Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| experimental clostridium difficile enterocolitis in foals. | despite empirical clinical association of infection with clostridium difficile with colitis in horses, a causal link has not been confirmed. the objective of this study was to develop a model of c. difficile-associated diarrhea in foals with normal transfer of passive immunity. nine 1-day-old pony foals were inoculated intragastrically with spores or vegetative cells of c. difficile. five foals were challenged with spores, with 2 receiving 10(5) colony-forming units (cfus) and concurrently 3 rec ... | 2004 | 15515592 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea: infection control in horses. | c difficile has emerged as an important cause of diarrheic disease in horses. c difficile diarrhea is usually diagnosed in mature horses, mostly when they are treated with antimicrobials and hospitalized. it is important for clinicians at veterinary hospitals to have knowledge about the organism and the infection. to prevent c difficile diarrhea, judicious use of antimicrobials is important, as is minimizing different stress factors at the animal hospital or clinic. infected horses must be isola ... | 2004 | 15519822 |
| c. difficile: by the numbers. | 2004 | 15523050 | |
| non-antibiotic associated c. difficile diarrhea in a 7 week-old infant. | we describe a rare case of non-antibiotic associated severe c. difficile diarrhea in a 7-week-old boy. he had massive fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance. he required total parentral nutrition for 10 days and eventually recovered with oral metronidazole. most of the reported cases in literature are associated with prior antibiotic exposure or in hospitalized patients. | 2004 | 15523132 |
| [sudden death of twins: botulism because of contamination by pap vegetables]. | botulism is caused by the blockage of the neural transmission in the cholinergic synapses by botulinum neurotoxin (bont) which is produced by clostridium botulinum or other clostridia. the classic form of botulism occurs after the ingestion of food contaminated by bont. the course of the infection can be asymptomatic, mild with subtle paralysis ("failure to thrive") oder severe with generalized paralysis ("floppy infant"). infected infants can also die sudden and unexpectedly. these deaths often ... | 2004 | 14747969 |
| cases from the osler medical service at johns hopkins university. | a 47-year-old white woman with a history of stage iii squamous cell carcinoma of the anus was transferred to johns hopkins hospital for further evaluation of renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. the patient was first diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus 1 year before admission. she was treated with external beam radiation of the pelvis and two cycles of mitomycin c-based chemotherapy (a cumulative dose, 34 mg/m(2)). her clinical course was complicated by clostridi ... | 2004 | 14749166 |
| glycogen synthase kinase-3beta negatively regulates group iia phospholipase a2 expression in human aortic smooth muscle and hepg2 hepatoma cells. | the present study shows that the ifn-gamma-mediated upregulation of secretory phospholipase a2 of group iia (spla2-iia) in hasmc and hepg2 cells is synergistically increased after simultaneous inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (gsk-3beta) by indirubin-3'-monoxime, 5-iodo or ar-a014418. the effect of gsk-3beta inhibition was dose- and time-dependent and can be further augmented by its concomitant incubation with clostridium difficile toxin b, an inhibitor of small rho proteins, or h-11 ... | 2004 | 15527765 |
| colonic iga producing cells and macrophages are reduced in recurrent and non-recurrent clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | in clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad), histological changes in the colonic mucosa range from minimal inflammation to pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). the disease also recurs in a considerable proportion of patients. | 2004 | 15333661 |
| the cme gene of clostridium difficile confers multidrug resistance in enterococcus faecalis. | antibiotic resistance in c. difficile by efflux has been previously suggested. the genome of c. difficile 630 was screened for sequences encoding putative proteins homologous to nora from staphylococcus aureus. four orfs homologous to efflux genes were cloned into the pat79 shuttle vector under the control of transcription and translation signals of gram-positive bacteria and expressed in enterococcus faecalis jh2-2 and s. aureus rn4220. one of these sequences, designated cme conferred resistanc ... | 2004 | 15336408 |
| nosocomial infections: what needs to be done? | 2004 | 15337706 | |
| c. difficile hits sherbrooke, que., hospital: 100 deaths. | 2004 | 15337714 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. | recent reports suggest that clostridium difficile colitis may be evolving into a more severe disease. during the second half of 2002 we noted an increase in the number of patients with severe c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in our institution. we describe cases of cdad at our institution over a 13-year period and investigate changes in illness severity. | 2004 | 15337727 |
