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getting the biggest birch for the bang: restoring and expanding upland birchwoods in the scottish highlands by managing red deer.high deer populations threaten the conservation value of woodlands and grasslands, but predicting the success of deer culling, in terms of allowing vegetation to recover, is difficult. numerical simulation modeling is one approach to gain insight into the outcomes of management scenarios. we develop a spatially explicit model to predict the responses of betula spp. to red deer (cervus elaphus) and land management in the scottish highlands. our model integrates a bayesian stochastic stage-based m ...201323919137
multilevel d-loop pcr identification of hunting game.the control region of mtdna (d-loop) was used for hair samples of the five hunting game species identification: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis aries musimon), and wild boar (sus scrofa). for d-loop multilevel pcr detection scheme was applied in six primers (ce cvzv 1 = 5'-gatcacgagcttgatcacca-3'; ce cvzv 2 = 5'-aggagtgggcgattttaggt-3'; dd cvzv 3 = 5'-cgcgtgaaaccaacaacccgc-3'; dd cvzv 4 = 5'-ccgggtcggggccttagacg-3'; ssw cvzv 5 = 5 ...201327275406
landscape level variation in tick abundance relative to seasonal migration in red deer.partial migration is common among northern ungulates, typically involving an altitudinal movement for seasonally migratory individuals. the main driving force behind migration is the benefit of an extended period of access to newly emerged, high quality forage along the green up gradient with increasing altitude; termed the forage maturation hypothesis. any other limiting factor spatially correlated with this gradient may provide extra benefits or costs to migration, without necessarily being th ...201323951125
surveillance of bovine tuberculosis and risk estimation of a future reservoir formation in wildlife in switzerland and liechtenstein.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis or m. caprae has recently (re-) emerged in livestock and wildlife in all countries bordering switzerland (ch) and the principality of liechtenstein (fl). comprehensive data for swiss and liechtenstein wildlife are not available so far, although two native species, wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus), act as btb reservoirs elsewhere in continental europe. our aims were (1) to assess the occurrence of btb in these wil ...201323349839
environmental factors shaping ungulate abundances in poland.population densities of large herbivores are determined by the diverse effects of density-dependent and independent environmental factors. in this study, we used the official 1998-2003 inventory data on ungulate numbers from 462 forest districts and 23 national parks across poland to determine the roles of various environmental factors in shaping country-wide spatial patterns of ungulate abundances. spatially explicit generalized additive mixed models showed that different sets of environmental ...201324244044
sex-biased differences in the effects of host individual, host population and environmental traits driving tick parasitism in red deer.the interactions between host individual, host population, and environmental factors modulate parasite abundance in a given host population. since adult exophilic ticks are highly aggregated in red deer (cervus elaphus) and this ungulate exhibits significant sexual size dimorphism, life history traits and segregation, we hypothesized that tick parasitism on males and hinds would be differentially influenced by each of these factors. to test the hypothesis, ticks from 306 red deer-182 males and 1 ...201323819112
innate immune markers that distinguish red deer (cervus elaphus) selected for resistant or susceptible genotypes for johne's disease.while many factors contribute to resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease, a major component is the genotype of the host and the way in which it is expressed. johne's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting ruminants and is caused by infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). we have previously identified red deer breeds (cervus elaphus) that are resistant; have a low rate of map infection and do not progress to develop johne's disease. in ...201323347398
use of ethanol extract of mycobacterium bovis for detection of specific antibodies in sera of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) with bovine tuberculosis.bovine tuberculosis (btb) in wildlife species poses a threat to domestic livestock in many situations. control programs for btb in livestock depend on testing and slaughtering the positive animals; however, the currently available diagnostic tests often have poor specificity. in our previous study, we developed a specific and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for another mycobacterial disease - johne's disease, using surface antigens of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis ...201324341485
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) with grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes.to estimate the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in farmed deer with no gross post-mortem evidence of map infection slaughtered in new zealand, and to assess predictors of infection.201323441922
the modification and evaluation of an elisa test for the surveillance of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wild ruminants.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is often used to test wildlife samples for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection. however, commercially available kits are only validated for use with domestic ruminant species. a literature review was performed to document the current use of map serum elisa in wild and semi-domestic ruminants. we then modified and evaluated a commercial elisa kit (idexx mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody test kit) for use with species for whic ...201323302439
prevalence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in large game animals intended for consumption: relationship with management practices and livestock influence.although wild ruminants have been identified as reservoirs of shiga-toxin producing escherichia coli (stec), little information is available concerning the role of salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in large game species. we evaluated the presence of these pathogens in faeces (n=574) and carcasses (n=585) sampled from red deer (n=295), wild boar (n=333) and other ungulates (fallow deer, mouflon) (n=9). animal sampling was done in situ from 33 hunting estates during two hunting seasons. salmo ...201323384892
incidence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains in beef, pork, chicken, deer, boar, bison, and rabbit retail meat.the objective of the current study was to determine the incidence of contamination by the top 7 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o-groups, responsible for the majority of e. coli infections in human beings, in retail meat from different animal species. samples from ground beef (n = 51), ground pork (n = 16), ground chicken (n = 16), and game meat (deer, wild boar, bison, and rabbit; n = 55) were collected from retail vendors for the detection of 7 stec o-groups (o26, o45, o103, o111 ...201323512921
