Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| infant botulism mimicking an acute abdomen. | botulism is the acute, flaccid paralysis caused by a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum. in the infant, clinical symptoms are usually unspecific such as poor feeding, weak suck, feeble cry, drooling, followed by a symmetric, descending, flaccid paralysis beginning with the cranial nerve musculature. the initial symptoms of the disease are often similar to several diseases and therefore differential diagnosis is very difficult and rarely suspected by the physician. since 2004 only 22 ca ... | 2009 | 20046108 |
| [two horses with neurological symptoms: could this be equine botulism?]. | symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of equine botulism are discussed by the presentation of two detailed reports of horses with neurological symptoms and the results of laboratory investigations over the period 2003-2008 in the netherlands. in addition a brief summary of the available literature is presented. prevailing symptoms of botulism in horses include paralysis of the tongue, salvation, dysphagia and paresis and paralysis of the skeletal muscles, as well as signs of colic. symptoms and progno ... | 2009 | 19891336 |
| change of thermal inactivation of clostridium botulinum spores during rice cooking. | cooked and packed rice (capr), a popular rice product in japan, is distributed with oxygen-absorbing agents and without refrigeration. when the final product was inoculated with spores of several strains of proteolytic clostridium botulinum at a dose of 10(3) spores per g (2 x 10(5) spores per package) and incubated at 30 degrees c, the bacteria grew and produced neurotoxins in 40 days. to simulate more realistic cases of contamination, the same dose of spores was inoculated before the cooking p ... | 2009 | 19903408 |
| botulism and hot-smoked whitefish: a family cluster of type e botulism in france, september 2009. | a family cluster of three cases of type e botulism were identified in south-east france in september 2009. the suspected food source of infection was a vacuum packed hot-smoked whitefish of canadian origin purchased by the family during a visit to finland and consumed several weeks later in france on the day prior to symptom onset. no leftover fish was available to confirm this hypothesis. vacuum packed hot-smoked whitefish has previously been associated with cases of type e botulism in multiple ... | 2009 | 19941787 |
| the science and manufacturing behind botulinum neurotoxin type a-abo in clinical use. | since the first comprehensive description of the physiologic effects of botulism toxicity in the 1820s, specific formulations of botulinum neurotoxin type a (bont-a) have been developed. now, a new botulinum neurotoxin type a formulation (bonta-abo; dysport [abobotulinumtoxina]; medicis aesthetics, scottsdale, az) has been made available in the united states and these same physiologic effects have become beneficial clinical targets. this formulation has been used successfully for nearly 20 years ... | 2009 | 19945003 |
| botulinum neurotoxin type a-abo (dysport): clinical indications and practice guide. | the key points to remember about abobotulinumtoxina are as follows: bonta-abo (abobotulinumtoxina [dysport]; medicis aesthetics, scottsdale, az) and bonta-ona (onabotulinumtoxin a [botox cosmetic]; allergan, irvine, ca) are both derivatives of botulinum toxin a produced from different strains of the bacterium clostridium botulinum through proprietary manufacturing processes, and both are approved by the us food and drug administration (fda). bonta-abo and bonta-ona, which are both type a botulin ... | 2009 | 19945008 |
| catalytic properties of botulinum neurotoxin subtypes a3 and a4. | botulinum toxins (bont) are zinc proteases (serotypes a-g) which cause flaccid paralysis through the cleavage of snare proteins within motor neurons. bont/a was originally organized into two subtypes, bont/a1 and bont/a2, which are approximately 95% homologous and possess similar catalytic activities. subsequently, two additional subtypes were identified, bont/a3 (loch maree) and bont/a4 (657ba), which are 81 and 88% homologous with bont/a1, respectively. alignment studies predicted that bont/a3 ... | 2009 | 19256469 |
| long-term clinical outcome after botulinum toxin injection in children with nonrelaxing internal anal sphincter. | children with surgically repaired hirschsprung's disease (hd) and those with internal anal sphincter (ias) achalasia may develop obstructive gastrointestinal symptoms and/or enterocolitis due to a functional obstruction caused by an inability of the ias to relax. anal sphincter clostridium botulinum toxin (botox) injections may provide a reversible therapy. however, there is limited information regarding the long-term outcomes of children receiving this therapy. the primary aim of this study was ... | 2009 | 19259081 |
| molecular analysis of an extrachromosomal element containing the c2 toxin gene discovered in clostridium botulinum type c. | clostridium botulinum cultures are classified into seven types, types a to g, based on the antigenicity of the neurotoxins produced. of these seven types, only types c and d produce c2 toxin in addition to the neurotoxin. the c2 toxin consists of two components designated c2i and c2ii. the genes encoding the c2 toxin components have been cloned, and it has been stated that they might be on the cell chromosome. the present study confirmed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and subsequent s ... | 2009 | 19270093 |
| comparative genomic hybridization analysis of two predominant nordic group i (proteolytic) clostridium botulinum type b clusters. | comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 32 nordic group i clostridium botulinum type b strains isolated from various sources revealed two homogeneous clusters, clusters bi and bii. the type b strains differed from reference strain atcc 3502 by 413 coding sequence (cds) probes, sharing 88% of all the atcc 3502 genes represented on the microarray. the two nordic type b clusters differed from each other by their response to 145 cds probes related mainly to transport and binding, adaptive mech ... | 2009 | 19270141 |
| contrasting effects of heat treatment and incubation temperature on germination and outgrowth of individual spores of nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum bacteria. | in this study, we determined the effects of incubation temperature and prior heat treatment on the lag-phase kinetics of individual spores of nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum eklund 17b. the times to germination (t(germ)), one mature cell (t(c1)), and two mature cells (t(c2)) were measured for individual unheated spores incubated at 8, 10, 15, or 22 degrees c and used to calculate the t(germ), the outgrowth time (t(c1) - t(germ)), and the first doubling time (t(c2) - t(c1)). measurements wer ... | 2009 | 19270146 |