| dehydration of (r)-2-hydroxyacyl-coa to enoyl-coa in the fermentation of alpha-amino acids by anaerobic bacteria. | several clostridia and fusobacteria ferment alpha-amino acids via (r)-2-hydroxyacyl-coa, which is dehydrated to enoyl-coa by syn-elimination. this reaction is of great mechanistic interest, since the beta-hydrogen, to be eliminated as proton, is not activated (pk 40-50). a mechanism has been proposed, in which one high-energy electron acts as cofactor and transiently reduces the electrophilic thiol ester carbonyl to a nucleophilic ketyl radical anion. the 2-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydratases are two-c ... | 2004 | 15374661 |
| colitis in patients with breast carcinoma treated with taxane-based chemotherapy. | colitis is a rare but serious gastrointestinal complication associated with taxane-based chemotherapy in patients with cancer. the incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of colitis in patients with breast carcinoma treated with taxane-based chemotherapy is not known. | 2004 | 15378497 |
| diarrhea in elderly patients due to clostridium difficile associated with salmonella and shigella infection. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea mainly in elderly hospitalized patients and in nursing homes, but less common in the community. we report three elderly patients living in the community, one frail and two in reasonable good health who recently developed diarrhea due to c. difficile associated with salmonella group c in two cases and shigella flexneri in the other. the association with shigella has not previously been reported and there have only been a few cases wit ... | 2004 | 15381346 |
| [4 cases of pseudomembranous colitis due to antituberculous agents]. | 2004 | 15382708 | |
| cdea of clostridium difficile, a new multidrug efflux transporter of the mate family. | the cdea gene, cloned from clostridium difficile clinical strain 714 under the control of its natural promoter made escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens resistant to ethidium bromide and acriflavin but had no effect on the susceptibility of the hosts to the following antibiotics: norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracyclin, and chloramphenicol. however, it was responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in e. coli when it was cloned under the control of the plac prom ... | 2004 | 15383161 |
| rifalazil treats and prevents relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hamsters. | although vancomycin and metronidazole effectively treat clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (cdad), their use is associated with a high incidence of relapsing c. difficile infection. rifalazil is a new benzoxazinorifamycin that possesses activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis and gram-positive bacteria. here we compared rifalazil and vancomycin for effectiveness in preventing or treating clindamycin-induced cecitis in a hamster model of cdad. golden syrian hamsters were in ... | 2004 | 15388461 |
| large clostridial cytotoxins. | the large clostridial cytotoxins are a family of structurally and functionally related exotoxins from clostridium difficile (toxins a and b), c. sordellii (lethal and hemorrhagic toxin) and c. novyi (alpha-toxin). the exotoxins are major pathogenicity factors which in addition to their in vivo effects are cytotoxic to cultured cell lines causing reorganization of the cytoskeleton accompanied by morphological changes. the exotoxins are single-chain protein toxins, which are constructed of three d ... | 2004 | 15449191 |
| quebec to report on clostridium difficile in 2005. | 2004 | 15451825 | |
| [characterization of an extracellular protease from clostridium difficile]. | clostridium difficile is an intestinal pathogen, which produces two main virulence factors, the exotoxins a and b. other bacterial structures have been implicated in the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, which is the first step of the pathogenic process. c. difficile expresses adherence factors and also, displays some surface-associated proteolytic activity, which could play a role in the physiopathology of this bacterium. the aim of this work was to study the protein named cwp84 which ... | 2004 | 15465262 |
| performance of the techlab c. diff chek-60 enzyme immunoassay (eia) in combination with the c. difficile tox a/b ii eia kit, the triage c. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we compared a recently marketed enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), techlab's c. diff chek-60 (tl-gdh), in combination with the c. difficile tox a/b ii enzyme immunoassay (tox-a/b) with (i) the triage c. difficile test, which detects both gdh (tr-gdh) and toxin a (tr-tox-a); (ii) an in-house cytotoxin assay (c-tox); and (iii) stool cultures for c. difficile. all c. difficile isolates were tested for the presence of the toxin genes by pcr. if a toxin gene-positive strain of clos ... | 2004 | 15472364 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile infection and gatifloxacin use in a long-term care facility. | 2004 | 15472828 | |
| abdominal distention and diarrhea in a young female. | 2004 | 15475089 | |
| rho and rho kinase are involved in parathyroid hormone-stimulated protein kinase c alpha translocation and il-6 promoter activity in osteoblastic cells. | the role of small g-proteins in pth-stimulated pkc translocation and il-6 promoter expression in umr-106 cells was determined. the effects of pth(1-34) and pth(3-34) in stimulating pkcalpha translocation and il-6 were inhibited by agents that interfere with the activity of small g-proteins of the rho family and with the downstream kinase rho kinase. | 2004 | 15476589 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with spinal cord injury: case report. | in certain patients with clostridium difficile colitis (cdc), a life-threatening systemic toxicity may develop despite appropriate and timely medical therapy. | 2004 | 15478532 |