the origin of the giant liver fluke, fascioloides magna (trematoda: fasciolidae) from croatia determined by high-resolution melting screening of mitochondrial cox1 haplotypes.the high-resolution melting (hrm) method, recently optimized as a reliable technique for population study of the european fascioloides magna populations, was applied to determine an origin of f. magna individuals from croatia. the structure and frequency of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (439 bp; cox1) haplotypes of 200 croatian flukes coming from 19 red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) livers were screened and compared with recently determined reference samples of f. magna from all e ...201323609601
the first detection of nematodes ashworthius sidemi in elk alces alces (l.) in poland and remarks of ashworthiosis foci limitations.ashworthius sidemi, a nematode belonging to the family of trichostrongylidae, is a primary parasite of the asian deer, mainly sika deer (cervus nippon), with which it was introduced to ukraine, as well as slovakia, the czech republic and france. migrating red deer carried this parasite from neighboring countries to polish territory. until now, in poland, this parasite has been recorded in european bison, red deer, roe deer and fallow deer. as a result of post-mortem examinations of 10 elk, 2 of ...201324338312
integrating ecology with management to control wildlife brucellosis.bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem have long been infected with brucella abortus. the continued culling of large numbers of yellowstone bison to reduce the risk of brucellosis transmission to cattle could negatively affect long-term conservation. a desirable management objective is to reduce the level of b. abortus infection while conserving wildlife populations. identifying the ecological factors that influence immune suppression and vulnerabilityt ...201323837381
an ecological perspective on brucella abortus in the western united states.after a hiatus during the 1990s, outbreaks of brucella abortus in cattle are occurring more frequently in some of the western states of the united states, namely, montana, wyoming and idaho. this increase is coincidentwith increasing brucellosis seroprevalence in elk (cervus elaphus), which is correlated with elk density. vaccines are a seductive solution, but their use in wildlife systems remains limited by logistical, financial, and scientific constraints. cattle vaccination is ongoing in the ...201323837367
risks of brucella abortus spillover in the greater yellowstone area.recurrent spillover of brucella abortus from wildlife reservoirs to domestic cattle in the greater yellowstone area (gya) has prevented the united states from completely eradicating bovine brucellosis. risks to cattle are a function of the size and location of wildlife and livestock populations, the degree and nature of spatio-temporal interactions between the various hosts, the level of disease in wildlife, and the susceptibility of livestock herds. while the brucellosis prevalence in wild, fre ...201323837366
evaluation of transmission of brucella abortus strain 19 in bison by intravaginal, intrauterine, and intraconjunctival inoculation.bovine brucellosis, caused by the bacterium brucella abortus, is endemic in bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in the area of yellowstone national park, usa. two strategies have been proposed to reduce the risk of transmission of disease in bison: remote vaccination with the vaccine rb51, and the use of immunocontraception of bison to decrease shedding of organisms from infected females. the frequent occurrence of venereal transmission in bison would complicate eith ...201323778600
babesia odocoilei infection in a saskatchewan elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) herd.an 8-year-old female elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) cow, presented for chronic severe weight loss and unthriftiness, was diagnosed with babesia odocoilei infection based on blood smear evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and dna sequence analysis. subsequently, velvet antler from a male that died acutely on the same farm was also pcr positive for babesia spp. both animals originated from a game ranch of saskatchewan-bred and -raised animals with no known history of tick exposure, but w ...201323780934
forensic dna barcoding and bio-response studies of animal horn products used in traditional medicine.animal horns (ahs) have been applied to traditional medicine for more than thousands of years, of which clinical effects have been confirmed by the history. but now parts of ahs have been listed in the items of wildlife conservation, which limits the use for traditional medicine. the contradiction between the development of traditional medicine and the protection of wild resources has already become the common concern of zoophilists, traditional medical professionals, economists, sociologists. w ...201323409064
red deer (cervus elaphus) as a host for the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in yucatan, mexico.rhipicephalus microplus is the most economically important cattle tick in the mexican tropics. wild ungulate species, including red deer (cervus elaphus), are gaining popularity in diversified livestock ranching operations in mexico. however, there is no information available on the susceptibility of red deer to infestation with the cattle tick, r. microplus, under hot, subhumid tropical conditions in mexico. biological data on r. microplus as an ectoparasite of cattle and red deer in a farm in ...201323423423
experimental chronic wasting disease in wild type vm mice.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was first confirmed in the republic of korea in 2001, and subsequent cases were diagnosed in 2004, 2005 and 2010. the experimental host range of cwd includes ferrets, several species of voles, white-footed mice, deer mice and syrian golden hamsters. in addition, cwd was transmitted to the transgenic mous ...201323708962
efficacy of antemortem rectal biopsies to diagnose and estimate prevalence of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cow elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).a reliable antemortem test is needed to understand the ecology of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). we measured the ability of antemortem biopsy samples from the rectal mucosa to detect the abnormal prion protein associated with cwd (prp(cwd)), the relationship between test results from the obex and rectal biopsies at varying stages of cwd progression, and the prevalence of cwd in free-ranging elk from rocky mountain national park, colorado, usa. we sampled and place ...201323568902
strain characterization of the korean cwd cases in 2001 and 2004.chronic wasting disease (cwd) has been recognized as a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was confirmed only in elk in the republic of korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005. epidemiological investigations showed that cwd was introduced via importation of infected elk from canada between 1994 and 1997. in spite of the increasing geographic distribution and host range of cwd, little ...201322972463
a case of chronic wasting disease in a captive red deer (cervus elaphus).a 22-month-old, female red deer (cervus elaphus) was submitted to the university of minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory for necropsy and chronic wasting disease (cwd) testing. the deer was found positive for the abnormal prion protein in the obex and the retropharyngeal lymph node by immunohistochemical staining. microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy and immunohistochemical staining patterns and intensity were similar to those in cwd-positive elk and experimentally infected red ...201323950558