| evidence that plasmid-borne botulinum neurotoxin type b genes are widespread among clostridium botulinum serotype b strains. | plasmids that encode certain subtypes of the botulinum neurotoxin type b have recently been detected in some clostridium botulinum strains. the objective of the present study was to investigate the frequency with which plasmid carriage of the botulinum neurotoxin type b gene (bont/b) occurs in strains of c. botulinum type b, ab, and a(b), and whether plasmid carriage is bont/b subtype-related. | 2009 | 19287483 |
| epitope characterization and variable region sequence of f1-40, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody to botulinum neurotoxin type a (hall strain). | botulism, an often fatal neuroparalytic disease, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (bont) which consist of a family of seven serotypes (a-h) produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum. bont, considered the most potent biological toxin known, is a 150 kda protein consisting of a 100 kda heavy-chain (hc) and a 50 kda light-chain (lc). f1-40 is a mouse-derived, igg1 monoclonal antibody that binds the light chain of bont serotype a (bont/a) and is used in a sensitive immunoassay for ... | 2009 | 19290051 |
| development of real-time pcr tests for detecting botulinum neurotoxins a, b, e, f producing clostridium botulinum, clostridium baratii and clostridium butyricum. | to develop real-time pcr assays for tracking and tracing clostridia responsible for human botulism. | 2009 | 19291235 |
| determination of botulinum toxins after peptic sample pre-treatment by multidimensional nanoscale liquid chromatography and nano-electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry. | botulinum neurotoxin types a to g are produced from different strains of clostridium botulinum. the complex neurotoxins belong to the most toxic substances known and cause botulism both in humans and animals. botulinum toxin complexes are produced with molecular weights of 300, 500 and 900 kda. these large protein complexes contain beside the toxic zinc protease of 150 kda, additional neurotoxin associated proteins, which are responsible for the extreme ph and protease stability. in this study w ... | 2009 | 19297256 |
| independent evolution of neurotoxin and flagellar genetic loci in proteolytic clostridium botulinum. | proteolytic clostridium botulinum is the causative agent of botulism, a severe neuroparalytic illness. given the severity of botulism, surprisingly little is known of the population structure, biology, phylogeny or evolution of c. botulinum. the recent determination of the genome sequence of c. botulinum has allowed comparative genomic indexing using a dna microarray. | 2009 | 19298644 |
| rho-mediated regulation of tgf-beta1- and fgf-2-induced activation of corneal stromal keratocytes. | to investigate the role of rho gtpase signaling in fgf-2- and tgf-beta1-induced activation of corneal keratocytes. | 2009 | 19324862 |
| group i clostridium botulinum strains show significant variation in growth at low and high temperatures. | the minimum and maximum growth temperatures of 23 group i clostridium botulinum strains of the toxin types a, ab, b, and f were determined. moreover, the maximum growth rates at 20, 37, and 42 degrees c of the same strains were recorded. the minimum growth temperatures varied from 12.8 to 16.5 degrees c, whereas the maximum growth temperatures showed even wider variation, from 40.9 to 48.0 degrees c. at 20 and 37 degrees c, a twofold difference in maximum growth rates between the slowest and the ... | 2009 | 19350983 |
| outbreak of wound botulism in injecting drug users. | between october and december 2005, 16 cases of wound botulism were notified to the health authorities of north rhine-westphalia, germany. all patients were injecting drug users (idu) and the epidemiological investigations suggested contaminated injection drugs as the most probable source of infection. clostridium botulinum was cultivated from clinical samples of six patients and molecular typing revealed that the different isolates were clonally identical. two samples of heroin, one of them prov ... | 2009 | 19351433 |
| crystal structure of a catalytically active, non-toxic endopeptidase derivative of clostridium botulinum toxin a. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) modulate cholinergic nerve terminals to result in neurotransmitter blockade. bonts consists of catalytic (lc), translocation (hn) and cell-binding domains (hc). the binding function of the hc domain is essential for bonts to bind the neuronal cell membrane, therefore, removal of the hc domain results in a product that retains the endopeptidase activity of the lc but is non-toxic. thus, a molecule consisting of lc and hn domains of bonts, termed lhn, is a suitable mo ... | 2009 | 19351593 |
| composition and molecular size of clostridium botulinum type a toxin-hemagglutinin complex. | 2009 | 19353251 | |
| expression and stability of the nontoxic component of the botulinum toxin complex. | clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxin (bont) as a large toxin complex associated with nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin (ntnha) and/or hemagglutinin components. in the present study, high-level expression of full-length (1197 amino acids) rntnha from c. botulinum serotype d strain 4947 (d-4947) was achieved in an escherichia coli system. spontaneous nicking of the rntnha at a specific site was observed during long-term incubation in the presence of protease inhibitors; this was also observ ... | 2009 | 19394306 |
| extraction and inhibition of enzymatic activity of botulinum neurotoxins/a1, /a2, and /a3 by a panel of monoclonal anti-bont/a antibodies. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are extremely potent toxins that are capable of causing death or respiratory failure leading to long-term intensive care. treatment includes serotype-specific antitoxins, which must be administered early in the course of the intoxication. rapidly determining human exposure to bont is an important public health goal. in previous work, our laboratory focused on developing endopep-ms, a mass spectrometry-based endopeptidase method for detecting and differentiating bont ... | 2009 | 19399171 |
| novel clostridium botulinum toxin gene arrangement with subtype a5 and partial subtype b3 botulinum neurotoxin genes. | 2009 | 19420169 | |
| the recombinant hc subunit of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype a is an effective botulism vaccine candidate. | vaccination with recombinant his-tagged isoforms of the clostridium botulinum hc domain of neurotoxin serotype a (rahc) have effectively protected against challenge with active botulinum neurotoxin serotype a. to establish a formulation suitable for human use, rahc was expressed in escherichia coli without a his-tag and purified by sequential chromatography on ion-exchange and hydrophobic-interaction resins. purified rahc was used to vaccinate mice and survival was evaluated following challenge ... | 2009 | 19428892 |
| short communication: attempts to identify clostridium botulinum toxin in milk from three experimentally intoxicated holstein cows. | three adult lactating holstein cows were injected in the subcutaneous abdominal vein with 175 ng/kg of body weight of clostridium botulinum type c toxin (451 cow median toxic doses) to determine if this botulinum toxin crosses the blood-milk barrier. whole blood (in sodium heparin) and clotted blood serum samples were taken at 0 min, 10 min, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h postinoculation. milk samples were taken at 0 min and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h postinoculation. all samples were tested for the presence of ... | 2009 | 19447984 |
