Publications

rabies: an ancient disease that still prevails.		2005	16106083
rabies on the doorstep.		2005	16107070
serologic survey for selected virus infections in polar bears at svalbard.	polar bears (ursus maritimus) were chemically immobilized and sampled at svalbard, norway, and on the pack ice in the barents sea from late march to mid-may between 1990 and 1998. plasma samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), calicivirus, phocid herpesvirus type 1 (phhv-1), and rabies virus. a seroprevalence of 8% to cdv and 2% to calicivirus were found, whereas no antibodies were detected against phhv-1 or rabies virus. this serologic survey indicate ...	2005	16107665
a space-time cluster of adverse events associated with canine rabies vaccine.	electronic medical records of a large veterinary practice were used for surveillance of potential space-time clustering of adverse events associated with rabies vaccination in dogs. the study population was 257,564 dogs vaccinated in 169 hospitals in 13 us metropolitan areas during a 24-month period. using a scan statistic for population rate data, significant space-time clusters were identified involving the atlanta and tampa/st. petersburg areas during a 4-month period. separate spatial-tempor ...	2005	16112259
further studies on the mechanism of rabies virus neutralization by a viral glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody, #1-46-12.	we previously reported that a conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibody (mab; #1-46-12) neutralized the rabies virus by binding only a small number (less than 20) of the antibody molecules per virion, while a linear epitope-specific mab (#7-1-9) required more than 250 igg molecules for the neutralization. we also isolated both the epitope-negative (r-31) and-positive (r-61) escape mutants that resisted mab #1-46-12. co-infection studies with wild type (wt) and r-61 mutant have shown th ...	2005	16113501
further studies on the soluble form (gs) of rabies virus glycoprotein (g): molecular structure of gs protein and possible mechanism of the shedding.	in this study, we investigated the antigenic structures and maturation of some c-terminal-deficient derivatives of rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the gs protein, a soluble form of g protein shed from infected cells, displayed antigenicity to most of our conformational epitope-specific anti-g mabs, but took the 1-30-44 epitope-deficient conformation (termed g(c) form). (the 1-30-44 epitope was acid-sensitive and dependent on two separate regions, the lys-202-containing and asn-336-containing regi ...	2005	16113502
structural difference recognized by a monoclonal antibody #404-11 between the rabies virus nucleocapsid (nc) produced in virus infected cells and the nc-like structures produced in the nucleoprotein (n) cdna-transfected cells.	we investigated structural changes in the rabies virus (hep-flury strain) nucleocapsid (nc) during the virus replication, for which we used two anti-nucleoprotein (n) monoclonal antibodies (mabs), #404-11 (specific for a conformation-dependently exposed linear epitope) and #1-7-11 (specific for a conformational epitope which is exposed after the nucleocapsid formation). both mabs recognized the n protein of the viral nc, but not of the rna-free n-p complex. the 1-7-11 and 404-11 epitopes could b ...	2005	16113504
[isolation of rabies virus in artibeus fimbriatus bat in the state of sao paulo, brazil].	this is the first report of the isolation and identification of the rabies virus in the frugivorous bat artibeus fimbriatus in the city of sao josé do rio preto, sao paulo state, brazil. the virus was isolated from an animal found in an urban area. the animal was found on the ground under a tree, still alive. diagnosis was made by direct immunofluorescence and intracerebral inoculation of mice.	2005	16113922
vaccines for lyssaviruses other than rabies.	several new lyssaviruses have emerged in the past decade and it is likely that more remain to be discovered. there are six recognized genotypes of lyssavirus other than the rabies virus (genotype 1). all but one of these has been associated with human cases, with the resulting disease clinically similar to rabies. rabies vaccines provide a means of pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against rabies and some of the other genotypes, but not all. those that are crossprotected fall into phylogroup 1 o ...	2005	16117710
rabies virus-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nf-kappab signaling pathways regulates expression of cxc and cc chemokine ligands in microglia.	following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues, act as sources of chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. in the present study, we have systemically examined the growth characteristics of rabies virus (rv) in microglia and the activation of cellular signaling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon rv infection. in rv-inoculated microglia, the synthesis ...	2005	16140757
[rabies epizootic situation in the novosibirsk region in 1997 - 2003].	starting from the end of 1997, a rise in the epizooty of rabies with peaks in 1998 and 2002 was noted. 550 cases of rabies were registered in wild and domestic animals, as well as one lethal case of rabies in man in 2001. wild carnivorous animals are traditionally regarded as the reservoir and source of rabies virus (38%). in the novosibirsk region this disease was registered in badgers, wild herbivorous animals, myomorph rodents, hares, marmots. urban cases of rabies constituted 23%, cases of r ...	2005	16146225
laboratory techniques for rabies diagnosis in animals at qsmi.	the queen saovabha memorial institute (qsmi), thai red cross society was founded in 1922 to carry out the production of the nervous tissue vaccines, post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) treatment, research, and laboratory diagnosis. the diagnostic laboratory had replaced the seller's staining with direct fluorescent test (dfa) as standard technique in 1987 and the mouse inoculation technique (mit) had been employed as the confirmatory test to ensure the result of the diagnosis. other techniques condu ...	2005	16146265
survival after treatment of rabies.		2005	16148297
assessing the role of long-distance translocation and spatial heterogeneity in the raccoon rabies epidemic in connecticut.	spatial heterogeneity and long-distance translocation (ldt) play important roles in the spatio-temporal dynamics and management of emerging infectious diseases and invasive species. we assessed the influence of ldt events on the invasive spread of raccoon rabies through connecticut. we identified several putative ldt events, and developed a network-model to evaluate whether they became new foci for epidemic spread. ldt was fairly common, but many of the ldts were isolated events that did not spr ...	2005	16153724