survey of bluetongue virus infection in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland.in 2006, bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) was detected for the first time in central europe. measures to control the infection in livestock were implemented in switzerland but the question was raised whether free-ranging wildlife could be a maintenance host for btv-8. furthermore toggenburg orbivirus (tov), considered as a potential 25th btv serotype, was detected in 2007 in domestic goats in switzerland and wild ruminants were considered a potential source of infection. to assess prevalences ...201323941229
anaplasma phagocytophilum variants in sympatric red deer (cervus elaphus) and sheep in southern norway.infections by the ixodid tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum are common in domestic ruminants and cervids in the coastal areas of southern norway. previous experimental work has shown that a. phagocytophilum strains recovered from red deer (cervus elaphus) are infective in lambs, but epidemiological links between infections in red deer and sheep have yet to be established. to address this shortfall, the present study explores the genotypic relatedness between a. phagocy ...201323414797
first serosurvey of besnoitia spp. infection in wild european ruminants in spain.besnoitia besnoiti has been reported to affect cattle, wildebeest, kudu and impala, and b. tarandi other wild ruminants (caribou, reindeer, mule deer and musk ox), causing similar characteristic clinical signs and lesions. however, both besnoitia species have been reported in different geographical areas and the link between the sylvatic and domestic life cycles of besnoita spp. in wild ruminants and cattle remains unknown. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of specific antibodie ...201323790546
do red deer stags (cervus elaphus) use roar fundamental frequency (f0) to assess rivals?it is well established that in humans, male voices are disproportionately lower pitched than female voices, and recent studies suggest that this dimorphism in fundamental frequency (f0) results from both intrasexual (male competition) and intersexual (female mate choice) selection for lower pitched voices in men. however, comparative investigations indicate that sexual dimorphism in f0 is not universal in terrestrial mammals. in the highly polygynous and sexually dimorphic scottish red deer cerv ...201324386312
late-glacial recolonization and phylogeography of european red deer (cervus elaphus l.).the pleistocene was an epoch of extreme climatic and environmental changes. how individual species responded to the repeated cycles of warm and cold stages is a major topic of debate. for the european fauna and flora, an expansion-contraction model has been suggested, whereby temperate species were restricted to southern refugia during glacial times and expanded northwards during interglacials, including the present interglacial (holocene). here, we test this model on the red deer (cervus elaphu ...201323927498
estimating resource selection with count data.resource selection functions (rsfs) are typically estimated by comparing covariates at a discrete set of "used" locations to those from an "available" set of locations. this rsf approach treats the response as binary and does not account for intensity of use among habitat units where locations were recorded. advances in global positioning system (gps) technology allow animal location data to be collected at fine spatiotemporal scales and have increased the size and correlation of data used in rs ...201323919165
roaring high and low: composition and possible functions of the iberian stag's vocal repertoire.we provide a detailed description of the rutting vocalisations of free-ranging male iberian deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus, hilzheimer 1909), a geographically isolated and morphologically differentiated subspecies of red deer cervus elaphus. we combine spectrographic examinations, spectral analyses and automated classifications to identify different call types, and compare the composition of the vocal repertoire with that of other red deer subspecies. iberian stags give bouts of roars (and more ...201323667678
an improved high yield method to obtain microsatellite genotypes from red deer antlers up to 200 years old.analysis of dna from older samples, such as museum specimen, is a promising approach to studying genetics of populations and ecological processes across several generations. here, we present a method for extracting high quality nuclear dna for microsatellite analysis from antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus). the genotyping of individuals was based on nine microsatellite loci. because the amount of dna found in antlers was high, we could reduce the amount of sample and chemicals used and shorten ...201323347507
[analysis on nutritional component of cervus elaphus products].to investigate nutrient values in the cervus elaphus, so as to provide a scientific basis for choosing products by businesses and consumers.201323654109
cervus elaphus papillomavirus (cepv1): new insights on viral evolution in deer.we identified a novel papillomavirus (cepv1) in a fibropapilloma of a 1.5 year old male red deer (cervus elaphus) shot in the italian alps in brescia province. pv particles were first observed by electron microscopy and pv dna was then identified by pcr using degenerate primers. subsequently we cloned the entire genome and determined its complete sequence. cepv1 genome is 8009 bp long and contains all 9 orfs and the long untranslated regulatory region characteristic for delta-papillomaviruses. p ...201323578708
severe dental fluorosis in juvenile deer linked to a recent volcanic eruption in patagonia.the puyehue-cordon caulle volcanic eruption deposited large amounts of tephra (ashes) on about 36 million ha of argentina in june of 2011. tephra was considered chemically innoxious based on water leachates, surface water fluoride levels were determined to be safe, and livestock losses were attributable to inanition and excessive tooth wear. to evaluate effects on wild ungulates, we sampled wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at 100 km from the volcano in september-november 2012. we show that tephra ...201323568911
the relationship between body-mass and puberty in young red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds: evidence of early-life effects on permissive live-weight thresholds.this study, based on the analysis of growth and reproductive records of 6158 young red deer hinds, tested the hypothesis that the nutritional environment in early life influences the permissive body mass threshold for puberty at around 16 months of age. live-weight at 3 months (i.e. weaning weight) was a proxy for their nutritional environment between birth and weaning, live-weight at 14 months was the indicator of pre-mating body mass, and pregnancy status at 18-19 months was a proxy for entry ...201324280634