| production of catalytically inactive bont/a1 holoprotein and comparison with bont/a1 subunit vaccines against toxin subtypes a1, a2, and a3. | a recombinant, catalytically inactive clostridium botulinum neurotoxin a1 holoprotein (cibont/a1 hp) was constructed by introducing amino acid substitutions h223a, e224a, and h227a in the active site to ablate proteolytic activity. cibont/a1 hp was produced in the yeast pichia pastoris and the purified product was evaluated as a vaccine candidate by comparison against recombinant bont/a1 lc, lc-belt, lc-h(n), and h(c) antigens and a lc-h(n)+h(c) combination in mouse potency and efficacy bioassay ... | 2009 | 19450643 |
| rapid detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples by an improved reverse dot blot method. | to develop a new, rapid and accurate reverse dot blot (rdb) method for the detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples. | 2009 | 19469006 |
| [disease outbreak of botulism food poisoning on a mini cruise]. | 2009 | 19469148 | |
| engineering botulinum neurotoxin to extend therapeutic intervention. | clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are effective therapeutics for a variety of neurological disorders, such as strabismus, blepharospam, hemificial spasm, and cervical dystonia, because of the toxin's tropism for neurons and specific cleavage of neuronal soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptors (snare) proteins. modifying bont to bind nonneuronal cells has been attempted to extend therapeutic applications. however, prerequisite to develop nonneuronal ... | 2009 | 19487672 |
| botulinum toxin in pain treatment. | botulinum toxin (btx) is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known and its effectiveness in the treatment of some pain syndromes is well known. however, the efficacy of some of its indications is still in the process of being confirmed. the objective of this study was to review the history, pharmacological properties, and clinical applications of btx in the treatment of pain of different origins. | 2009 | 19488551 |
| bacteriology and management of necrotizing soft tissue infections. | 2009 | 19500932 | |
| egg yolk antibodies for detection and neutralization of clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin. | the objective of this research project was to determine the usefulness of an egg antibody platform for producing materials for the detection and neutralization of botulinum type a neurotoxin. yield estimates for detection and neutralizing antibodies produced using methods described were calculated. antibody specific to botulinum toxoid a (atoxoid) and toxin a (abont/a) was produced by immunizing hens with botulinum toxoid a (toxoid) followed by increasing amounts of botulinum neurotoxin a (bont/ ... | 2009 | 19517727 |
| bacterial toxins: an overview on bacterial proteases and their action as virulence factors. | bacterial pathogenicity is a result of a combination of factors, including resistance to environmental threats and to the host's defenses, growth capability, localization in the host, tissue specificity, resource obtaining mechanisms and the bacterium's own defenses to aggression. a variety of bacterial components, often specific to each strain, are involved in the microorganism's survival, adhesion and growth in the host. many of them are harmful and, therefore, are called virulence factors. th ... | 2009 | 19519507 |
| surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - united states, 2006. | foodborne illnesses are a major health burden in the united states. most of these illnesses are preventable, and analysis of outbreaks helps identify control measures. although most cases are sporadic, investigation of the portion that occur as part of recognized outbreaks can provide insights into the pathogens, food vehicles, and food-handling practices associated with foodborne infections. cdc collects data on foodborne disease outbreaks (fbdos) from all states and territories through the foo ... | 2009 | 19521332 |
| identification and biochemical characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype a. | an integrated strategy that combined in silico screening and tiered biochemical assays (enzymatic, in vitro, and ex vivo) was used to identify and characterize effective small-molecule inhibitors of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype a (bont/a). virtual screening was initially performed by computationally docking compounds of the national cancer institute (nci) database into the active site of bont/a light chain (lc). a total of 100 high-scoring compounds were evaluated in a high-performa ... | 2009 | 19528275 |
| mode of vamp substrate recognition and inhibition of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin f. | clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) cleave neuronal proteins responsible for neurotransmitter release, causing the neuroparalytic disease botulism. bont serotypes b, d, f and g cleave and inactivate vesicle-associated membrane protein (vamp), each at a unique peptide bond. the specificity of bonts depends on the mode of substrate recognition. we have investigated the mechanism of substrate recognition of bont f by determining the crystal structures of its complex with two substrate-based i ... | 2009 | 19543288 |
| improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a replicon dna vaccine encoding the hc domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype a by electric pulses and protein boosting. | vaccination by intramuscular injection of naked dna is very efficient in mouse model, but immunogenicity of dna vaccines needs to be improved in human use. thus, we wanted to determine whether suitable electric pulses-mediated dna delivery technology and dna prime-protein boost regimen could improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the replicon dna vaccine pscarshc in mouse model. in this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the replicon dna vaccine pscarshc followin ... | 2009 | 19555205 |
| genetic characterization of clostridium botulinum associated with type b infant botulism in japan. | the 15 proteolytic clostridium botulinum type b strains, including 3 isolates associated with infant botulism in japan, were genetically characterized by phylogenetic analysis of bont/b gene sequences, genotyping, and determination of the bont/b gene location by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) for molecular epidemiological analysis of infant botulism in japan. strain osaka05, isolated from a case in 2005, showed a unique bont/b gene sequence and was considered to be a new bont/b su ... | 2009 | 19571018 |