detection of rabies-specific antigens by egg yolk antibody (igy) to the recombinant rabies virus proteins produced in escherichia coli.	we obtained rabies-specific egg yolk antibodies (igy) by immunizing hens with recombinant his-tagged nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (rn, rp) of the rabies virus (cvs-11 strain) expressed in escherichia coli. the anti-rn and rp igy were shown to bind specifically to the respective proteins of the cvs-11 strain of rabies virus by western blotting, immune fluorescent assay and immunohistochemistry, indicating that igy to rabies recombinant proteins could serve as a reagent for diagnosis of rabies ...	2005	15858294
studies on antigenic and genomic properties of brazilian rabies virus isolates.	despite the recognized stability of rabies virus, differences among isolates from different species have been found. this work was carried out with the aim to identify antigenic and genomic differences in brazilian rabies virus isolates and to verify whether such alterations would bear any relationship with the different hosts for the virus in nature. for that, 79 brazilian rabies viruses isolated from different host species and from distinct regions within brazil were submitted to antigenic cha ...	2005	15863275
replication strategies of rabies virus.	rabies virus (rv) is a prototype neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. rv infects hosts at the periphery, enters motoneurons or sensory nerves and moves to the central nervous system (cns) via retrograde axonal transport. at later stages, there is also centrifugal spread to major exit portals, such as the salivary glands. transmission to other hosts is facilitated by behavioral changes related to the cns infection. successful accomplishment of the rv infectious cycle ...	2005	15885837
fluorometric cell-elisa for quantifying rabies infection and heparin inhibition.	the purpose of the present study was to implement a fluorometric method for detecting and quantifying viral antigens in human meduloblastoma cells infected by two types of fixed rabies virus (cvs-mb and cvs-bhk) and a street virus using a cell-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cell-elisa) technique; alkaline phosphatase was used as the antibody-marker enzyme and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-phosphate as the fluorogenic substrate. the system was used for detecting up to 1:10,000 viral inoculums, follow ...	2005	15893563
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses from eurasia.	new causative agents of rabies continue to emerge as shown by the recent description of four novel lyssaviruses from bats in eurasia, aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv), and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). the effect of rabies vaccination prior to exposure to these new lyssaviruses was investigated in two animal models (i.e., syrian hamsters and ferrets). the hamsters were vaccinated intramuscularly with a commercial human or veterinary vaccine or with an experimental vaccinia-rabies g ...	2005	15896401
comparative pathogenesis of the sad-l16 strain of rabies virus and a mutant modifying the dynein light chain binding site of the rabies virus phosphoprotein in young mice.	recent reports have suggested that rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) interaction with dynein minus-end-directed microtubule motor proteins may be of fundamental importance in the axonal transport of rabies virus. a deletion of 11 amino acids was introduced into recombinant rabies virus sad-l16 (l16) that modified the dynein light chain (lc8) binding site of the rabies virus p, producing mutant l-deltap11. this mutant is a useful tool for determining the role of p-lc8 interaction in viral spread an ...	2005	15896402
characterization of p gene-deficient rabies virus: propagation, pathogenicity and antigenicity.	the rna polymerase of rabies virus (rv) is a two-protein complex composed of l (a large catalytic component) and p (a non-catalytic phosphoprotein cofactor) proteins. we generated a gene-deficient rv lacking the entire p gene from hep-flury (hep) strain, one of the most attenuated rv strains, by the method of reverse genetics. this p gene-deficient (def-p) virus could replicate and produce progeny viruses with a slightly retarded rate in the cell lines that constitutively express the p protein. ...	2005	15896403
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
indirect oral immunization of captive vampires, desmodus rotundus.	a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus (v-rg) vaccine was tested in hematophagous bats (desmodus rotundus) kept in captivity. the vaccine was applied in a neutral vehicle (vaseline) spread on the back of one or two vector bats, which were then reintroduced into their groups. our hypothesis was that, as in the case of vampire bat control by vampiricide paste, the administration of v-rg vaccine through paste to one bat could indirectly protect other bats from the same group. eight groups ...	2005	15896405
a need for standardized rabies-virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody test.	the direct fluorescent antibody test is a sensitive and specific procedure used in the routine diagnosis of rabies. however, given the critical role of the rabies diagnostic laboratory in patient management and public health decision-making, the use of a standardized national rabies diagnostic procedure is highly recommended. seemingly small variations in test procedures may have dramatic effects on sensitivity. for example, two independent reports of diminished staining performance of two lots ...	2005	15896406
immunological insights from genetic vaccines.	e1-deleted adenoviral vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein rapidly induce protective titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in adult and neonatal mice upon systemic or mucosal immunization. pre-existing immunity in humans due to natural infections with common human serotypes of adenovirus such as the human serotype 5, most commonly used as a vaccine carrier can be circumvented by systemic immunization with a simian-origin adenovirus or by using the oral route of immunization. ...	2005	15896407
plant biopharming of monoclonal antibodies.	recent advances in molecular biology and plant biotechnology have shifted the concept of growing crops as a food source to serving as a bioreactor for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. plants are potential biopharming factories because they are capable of producing unlimited numbers and amounts of recombinant proteins safely and inexpensively. in the last two decades, plant production systems have been developed for monoclonal antibody production, which has been useful in passi ...	2005	15896408