| basic and clinical aspects of clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus dubbed as the difficult clostridium because it resisted early attempts of isolation and culture. after some decades in the darkness, it became famous, when in 1978, a cytotoxin of the c. difficile was found the responsible of the pseudomembranous colitis. we review in this paper aspects of the epidemiology of the c. difficile in health and disease. also the importance of c. difficile as a cause of nosocomial infections. we review the char ... | 2004 | 15483687 |
| use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for a pseudoepidemic of clostridium difficile infections in a pediatric oncology and hematology department. | 2004 | 15484791 | |
| small-bowel infarction from disseminated aspergillosis. | despite the use of new, effective drugs, the disseminated invasive aspergillosis often remains lethal in neutropenic patients. diagnosis is difficult because early symptoms are nonspecific. new tools could help in diagnosis and lead to early surgery when needed. | 2004 | 15486750 |
| bloodstream infections: a trial of the impact of different methods of reporting positive blood culture results. | the impact of how positive blood culture results are reported on the evolution bloodstream infections (bsis) has not been assessed. | 2004 | 15486840 |
| contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? | despite documentation that the inanimate hospital environment (e.g., surfaces and medical equipment) becomes contaminated with nosocomial pathogens, the data that suggest that contaminated fomites lead to nosocomial infections do so indirectly. pathogens for which there is more-compelling evidence of survival in environmental reservoirs include clostridium difficile, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and pathogens for which there is evidence of pr ... | 2004 | 15486843 |
| severe ciprofloxacin-associated pseudomembranous colitis in an eight-year-old child. | clostridium difficile is the principal cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous enterocolitis in children. a case of severe pseudomembranous colitis developing in an 8-year-old child who had received oral ciprofloxacin therapy as part of an investigational protocol is presented. the safety and efficacy of fluoroquinolones in children has not yet been established. use of these antibiotics in children outside investigational protocols ("off-label" use) as oral antipseudomonas a ... | 2004 | 15486915 |
| in-vitro activity of nisin against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | nisin is a cationic peptide produced by lactococcus lactis. its activity against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was compared to that of vancomycin and metronidazole by minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) and time-kill studies. nisin was more active than the other agents, with a mic90 of 0.256 mg/l and strong bactericidal activity. nisin may be a promising agent for the management of c. difficile associated diarrhea. | 2004 | 15216943 |
| bacillus clausii probiotic strains: antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. | the clinical benefits observed with probiotic use are mainly attributed to the antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic strains and to their immunomodulatory effects. currently, the best-documented probiotic bacteria used in human therapy are lactic acid bacteria. in contrast, studies aiming to characterize the mechanisms responsible for the probiotic beneficial effects of bacillus are rare. the current work seeks to contribute to such characterization by evaluating the antimicrobial and i ... | 2004 | 15220667 |
| bacteriotherapy using fecal flora: toying with human motions. | the intestinal flora may play a key role in the pathogenesis of certain gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. components of bowel flora such as lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium bifidus have long been used empirically as therapeutic agents for gi disorders. more complex combinations of probiotics for therapeutic bacteriotherapy have also recently become available, however the most elaborate mix of human-derived probiotic bacteria is, by definition, the entire fecal flora. fecal bacteriothe ... | 2004 | 15220681 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in patients after kidney and pancreas-kidney transplantation. | limited data exist about clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) in solid organ transplant patients. between 1/1/99 and 12/31/02, 600 kidney and 102 pancreas-kidney allograft recipients were transplanted. thirty-nine (5.5%) of these patients had cdc on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. of these 39 patients, 35 have information available for review. cdc developed at a median of 30 days after transplantation, and the patients undergoing pancreas-kidney transplantation had a slightly highe ... | 2004 | 15225221 |