| biology and genomic analysis of clostridium botulinum. | the ability to form botulinum neurotoxin is restricted to six phylogenetically and physiologically distinct bacteria (clostridium botulinum groups i-iv and some strains of c. baratii and c. butyricum). the botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent toxin known, with as little as 30-100 ng potentially fatal, and is responsible for botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease that affects humans, animals, and birds. in order to minimize the hazards presented by the botulinum neurotoxin-forming clostridi ... | 2009 | 19573697 |
| [mechanisms of action of botulinum toxins and neurotoxins]. | several bacteria of the clostridium genus (c. botulinum) produce 150 kda di-chainal protein toxins referred as botulinum neurotoxins or bonts. they associate with non-toxic companion proteins and form a complex termed botulinum toxin. bonts specifically inhibit vesicular neurotransmitter release. the cellular action of bonts can be depicted according to a multi-step model : the toxin's heavy chain mediates binding to specific receptors comprised of a ganglioside moiety and a vesicular protein (s ... | 2009 | 19576489 |
| equine grass sickness: epidemiology, diagnosis, and global distribution. | equine grass sickness (egs) is recognized as a debilitating and predominantly fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting grazing equids. the gastrointestinal tract is the most severely affected body system, resulting in the main clinical signs of colic (acute grass sickness), weight loss, or dysphagia (chronic grass sickness). egs predominantly occurs within great britain, although it is also recognized in regions of mainland europe, and mainly affects young horses with access to pasture in the s ... | 2009 | 19580947 |
| clostridium botulinum toxin a inhibits contractility in pregnant human myometrium in vitro. | studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect of botulinum neurotoxin type-a (bonta) preparation on oxytocin-induced contractions of pregnant human myometrium in vitro. human myometrial tissue was exposed to increasing concentrations (1-50 000 u/ml) of bont/a. isometric contractions were measured using a force displacement transducer. the cumulative effect of bont/a on myometrial activity (time to half relaxation [ttr50], frequency, and amplitude) was evaluated. the frequency of myometrial cont ... | 2009 | 19602724 |
| increasing the field effects of similar doses of clostridium botulinum type a toxin-hemagglutinin complex in the treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis. | 2009 | 19620571 | |
| [infant botulism: case report and review]. | botulism is a rare disease in chile and of the known clinical presentation, infant botulism is the most common. we report the case of a previously healthy seven month old male infant with a two weeks history of rinorrea, cough, fatigue, constipation and progressive weakness after the consumption of honey. stool cultures were positive for clostridium botulinum group 1 type a and electromyography was compatible with the diagnosis. the patient evolved with arterial hypertension, interpreted as seco ... | 2009 | 19621149 |
| report of two unlinked cases of infant botulism in the uk in october 2007. | infant botulism is a rare disease in the uk, with the first case being recognized in 1978 and only five subsequent cases being reported before 2007. this study reports two unlinked cases of infant botulism, caused by two distinct strains of clostridium botulinum (toxin types a and b, respectively), that occurred within a single month in the south-east of england in october 2007. the use of real-time pcr to detect c. botulinum neurotoxin genes in clinical specimens to improve the diagnostic proce ... | 2009 | 19661202 |
| immunological characterization of the subunits of type a botulinum neurotoxin and different components of its associated proteins. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) constitute a family of seven structurally similar but antigenically distinct proteins produced by different strains of clostridium botulinum. type a botulinum neurotoxin (bont/a) is produced along with 6 neurotoxin associated proteins (naps) including hemagglutinin (hn-33) through polycistronic expression of a clustered group of genes to form a complex (bont/ac). the presence of naps enhances the oral toxicity of the neurotoxin significantly. hn-33 makes up the larg ... | 2009 | 19673075 |
| foodborne and indicator bacteria in farmed molluscan shellfish before and after depuration. | galicia's coast (northwestern spain) is a major producer of bivalve molluscs. over an 18-month period, the presence of salmonella, aeromonas, plesiomonas shigelloides, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and clostridium botulinum was determined by pcr methods in mussels (22 batches) and infaunal bivalves (31 batches of clams and cockles) before and after depuration. all batches were harvested from galician class b harvesting areas where bivalve molluscs must not exceed 4,600 escherichia coli per 100 g of f ... | 2009 | 19681267 |
| multiplex pcr for detection of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia in clinical, food, and environmental samples. | botulinum neurotoxin (bont), the most toxic substance known, is produced by the spore-forming bacterium clostridium botulinum and, in rare cases, also by some strains of clostridium butyricum and clostridium baratii. the standard procedure for definitive detection of bont-producing clostridia is a culture method combined with neurotoxin detection using a standard mouse bioassay (smb). the smb is highly sensitive and specific, but it is expensive and time-consuming and there are ethical concerns ... | 2009 | 19684163 |
| neurotoxin gene clusters in clostridium botulinum type ab strains. | there is limited knowledge of the neurotoxin gene diversity among clostridium botulinum type ab strains. only the sequences of the bont/a and bont/b genes in c. botulinum type ab strain cdc1436 and the sequence of the bont/b gene in c. botulinum type ab strain cdc588 have been reported. in this study, we sequenced the entire bont/a- and bont/b-associated neurotoxin gene clusters of c. botulinum type ab strain cdc41370 and the bont/a gene of strain cdc588. in addition, we analyzed the organizatio ... | 2009 | 19684172 |
| preparation of group i introns for biochemical studies and crystallization assays by native affinity purification. | the study of functional rnas of various sizes and structures requires efficient methods for their synthesis and purification. here, 23 group i intron variants ranging in length from 246 to 341 nucleotides -- some containing exons -- were subjected to a native purification technique previously applied only to shorter rnas (<160 nucleotides). for the rnas containing both exons, we adjusted the original purification protocol to allow for purification of radiolabeled molecules. the resulting rnas we ... | 2009 | 19710925 |
| synergistic inactivation of spores of proteolytic clostridium botulinum strains by high pressure and heat is strain and product dependent. | the combined high pressure and heat resistances of spores of five proteolytic clostridium botulinum strains and of the nonpathogenic surrogate strain clostridium sporogenes pa3679 were compared with their heat-only resistances on the basis of equivalent accumulated thermal lethality, expressed as equivalent minutes at a reference temperature of 105 degrees c (f(105 degrees c). comparisons were made with three model (i.e., diluted) products, namely, 30% (wt/wt) bolognese sauce, 50% (wt/wt) cream ... | 2009 | 19011055 |
