investigate the sars-cov-2 genome reported from 13 different countries, identification of mutations in major coronavirus proteins of these different sars-cov-2 genomes and compared with sars-cov. these thirteen complete genome sequences of sars-cov-2 sho ...202032881907
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) exhibits high predicted binding affinity to ace2 from lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas).severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the pandemic covid-19. the virus infects human cells by binding of the virus spike to the cell receptor ace2. the crystal structure of sars-cov-2 spikes in complex with human ace2 has recently been solved, and the main amino acid residues involved in the virus-receptor complex have been detected. to investigate the affinity of ace2 of lagomorphs to the sars-cov-2 spike, ace2 sequences from rabbits and american pikas ...202032825305
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
coronavirus in cat flea: findings and questions regarding covid-19.the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people worldwide. recent evidence raised the question about the possibility that cats may be a domestic host for sars-cov-2 with unknown implications in disease dissemination. based on the fact that the domestic cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, are abundant ectoparasites infesting humans, companion animals and wildlife and that coronavirus-like agents hav ...202032778178
[statutory obligations of a doctor in the field of prevention and control of infectious diseases].the spread of infectious diseases has been and poses a serious threat to the health of the entire population. the world is currently struggling with a sars-cov-2 coronavirus infection pandemic. the problem also concerns poland and results in new legal regulations being issued. the law defines instruments for preventing and combating infectious diseases and infections. every doctor has legal obligations related to infectious diseases. they are determined primarily by the act of 5 december 2008 on ...202032731721
analysis of ace2 gene-encoded proteins across mammalian species.human beings are currently experiencing a serious public health event. novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-2), has infected about 3 million people worldwide and killed more than 200,000, most being the elderly or people with potential chronic diseases or in immunosuppressive states. according to big data analysis, there are many proteins homologous to or interacting with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), ...202032719819
evolutionary arms race between virus and host drives genetic diversity in bat severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike genes.the chinese horseshoe bat (rhinolophus sinicus), reservoir host of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), carries many bat sars-related covs (sarsr-covs) with high genetic diversity, particularly in the spike gene. despite these variations, some bat sarsr-covs can utilize the orthologs of the human sars-cov receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), for entry. it is speculated that the interaction between bat ace2 and sarsr-cov spike proteins drives diversity. here, we ...202032699095
sars-cov-2 host diversity: an update of natural infections and experimental evidence.coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is now a pandemic threat. this virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor of sars-cov-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. moreover, a recent study predicted that dogs might be secondary hosts during the evolution of s ...202032624360
childbirth, puerperium and abortion care protocol during the covid-19 pandemic.the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, sars-cov-2) is a virus that causes a potentially serious respiratory disease that has spread in several countries, reaching humans in all age groups, including pregnant women. the purpose of this protocol is to provide technical and scientific support to brazilian obstetricians regarding childbirth, postpartum and abortion care during the pandemic.202032604438
molecular evolution and phylogenetic analysis of sars-cov-2 and hosts ace2 protein suggest malayan pangolin as intermediary host.an emergence of a novel coronavirus, causative agent of covid19, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), occurred due to cross-species transmission. coronaviruses are a large family of viruses able to infect a great number of hosts. entrance of sars-cov-2 depends on the surface (s) protein interaction with host ace2 protein and cleavage by tmprss2. ace2 could be a species-specific barrier that interferes with bat-to-human coronavirus cross-species transmission. mol ...202032592038
does early childhood vaccination protect against covid-19?the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an on-going pandemic caused by the sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) which targets the respiratory system of humans. the published data show that children, unlike adults, are less susceptible to contracting the disease. this article aims at understanding why children constitute a minor group among hospitalized covid-19 patients. here, we hypothesize that the measles, mumps, and rubella (mmr) vaccine could provide a broad neutralizing antibody against numb ...202032582766
structural basis of sars-cov-2- and sars-cov-receptor binding and small-molecule blockers as potential therapeutics.over the past two decades, deadly coronaviruses, with the most recent being the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) 2019 pandemic, have majorly challenged public health. the path for virus invasion into humans and other hosts is mediated by host-pathogen interactions, specifically virus-receptor binding. an in-depth understanding of the virus-receptor binding mechanism is a prerequisite for the discovery of vaccines, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors that ...202032574109