| large clostridial cytotoxins: cellular biology of rho/ras-glucosylating toxins. | mono-o-glycosylation of eukaryotic target proteins is the molecular mechanism of bacterial protein toxins of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins. this toxin family encompasses several high molecular mass proteins (>250 kda) of various clostridia species that are implicated in severe human diseases. toxin a and toxin b from clostridium difficile are the causative agents of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. lethal toxin and hemorrhagic toxin from clostridium sorde ... | 2004 | 15238250 |
| first, the bad news... | 2004 | 15238469 | |
| hospitals battling outbreaks of c. difficile. | 2004 | 15238481 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitals: a brewing storm. | 2004 | 15238490 | |
| risk of clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. | antibiotic disruption of the normal intestinal flora is a well-known risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. reduced gastric acidity has been suggested as a risk factor, and we hypothesized that proton pump inhibitors, because of their potency, may be an independent risk factor for this problem. | 2004 | 15238493 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitals: risk factors and responses. | 2004 | 15238495 | |
| clostridium difficile: a formidable foe. | 2004 | 15238496 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. illness may range from mild watery diarrhea to life-threatening colitis. an antecedent disruption of the normal colonic flora followed by exposure to a toxigenic strain of c. difficile are necessary first steps in the pathogenesis of disease. diagnosis is based primarily on the detection of c. difficile toxin a or toxin b. first-line treatment is with oral metronidazole therapy. treatment with oral vancomycin the ... | 2004 | 15238498 |
| toxin binding of tolevamer, a polyanionic drug that protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | tolevamer, (gt160-246), is a sodium salt of styrene sulfonate polymer that is under development for the treatment of diarrhea caused by infection with clostridium difficile. pulsed ultrafiltration binding experiments in phosphate buffer containing 0.15 m na(+) provide per polymer chain dissociation constants of 133 nm and 8.7 microm for the binding of tolevamer to c. difficile toxins a and b, respectively. at 0.05 m na(+), the binding of toxin a to tolevamer is irreversible, whereas the dissocia ... | 2004 | 15240486 |
| nosocomial diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile. | the purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and prevention of nosocomial diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile. | 2004 | 15241076 |
| metalloproteinase-dependent transforming growth factor-alpha release mediates neurotensin-stimulated map kinase activation in human colonic epithelial cells. | expression of the neuropeptide neurotensin (nt) and its high affinity receptor (ntr1) is increased during the course of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced acute colitis, and ntr1 antagonism attenuates the severity of toxin a-induced inflammation. we recently demonstrated in non-transformed human colonic epithelial ncm460 cells that nt treatment caused activation of a ras-mediated map kinase pathway that significantly contributes to nt-induced interleukin-8 (il-8) secretion. here we used ncm46 ... | 2004 | 15247267 |
| interactions between lactobacilli and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2004 | 15251283 | |
| clostridium difficile and acute respiratory distress syndrome. | 2004 | 15252417 | |
| enteric infection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease: importance of microbiological examination of stool. | previous reports have suggested that diarrhoeal relapses of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) may be associated or confused with enteric infection, and that treatment of such infections with appropriate antibiotics may be beneficial. to re-evaluate the suggestion that enteric infection is rare and microbiological testing of stool not routinely necessary in patients presenting with relapse of ibd, we have reviewed the incidence of concurrent infection in patients presenting in relapse over a recen ... | 2004 | 15256979 |
| quebec strikes committee on clostridium difficile. | 2004 | 15262874 | |
| cloning and expression of clostridium difficile toxin a gene (tcda) by pcr amplification and use of an expression vector. | toxigenic clostridium difficile isolates harbor a 19 kb pathogenicity locus that encodes the genes for toxins a and b. toxins a and b are among the largest known bacterial toxins expressing potent cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity, and thus the major virulence factors in c. difficile associated diarrhea. cloning and sequencing of toxin genes is of interest for studies of molecular pathogenesis. we report the amplification and cloning of the complete toxin a gene into an escherichia coli expression ... | 2004 | 15271388 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the immunosuppressed patient--update on prevention and management. | 2004 | 15280518 | |
| probiotics in relapsing and chronic diarrhea. | diarrhea is common in oncology patients; if it becomes chronic and relapsing, it can be debilitating, hinder planned management, and be difficult to treat. the authors describe two patients, one with leukemia who developed recurrent clostridium difficile colitis and another who developed chronic diarrhea after bone marrow transplantation. in both patients, administration of antibiotics was suspected as the cause. in one patient, relapsing diarrhea resolved after probiotics were given with a 2-da ... | 2004 | 15284590 |