oral vaccination of dogs with recombinant rabies virus vaccines.	oral rabies virus (rv) vaccines are used to immunize a diversity of mammalian carnivores, but no single biological is effective for all major species. recently, advances in reverse genetics have allowed the design of recombinant rv for consideration as new vaccines. the objective of this experiment was to examine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant rv vaccines administered to captive dogs by the oral route, compared to a commercial vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombina ...	2005	15896409
screening of pro-apoptotic genes upregulated in an experimental street rabies virus-infected neonatal mouse brain.	rabies virus (rabv) is able to induce apoptotic death of target cells. the molecular pathway of rabv-induced cell death is partially known. in the present study, cdna array analysis was used as a tool to screen for pro-apoptotic genes that may be involved in rabv induction. rna was extracted from the infected cns and from mock-infected controls. when the mean gene expression was compared between the infected group and controls, 21 potential apoptotic genes were identified that exhibited more tha ...	2005	15905604
immunogenic and antigenic properties of recombinant soluble glycoprotein of rabies virus.	rabies virus glycoprotein is a type i transmembrane protein exposed on the surface on the mature virus particle that induces virus neutralizing antibodies. in the present study, 60 amino acid c-terminal hydrophobic anchor (transmembrane) and cytoplasmic domains of glycoprotein were deleted from full-length glycoprotein and fused with polyhistidine tag. the n-terminal viral signal peptide was also replaced with cd33 signal peptide for efficient secretion in mammalian cells. following transfection ...	2005	15916870
cerebral cortical control of orbicularis oculi motoneurons.	cerebral cortical neural networks associated with eyelid movement play a critical role in facial animation, contribute to the regulation of blink frequency, and help prevent ocular injury. eyelid closure depends, in part, on motoneurons that innervate the orbicularis oculi (oo) muscles. in this study, oo motoneuron cortical afferents were identified in rhesus monkeys with rabies virus, a retrograde transneuronal tracer. virus was injected into the right oo muscle and immunohistochemically locali ...	2005	15919061
identification of the rabies virus alpha/beta interferon antagonist: phosphoprotein p interferes with phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3.	rabies virus (rv) of the rhabdoviridae family grows in alpha/beta interferon (ifn)-competent cells, suggesting the existence of viral mechanisms preventing ifn gene expression. we here identify the viral phosphoprotein p as the responsible ifn antagonist. the critical involvement of p was first suggested by the observation that an rv expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-p fusion protein (sad egfp-p) (s. finke, k. brzozka, and k. k. conzelmann, j. virol. 78:12333-12343, 2004) w ...	2005	15919920
[application of mcabs against rabies nucleocapsid in diagnosis of rabies street virus].	mcabs against rabies nucleocapsid were used to detect rabies street viruses in animal brain specimens with indirect immunofluorescent assay to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this assay.	2005	15921612
rapid detection and differentiation of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 glycoprotein c gene in clinical specimens by multiplex-pcr.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-pcr) to detect and differentiate bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and 5 (bohv-5) was developed using primers for the gene sequence that encodes the glycoprotein c. the technique was assessed against the bohv-1 and bohv-5 cell culture adapted strains, and clinical samples collected from animals with clinical signs of bohv-1 (n = 10) or bohv-5 (n = 7) infection and with diagnosis confirmed by virus isolation in cell culture and semi-nested pcr. fifteen ...	2005	15939490
[rabies vaccine].		2005	15954425
fatal encephalitis due to rabies virus transmitted by organ transplantation.		2005	15956154
rabies encephalomyelitis: clinical, neuroradiological, and pathological findings in 4 transplant recipients.	three patients received solid organ transplants from a common donor and were subsequently discharged from the hospital following an uneventful hospital course. within 30 days, all 3 organ recipients returned to the hospital with varying symptoms that progressed to rapid neurological deterioration, coma, and death.	2005	15956158
development of a real-time, taqman reverse transcription-pcr assay for detection and differentiation of lyssavirus genotypes 1, 5, and 6.	several reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) methods have been reported for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. these methods invariably involve multiple transfers of nucleic acids between different tubes, with the risk of contamination leading to the production of false-positive results. here we describe a single, closed-tube, nonnested rt-pcr with taqman technology that distinguishes between classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 an ...	2005	15956398
survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma.	we report the survival of a 15-year-old girl in whom clinical rabies developed one month after she was bitten by a bat. treatment included induction of coma while a native immune response matured; rabies vaccine was not administered. the patient was treated with ketamine, midazolam, ribavirin, and amantadine. probable drug-related toxic effects included hemolysis, pancreatitis, acidosis, and hepatotoxicity. lumbar puncture after eight days showed an increased level of rabies antibody, and sedati ...	2005	15958806
transmission of rabies from an organ donor.		2005	15958813
experimental rabies infection in haematophagous bats desmodus rotundus.	in order to determine the susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response of desmodus rotundus to rabies virus, bats were inoculated with a virus isolated from a naturally infected haematophagous bat. bats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. dilutions of rabies virus containing 100, 1000, 10,000 and 100,000 micld50 (lethal dose 50% for mice inoculated by the intracerebral route) were administrated in the pectoral muscle. the presence of rabies virus was detected in brain an ...	2005	15962559