sensitivity, specificity and level of agreement of meat inspector detection of abnormal lymph nodes of farmed deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand.to assess the sensitivity (se), specificity (sp) and level of agreement in the detection of abnormal deer mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) by official assessors (meat inspectors) for the purpose of slaughter premise surveillance for johne's disease in new zealand farmed deer.201323441889
the occurrence of demodex kutzeri bukva, 1987 (acari, demodecidae) in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in poland.the occurrence of demodex kutzeri bukva, 1987 was examined and compared in red deer coming from different populations--25 red deer from northern poland (masurian lake district) and 25 from southern poland (lower silesia). the total prevalence of infestation in red deer by d. kutzeri was 52% with the mean intensity of 38 individuals and the intensity range of 1-135. parameters of infestation for red deer from northern poland were much higher (68%, 49), while for other red deer--lower (36%, 16). d ...201324171302
organochlorine compound residues in muscle of wild boar (sus scrofa l.) and red deer (cervus elaphus l.): effects of age and sex.twenty-six organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in muscle of wild boar and red deer from the czech republic. the concentration of ddt and its metabolites was higher (p < 0.01) in wild boar than in red deer, while pcbs and hch were higher (p < 0.01) in red deer than in wild boar. the concentrations of ddt and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were higher (p < 0.05) in juvenile wild boar than in adults. pcb 153 and p,p'-dde were ...201324097284
loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding in kashmir red deer (cervus elaphus hanglu) of dachigam national park, jammu & kashmir, india.hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu), the eastern most subspecies of red deer, is now confined only to the mountains in the kashmir region of jammu & kashmir state of india. it is of great conservation significance as this is the last and only hope for asiatic survivor of the red deer species in india. wild population of free ranging hangul deer inhabiting in and around dachigam national park was genetically assessed in order to account for constitutive genetic attributes of hangul population using mi ...201324060051
simulating retention of rare alleles in small populations to assess management options for species with different life histories.preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long-term population viability. allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life-history traits: north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long-lived), north island robins (petroica longipes; monogamous, short-lived), and ...201323330669
serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in oregon, usa.five cervid species in oregon, usa were tested with a serum neutralization assay for antibody to deerpox virus (dpv). none of the 50 elk (cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti and nelsonii) had detectable antibody. prevalence of antibody to dpv in the remaining species was: 52% (n=55) in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 32% (n= 59) in mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and 36% (n=50) in columbian white-tailed deer (o. virginianus leucurus), with an overall antibody prevalence of 40.2 ...201323307387
sperm population structure and male fertility: an intraspecific study of sperm design and velocity in red deer.sperm design and velocity play key roles in influencing sperm performance and, therefore, can determine fertilization success. several interspecific studies have demonstrated how these features correlate, and it has been hypothesized that selection may drive changes in these sperm traits. here, we examine the association between sperm design and swimming velocity in a study conducted at an intraspecific level in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). we addressed how the structure of diff ...201324025739
the anti-osteoporotic effect of velvet antler polypeptides from cervus elaphus linnaeus in ovariectomized rats.the deer velvet antler is well known for its traditional medicinal value, and is widely used in the clinic. it is recorded in the compendium of materia medica that the deer velvet antler replenishes vital essence and strengthens the bone.201323993908
chronic effects of lead (pb) on bone properties in red deer and wild boar: relationship with vitamins a and d3.here we study the occurrence of abnormalities on bone tissue composition and turnover mechanisms through the pb-mediated disruption of vitamins a and d in wild ungulates living in a lead (pb)-polluted mining area. red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from the mining area had significantly higher liver and bone pb levels than controls, which were associated with the depletion of liver retinyl esters and the corresponding increase of free retinol levels both in deer and boar from t ...201323262069
extranodal follicular lymphoma in the lung of a free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus).a hunted free-ranging female red deer (cervus elaphus) from a region near the nahuel huapi national park, northern patagonia, argentina, had a focally extensive peribronchial lymphoid proliferative lesion in the lung characterized by formation of multiple follicles, with prominent germinal centers lacking mantle zone cells and antigen-related polarity. on examination of immunohistochemically stained tissues, a predominance of b cells (cluster of differentiation [cd]20 positive) with only a few s ...201323242668
elk herbivory alters small mammal assemblages in high-elevation drainages.heavy herbivory by ungulates can substantially alter habitat, but the indirect consequences of habitat modification for animal assemblages that rely on that habitat are not well studied. this is a particularly important topic given that climate change can alter plant-herbivore interactions. we explored short-term responses of small mammal communities to recent exclusion of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) in high-elevation riparian drainages in northern arizona, where elk impacts on vegetatio ...201323163813
validating methods for estimating endocranial volume in individual red deer (cervus elaphus).comparing brain sizes is a key method in comparative cognition and evolution. brain sizes are commonly validated by interspecific comparisons involving animals of varying size, which does not provide a realistic index of their accuracy for intraspecific comparisons. intraspecific validation of methods for measuring brain size should include animals of the same age and sex to ensure that individual differences can be detected in animals of similar size. in this study we compare three methods of m ...201323137587
the importance of observation versus process error in analyses of global ungulate populations.population abundance data vary widely in quality and are rarely accurate. the two main components of error in such data are observation and process error. we used bayesian state space models to estimate the observation and process error in time-series of 55 globally distributed populations of two species, cervus elaphus (elk/red deer) and rangifer tarandus (caribou/reindeer). we examined variation among populations and species in the magnitude of estimates of error components and density depende ...201324201239