| clinical application of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients and is associated with significant morbidity and cost. the current diagnostic standard, enzyme immunoassay (eia), has low sensitivity, leading to duplicate testing and empiric treatment. we sought to show the usefulness and potential cost effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of toxin b gene for diagnosis of c. difficile-induced diarrhea. | 2004 | 15290659 |
| [six years evaluation of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea]. | this study was aimed to detect the presence of clostridium difficile toxin in the stool samples of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis, and to relate its presence with the clinical findings of the patients. between january 1997-april 2003, a total of 726 stool samples were investigated for c. difficile toxin a and/or b by enzyme immunoassay. of them, 68 (9.4%) were found positive for c. difficile toxin (62 were toxin a, 6 were toxin b). c. difficile associate ... | 2004 | 15293901 |
| lysophospholipids increase icam-1 expression in huvec through a gi- and nf-kappab-dependent mechanism. | lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (s-1-p) are both low molecular weight lysophospholipid (lpl) ligands that are recognized by the edg family of g protein-coupled receptors. in endothelial cells, these two ligands activate edg receptors, resulting in cell proliferation and cell migration. the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1, cd54) is one of many cell adhesion molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. this study showed that lpa and s-1-p enhance icam-1 ... | 2004 | 15294853 |
| molecular epidemiology of hospital-associated and community-acquired clostridium difficile infection in a swedish county. | all episodes of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) diagnosed in a defined population of 274,000 including one tertiary and two primary hospitals and their catchment areas were studied during 12 months. the annual cdad incidence in the county was 97 primary episodes per 100,000, and 78% of all episodes were classified as hospital associated with a mean incidence of 5.3 (range, 1.4 to 6.5) primary episodes per 1,000 admissions. the incidence among hospitalized individuals was 1,300-f ... | 2004 | 15297509 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new screening test that detects clostridium difficile in fecal specimens. | clostridium difficile causes approximately 25% of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrheas and most cases of pseudomembranous colitis. we evaluated c. diff chek, a new screening test that detects glutamate dehydrogenase of c. difficile. our results showed that this test was comparable to pcr in sensitivity and specificity and outperformed bacterial culture. | 2004 | 15297543 |
| elemental diet modulates the growth of clostridium difficile in the gut flora. | tube feeding is regarded as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. recently, we reported that c. difficile toxin was frequently found in patients receiving an elemental diet. the present study was conducted to clarify whether elemental diets are associated with the growth of c. difficile in the gut flora. | 2004 | 15298621 |
| hyperosmotic stress induces rapid focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation at tyrosines 397 and 577. role of src family kinases and rho family gtpases. | hyperosmotic stress induced by treatment of swiss 3t3 cells with the non-permeant solutes sucrose or sorbitol, rapidly and robustly stimulated endogenous focal adhesion kinase (fak) phosphorylation at tyr-397, the major autophosphorylation site, and at tyr-577, within the kinase activation loop. hyperosmotic stress-stimulated fak phosphorylation at tyr-397 occurred via a src-independent pathway, whereas tyr-577 phosphorylation was completely blocked by exposure to the src family kinase inhibitor ... | 2004 | 15302877 |
| the role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. | the intestinal tract provides an important reservoir for many nosocomial pathogens, including enterococcus species, enterobacteriaciae, clostridium difficile, and candida species. these organisms share several common risk factors and often coexist in the intestinal tract. disruption of normal barriers, such as gastric acidity and the indigenous microflora of the colon, facilitates overgrowth of pathogens. factors such as fecal incontinence and diarrhea contribute to the subsequent dissemination ... | 2004 | 15307031 |
| antibiotic agents in the elderly. | diagnosis and treatment of infections in the elderly is challenging and complicated because of age-related physiologic changes and lack of classical clinical symptoms. elderly patients are more vulnerable to infections because of their underlying diseases. this article reviews the pharmacologic issues in treating the elderly with antibiotics, the most frequently encountered infections in this patient population, and the suggested antibiotic regimens. the discussion also includes the special chal ... | 2004 | 15308275 |