molecular epidemiology of rabies in northern colombia 1994-2003. evidence for human and fox rabies associated with dogs.	during the period 2000-2003, wild grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northern colombia became infected with rabies. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs and humans in this region, 902 nt cdna fragments containing the g-l intergenic region and encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt-pcr, sequenced and compared. phylogenetic analysis showed that rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs ...	2005	15962560
[pre- and post-exposure rabies prophylaxis: who to vaccinate and how?].	switzerland is rabies free since 1996 (except bats). however sporadic cases in animals (imported dogs and local bats essentially) may occur from time to time. the disease is always fatal, which implies special attention when someone gets bitten or scratched by a wild or unknown animal, not only in a country with a high endemicity, but also in switzerland. in this article, we will explore in detail the modalites of application of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis following the publication of new ...	2005	15962626
rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against european and australian bat lyssaviruses.	the ability of antibodies elicited against the rabies human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) to neutralise european bat lyssaviruses (eblv types-1 and -2), australian bat lyssavirus and classical rabies virus (rabv) has been evaluated using modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (mfavn) assays. ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the human post-vaccinated sera tested cross-neutralised these viruses (>or=0.5 iu/ml). cross-protection experiments using inbred mice (riii, k/k haplotype) were als ...	2005	15964478
salivary excretion of rabies virus by healthy vampire bats.	salivary excretion of rabies virus was evaluated in 14 adult vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) intramuscularly injected with a large dose (10(6) micld50) of vampire rabies virus variant cass88. saliva samples were obtained from surviving bats every other day for 30 days, then weekly for 2 months, and finally 1 and 2 years later. rabies virus was isolated in murine neuroblastoma cells and in randomly selected cases by pcr. rabies virus was not detected in the saliva of any of the 11 animals that s ...	2005	15966107
the human antibody repertoire specific for rabies virus glycoprotein as selected from immune libraries.	antibody phage display technology was used to identify human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize rabies virus (rv). a phage repertoire was constructed using antibody genes harvested from the blood of vaccinated donors. selections using this repertoire and three different antigen formats of the rv glycoprotein (gp) resulted in the identification of 147 unique antibody fragments specific for the rv gp. analysis of the dna sequences of these antibodies demonstrated a large variation in the heavy- ...	2005	15971273
recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16 inoculated intracerebrally in young mice produces a severe encephalitis with extensive neuronal apoptosis.	seven-day-old icr mice were infected by intracerebral inoculation with recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16. infected mice developed severe and fatal encephalitis with rabies virus-infected neurons in widespread regions of the brain. there was extensive neuronal death with predominant features of apoptosis, as assessed by light and electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) staining, and immunohistochemical staining for ac ...	2005	15971673
dna vaccine for rabies: relevance of the trans-membrane domain of the glycoprotein in generating an antibody response.	various studies have demonstrated the potential of immunization with dna vaccines encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (rv-g) to elicit humoral responses. in the present study, we have designed four constructs using a vr1020 vector, wherein the rv-g ectodomain has been cloned without the signal sequence (ss) and the trans-membrane domain (td) (rgvr), without the ss but with the td (rgvrt), with the ss but without the td (rgvrs) and with the ss and the td (rgvrst), under the control of a cytome ...	2005	15978691
pathogenesis of rabies.	rabies is a central nervous system (cns) disease that is almost invariably fatal. the causative agent is rabies virus (rv), a negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. rv pathogenesis, like that of other viruses, is a multigenic trait. recent findings indicate that in addition to the rv g protein viral elements that regulate gene expression, especially expression of the l gene, are also likely to play a role in rv pathogenesis. in vivo, rv infects almost exclusively neurons, and neu ...	2005	15981467
transmission dynamics of rabies virus in thailand: implications for disease control.	in thailand, rabies remains a neglected disease with authorities continuing to rely on human death statistics while ignoring the financial burden resulting from an enormous increase in post-exposure prophylaxis. past attempts to conduct a mass dog vaccination and sterilization program have been limited to bangkok city and have not been successful. we have used molecular epidemiology to define geographic localization of rabies virus phylogroups and their pattern of spread in thailand.	2005	15985183
[construction and immunogenicity of recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 with the external part of glycoprotein of rabies virus].	the cases of rabies increase greatly in recent years in china and rabies continues to be a serious problem in developing countries due to the reservoirs of rabies virus in dogs and wildlife vectors. the control of rabies depends on the development of safe, effective, economical vaccines that may be used for preexposure vaccination in animals. for this purpose, the external part of glycoprotein gene of rabies virus strain srv9 (rvg) was amplified by the rt-pcr and cloned into pegfp-c1 with replac ...	2005	15989263
importation of canid rabies in a horse relocated from zimbabwe to south africa.	in july 2003 a 2-year-old thoroughbred colt was imported from harare, zimbabwe to the ashburton training centre, pietermaritzburg, south africa. five months after importation, the colt presented with clinical signs suggestive of rabies: it was uncoordinated, showed muscle tremors and was biting at itself. brain tissue was submitted for analysis and the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). phylogenetic anal ...	2005	15991708