air microbiome and pollution: composition and potential effects on human health, including sars coronavirus infection.polluted air poses a significant threat to human health. exposure to particulate matter (pm) and harmful gases contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including allergies and obstructive lung disease. air pollution may also be linked to cancer and reduced life expectancy. uptake of pm has been shown to cause pathological changes in the intestinal microbiota in mice and humans. less is known about the effects of pollution-associated microbiota on human health. several recent studi ...202032565838
evolutionary relationships and sequence-structure determinants in human sars coronavirus-2 spike proteins for host receptor recognition.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars cov-2). the sars cov-2 is transmitted more rapidly and readily than sars cov. both, sars cov and sars cov-2 via their glycosylated spike proteins recognize the human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace-2) receptor. we generated multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees for representative spike proteins of sars cov and sars cov-2 from various host s ...202032543705
a multiscale and comparative model for receptor binding of 2019 novel coronavirus and the implication of its life cycle in host cells.the respiratory syndrome caused by a new type of coronavirus has been emerging from china and caused more than 1000 death globally since december 2019. this new virus, called 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) uses the same receptor called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ace2) to attack humans as the coronavirus that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) seventeen years ago. both viruses recognize ace2 through the spike proteins (s-protein) on their surfaces. it was found that the ...202032511419
air pollution and covid-19: is the connect worth its weight?primary route of transmission of sars-cov-2 among humans is droplets and direct contact. airborne transmission of this virus is not established conclusively and so is the role of airborne particulate matter. this commentary examines the existing evidence about the role of particulate matter pollutants in sars-cov-2 transmission. pm2.5and other small particulate matter have been shown to carry viable virus particles in the air and incriminated in spread of measles and sars coronavirus. empirical ...202032496243
antiviral effects of probiotic metabolites on covid-19.sars coronavirus (covid-19) is a real health challenge of the 21st century for scientists, health workers, politicians, and all humans that has severe cause epidemic worldwide. the virus exerts its pathogenic activity through by mechanism and gains the entry via spike proteins (s) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor proteins on host cells. the present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (rbp) on spike proteins (s), angiotensin-conver ...202032475223
presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes of patients coinfected with covid-19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae in the usa.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is spreading at a rapid pace, and the world health organization declared it as pandemic on 11 march 2020. mycoplasma pneumoniae is an "atypical" bacterial pathogen commonly known to cause respiratory illness in humans. the coinfection from sars-cov-2 and mycoplasma pneumonia is rarely reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge. we present a study in which 6 of 350 patients conf ...202032449972
pathogenesis and transmission of sars-cov-2 in golden hamsters.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus with high nucleotide identity to sars-cov and to sars-related coronaviruses that have been detected in horseshoe bats, has spread across the world and had a global effect on healthcare systems and economies1,2. a suitable small animal model is needed to support the development of vaccines and therapies. here we report the pathogenesis and transmissibility of sars-cov-2 in golden (syrian) hamsters (mesocricetus aura ...202032408338
infection of dogs with sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was first detected in wuhan in december 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)1,2. in 2003, the closely related sars-cov had been detected in domestic cats and a dog3. however, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to sars-cov-2. here, using pcr with reverse transcription, serology, sequencing the viral genome and virus isolation, we show that 2 out of 15 dogs from households with confirmed human ...202032408337
infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by sars-cov-2.a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-emerged in humans in wuhan, china, in december 2019 and has since disseminated globally1,2. as of april 16, 2020, the confirmed case count of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) had surpassed 2 million. based on full-genome sequence analysis, sars-cov-2 shows high homology to sars-related coronaviruses identified in horseshoe bats1,2. here we show the establishment and characterization of expandable intestinal organ ...202032405028
sars-cov-2: camazotz's curse.the world is currently face to face with a pandemic which is spreading rapidly across the globe caused by sars-cov-2, a strain of coronaviruses (covs) belonging to subgenus sarbecovirus of genus betacoronavirus. world health organisation (who) on 11 feb 20 named this disease caused by sars-cov-2 as covid-19. this pandemic is spreading rapidly and more than 20,00,000 cases have occurred globally. the human coronaviruses discovered in 1960s were considered potentially harmless endemic viruses with ...202032341622
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2): an update.coronaviruses (covs) belong to the family of coronaviridae, the order nidovirales, and the genus coronavirus. they are the largest group of viruses causing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. morphologically, covs are enveloped viruses containing a non-segmented positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses. covs are categorized into four important genera that include alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus, gammacoronavirus, and deltacoronavirus. a novel member of human cov ...202032337143