| development of an elisa kit using monoclonal antibody to clostridium difficile toxin a. | to establish an elisa kit using monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile (c. difficile) toxin a. | 2004 | 15309733 |
| simplified purification method for clostridium difficile toxin a. | to establish the purification method for clostridium difficile (c. difficile) toxin a. | 2004 | 15309736 |
| informing the public. | 2004 | 15313968 | |
| distribution of clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an american hospital. | genetic variants of clostridium difficile have been reported with increasing frequency, but their true incidence is unknown. c. difficile strains have been classified into variant toxinotypes according to variations in the pathogenicity locus encoding the major virulence factors, toxins a and b. some strains produce an additional toxin, binary toxin cdt. this survey of clinical isolates (153) from patients in a single hospital set out to ascertain the distribution of variant toxinotypes and stra ... | 2004 | 15314196 |
| [clostridium difficile, nosocomial enteropathogen: phylogeny and virulence]. | clostridium difficile is recognized as a potentially nosocomial enteric pathogen. it induces diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis in patients whose digestive flora has been altered by antibiotic treatment and thus allows the colonization with a strain producing toxin a (enterotoxin) and toxin b (cytotoxin) (a+b+, sometimes a-b+ strains). we studied the phylogeny of c. difficile by developing multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis, which reports allelic polymorphism of housekeeping genes thro ... | 2004 | 15314577 |
| the prevention of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospital. | the number of health care-associated infections has increased over the years and generated a lot of interest and concern. the attention tends to be focused on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), but the less publicised clostridium difficile is a growing problem. it increases length of hospital stay, causes significant morbidity in patients, affects nurses' workloads, adds to the cost of cleaning, laundry and disposables, and can lead to ward closures. all nhs trusts in england ar ... | 2004 | 15318695 |
| clostridium difficile-associated reactive arthritis in two children. | in adults, reactive arthritis (rea) following clostridium difficile-enterocolitis has been documented. in children, only one case of c. difficile-associated rea has been reported. we now describe two other cases of rea associated with c. difficile in children. the characteristics of rea due to c. difficile appear to be similar in adults and children. both children show polyarthritis after an episode of diarrhoea with positive stool cultures for c. difficile. arthritis is asymmetrical with a self ... | 2004 | 14769523 |
| role of phospholipase d1 in the regulation of mtor activity by lysophosphatidic acid. | mitogens activate protein translation through phosphorylation of p7s6 kinase (p70(s6k)) and eif4e binding protein 1 (4e-bp1) mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k). a recent report (science 294, 1942, 2001) has implicated phospholipase d (pld) in mtor signaling. we studied the role of pld in the phosphorylation of p70(s6k) and 4e-bp1 induced by lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) and platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) using fibroblasts deficient in pl ... | 2004 | 14769825 |
| coinfection with giardia lamblia and clostridium difficile after use of ranitidine. | a 49-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of vomiting and diarrhea. he reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy epigastric pain. he denied usage of antibiotics. he had been taking ranitidine for intermittent epigastric pain for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. stool was positive for clostridium difficile toxin and giardia lamblia antigen. cultures and occult blood tests were negative. oral metronidazole, 500 mg ... | 2004 | 14770026 |
| increase in the rate of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during shortages of piperacillin-tazobactam and piperacillin. | 2004 | 14963072 | |
| immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile variants. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen and a causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. pcr analysis of the toxin a and b genes of this bacterium has revealed 20 variant types (toxinotypes i-xx), many of which can cause human disease. strains comprising the 15 toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive toxinotypes are not usually differentiated from non-variant strains by routine laboratories that do not utilize pcr tests. consequently, the toxins from ... | 2004 | 14970244 |
| essential involvement of ifn-gamma in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. | clostridium difficile has emerged as the important causative agent of antibiotics-associated pseudomembranous colitis; especially its toxin a is presumed to be responsible for the colitis. we examined the pathophysiological roles of ifn-gamma in toxin a-induced enteritis using ifn-gamma knockout (ko) mice. when toxin a of c. difficile was injected into the ileal loops of balb/c wild-type (wt) mice, massive fluid secretion, disruption of intestinal epithelial structure, and massive neutrophil inf ... | 2004 | 14978106 |