novel human monoclonal antibody combination effectively neutralizing natural rabies virus variants and individual in vitro escape mutants.	the need to replace rabies immune globulin (rig) as an essential component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis is widely acknowledged. we set out to discover a unique combination of human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) able to replace rig. stringent criteria concerning neutralizing potency, affinity, breadth of neutralization, and coverage of natural rabies virus (rv) isolates and in vitro escape mutants were set for each individual antibody, and the complementarities of the two mabs were defined a ...	2005	15994800
trophic activity of rabies g protein-pseudotyped equine infectious anemia viral vector mediated igf-i motor neuron gene transfer in vitro.	the present study examines gene delivery to cultured motor neurons (mns) with the rabies g protein (rabg)-pseudotyped lentiviral equine infectious anemia virus (rabg.eiav) vector. rabg.eiav-mediated beta-galactosidase (rabg.eiav-lacz) gene expression in cultured mns plateaus 120 h after infection. the rate and percent of gene expression observed are titer-dependent (p < 0.001). the rat igf-i cdna sequence was then cloned into a rabg.eiav vector (rabg.eiav-igf-i) and was shown to induce igf-i exp ...	2005	16005636
rabies virus detection and phylogenetic studies in samples from an exhumed human.		2005	16007545
[improved biochemical characteristics of human disulfide-stabilized fv fragment to rabies virus].	this study is (1) to improve the stabilization of human scfv to rabies virus; (2) to prepare active human dsfv fragment; and (3) to evaluate the biological activities of dsfv. the dsfv v(h) and vl were separately expressed in pet22b(+)/bl21 (de3), solublized and combined in appropriate molar ratio in refolding solution. the resultant dsfv fragments were evaluated for its protection against rabies virus, its affinity and stability, in reference to the cognate scfv. the dsfv was found to bind spec ...	2005	16013487
degeneration of neuronal processes after infection with pathogenic, but not attenuated, rabies viruses.	the structural alterations of neuronal processes in mice were investigated after the mice were infected with rabies virus (rv). silver staining of infected brain sections showed severe destruction and disorganization of neuronal processes in mice infected with pathogenic rv but not with attenuated rv. however, neuronal bodies showed very little pathological changes. electron microscopy revealed the disappearance of intracellular organelles, as well as the disappearance of synaptic structures and ...	2005	16014967
[antigenic relationship between nucleocapsid proteins of phyto- and zoorhabdoviruses].	the methods of electrophoresis in paag and immunological method were used for comparative analysis of structural proteins of phytorhabdovirus of potato curly dwarf (pcdv) and zoorhabdoviruses-vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and fixed rabies virus (rv). molecular weight of viral proteins was determined by the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. the proteins with molecular weight 45-51 kd, are probably, the major component of the viral nucleocap ...	2005	16018215
rapid discrimination of rabies viruses isolated from various host species in brazil by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	rabies is carried mainly by mammalian carnivores and vampire bats in latin america. however, rabies virus (rv) has been isolated in recent years from not only vampire bats in rural areas but also from several non-vampire bat species in urban areas, respectively. therefore, rapid molecular screening is necessary for efficient epidemiology of these rvs. in this study, we investigated the usefulness of multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for determining the origins of ...	2005	16036175
high level expression of surface glycoprotein of rabies virus in tobacco leaves and its immunoprotective activity in mice.	a synthetic gene coding for the surface glycoprotein (g protein) of rabies virus was strategically designed to achieve high-level expression in transgenic plants. the native signal peptide was replaced by that of the pathogenesis related protein, pr-s of nicotiana tabacum. an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was included at c-terminus of the g protein. tobacco plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation. selected transgenic lines expressed the chimeric g protein at 0.38% o ...	2005	16038998
purification, potency and immunogenicity analysis of vero cell culture-derived rabies vaccine: a comparative study of single-step column chromatography and zonal centrifuge purification.	continuous vero cell lines are more suitable for large-scale production of rabies vaccine. the purification of vero cell-derived rabies vaccine is critical because of the residual cellular dna and serum proteins. the perfection of techniques using column chromatography with different matrix material, gel filtration and zonal centrifugation is of paramount importance for the optimal purification of rabies vaccine, leaving minimal residual cellular dna, below the permissible level of 100 pg per do ...	2005	16046167
comparative evaluation of specific elisa and rffit antibody assays in the assessment of dog immunity against rabies.	two techniques are currently used to evaluate the humoral immune responses to rabies vaccination: elisa, which detects binding antibodies to viral antigens and the who reference rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), which assays in vitro virus-neutralizing antibodies. in this study, we have comparatively evaluated antibody responses of dogs reared either in an experimental kennel or living in field conditions after vaccination with a cell culture-derived rabies vaccine. in experimenta ...	2005	16050522
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from south korea.	a molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. the study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein ...	2005	16051390
lack of impact of abo blood group or corresponding isoantibodies on the immune response after rabies vaccination.	demand for rabies hyperimmunoglobulin has increased recently, requiring optimization of vaccination schemes for immunized plasma donors. possible resemblance of rabies vaccine to blood group antigens and consequential association of the immune response to rabies vaccine and blood group or corresponding isoantibodies has not yet been investigated. we analyzed antirabies antibodies after rabies vaccination and abo blood group in 142 individuals, and isoantibody titers in 92 of those individuals. w ...	2005	16053197