coronavirus (covid-19): a review of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.coronavirus (covid-19) is an enveloped rna virus that is diversely found in humans and wildlife. a total of six species have been identified to cause disease in humans. they are known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. the past few decades have seen endemic outbreaks in the form of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (sars-cov). yet again, we see the emergence of another outbreak due ...202032328367
ca2+ ions promote fusion of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with host cells and increase infectivity.fusion with, and subsequent entry into, the host cell is one of the critical steps in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the spike (s) protein is the main determinant of viral entry. proteolytic cleavage of the s protein exposes its fusion peptide (fp), which initiates the process of membrane fusion. previous studies on the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) fp have shown that calcium ions (ca2+) play an ...202032295925
correction: immunodominant sars coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates. 202032293870
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
covid-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in china and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. similar to its homologous virus, sars-cov, which caused sars in thousands of people in 2003, sars-cov-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. however, covid-19 has lower se ...202032226295
structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) and sars coronavirus (sars-cov).the emergence of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) is of global concern and might have emerged from rna recombination among existing coronaviruses. cov spike (s) protein which is crucial for receptor binding, membrane fusion via conformational changes, internalization of the virus, host tissue tropism and comprises crucial targets for vaccine development, remain largely uncharacterized. therefore, the present study has been planned to determine the sequence variation, structural and antigenic d ...202032206694
composition of human-specific slow codons and slow di-codons in sars-cov and 2019-ncov are lower than other coronaviruses suggesting a faster protein synthesis rate of sars-cov and 2019-ncov.translation of a genetic codon without a cognate trna gene is affected by both the cognate trna availability and the interaction with non-cognate isoacceptor trnas. moreover, two consecutive slow codons (slow di-codons) lead to a much slower translation rate. calculating the composition of host specific slow codons and slow di-codons in the viral protein coding sequences can predict the order of viral protein synthesis rates between different virus strains. comparison of human-specific slow codo ...202032178970
griffithsin inhibits nipah virus entry and fusion and can protect syrian golden hamsters from lethal nipah virus challenge.nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. there is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against niv infection. griffithsin (grft) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis c virus, and japanese encephalitis virus. in this study, we e ...202032037447
persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, sars-cov-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. we therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies ...202032035997
recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses.human coronaviruses (covs) are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. currently, six human covs have been reported including human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), oc43 (hcov-oc43), nl63 (hcov-nl63), hku1 (hcov-hku1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov), and middleeast respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). they cause moderate to severe respiratory and intestinal infections in humans. in this review, we focus on recent advances i ...202032006468
receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of sars coronavirus.recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) has emerged from wuhan, china, causing symptoms in humans similar to those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). since the sars-cov outbreak in 2002, extensive structural analyses have revealed key atomic-level interactions between the sars-cov spike protein receptor-binding domain (rbd) and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of sar ...202031996437
the 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution.there is a worldwide concern about the new coronavirus 2019-ncov as a global public health threat. in this article, we provide a preliminary evolutionary and molecular epidemiological analysis of this new virus. a phylogenetic tree has been built using the 15 available whole genome sequences of 2019-ncov, 12 whole genome sequences of 2019-ncov, and 12 highly similar whole genome sequences available in gene bank (five from the severe acute respiratory syndrome, two from middle east respiratory sy ...202031994738
comparative analysis of sars-cov-2 and its receptor ace2 with evolutionarily related coronaviruses.the pandemic covid-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and it is spreading very rapidly worldwide. to date, the origin and intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2 remain unclear. in this study, we conducted comparative analysis among sars-cov-2 and non-sars-cov-2 coronavirus strains to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships. we found: 1, the sars-cov-2 strains analyzed could be divided into 3 clades with regional aggregation; 2, the non-sars-cov-2 common ...202033186121