labeling studies on cortical bone formation in the antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus).the formation and mineralization process of antlers, which constitute the fastest growing bones in vertebrates, is still not fully understood. we used oxytetracycline injections to label different stages of bone formation in antlers of 14 red deer between days 28 and 156 of antler growth. results show that initially a trabecular scaffold of woven bone is formed which largely replaces a pre-existing scaffold of mineralized cartilage. lamellar bone is then deposited and from about day 70 onwards, ...201323000508
effects of feed supplementation on mineral composition, mechanical properties and structure in femurs of iberian red deer hinds (cervus elaphus hispanicus).few studies in wild animals have assessed changes in mineral profile in long bones and their implications for mechanical properties. we examined the effect of two diets differing in mineral content on the composition and mechanical properties of femora from two groups each with 13 free-ranging red deer hinds. contents of ca, p, mg, k, na, s, cu, fe, mn, se, zn, b and sr, young's modulus of elasticity (e), bending strength and work of fracture were assessed in the proximal part of the diaphysis ( ...201323750262
molecular detection of theileria sp. zs to4 in red deer (cervus elaphus) and questing haemaphysalis concinna ticks in eastern austria.theileria spp. are intracellular protozoa transmitted by ixodid ticks. t. parva and t. annulata are highly pathogenic and responsible for serious disease in domestic ruminants in tropical and subtropical countries. however, asymptomatic findings of theileria sp. in wild ungulates lead to the suggestion that wild ruminants play a role as reservoirs for these piroplasms. in a game enclosure in eastern austria (federal county of burgenland), piroplasms were detected with molecular analysis in blood ...201323896062
inferring spatial memory and spatiotemporal scaling from gps data: comparing red deer cervus elaphus movements with simulation models.1. increased inference regarding underlying behavioural mechanisms of animal movement can be achieved by comparing gps data with statistical mechanical movement models such as random walk and lévy walk with known underlying behaviour and statistical properties. 2. gps data are typically collected with ≥ 1 h intervals not exactly tracking every mechanistic step along the movement path, so a statistical mechanical model approach rather than a mechanistic approach is appropriate. however, compariso ...201323351042
the lévy flight foraging hypothesis: forgetting about memory may lead to false verification of brownian motion.the lévy flight foraging hypothesis predicts a transition from scale-free lévy walk (lw) to scale-specific brownian motion (bm) as an animal moves from resource-poor towards resource-rich environment. however, the lw-bm continuum implies a premise of memory-less search, which contradicts the cognitive capacity of vertebrates.201325709823
long-term density-dependent changes in habitat selection in red deer (cervus elaphus).understanding how habitat selection changes with population density is a key concept in population regulation, community composition and managing impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. at low density, it is expected that individuals select habitats in terms of their preference, but as population density increases, the availability of resources per individual declines on preferred habitats, leading to competition which forces some individuals to exploit less preferred habitats. using spa ...201323719900
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) carriage in different free-living wild animal species in spain.methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a life-threatening pathogen in humans and its presence in animals is a public health concern. the aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of mrsa in free-living wild animals. samples from red deer (n=273), iberian ibex (n=212), eurasian griffon vulture (n=40) and wild boar (n=817) taken from different areas in spain between june 2008 and november 2011 were analyzed. characterization of the isolates was performed by spa typing, multi-l ...201323846031
sex-related differences in body condition and serum biochemical parameters in red deer (cervus elaphus) naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.although mycobacterium bovis infection is commonly reported in red deer (cervus elaphus), potential differences in the effects of infection on male and female animals in terms of body condition and clinical biochemistry have not been reported. between november 2000 and january 2006, serum and biometrical data were collected post-mortem from 88 red deer. m. bovis-infected deer, particularly males, were typically older, heavier and in poorer body condition than uninfected animals. serum triglyceri ...201324262346
phylogenetic relationships among sarcocystis species in cervids, cattle and sheep inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene.coccidian parasites in the genus sarcocystis have a two-host life cycle, and have traditionally been identified on the basis of morphological features of the sarcocyst stage in their intermediate hosts. additional molecular species identification, delimitation and phylogeny of sarcocystis spp. have been based mainly on the nuclear ssrrna gene. this gene is well suited for discrimination between more distant species but less so for closely related species. the objective of this study was therefor ...201323542092
a randomised controlled trial of silirum vaccine for control of paratuberculosis in farmed red deer.a randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of silirum vaccine in control of paratuberculosis in young farmed deer was carried out in 2008-2009 in six new zealand herds with a history of clinical disease. vaccination with silirum was carried out in four-month-old deer, and vaccinates (n=1671) and controls (n=1664) were weighed at vaccination and at 8 and 12 months old, when faecal samples were collected from 125 vaccinates and 123 controls on five farms. deer were slaughtered between 11 ...201324277915
global gene expression profiling of monocyte-derived macrophages from red deer (cervus elaphus) genotypically resistant or susceptible to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) can cause a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, johne's disease (jd), in ruminant animals. this study has explored the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility to this disease in red deer breeds previously confirmed to express polarised phenotypes by experimental infection trials and following natural infection. monocyte-derived macrophage cultures were obtained from uninfected red deer selected for either a resistant or susceptible p ...201323454067
association between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and lymph node size in new zealand farmed deer (cervus elaphus).to develop and validate criteria for identification of abnormal lymph nodes (ln) at commercial slaughter, for the purpose of national surveillance for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in new zealand farmed deer. this included estimation of the predictive value of abnormal ln for map infection; a standard circumference cut-point for measurement of abnormal ln; and identification of risk factors associated with increasing ln circumference.201323442016