immunopotentiation of the antibody response against influenza ha with apoptotic bodies generated by rabies virus g-era protein-driven apoptosis.	apoptosis is considered to be a way of eliminating unwanted cells without causing major inflammation. nevertheless, several lines of evidence show that apoptotic cell-derived antigens can be strong immunogens. the rabies virus glycoprotein g-era is an apoptotic molecule. we tested the ability of g-era to potentiate a b cell response against an exogenous antigen (influenza hemagglutinin, ha). we found that co-expression of g-era and ha in apoptotic bodies increased both the primary and memory ha- ...	2005	16054731
[comparative study between 2 conjugates for the diagnosis of rabies in cuba by direct immunofluorescence].	a comparison was made between the conjugate of national production made by "carlos j. finlay" enterprise of biological products for diagnosing rabies by direct immunofluorescence and the viral antinucleocapsid conjugate manufactured by biorad that is commercialized at the international level. 150 samples of brain from different animal species were studied at the rabies reference laboratory of "pedro kouri" institute of tropical medicine from 2000 to 2002. on comparing both conjugates, there were ...	2005	17966581
clinical laboratory advances in the detection of rabies virus.	rabies is one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus, but the main vectors of human infection are dogs and cats. development of rabies can be prevented by postexposure vaccination, and with a few exceptions, the exact time and source of human infection is usually known. however, the effective use of postexposure vaccination depends on the rapid and accurate detection of rabies virus in specimens obtained from the sour ...	2005	15563871
acute toxoplasmosis in three wild arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) from svalbard; one with co-infections of salmonella enteritidis pt1 and yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 2b.	acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in three wild arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) that were found dead in the same locality on svalbard (norway). the animals included one adult female and two 4-months-old pups. the adult fox was severely jaundiced. necropsy revealed multifocal, acute, necrotizing hepatitis, acute interstitial pneumonia, and scattered foci of brain gliosis, often associated with toxoplasma tachyzoites. one pup also had toxoplasma-associated meningitis. in addition, the l ...	2005	15563924
molecular detection of rabies encephalitis and correlation with cytokine expression.	the purposes of this study were to elucidate the role of cytokine upregulation in the pathogenesis of rabies encephalitis and to compare the detection of negri bodies with that of rabies protein by immunohistochemistry and rabies rna by reverse transcriptase (rt) in situ pcr for its diagnosis. negri bodies were evident in 4/7 of the documented rabies cases; viral protein and viral rna were detected in each case. the average number of rabies-infected cells, determined by counting 150 neurons in s ...	2005	15389258
novel flavivirus or new lineage of west nile virus, central europe.	a flavivirus (strain 97-103) was isolated from culex pipens mosquitoes in 1997 following floods in south moravia, czech republic. the strain exhibited close antigenic relationship to west nile virus (wnv) prototype strain eg-101 in a cross-neutralization test. in this study, mouse pathogenicity characteristics and the complete nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences of isolate 97-103, named rabensburg virus (rabv) after a nearby austrian city, were determined. rabv shares only 75%-77% nucle ...	2005	15752439
survey for bat lyssaviruses, thailand.	surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among bat populations in 8 provinces in thailand. in 2002 and 2003, a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured and released after serum collection. lyssavirus infection was determined by conducting virus neutralization assays on bat serum samples. of collected samples, 538 were either hemolysed or insufficient in volume, which left 394 suitable for analysis. these samples included the following: pteropus lylei (n = 335), eonycteris spelaea (n = 45 ...	2005	15752440
bat incidents at children's camps, new york state, 1998-2002.	from 1998 to 2002, a total of 299 bat incidents were reported at 109 children's camps in new york; 1,429 campers and staff were involved, and 461 persons received rabies treatment. in 53.8% of the incidents, the bat was captured and samples tested negative for rabies virus, which resulted in 61.3% of persons not receiving rabies treatment.	2005	15752451
rabies control in south and southeast asia.	we have the knowledge and tools to eliminate the threat of canine rabies but this disease, nevertheless, remains a public health threat in many parts of the world. lack of motivation by governments, cultural issues and inadequate funding remain barriers. this is amazing since the number of human rabies deaths worldwide is greater than that from polio, meningococcal meningitis, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, sars, bird flue and other scourges that attract more attention. safe and effective ...	2005	15755612
organization of multisynaptic inputs from prefrontal cortex to primary motor cortex as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus.	the organization of multisynaptic projections from the prefrontal cortex to the primary motor cortex (mi) was examined in macaque monkeys by retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus. in the first series of experiments, the virus was injected into the mi forelimb region, and the time-dependent distribution patterns of transsynaptic labeling were analyzed in the frontal lobe with various survivals (2-4 d). two days after the viral injection, neuronal labeling emerged in the caudal aspect ...	2005	15758164
immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine used in the treatment of fox-bite victims in india.	purified vero cell rabies vaccine was used to treat 19 patients who experienced fox bite. seventeen patients survived, and 2 patients died of rabies. maximum antibody titers determined using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test were 25 iu, < or =90 days after the first vaccination and were 30 iu on day 1050 after booster vaccination.	2005	15712086
fox rabies in india.		2005	15712087
predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in ohio.	rabies is an important public health concern in north america because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. the costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoon-associated rabies via a vaccine corridor ...	2005	15737065