| protection with a recombinant hc of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype a from escherichia coli as an effective subunit vaccine. | a recombinant hc of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype a (ahc) was successfully expressed in escherichia coli for use as an antigen, and the purified ahc was used to vaccinate mice and evaluate their survival against challenge with active botulinum neurotoxin serotype a. the mice, given twice or third subcutaneous vaccinations with a dosage of 1 microg ahc mixed with freund adjuvant, were completely protected against an intraperitoneal administration of 1,000,000 50% lethal doses (ld(50)) ... | 2009 | 18932057 |
| molecular characterization of the protease from clostridium botulinum serotype c responsible for nicking in botulinum neurotoxin complex. | a protease was purified from the culture medium of clostridium botulinum serotype c strain stockholm (c-st). the purified protease belonged to the cysteine protease family based on assays for enzyme inhibitors, activators and kinetic parameters. the protease formed a binary complex consisting of 41- and 17-kda proteins held together non-covalently. the dna sequence encoding the protease gene was shown to be a single open reading frame of 1593 nucleotides, predicting 530 amino acid residues inclu ... | 2009 | 19103155 |
| identification of biomarkers indicating cellular changes after treatment of neuronal cells with the c3 exoenzyme from clostridium botulinum using the itraq protocol and lc-ms/ms analysis. | proteomic approaches are used to identify biomarkers, to monitor pathological changes inside of cells and for a better diseases diagnosis. comparable changes in protein homeostasis also occur in differentiating cells and proteomic techniques should be suitable to identify biomarkers that indicate different steps of cellular development. the c3 exoenzyme from clostridium botulinum (c3bot) inactivates rho gtpases and induces morphological cellular changes like cell rounding and neurite outgrowth [ ... | 2009 | 19109081 |
| selection and characterization of a human monoclonal neutralizing antibody for clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype b. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are causative agents for botulism and are identified as a category a bioterror agents by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc). current antitoxins against bonts intoxication have some limitations including side effects or limited supply. as an alternative, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies will play an increasing role as bonts therapeutics. to date, no human anti-bont/b neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have yet to be reported. herein, we describe a ... | 2009 | 19112017 |
| botulism from drinking pruno. | foodborne botulism occurred among inmates at 2 prisons in california in 2004 and 2005. in the first outbreak, 4 inmates were hospitalized, 2 of whom required intubation. in the second event, 1 inmate required intubation. pruno, an alcoholic drink made illicitly in prisons, was the novel vehicle for these cases. | 2009 | 19116055 |
| domain organization in clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type e is unique: its implication in faster translocation. | clostridium botulinum produces seven antigenically distinct neurotoxins [c. botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) a-g] sharing a significant sequence homology. based on sequence and functional similarity, it was believed that their three-dimensional structures will also be similar. indeed, the crystal structures of bonts a and b exhibit similar fold and domain association where the translocation domain is flanked on either side by binding and catalytic domains. here, we report the crystal structure of b ... | 2009 | 19118561 |
| a 29-amino acid fragment of clostridium botulinum c3 protein enhances neuronal outgrowth, connectivity, and reinnervation. | small gtpases of the rho family play versatile roles in the formation and development of axons and dendrites, effects often studied by the rho-inactivating c3 transferase (c3bot) from clostridium botulinum. recently, we reported that transferase-deficient c3bot also exerted axonotrophic activity. using overlapping peptides from the c3bot sequence, we identified a small peptide of 29 amino acids (covering residues 154-182) from the c-terminal region of c3bot that promotes both axonal and dendriti ... | 2009 | 19047066 |
| role of protease-activated receptor-1 in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-thr495 phosphorylation. | protease activated receptors (pars) are g protein-coupled receptors that are known to regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (enos) activity in part by phosphorylating the enzyme at various sites. ser1177 is a positive regulatory site, which leads to the enhanced production of nitric oxide (no), a vasodilator of arteries. thr495 is a negative regulatory site, which inhibits no production. we have shown that thrombin, a par agonist, mediates enos-ser1177 phosphorylation through gq and a calci ... | 2009 | 19064940 |
| crystal structure of the ha3 subcomponent of clostridium botulinum type c progenitor toxin. | the clostridium botulinum type c 16s progenitor toxin contains a neurotoxin and several nontoxic components, designated nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (ha), ha1 (ha-33), ha2 (ha-17), ha3a (ha-22-23), and ha3b (ha-53). the ha3b subcomponent seems to play an important role cooperatively with ha1 in the internalization of the toxin by gastrointestinal epithelial cells via binding of these subcomponents to specific oligosaccharides. in this study, we investigated the sugar-binding specificity of the ha3b ... | 2009 | 19071137 |
| cyclophilin a facilitates translocation of the clostridium botulinum c2 toxin across membranes of acidified endosomes into the cytosol of mammalian cells. | the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i, which mono-adp-ribosylates actin in eukaryotic cells. pore formation of c2iia in early endosomal membranes facilitates translocation of unfolded c2i into the cytosol. we discovered earlier that translocation of c2i depends on the activity of the host cell chaperone heat shock protein hsp90. here, we demonstrate that cyclosporin a, which inhibits the peptidyl-prol ... | 2009 | 19159389 |
| botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrophy. | benign masseter muscle hypertrophy is an uncommon clinical phenomenon of uncertain aetiology which is characterised by a soft swelling near the angle of the mandible. the swelling may on occasion be associated with facial pain and can be prominent enough to be considered cosmetically disfiguring. varying degrees of success have been reported for some of the treatment options for masseter hypertrophy, which range from simple pharmacotherapy to more invasive surgical reduction. injection of botuli ... | 2009 | 19160335 |