molecular phylogeography of tick-borne encephalitis virus in central europe.in order to obtain a better understanding of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strain movements in central europe the e gene sequences of 102 tbev strains collected from 1953 to 2011 at 38 sites in the czech republic, slovakia, austria and germany were determined. bayesian analysis suggests a 350-year history of evolution and spread in central europe of two main lineages, a and b. in contrast to the east to west spread at the eurasian continent level, local central european spreading patterns ...201323784447
temporal trend of tuberculosis in wild ungulates from mediterranean spain.tuberculosis (tb), a chronic disease caused by infection with the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is endemic in wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in south-central spain. understanding the temporal dynamics of this chronic infection requires long time series data collection over large areas. the aim of this paper was to identify the determinants of tb prevalence and severity in both species in ciudad real province, spain, from 2000 to 2012. study variables included manageme ...201324171854
spatial and temporal interactions between livestock and wildlife in south central spain assessed by camera traps.the diversification of livestock farms into hunting estates in south central spain (scs) may impede the success of mycobacterium bovis eradication programmes by facilitating transmission between wildlife and livestock. in this observational study we aimed to provide information of relevance about the nature and frequency of interactions (observed visits to study points) between livestock (cattle and domestic pigs) and wildlife (wild boar and red deer). the study was conducted in an extensive cat ...201324050782
a foreign invader or a reclusive native? dna bar coding reveals a distinct european lineage of the zoonotic parasite schistosoma turkestanicum (syn. orientobilharzia turkestanicum ()).natural foci of schistosoma turkestanicum (syn. orientobilharzia turkestanicum) has been identified in the gemenc forest regions of hungary utilising red deer as the definitive host. in order to identify the origins of this parasite in europe standard dna bar coding techniques were employed to sequence fragments of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed region (its) from 10 individual adult male worms. phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum likelihood p ...201323220360
seasonal foraging ecology of non-migratory cougars in a system with migrating prey.we tested for seasonal differences in cougar (puma concolor) foraging behaviors in the southern yellowstone ecosystem, a multi-prey system in which ungulate prey migrate, and cougars do not. we recorded 411 winter prey and 239 summer prey killed by 28 female and 10 male cougars, and an additional 37 prey items by unmarked cougars. deer composed 42.4% of summer cougar diets but only 7.2% of winter diets. males and females, however, selected different proportions of different prey; male cougars se ...201324349498
importance and mitigation of the risk of spillback transmission of mycobacterium bovis infection for eradication of bovine tuberculosis from wildlife in new zealand.introduced brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) are wildlife maintenance hosts for mycobacterium bovis in new zealand, often living sympatrically with other potential hosts, including wild red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus). population control of possums has been predicted to eradicate tuberculosis (tb) from new zealand wildlife ; however, there is concern that long-lived m. bovis-infected deer could represent a ‘ spillback’ risk for tb re-establishment (particularly when possum populations ...201323211646
fast and efficient dna-based method for winter diet analysis from stools of three cervids: moose, red deer, and roe deer.effects of cervid browsing on timber production, especially during winter, lead to economic losses in forest management. the aim of this study was to present an efficient dna-based method which allows qualitative assessment of the winter diet from stools of moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus). the preliminary results of the diet composition of the three cervids from poland were also presented with a special emphasis on moose. the electropherograms o ...201324244041
high elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested colorado moose.infection with elaeophora schneideri, a filarial parasite, occurs commonly in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), but seemingly less so in moose (alces alces). of 109 carotid artery samples from moose harvested throughout colorado, usa, in 2007, 14 (13%; 95% binomial confidence interval [bci]=7-21%) showed gross and 91 (83%; 95% bci=75-90%) showed histologic evidence of elaeophorosis. although neither blindness nor other clinical signs associated with elaeophorosis ...201323778618
ixodes ricinus infestation in free-ranging cervids in norway--a study based upon ear examinations of hunted animals.prevalence, abundance and instar composition of ixodes ricinus as found on one ear collected from 1019 moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus), shot during hunting (august-december) 2001-2003, are reported. the animals originated from 15 coastal municipalities (cm), seven municipalities bordering to coastal municipalities (bcm) and four inland municipalities (im), in norway, between latitudes 58-66° n. i. ricinus occurred endemically in all cm and bcm up ...201323541678
molecular characterization of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) spp. infecting cattle (bos taurus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in the united states.in the united states, the generally non-pathogenic trypanosome of cattle is designated trypanosoma (megatrypanum) theileri and is distinguished morphologically from trypanosoma (m.) cervi, a trypanosome originally described in mule deer and elk. phylogenetic studies of the megatrypanum trypanosomes using various molecular markers reveal two lineages, designated tthi and tthii, with several genotypes within each. however, to date there is very limited genetic data for t. theileri, and none for th ...201323683651
superovulation in waptiti (cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season.the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of three previously unreported ovarian superovulatory treatment protocols in wapiti. protocols were initiated specifically at the time of ovarian follicular wave emergence, and intended to enable determination of the effects of frequency of treatment (i.e., animal handling) and lh supplementation on ovarian response. thirteen parous wapiti hinds, 2 to 4 y of age, were used late in the anovulatory season (july). the ovaries were examined daily by transre ...201323102845
the anatomy of vocal divergence in north american elk and european red deer.loud and frequent vocalizations play an important role in courtship behavior in cervus species. european red deer (cervus elaphus) produce low-pitched calls, whereas north american elk (cervus canadensis) produce high-pitched calls, which is remarkable for one of the biggest land mammals. both species engage their vocal organs in elaborate maneuvers but the precise mechanism is unknown. vocal organs were compared by macroscopic and microscopic dissection. the larynx is sexually dimorphic in red ...201323225193