development of machine learning models to predict rt-pcr results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in patients with influenza-like symptoms using only basic clinical data.reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) diagnosis currently requires quite a long time span. a quicker and more efficient diagnostic tool in emergency departments could improve management during this global crisis. our main goal was assessing the accuracy of artificial intelligence in predicting the results of rt-pcr for sars-cov-2, using basic information at hand in all emergency departments.202033261629
research note: indian poultry industry vis-à-vis coronavirus disease 2019: a situation analysis report.originating in wuhan city, hubei province of china, and rapid spread to multiple countries, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has emerged as a novel public health emergence. during early february, spread of misinformation and rumors driven by the fear of linking chicken meat and eggs in the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) among human population is witnessed in india. this resulted drastic reduction in consumption of poultry products with subsequent fall in deman ...202033516485
lack of susceptibility to sars-cov-2 and mers-cov in poultry.we challenged chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail, and geese with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we observed no disease and detected no virus replication and no serum antibodies. we concluded that poultry are unlikely to serve a role in maintenance of either virus.202033219803
sars-cov-2: a critical review of its history, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis and treatment.the outbreak of the deadly virus (novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) that emerged in december 2019, remained a controversial subject of intense speculations regarding its origin, became a worldwide health problem resulting in serious coronavirus disease 2019 (acronym covid-19). the concern regarding this new viral strain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (acronym sars-cov-2) and diseases it causes (covid-19) is well deserved at all levels. the inc ...202033196035
multi-species elisa for the detection of antibodies against sars-cov-2 in animals.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a pandemic with millions of infected humans and hundreds of thousands of fatalities. as the novel disease - referred to as covid-19 - unfolded, occasional anthropozoonotic infections of animals by owners or caretakers were reported in dogs, felid species and farmed mink. further species were shown to be susceptible under experimental conditions. the extent of natural infections of animals, however, is still largely unknown. ...202033191578
geriatric challenges in the new coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) pandemic: a systematic review.background: during the covid-19 pandemic, elderly individuals (with the chronological age of 65 years and above) are more susceptible to the sars-cov-2 infection complications due to altered immune system response and the higher rate of underlying comorbidities. a vast majority of mortalities are reported in elderly patients; thus, this study aimed to evaluate complications of covid-19 in elderly patients. methods: a systematic review was conducted according to moose guidelines. science direct, ...202033437719
the recombination potential between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov from cross-species spill-over infections.countries in the middle-east (me) are tackling two corona virus outbreaks simultaneously, middle-eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). both viruses infect the same host (humans) and the same cell (type-ii alveolar cells) causing lower respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia. molecularly, mers-cov and sars-cov-2 enter alveolar cells via spike proteins recognizing dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and angiotensin conv ...202033605109
zika virus and host interactions: from the bench to the bedside and beyond.before the emergence of sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causative agent of the current covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic [...].202033198165
novel and diverse non-rabies rhabdoviruses identified in bats with human exposure, south dakota, usa.bats are a host and reservoir for a large number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic. in north america, the big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) is widely distributed and common. big brown bats are a known reservoir for rabies virus, which, combined with their propensity to roost in human structures, necessitates testing for rabies virus following human exposure. the current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, likely of bat origin, illustrates the need for continue ...202033302422
perspectives for the use of n-acetylcysteine as a candidate drug to treat covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has become an ongoing pandemic worldwide. however, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy. therefore, a remedial measure is urgently needed to combat with the devastating covid-19. the pharmacological activities of n-acetylcysteine (nac) and its potential functions in inhibiting the progression of covid19 make it a promising therapeutic agent in covid ...202033109047
engineering a model to study viral infections: bioprinting, microfluidics, and organoids to defeat coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).while the number of studies related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is constantly growing, it is essential to provide a framework of modeling viral infections. therefore, this review aims to describe the background presented by earlier used models for viral studies and an approach to design an "ideal" tissue model for sars-cov-2 infection. due to the previous successful achievements in antiviral research and tissue engineering, combining the emerging techn ...202033089000