| bimodal modulation of the botulinum neurotoxin protein-conducting channel. | clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) is the causative agent of botulism, a neuroparalytic disease. we describe here a semisynthetic strategy to identify inhibitors based on toosendanin, a traditional chinese medicine reported to protect from bont intoxication. using a single molecule assay of bont serotypes a and e light chain (lc) translocation through the heavy chain (hc) channel in neurons, we discovered that toosendanin and its tetrahydrofuran analog selectively arrest the lc translocatio ... | 2009 | 19164566 |
| evolution of neurotoxins: from research modalities to clinical realities. | in the 1950s, the discovery of anti-nerve growth factor, an immunotoxin stunting sympathetic neural development, signaled the advent of neurotoxins as research modalities. other selective neurotoxins were discovered in rapid succession. in the 1960s, 6-hydroxydopamine and 6-hydroxydopa were shown to destroy noradrenergic and dopaminergic nerves. excitotoxins (glutamate, aspartate, and analogs) were discovered in the 1970s. dsp-4 [n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine] proved to be selecti ... | 2009 | 19170022 |
| function-oriented synthesis applied to the anti-botulinum natural product toosendanin. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are the etiological agents responsible for botulism, a disease characterized by peripheral neuromuscular blockade and a characteristic flaccid paralysis of humans. the natural product toosendanin is a traditional chinese medicine which has been reported to have anti-botulinum properties in animal models. to establish what chemical functionalities are necessary for the anti-botulinum properties found within toosendanin, a study was initiated with the goal of using fu ... | 2009 | 19131252 |
| type c bovine botulism outbreak due to carcass contaminated non-acidified silage. | the first reported bovine botulism outbreak in finland is described. nine out of 90 cattle on a dairy farm died after being fed non-acidified silage contaminated by animal carcasses. type c botulinum neurotoxin gene was detected in one heifer by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and the neurotoxin was detected by the mouse bioassay. clostridium botulinum type c was isolated from liver samples. the isolated strain was identified with amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis as group i ... | 2009 | 18606025 |
| statins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human endothelial cells: anti-angiogenic actions possibly contributing to plaque stability. | cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 expression is increased in inflammation and angiogenesis and also in atherosclerotic plaques, where it co-localizes with metalloproteinases (mmps) involved in the fibrous cap weakening. insight into the regulation of cox-2 and mmp-9 expression suggests the involvement of a rho-dependent pathway. because statins interfere with rho activation, we investigated the statin effect on cox-2 and mmp expressions in the human endothelium. | 2010 | 19946014 |
| first report worldwide of an infant botulism case due to clostridium botulinum type e. | clostridium botulinum type e has been associated with botulism in adults but never in infants. infant botulism type e cases have been associated with neurotoxigenic strains of c. butyricum. we report the first infant botulism case due to c. botulinum type e worldwide. | 2010 | 19906896 |
| expression of the clostridium botulinum a2 neurotoxin gene cluster proteins and characterization of the a2 complex. | clostridium botulinum subtype a2 possesses a botulinum neurotoxin type a (bont/a) gene cluster consisting of an orfx cluster containing open reading frames (orfs) of unknown functions. to better understand the association between the bont/a2 complex proteins, first, the orfx cluster proteins (orfx1, orfx3, p47, and the middle part of ntnh) from c. botulinum a2 strain kyoto f and ntnh of a1 strain atcc 3502 were expressed by using either an escherichia coli or a c. botulinum expression system. po ... | 2010 | 19915042 |
| improved soluble expression and characterization of the hc domain of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype a in escherichia coli by using a pcr-synthesized gene and a trx co-expression strain. | botulinum neurotoxin serotype a (bont/a) is an extremely potent bacterial protein toxin. the hc fragment of bont/a (ahc) was shown to be non-toxic, antigenic, and capable of eliciting a protective immunity in animals challenged with homologous bont. in this study, we synthesized ahc gene by using t4 dna ligase and pcr. the ahc was expressed at a high level in escherichia coli successfully. because of using the trx co-expression strain, the expressed ahc is in a soluble and active form. the yield ... | 2010 | 19932180 |
| construction of a nontoxigenic clostridium botulinum strain for food challenge studies. | clostridium botulinum produces the most poisonous natural toxin known and is a perennial concern to the food industry and to regulatory agencies due to the potential threat of food-borne botulism. to ensure the botulinal safety of foods, rigorous food challenge testing to validate food-processing conditions and food formulations has been routinely performed. detection of the botulinum neurotoxin is performed by using a mouse bioassay and/or in vitro assays. there has been considerable interest b ... | 2010 | 19933346 |
| the gene cbo0515 from clostridium botulinum strain hall a encodes the rare enzyme n5-(carboxyethyl) ornithine synthase, ec 1.5.1.24. | sequencing of the genome of clostridium botulinum strain hall a revealed a gene (cbo0515), whose putative amino acid sequence was suggestive of the rare enzyme n(5)-(1-carboxyethyl) ornithine synthase. to test this hypothesis, cbo0515 has been cloned, and the encoded polypeptide was purified and characterized. this unusual gene appears to be confined to proteolytic strains assigned to group 1 of c. botulinum. | 2010 | 19933367 |
| detection and differentiation of clostridium botulinum type a strains using a focused dna microarray. | a focused oligonucleotide microarray featuring 62 probes targeting strain variable regions of the clostridium botulinum strain atcc 3502 genome sequence was developed to differentiate c. botulinum type a strains. the strain variable regions were selected from deletions identified among a panel of 10 type a strains compared to the strain atcc 3502 genome sequence using high density comparative genomic hybridization microarrays. the focused microarray also featured specific probes for the detectio ... | 2010 | 20056143 |
| etfa catalyses the formation of dipicolinic acid in clostridium perfringens. | dipicolinic acid (dpa) is a major component of bacterial endospores, comprising 5-15% of the spore dry weight, and is important for spore stability and resistance properties. the biosynthetic precursor to dpa, dihydro-dipicolinic acid (dhdpa), is produced by dhdpa synthase within the lysine biosynthesis pathway. in bacillus subtilis, and most other bacilli and clostridia, dhdpa is oxidized to dpa by the products of the spovf operon. analysis of the genomes of the clostridia in cluster i, includi ... | 2010 | 19968785 |