genetic epidemiology of sarcoptes scabiei in the iberian wolf in asturias, spain.during the last decades, attempts have been made to understand the molecular epidemiology of sarcoptes scabiei, and to detect and clarify the differences between isolates from different hosts and geographic regions. two main phenomena have been described: (i) host-taxon derived-sarcoptes mite infection in european wild animals (revealing the presence of three separate clusters, namely herbivore-, carnivore- and omnivore-derived sarcoptes populations in europe) and (ii) prey-to-predator sarcoptes ...201323664709
determination of the parameters of the parasitic stage in ixodes ricinus females.ixodes ricinus is a tick commonly found on human and animals and of great medical and veterinary importance. the aim of the study was to determine the parameters of different stages of feeding in ixodes ricinus females.201324069846
animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a yellowstone elk herd.migration is a striking behavioral strategy by which many animals enhance resource acquisition while reducing predation risk. historically, the demographic benefits of such movements made migration common, but in many taxa the phenomenon is considered globally threatened. here we describe a long-term decline in the productivity of elk (cervus elaphus) that migrate through intact wilderness areas to protected summer ranges inside yellowstone national park, usa. we attribute this decline to a long ...201323923485
linking anti-predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore.ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide-ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population- or community-level consequences. we evaluated the non-consumptive effects (nces) of an active predator, the grey wolf (canis lupus), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk (cervus elaphus), their primary prey in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. when wolves approached within 1 km, elk in ...201323750905
gastrointestinal tract development in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves from 1 to 12 months of age.this study provides a detailed description of the development of the gastrointestinal tract (git) of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) calves over the first 12 months of age. git development was measured using a combination of computerised tomography (ct) scanning and traditional slaughter plus dissection techniques. red deer calves of a known birth date were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. a group of five animals were repeatedly ct scanned at 31, 63, 92, 135, 207, 275 and 351 days of ...201323867068
effectiveness of cattle operated bump gates and exclusion fences in preventing ungulate multi-host sanitary interaction.tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in south central spain, where evidence suggests transmission to domestic cattle. known risk factors for tb at the interface between livestock and wild ungulate species include density and spatial overlap, particularly around waterholes during summer. we evaluated the effectiveness of selective exclusion measures for reducing direct and indirect interaction between extensive beef cattle and wild ungulate ...201323602337
comparison of ranging behaviour in a multi-species complex of free-ranging hosts of bovine tuberculosis in relation to their use as disease sentinels.sentinel species are increasingly used by disease managers to detect and monitor the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations. characterizing home-range movements of sentinel hosts is thus important for developing improved disease surveillance methods, especially in systems where multiple host species co-exist. we studied ranging activity of major hosts of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in an upland habitat of new zealand: we compared home-range coverage by ferrets (mustela furo), wild ...201323433406
identification multiplex assay of 19 terrestrial mammal species present in new zealand.an identification assay has been developed that allows accurate detection of 19 of the most common terrestrial mammals present in new zealand (cow, red deer, goat, dog, horse, hedgehog, cat, tammar wallaby, mouse, weasel, ferret, stoat, sheep, rabbit, pacific rat, norway rat, ship rat, pig, and brushtail possum). this technique utilizes species-specific primers that, combined in a multiplex pcr, target small fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. each species, except hedgehog, produce ...201324310859
bovine brucellosis in wildlife: using adaptive management to improve understanding, technology and suppression.eradication of brucellosis from bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) populations in the greater yellowstone area is not possible with current technology. there are considerable uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of management techniques and unintended effects on wildlife behaviour and demography. however, adaptive management provides a framework for learning about the disease, improving suppression techniques, and lowering brucellosis transmission among wildlife and to cattle. sin ...201323837383
disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland.ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ...201323649757
pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica o:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex.occurrence of yersinia spp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic yersinia in the wildlife. in total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. the most frequently identified species was y. enterocolitica found in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. interestingly, one ...201322697252
cloning and characterization of new transcript variants of insulin-like growth factor-i in sika deer (cervus elaphus).insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) is a multi-promoter gene that has complex biological functions and plays an important role in cell differentiation and proliferation, animal growth and metabolism. igf-i function is of particular importance in embryonic development. in this study, 5' and 3' race techniques were used to clone full-length cdna of the igf-i gene from the deer liver for the first time. six transcript variants were identified: class-1-ea, class-1-eb, class-1-ec, class-2-ea, class- ...201323665126
leptospira spp. infection in wild ruminants: a survey in central italian alps.leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease diffused worldwide, and wildlife species are commonly considered to be important epidemiological carriers. four-hundred and forty-one serological and 198 renal samples from red deer, roe deer and chamois collected in the province of sondrio were analysed using the microscopic agglutination test and histopathologic examination. positive serological findings were found only in 15 red deer and 19 positive serologic reactions were recorded. the most fre ...201425546066
isolation of mycobacterium caprae (lechtal genotype) from red deer (cervus elaphus) in italy.during tuberculosis (tb) surveillance, 53 hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected to determine whether tb was present in free-ranging animals from an italian alpine area. samples (lungs, liver, intestine, and lymph nodes) were cultured and analyzed by real-time pcr assay carried out directly on tissue. mycobacterium caprae was isolated from small granulomatous, tuberculosis-like lesions in the liver of a 12-yr-old female. identification of suspect colonies was done by pcr restriction fra ...201424499334