a novel rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for rabies virus using a recombinant rabies virus visualizing a green fluorescent protein.	virus-neutralizing antibodies (vnas) against rabies virus play a major role in protection from rabies. the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) has been internationally recognized as a standard in vitro test for measuring the vna. cvs strain of rabies virus is used as challenge virus and the infected cells are indirectly detected by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-conjugated rabies antibody which is expensive and high-quality products are often in short supply. in this ...	2005	15737414
n-glycosylation at one rabies virus glycoprotein sequon influences n-glycan processing at a distant sequon on the same molecule.	rabies glycoprotein (rgp(wt)) contains n-glycosylation sequons at asn(37), asn(247), and asn(319), although asn(37) is not efficiently glycosylated. to examine n-glycan processing at asn(247) and asn(319), full-length glycosylation mutants, rgp(-2-) and rgp(--3), were expressed, and endo h sensitivity was compared. when the asn(247) sequon is present alone in rgp(-2-), 90% of its n-glycans are high-mannose type, whereas only 35% of the n-glycans at asn(319) in rgp(--3) are high-mannose. when bot ...	2005	15677380
spatial dynamics and molecular ecology of north american rabies.	rabies, caused by a single-stranded rna virus, is arguably the most important viral zoonotic disease worldwide. although endemic throughout many regions for millennia, rabies is also undergoing epidemic expansion, often quite rapid, among wildlife populations across regions of europe and north america. a current rabies epizootic in north america is largely attributable to the accidental introduction of a particularly well-adapted virus variant into a naive raccoon population along the virginia/w ...	2005	15677743
reconstituted, refrigerated and stored tissue culture rabies vaccines retain immunogenicity for longer than 1 week.		2005	15661378
strong cellular and humoral anti-hiv env immune responses induced by a heterologous rhabdoviral prime-boost approach.	recombinant rhabdovirus vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and/or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) proteins have been shown to induce strong immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques. however, the finding that such responses protect rhesus macaques from aids-like disease but not from infection indicates that further improvements for these vectors are needed. here, we designed a prime-boost schedule consisting of a rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain and a recombinant vesicu ...	2005	15582655
basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to 'aip'.	the anterior intraparietal area (aip) is a subregion of area 7b in posterior parietal cortex. aip neurons respond to the sight of objects, as well as to the act of grasping them. we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to examine subcortical inputs to aip in the monkey. virus transport labeled substantial numbers of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snpr), as well as in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. the hotspots of labeled neurons in snpr and in dentate ...	2005	15459083
genetic analysis of dog rabies viruses circulating in bangkok.	the genetic diversity of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) gene isolated from individual rabid dogs (inter-hosts) and within a single infected dog (intra-host) has been analyzed in an effort to better understand selective pressures and population shifts among rabies viruses circulating in bangkok. comparison of individual master sequences among inter-hosts revealed that the dog virus isolates circulating in bangkok were phylogenetically closely related. the ectodomain of the glycoprotein was hig ...	2006	16061424
optimization of virus yield as a strategy to improve rabies vaccine production by vero cells in a bioreactor.	to improve rabies vaccine production by vero cells, we have developed a strategy based on high cell density culture and optimization of virus yield. we have first optimized cell growth in spinner flask using a taguchi's l8 experimental design. we analyzed the effects of the following factors: initial glucose and glutamine concentrations, cytodex 1 concentration and the regulation of glucose level at 1 g l(-1). we have also investigated the effect of the following factor interactions: cytodex 1 c ...	2006	16153733
one-time intradermal dna vaccination in ear pinnae one year prior to infection protects dogs against rabies virus.	rabid dog exposures result in > 99% of human rabies deaths worldwide. ninety-eight percent of these cases occur in developing countries. thus, the best protection against human rabies would be prevention through adequate vaccination of the reservoir population. the difficulty in re-locating ownerless, freely roaming dogs for booster vaccinations, in addition to poor coverage with inadequate vaccines, suggests that a potentially inexpensive vaccine that elicits long-term protection after a single ...	2006	16153757
viral rna in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice.	data regarding the occurrence of a viremia during rabies virus infections are contradictory. here, we attempted to clarify the dissimilar results using a qualitative taqman pcr assay to detect viral rna in blood of mice that had been injected intramuscularly with rabies virus. viral rna was detected at two different intervals. initially, rna was present in blood of 30/32 (94%) mice, from 1h to 2 days after injection of virus. the rna in the blood at this time most likely resulted from trauma to ...	2006	16242805
a molecular epidemiological analysis of the incursion of the raccoon strain of rabies virus into canada.	three physically separate incursions of the raccoon strain of rabies have entered canada, two into eastern ontario in 1999 and one into new brunswick in 2000. the course of these epizootics is described. phylogenetic analysis of the index cases from these two provinces with raccoon rabies viruses representative of this strain in the united states supported the independence of these incursions into canada via cross-border transmission from the united states. genetic characterization of 190 isolat ...	2006	16207385
chicken embryo related (cer) cell line for quantification of rabies neutralizing antibody by fluorescent focus inhibition test.	levels of rabies virus neutralization antibody in sera from vaccinated dogs and cattle were either measured by mouse neutralization test (mnt) or by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), performed on cer monolayers. the two tests were compared for their ability to detect the 0.5 international units/ml (i.u.) recommended by the world health organization (who) as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. a significant correlation was found between the two tests (n=211; r=0. ...	2006	16213749