| presence of soil-dwelling clostridia in commercial powdered infant formulas. | because clostridium botulinum was isolated from powdered infant formula (pif) fed to an infant in the united kingdom who subsequently developed infant botulism and from unopened pif from the same manufacturer, we tested pif manufactured in the united states for the presence of clostridial spores. | 2010 | 20004414 |
| genetically engineered clostridial c2 toxin as a novel delivery system for living mammalian cells. | the c2 toxin of clostridium botulinum is a binary bacterial protein toxin, comprising the enzyme component c2i and the separate binding/translocation component c2iia. c2iia mediates the transport of c2i into the host cell cytosol. the n-terminal domain of c2i (c2in) is enzymatically inactive but essential for c2iia-mediated internalization of c2i. here, we exploit the c2iia/c2in system to generate a recombinant c2in-streptavidin fusion protein allowing for the delivery of biotinylated molecules ... | 2010 | 20030334 |
| effects of carbon dioxide on growth of proteolytic clostridium botulinum, its ability to produce neurotoxin, and its transcriptome. | the antimicrobial gas carbon dioxide is frequently used in modified atmosphere packaging. in the present study, the effects of co2 (10 to 70%, vol/vol) on gene expression (measured using quantitative reverse transcription-pcr and a whole-genome dna microarray) and neurotoxin formation (measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [elisa]) by proteolytic clostridium botulinum type a1 strain atcc 3502 were studied during the growth cycle. interestingly, in marked contrast to the situation w ... | 2010 | 20038699 |
| further characterization of proteolytic clostridium botulinum type a5 reveals that neurotoxin formation is unaffected by loss of the cntr (botr) promoter sigma factor binding site. | 2010 | 20042627 | |
| toosendanin: synthesis of the ab-ring and investigations of its anti-botulinum properties (part ii). | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are the etiological agents responsible for botulism, a disease characterized by peripheral neuromuscular blockade and a characteristic flaccid paralysis of humans. the natural product toosendanin, a limonoid, is a traditional chinese medicine that has reported anti-botulinum properties in animal models. toosendanin effectively inhibits the biological activity of bont/a in neuronal cells at concentrations of 200 nm, and partial inhibition can be observed with concent ... | 2010 | 20044261 |
| culture enrichment assists the diagnosis of cattle botulism by a monoclonal antibody based sandwich elisa. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) obtained from a mouse immunised with clostridium botulinum type d toxoid were developed into a sandwich elisa (selisa) format that was able to detect type d toxin and types c and d toxin complexes. the selisa was examined for its potential to replace the mouse bioassay as an alternative in vitro assay for the diagnosis of cattle botulism. its application directly to intestinal samples collected from suspect cattle botulism cases and prepared for testing for the stand ... | 2010 | 20116183 |
| effect of high pressure on the microbiological quality of cooked chicken during storage at normal and abuse refrigeration temperatures. | vacuum-packaged cooked poultry meat was treated at a range of pressures (400-600 mpa) and hold times (1, 2 and 10 min), followed by storage at 4 degrees , 8 degrees or 12 degrees c for up to 35 days. weissella viridescens was found to be the dominant microorganism in the pressure-treated meat, constituting 100% of the microflora identified at 500 and 600 mpa. none of the pressure-treated samples had obvious signs of spoilage during the 35 day storage period, even when the weissella count was >7 ... | 2010 | 20141945 |
| functional characterization of an extended binding component of the actin-adp-ribosylating c2 toxin detected in clostridium botulinum strain (c) 2300. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding component c2ii and the enzyme component c2i, which adp-ribosylates g-actin of eukaryotic cells. trypsin-activated c2ii (c2iia) forms heptamers that mediate cell binding and translocation of c2i from acidic endosomes into the cytosol of target cells. by genome sequencing of c. botulinum strain (c) 2300, we found that c2ii from this strain carries a c-terminal extension of 129 amino acids, unlike its homologous counterparts from strains (c) 20 ... | 2010 | 20145093 |
| botulinum neurotoxin a protease: discovery of natural product exosite inhibitors. | a new mechanistic class of bont/a zinc metalloprotease inhibitors, from echinacea, exemplified by the natural product d-chicoric acid (i1) is disclosed. a detailed evaluation of chicoric acid's mechanism of inhibition reveals that the inhibitor binds to an exosite, displays noncompetitive partial inhibition, and is synergistic with a competitive active site inhibitor when used in combination. other components found in echinacea, i3 and i4, were also inhibitors of the protease. | 2010 | 20158239 |
| treatment of masseteric hypertrophy with botulinum toxin: a report of two cases. | masseter muscle hypertrophy is a rare condition of unknown cause which is important in the differential diagnosis of head and neck masses, located in the cheek. several treatment options reported for masseter hypertrophy, which range from simple pharmacotherapy to more invasive surgical reduction. botulinum toxin type a is a powerful neurotoxin which is produced by the anaerobic organism clostridium botulinum and when injected into a muscle causes interference with the neurotransmitter mechanism ... | 2010 | 20173718 |
| molecular basis of activation of endopeptidase activity of botulinum neurotoxin type e. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are a group of large proteins that are responsible for the clinical syndrome of botulism. the seven immunologically distinct serotypes of bonts (a-g), each produced by various strains of clostridium botulinum, act on the neuromuscular junction by blocking the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thereby resulting in flaccid muscle paralysis. bonts are synthesized as single inactive polypeptide chains that are cleaved by endogenous or exogenous proteases to ... | 2010 | 20178376 |
| survival analysis for respiratory failure in patients with food-borne botulism. | botulism is a rare presynaptic neuromuscular junction disorder caused by potent toxins produced by the anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium clostridium botulinum. food-borne botulism is caused by the ingestion of foods contaminated with botulinum toxin. in march 2006, there was a large outbreak of food-borne botulism associated with the ingestion of home-canned bamboo shoots in thailand. the survival analyses for respiratory failure in these patients were studied and are reported he ... | 2010 | 20184431 |