acaricide and ivermectin resistance in a field population of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) in the mexican tropics.in the neotropics the control of tick infestations in red deer (cervus elaphus) is achieved primarily through the use of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. in mexico, resistance to one or multiple classes of acaricides has been reported in rhipicephalus microplus infesting cattle, but information on acaricide susceptibility in r. microplus infesting red deer is lacking. in this study we report the level of resistance to different classes of acaricides and ivermectin in r. microplus collected f ...201424365245
farm-level risk factors for the occurrence, new infection or persistence of tuberculosis in cattle herds from south-central spain.eradication of tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a priority in the eu. however, and despite the resources invested, tb eradication is still a goal yet to be accomplished. as a consequence, the identification of risk factors contributing to tb transmission and persistence is key to a better understand and, ultimately, more cost-effectively control and eradicate this complex zoonotic disease worldwide. this study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the tb occurrence, new infection, and pers ...201424299905
the symbiotic intestinal ciliates and the evolution of their hosts.the evolution of sophisticated differentiations of the gastro-intestinal tract enabled herbivorous mammals to digest dietary cellulose and hemicellulose with the aid of a complex anaerobic microbiota. distinctive symbiotic ciliates, which are unique to this habitat, are the largest representatives of this microbial community. analyses of a total of 484 different 18s rrna genes show that extremely complex, but related ciliate communities can occur in the rumen of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer ...201424703617
bioserotypes and virulence markers of y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus).free-living animals are an important environmental reservoir of pathogens dangerous for other animal species and humans. one of those is yersinia (y.) enterocolitica, the causative agent of yersiniosis--foodborne, enzootic disease, significant for public health. the purpose of the study was to identify bioserotypes and virulence markers of y enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) obtained during the 2010/2011 hunting season in north-east ...201424988858
what attracts elk onto cattle pasture? implications for inter-species disease transmission.in southwest alberta, beef cattle and wild elk (cervus elaphus) have similar habitat preferences. understanding their inter-species contact structure is important for assessing the risk of pathogen transmission between them. these spatio-temporal patterns of interactions are shaped, in part, by range management and environmental factors affecting elk distribution. in this study, resource selection modeling was used to identify factors influencing elk presence on cattle pasture and elk selection ...201425218913
spatio-temporal variability of bovine tuberculosis eradication in spain (2006-2011).in this study we analyzed the space-time variation of the risk of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in cattle between 2006 and 2011. the results indicated that at country level, there were no significant temporal changes between years, but, at county level btb evolution was more heterogeneous. in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of spain. the analysis of potential risk factors indicate ...201425113586
ecosystem scale declines in elk recruitment and population growth with wolf colonization: a before-after-control-impact approach.the reintroduction of wolves (canis lupus) to yellowstone provided the unusual opportunity for a quasi-experimental test of the effects of wolf predation on their primary prey (elk--cervus elaphus) in a system where top-down, bottom-up, and abiotic forces on prey population dynamics were closely and consistently monitored before and after reintroduction. here, we examined data from 33 years for 12 elk population segments spread across southwestern montana and northwestern wyoming in a large scal ...201425028933
consequences of a refuge for the predator-prey dynamics of a wolf-elk system in banff national park, alberta, canada.refugia can affect predator-prey dynamics via movements between refuge and non-refuge areas. we examine the influence of a refuge on population dynamics in a large mammal predator-prey system. wolves (canis lupus) have recolonized much of their former range in north america, and as a result, ungulate prey have exploited refugia to reduce predation risk with unknown impacts on wolf-prey dynamics. we examined the influence of a refuge on elk (cervus elaphus) and wolf population dynamics in banff n ...201424670632
bluetongue dynamics in french wildlife: exploring the driving forces.bluetongue (bt) was monitored in wildlife in france during two consecutive years corresponding to contrasting incidence rates in livestock: in 2008 at the peak of domestic outbreaks and in 2009 when very few outbreaks were observed. the disease status of 2 798 ruminants comprising 837 red deer (cervus elaphus) was explored using elisa test on serum and real-time rt-pcr test on blood or spleen. a large proportion of red deer were seropositive and positive to rt-pcr in 2008, but also in 2009 (sero ...201423414427
pigmented chin papillomas in red (cervus elaphus)  x wapiti (cervus canadensis) stags associated with a novel papillomavirus.lesions were observed on the chins of two 2- to 3-year-old red (cervus elaphus)  x wapiti (cervus canadensis) stags from the lower north island of new zealand during velvet removal.201424224490
observations on the phenotypic relationships between anti-carla salivary iga antibody response, nematode infection levels and growth rates in farmed red (cervus elaphus) and wapiti hybrid deer (cervus elaphus canadensis).nematode parasites are one of the most significant production limiting factors in farmed deer in new zealand. one long term strategy to reduce reliance on anthelmintics is to select deer that develop resistance to parasites. it has been shown in sheep that secretory antibody (iga) in the saliva against a carbohydrate larval antigen (carla) on infective larvae (l3) of a wide range of gastro-intestinal nematodes protects against reinfection. this paper describes a longitudinal slaughter study unde ...201424582525
faunal record identifies bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-pleistocene migration to the new world.human colonization of the new world is generally believed to have entailed migrations from siberia across the bering isthmus. however, the limited archaeological record of these migrations means that details of the timing, cause and rate remain cryptic. here, we have used a combination of ancient dna, 14c dating, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, and collagen sequencing to explore the colonization history of one of the few other large mammals to have successfully migrated into the americas at this t ...201424335981
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