| isolated gastrointestinal histoplasmosis: case report and review of the literature. | the usual manifestation of histoplasmosis is in the form of respiratory illness. we report the case of a 67-year-old man who presented with chronic diarrhea and did not respond to the conventional treatment, including that for clostridium difficile. he was found to have isolated colonic histoplasmosis infection, which was treated with itraconazole. there was no evidence of any disseminated disease. his only immunocompromised state was end-stage renal disease, for which he was on chronic hemodial ... | 2004 | 14982268 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use. | to determine the cause of an increase in the rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a long-term care facility (ltcf), we analyzed cdad cases among ltcf patients from october 2001 through june 2002. cdad cases were identified from review of all enzyme immunoassays positive for c. difficile toxin a. the increase coincided with a formulary change from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin. we performed a case-control study in which we randomly selected control subjects from 612 ltcf adm ... | 2004 | 14986246 |
| clindamycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: this is an antimicrobial resistance problem. | 2004 | 14986247 | |
| ionizing radiation-induced e-selectin gene expression and tumor cell adhesion is inhibited by lovastatin and all-trans retinoic acid. | e-selectin mediated tumor cell adhesion plays an important role in metastasis. here we show that ionizing radiation (ir) induces e-selectin gene and protein expression in human endothelial cells at therapeutically relevant dose level. e-selectin expression is accompanied by an increase in the adhesion of human colon carcinoma cells to primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec). the hmg-coa reductase inhibitor lovastatin impairs ir-stimulated e-selectin expression as analyzed at the l ... | 2004 | 14988223 |
| phase i and pharmacokinetic study of topotecan administered orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks to pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. | we conducted a phase i trial of the injectable formulation of topotecan given orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks (qd x 5 x 2) in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. | 2004 | 14990638 |
| successful treatment with rifampin for fulminant antibiotics-associated colitis in a patient with non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | a 74-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of chemotherapy for relapsed non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). the patient became febrile and experienced diarrhea after chemotherapy. although ceftazidime and amikacin sulfate were administered as empiric therapy, diarrhea was continued. after several days, stool cytotoxin assay for clostridium difficile (c. difficile) was positive and he was diagnosed as having antibiotics-associated colitis (aac). although antibiotics were discontinued and bo ... | 2004 | 14991957 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in children with cystic fibrosis. | 2004 | 14992445 | |
| images in clinical medicine. nodular clostridium difficile colitis. | 2004 | 14999125 | |
| characterization of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and pcr ribotyping. | clinical clostridium difficile isolates of patients with diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis usually produce both toxin a and toxin b, but an increasing number of reports mention infections due to toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a(-)/b(+)) strains. thirty-nine clinical toxin a(-)/b(+) isolates, and 12 other unrelated isolates were obtained from canada, the united states, poland, the united kingdom, france, japan, and the netherlands. the isolates were investigated by high-resolution genetic ... | 2004 | 15004050 |
| performance assessment of the fecal leukocyte test for inpatients. | traditionally, fecal leukocyte testing detects large bowel inflammation or disruption, conditions that allow leukocytes into the stool. however, test usefulness with inpatients is unclear. two hundred five inpatients who had undergone one to three tests were identified, and their flt results were compared to their gastrointestinal disease diagnoses at time of discharge. a specificity of 92% for detecting intact colonic mucosae in inpatients was found. | 2004 | 15004086 |
| the large resolvase tnpx is the only transposon-encoded protein required for transposition of the tn4451/3 family of integrative mobilizable elements. | chloramphenicol resistance in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile is often encoded by catp genes located within the 6.3 kb integrative mobilizable elements tn4451 and tn4453 respectively. this family of transposons is capable of being mobilized into a recipient cell in the presence of another conjugative element. transposition is mediated by the large resolvase tnpx, which excises the element to produce a circular molecule that is the integrative intermediate. in this study, in viv ... | 2004 | 15009902 |
| rectal nitric oxide gas and stool cytokine levels during the course of infectious gastroenteritis. | nitric oxide (no) is known to be an important inflammatory mediator with a potential role in gastrointestinal diseases. we prospectively studied the luminal no levels in 51 patients with infectious gastroenteritis, 35 patients with nonenteric bacterial infections, and 11 healthy control subjects. the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were simultaneously measured in the stools of patients with gastroenteritis. rectal gas was sampled with balloon catheters made of silicone and was analyzed for n ... | 2004 | 15013971 |
| infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: incidence, timing, and outcome. | to review the incidence, timing, and outcome of infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation (it). | 2004 | 15050165 |
| clostridium difficile istron cdist1: discovery of a variant encoding two complete transposase-like proteins. | screening a clostridium difficile strain collection for the chimeric element cdist1, we identified two additional variants, designated cdist1-0 and cdist1-iii. in in vitro assays, we could prove the self-splicing ribozyme activity of these variants. structural comparison of all known cdist1 variants led us to define four types of istrons that we designated cdist1-0 through cdist1-iii. since cdist1-0 encodes two complete transposase-like proteins (tlpa and tlpb), we suggest that it represents the ... | 2004 | 15060058 |
| index of suspicion. | 2004 | 15060182 | |
| the rac/cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor beta1pix enhances mastoparan-activated gi-dependent pathway in mast cells. | carbachol stimulates granule exocytosis, phospholipase c (plc), and phospholipase d (pld) in rbl-2h3hm1 mast cells by a mechanism that involves galphaq. however, mastoparan stimulates the same responses through gi protein. both gi and galphaq pathways are suppressed by clostridium difficile toxin b, suggesting that rac and cdc42 small gtpases are also involved. over-expression of beta1pix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for rac and cdc42, enhances mastoparan-but not carbachol-induced hexos ... | 2004 | 15063769 |
| detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning and clostridium difficile infection. | 2004 | 15066750 | |
| descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea (cdd) cases treated with intravenous immunoglobulin during a 2 year period were reviewed to determine disease severity and response to treatment. | 2004 | 15073160 |
| inhibition and redistribution of nhe3, the apical na+/h+ exchanger, by clostridium difficile toxin b. | nhe3, the apical isoform of the na(+)/h(+) exchanger, is central to the absorption of salt and water across the intestinal epithelium. we report that treatment of epithelial cells with toxin b of clostridium difficile, a diarrheal pathogen, causes a pronounced inhibition of nhe3 activity, with little effect on the basolateral nhe1 isoform. depression of nhe3 activity is accompanied by the translocation of apical exchangers to a subapical endomembrane compartment. treatment of cells with toxin b ... | 2004 | 15078917 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients: onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) is a hospital acquired infection in which optimal methods for diagnosis and the scale of the problem in the community remain to be determined. in hospitalised patients with cdad, we aimed to (i) study patients in whom the onset of diarrhoea was in the community and (ii) investigate the role of bedside flexible sigmoidoscopy in diagnosis. | 2004 | 15082585 |
| radiology quiz case 2. cervical necrotizing fasciitis (cnf), odontogenic origin. | 2004 | 15096437 | |
| factors associated with failure of metronidazole in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | to identify patients likely to fail metronidazole as initial treatment of c. difficile infection. | 2004 | 15100520 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a carboxyl-terminus peptide lacking adp-ribosyltransferase activity acts as a mucosal adjuvant. | the receptor binding domains of the most potent mucosal adjuvants, bacterial toxins and plant lectins, are organized in repeat units to recognize specific sugar residues. the lectin-like structure of the c-terminal region of clostridium difficile toxin a prompted us to investigate the mucosal adjuvant properties of a nontoxigenic peptide corresponding to amino acids 2394 to 2706 (txa(c314)). we compared txa(c314) adjuvant activity to those of cholera toxin (ct) and escherichia coli heat-labile e ... | 2004 | 15102793 |
| the host cell chaperone hsp90 is necessary for cytotoxic action of the binary iota-like toxins. | the heat shock protein hsp90 is essential for uptake of the binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and clostridium difficile transferase into eukaryotic cells. inhibition of hsp90 by its specific inhibitor radicicol delayed intoxication of vero cells by these toxins. a common hsp90-dependent mechanism for their translocation is discussed. | 2004 | 15102823 |
| leukemoid reaction due to clostridium dificile infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: two case reports and a review of the literature. | the clinical presentation of colitis associated with clostridium difficile infection in immunosuppressed patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has not been completely characterized. previous reports suggest that these patients present with low blood leukocyte counts, consistent with the impaired myelopoiesis that can occur with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in contrast, we describe the cases of two patients with colitis associated with c difficile infection who ... | 2004 | 15108834 |