enhanced humoral hiv-1-specific immune responses generated from recombinant rhabdoviral-based vaccine vectors co-expressing hiv-1 proteins and il-2.	recombinant rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors expressing hiv-1 antigens have been shown to induce strong and long-lasting cellular but modest humoral responses against the expressed antigens in mice. however, an effective vaccine against hiv-1 may require stronger responses, and the development of such an immune response may depend on the presence of certain cytokines at the time of the inoculation. here, we describe several new rv-based vaccine vehicles expressing hiv-1 gag or enve ...	2006	16226782
dna immunization using a non-viral promoter.	most dna vaccines rely on strong viral promoters to optimize levels of transgene expression. some studies have demonstrated that the potency of viral promoters does not necessarily correlate with dna vaccine efficacy in vivo. this has partly been attributed to downregulation of these promoters by cytokines such as interferon gamma induced by the cpg motives of these vaccines. in an attempt to avoid downregulation of viral promoters by ifn-gamma, we tested vaccine vectors driven by the mhc class ...	2006	16226783
molecular epidemiological study of arctic rabies virus isolates from greenland and comparison with isolates from throughout the arctic and baltic regions.	we report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in arctic countries by comparing a panel of novel greenland isolates to a larger cohort of viral sequences from both arctic and baltic regions. rabies virus isolates originating from wildlife (arctic/red foxes, raccoon-dogs and reindeer), from domestic animals (dogs/cats) and from two human cases were investigated. the resulting 400 bp n-gene sequences were compared with isolates representing neighbouring arctic or baltic countries from north ...	2006	16198016
expression of the interferon-alpha/beta-inducible bovine mx1 dynamin interferes with replication of rabies virus.	rabies is a fatal anthropozoonotic viral infection of the central nervous system that remains a serious public health problem in many countries. as several animal cases of spontaneous survival to infection were reported and because type 1 interferons were shown to protect against the virus, it was suggested that innate resistance mechanisms exist. among the antiviral proteins that are synthesized in response to interferon-alpha/beta stimulation, mx proteins from several species are long known to ...	2006	16202617
multiple amino acids in the glycoprotein of rabies virus are responsible for pathogenicity in adult mice.	we have reported that the region between amino acids 164 and 303 in the glycoprotein of rabies nishigahara strain is important for lethality in adult mice. the region contains nine amino acid substitutions between the virulent nishigahara and the avirulent rc-hl strains. in order to determine key residues for the pathogenicity, two chimeric strains and seven mutants were generated and examined for pathogenicities. the r(g 242/255/268) strain, in which amino acids at positions 242, 255, and 268 w ...	2006	16188341
a simple immuno-capture elisa to estimate rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in vaccine manufacture.	rabies is an endemic, fatal zoonotic disease in the developing countries. prevention and post-exposure therapy require safe and efficacious vaccines. the vaccine potency depends on the amount of immunogenic rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in the vaccine preparation. in order to estimate the rabies viral glycoprotein antigen, a specific monoclonal antibody was developed and used in an immuno-capture elisa (ic-elisa). the monoclonal antibody binds a conformational epitope on the natively folded ...	2006	16188454
binary adeasy vector systems designed for tet-on or tet-off regulated control of transgene expression.	here, we describe the construction of a set of binary adenovirus vectors encoding for a tetracycline-regulatable expression cassette and the tet-on or the tet-off transcriptional activator proteins from a single viral chromosome. the rabies virus glycoprotein was cloned into the e1 region and the tetracycline activator proteins were inserted in both orientation in place of the e3 region. to further restrict background transcription, we also introduced a lac repressor protein based roadblock to t ...	2006	16102868
multigenic relation to the attenuation of rabies virus.	rabies virus nishigahara strain causes lethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. on the other hand, the rc-hl strain, derived from the nishigahara strain, does not cause lethal infection in adult mice. we previously demonstrated that a chimeric virus, r(g), with the open reading frame of the g gene (g-orf) from the nishigahara strain in the background of the rc-hl genome, is virulent. reversely, in order to demonstrate that the g gene of the rc-hl strain is related to the a ...	2006	16428870
comparative pathogenesis of recombinant rabies vaccine strain sad-l16 and sad-d29 with replacement of arg333 in the glycoprotein after peripheral inoculation of neonatal mice: less neurovirulent strain is a stronger inducer of neuronal apoptosis.	less neurovirulent strains of rabies virus have been recognized to be stronger inducers of neuronal apoptosis in vitro than more neurovirulent strains, but few studies have clarified whether this also applies in vivo. a comparative study was performed in two-day-old icr mice inoculated in a hindlimb thigh muscle with recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16 (l16) or sad-d29 (d29), which contains an attenuating substitution of arg333 in the rabies virus glycoprotein. histopathological and ...	2006	16453143
a highly attenuated rabies virus hep-flury strain reverts to virulent by single amino acid substitution to arginine at position 333 in glycoprotein.	an amino acid at position 333 in the glycoprotein of several fixed rabies virus strains is responsible for the pathogenicity in adult mice. substitution of arginine at this position largely reduces the viral pathogenicity in adult mice. attenuation by this single amino acid substitution has been established by using escape mutants selected by monoclonal antibodies and point-mutated virus generated by reverse-genetics. a highly attenuated hep-flury strain, which was selected by serial passages in ...	2006	16473429
[when vaccination takes place after the bite, every hour counts. race with the rabies virus].		2006	16475619