sars-cov-2 testing for asymptomatic adult cancer patients before initiating systemic treatments: a systematic review.cancer patients may have a higher risk of severe events and unfavourable outcomes in the setting of covid-19. this review addresses the question of whether to test asymptomatic cancer patients before initiating systemic cancer treatments.202033082850
the role of dysregulated immune responses in covid-19 pathogenesis.the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov-2), is a pandemic threat to global public health. it has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations from mild to critical illness, the most serious of which is the complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). sars-cov-2 infection appears mild in infants and children, however, in adults, it can lead to serious consequences. in this review, we highlighted the diff ...202033069815
covid-19 respiratory support in the emergency department setting.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), may result in severe complications, multiorgan dysfunction, acute respiratory failure, and death. sars-cov-2 is highly contagious and places healthcare workers at significant risk, especially during aerosol-generating procedures, including airway management.202033046288
insights on sars-cov-2 molecular interactions with the renin-angiotensin system.the emergence of sars-cov-2/human/wuhan/x1/2019, a virus belonging to the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and the recognition of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) as a pandemic have highly increased the scientific research regarding the pathogenesis of covid-19. the renin angiotensin system (ras) seems to be involved in covid-19 natural course, since studies suggest the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) works as sars-cov-2 cellular receptor. b ...202033042994
dynamically evolving novel overlapping gene as a factor in the sars-cov-2 pandemic.understanding the emergence of novel viruses requires an accurate and comprehensive annotation of their genomes. overlapping genes (olgs) are common in viruses and have been associated with pandemics but are still widely overlooked. we identify and characterize orf3d, a novel olg in sars-cov-2 that is also present in guangxi pangolin-covs but not other closely related pangolin-covs or bat-covs. we then document evidence of orf3d translation, characterize its protein sequence, and conduct an evol ...202033001029
unraveling the possible routes of sars-cov-2 invasion into the central nervous system.to describe the possible neuroinvasion pathways of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) pandemic.202032994698
creating and applying sir modified compartmental model for calculation of covid-19 lockdown efficiency.we propose a susceptible-infected-recovered (sir) modified model for coronavirus disease - 2019 (covid-19) spread to estimate the efficacy of lockdown measures introduced during the pandemic. as input data, we used covid-19 epidemiological information collected in fifteen european countries either in private surveys or using official statistics. thirteen countries implemented lockdown measures, two countries (sweden, iceland) not. as output parameters, we studied herd immunity level and time of ...202032994671
how to maintain elective treatment of breast cancer during the covid-19 pandemic-a cancer center experience. 202032989747
covid-19: significance of antibodies.the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has recently caused pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). considering the serious medical, economic and social consequences of this pandemic and the lack of definite medication and vaccine it is necessary to describe natural immune responses to the sars-cov-2 in order to exploit them for treating the patients and monitoring the general population. moreover, detecting the most immunogenic antigens of th ...202032986664
targeting the endolysosomal host-sars-cov-2 interface by clinically licensed functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (fiasma) including the antidepressant fluoxetine.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a global health emergency. as only very limited therapeutic options are clinically available, there is an urgent need for the rapid development of safe, effective, and globally available pharmaceuticals that inhibit sars-cov-2 entry and ameliorate covid-19 severity. in this study, we explored the use of small compounds acting on the homeostasis of the endolysosom ...202032975484
broadening our bandwidth: a multiple case report of expanded use of telehealth technology to perform wound consultations during the covid-19 pandemic.managing patients during the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic, and the associated severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) in particular, required the nimble responsiveness for which woc nurses are known. problem-solving skills were needed to continue the level of woc nursing services expected by patients, families, and professional colleagues, while reducing the hours we were physically present at our clinical facility. in order to respond to these demand ...202032970030
pregnancy and covid-19: pharmacologic considerations.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov2) pandemic has sparked controversy regarding the use of certain routine and investigational pharmacologic interventions during pregnancy and the postpartum period. in this review, we critically appraise guidance in regard to pharmacologic considerations unique to pregnant and lactating women with coronavirus disease (covid-19). we summarize the evidence, which supports the routine use of antenatal corticosteroids, magnesium su ...202032959455
antibody-like proteins that capture and neutralize sars-cov-2.to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and any unknown emerging pathogens in the future, the development of a rapid and effective method to generate high-affinity antibodies or antibody-like proteins is of critical importance. we here report high-speed in vitro selection of multiple high-affinity antibody-like proteins against various targets including the sars-cov-2 spike protein. the sequences of monobodies against the sars-cov-2 spike protein were succe ...202032948512
coronavirus: a shift in focus away from ifn response and towards other inflammatory targets.in the past two decades, two beta-coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and the middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), have infected approximately 8000 and 2500 across the globe, respectively (de wit et al. 2016; amanat and krammer 2020). the current viral pandemic, caused by sars-cov-2, has already affected 4.23 m in less than a year. of greater concern, the disease caused by sars-cov-2, covid-19, still has a rapidly increasi ...202032922564
chest ct accuracy in the diagnosis of sars-cov-2 infection: initial experience in a cancer center.to evaluate the accuracy of chest computed tomography (ct) in patients with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection at a cancer center.202032904703
coronavirus: a shift in focus away from ifn response and towards other inflammatory targets.in the past two decades, two beta-coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov-1) and the middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), have infected approximately 8000 and 2500 across the globe, respectively (de wit et al. 2016; amanat and krammer 2020). the current viral pandemic, caused by sars-cov-2, has already affected 4.23 m in less than a year. of greater concern, the disease caused by sars-cov-2, covid-19, still has a rapidly increasi ...202032895779
the enigma of endothelium in covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people globally. clinically, it presents with mild flu-like symptoms in most cases but can cause respiratory failure in high risk population. with the aim of unearthing newer treatments, scientists all over the globe are striving hard to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of covid-19. several studies till date have indicated a dysregulated host immune res ...202032848893
medicinal plants as sources of active molecules against covid-19.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or novel coronavirus (covid-19) infection has been declared world pandemic causing a worrisome number of deaths, especially among vulnerable citizens, in 209 countries around the world. although several therapeutic molecules are being tested, no effective vaccines or specific treatments have been developed. since the covid-19 outbreak, different traditional herbal medicines with promising results have been used alone or in ...202032848790
low-cost polyester-tipped three-dimensionally printed nasopharyngeal swab for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2).case identification, isolation, and contact tracing are fundamental strategies used to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). this has led to widespread testing that interrupted the supply chain for testing materials around the world. a prospective study was conducted to compare inexpensive and easily sourced 3-dimensionally (3d)-printed polylactic acid and polyester nasopharyngeal swabs to commercially manufactured swabs for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome ...202032817232
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease (covid-19) cases at a screening clinic during the early outbreak period: a single-centre study.introduction. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory corona virus-2 (sars-cov-2). the disease was first identified in december 2019 in wuhan, the capital of china's hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019-2020 corona virus pandemic. sars-cov-2 is closely related to the original sars-cov. it is thought to have a zoonotic origin. the virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via ...202032783802
sars-cov-2 detection in setting of viral swabs scarcity: are mrsa swabs and viral swabs equivalent?the global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov2) has resulted in unprecedented challenges for healthcare systems. one barrier to widespread testing has been a paucity of traditional respiratory viral swab collection kits relative to the demand. whether other sample collection kits, such as widely available mrsa nasal swabs can be used to detect sars-cov-2 is unknown.202032756602
sars-cov-2 screening test for japanese returnees from wuhan, china, january 2020.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was found to be the causative microorganism of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which started to spread in wuhan, china. this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of questionnaire, symptoms-based screening, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening of returnees from covid-19-endemic areas on a chartered flight, to examine the proportion of infected persons and the proportion of asymptomatic persons among infected per ...202032754627
understanding genomic diversity, pan-genome, and evolution of sars-cov-2.coronovirus disease 2019 (covid-19) infection, which originated from wuhan, china, has seized the whole world in its grasp and created a huge pandemic situation before humanity. since december 2019, genomes of numerous isolates have been sequenced and analyzed for testing confirmation, epidemiology, and evolutionary studies. in the first half of this article, we provide a detailed review of the history and origin of covid-19, followed by the taxonomy, nomenclature and genome organization of its ...202032742815
systematic review of changes and recovery in physical function and fitness after severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infection: implications for covid-19 rehabilitation.this review sought to (1) compare physical function and fitness outcomes in people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov) with healthy controls, (2) quantify the recovery of physical function and fitness following sars-cov infection, and (3) determine the effects of exercise following sars-cov infection.202032737507
sars-cov-2 and guillain-barré syndrome: molecular mimicry with human heat shock proteins as potential pathogenic mechanism.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has been associated with guillain-barré syndrome. we investigated here the potential mechanism underlying the virus-induced damage of the peripheral nervous systems by searching the viral amino acid sequence for peptides common to human autoantigens associated with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. our results show molecular mimicry between the virus and human heat shock proteins 90 and 60, which are associated with guillain-barré ...202032729001
multimodality imaging in evaluation of cardiovascular complications in patients with covid-19: jacc scientific expert panel.standard evaluation and management of the patient with suspected or proven cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome related-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), is challenging. routine history, physical examination, laboratory testing, electrocardiography, and plain x-ray imaging may often suffice for such patients, but given overlap between covid-19 and typical cardiovascular diagnoses such as heart failure and acute myo ...202032710927
antibody responses to sars-cov-2 in healthy individuals returning to shenzhen.to verify reliability of antibody detection and investigate population immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in the local chinese population. a cross-sectional study was conducted in shenzhen to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies including, immunoglobulin g (igg), immunoglobulin m (igm), and immunoglobulin a (iga). in the covid-19 group, nine patients were enrolled after diagnosis. in the control group, 1589 individuals without clinical symptoms (cough, ...202032710647
the mechanistic rationale of drugs, primary endpoints, geographical distribution of clinical trials against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2: a systematic review.there are numerous ongoing studies assessing treatment options for preventing, treating, and managing complications of coronavirus disease-2019 disease. the objective of this study was to do a systematic review and critical appraisal of the ongoing clinical trials with an aim to provide insight into the various interventions tested, clinical rationale, geographical distribution of the trials as well as the endpoints assessed in the studies. clinicaltrials.gov, world health organization internati ...202032706390
human sars-cov-2 has evolved to reduce cg dinucleotide in its open reading frames.the outbreak of covid-19 has brought great threat to human health. its causative agent is a severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus which has been officially named sars-cov-2. here we report the discovery of extremely low cg abundance in its open reading frames. we found that cg reduction in sars-cov-2 is achieved mainly through mutating c/g into a/t, and cg is the best target for mutation. meanwhile, 5'-untranslated region of sars-cov-2 has high cg content and is capable of formin ...202032704018
hydroxychloroquine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 202032702948
a critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with covid-19.those who are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 are theoretically at increased risk of venous thromboembolism during self-isolation if they have reduced mobility or are dehydrated. should patients develop coronavirus disease (covid-19) pneumonia requiring hospital admission for treatment of hypoxia, the risk for thromboembolic complications increases greatly. these thromboembolic events are the result of at least two distinct mechanisms - microvascular thrombo ...202032678949
rapid sars-cov-2 whole-genome sequencing and analysis for informed public health decision-making in the netherlands.in late december 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported linked to a market in wuhan, china1. the causative agent was identified as the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and was named sars-cov-2 (ref. 2). by 16 april the virus had spread to 185 different countries, infected over 2,000,000 people and resulted in over 130,000 deaths3. in the netherlands, the first case of sars-cov-2 was notified on 27 february. the outbreak started with s ...202032678356
impact of covid-19 pandemic on treatment patterns in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.the coronavirus pandemic has provoked discussions among healthcare providers how to manage cancer patients when faced with the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. immune checkpoint inhibitor (ici) containing regimens are standard of care in the majority of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccrcc) patients. it remains unclear whether therapies should be modified in response to the covid-19 pandemic.202032669298
systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness of treatment options against sars-cov-2 infection.treatment options for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) are limited with no clarity on efficacy and safety profiles. we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on patients ≥18 years reporting data on therapeutic interventions in sars-cov-2. primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes were rates of mechanical ventilation, viral clearance, adverse events, discharge, and progression to severe disease. pooled rates and odds rat ...202032667699
characterization of heparin and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) spike glycoprotein binding interactions.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has resulted in a pandemic and continues to spread around the globe at an unprecedented rate. to date, no effective therapeutic is available to fight its associated disease, covid-19. our discovery of a novel insertion of glycosaminoglycan (gag)-binding motif at s1/s2 proteolytic cleavage site (681-686 (prrars)) and two other gag-binding-like motifs within sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein (sgp) led us to hypothesize that host cell ...202032653452
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