| gaining ground: assays for therapeutics against botulinum neurotoxin. | owing in part to recently heightened concern over bioterrorism, interest in the mechanism of action of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) and development of effective therapeutic strategies has dramatically increased. the emergence of bont as an effective treatment for a variety of neurological disorders and its growing use in the cosmetic industry have also increased interest in developing effective countermeasures. although recent attempts to create effective vaccines appear promising, the multitude ... | 2010 | 20202845 |
| type a botulism in horses in the united states: a review of the past ten years (1998-2008). | the objective of the current retrospective study was to describe naturally occurring type a botulism in horses in the united states. in the past 10 years, the botulism laboratory at the university of pennsylvania's school of veterinary medicine has identified 3 isolated cases and 8 outbreaks of type a botulism in horses via samples positive for clostridium botulinum type a toxin or spores using the mouse bioassay test. additional information was obtained by review of submission forms and by tele ... | 2010 | 20224073 |
| implications of salt and sodium reduction on microbial food safety. | excess sodium consumption has been cited as a primary cause of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. salt (sodium chloride) is considered the main source of sodium in the human diet, and it is estimated that processed foods and restaurant foods contribute 80% of the daily intake of sodium in most of the western world. however, ample research demonstrates the efficacy of sodium chloride against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in a variety of food systems. notable examples of the utilit ... | 2010 | 20301012 |
| clostridium botulinum in cattle and dairy products. | the use of plastic-wrapped and nonacidified silage as cattle feed has led to an increasing number of botulism outbreaks due to clostridium botulinum groups i-iii in dairy cattle. the involvement of groups i and ii organisms in cattle botulism has raised concern of human botulism risk associated with the consumption of dairy products. multiplication of c. botulinum in silage and in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle with botulism has been reported, thus contamination of the farm environment and ... | 2010 | 20301016 |
| a quadruplex real-time pcr assay for rapid detection and differentiation of the clostridium botulinum toxin genes a, b, e and f. | clostridium botulinum is the aetiological agent of botulism, a disease marked by flaccid paralysis that can progress to asphyxiation and death. this species is defined by the production of one of the botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), which are the most potent toxins known. because of their potency, these toxins have the potential to be used as biological weapons, and therefore c. botulinum has been classified as a category a select agent. there are four related but antigenically distinct bont types ... | 2010 | 19779029 |
| sialic acid-dependent binding and transcytosis of serotype d botulinum neurotoxin and toxin complex in rat intestinal epithelial cells. | a large toxin complex (l-tc) produced by clostridium botulinum is composed of neurotoxin (bont), non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (ntnha) and hemagglutinin subcomponents (ha-70, -33 and -17). in animal botulism, bont or l-tc is internalized by intestinal epithelial cells. previous studies showed that l-tc binds to intestinal cells via sugar chains on the cell surface, but the role of toxin binding to sugar chains in the toxin absorption from intestine is unclear. to clarify whether the toxin binding ... | 2010 | 19786330 |
| non-quantal release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerve terminals in the right atrium of rats. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibitors provoke typical cholinergic effects in the isolated right atrium of the rat due to the accumulation of acetylcholine (ach). our study was designed to show that in the absence of vagal impulse activity, ach is released from the parasympathetic nerve fibres by means of non-quantal secretion. the conventional microelectrode technique was used to study changes in action potential (ap) configuration in the right atrium preparation of rats during application of a ... | 2010 | 19767403 |
| characterization of the d/c mosaic neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum associated with bovine botulism in japan. | clostridium botulinum types c and d are related to avian and mammalian botulism. bovine botulism occurred at various farms from 2004 to 2007 in japan. since culture supernatants of isolates from cases of bovine botulism were neutralized completely and partially with type d and c antitoxins, respectively, we attempted to confirm the nucleotide sequences of the neurotoxin gene in isolates. the neurotoxin gene comprised two-thirds of the type d neurotoxin gene and one-third of the type c neurotoxin ... | 2010 | 19720474 |
| selective and specific internalization of clostridial c3 adp-ribosyltransferases into macrophages and monocytes. | the c3 transferases from clostridium botulinum (c3bot) and clostridium limosum (c3lim) mono-adp-ribosylate and thereby inactivate rhoa, -b and -c of eukaryotic cells. due to their extremely poor cellular uptake, c3 transferases were supposed to be exoenzymes rather than exotoxins, challenging their role in pathogenesis. here, we report for the first time that low concentrations of both c3lim and c3bot are selectively internalized into macrophages/monocytes in less than 3 h, inducing the reorgani ... | 2010 | 19840027 |
| pathema: a clade-specific bioinformatics resource center for pathogen research. | pathema (http://pathema.jcvi.org) is one of the eight bioinformatics resource centers (brcs) funded by the national institute of allergy and infectious disease (niaid) designed to serve as a core resource for the bio-defense and infectious disease research community. pathema strives to support basic research and accelerate scientific progress for understanding, detecting, diagnosing and treating an established set of six target niaid category a-c pathogens: category a priority pathogens; bacillu ... | 2010 | 19843611 |
| tumor endothelial marker 5 expression in endothelial cells during capillary morphogenesis is induced by the small gtpase rac and mediates contact inhibition of cell proliferation. | tumor endothelial marker (tem) 5 is an adhesion g-protein-coupled receptor upregulated in endothelial cells during tumor and physiologic angiogenesis. so far, the mechanisms leading to upregulation of tem5 and its function during angiogenesis have not been identified. here, we report that tem5 expression in endothelial cells is induced during capillary-like network formation on matrigel, during capillary morphogenesis in a three-dimensional collagen i matrix, and upon confluence on a two-dimensi ... | 2010 | 19853600 |
| glycoprotein characterization. | increasing numbers of studies are reporting the modification of prokaryotic proteins with novel glycans. these proteins are often associated with virulence factors of medically important pathogens. herein, we describe the steps required to characterize prokaryotic glycoproteins by mass spectrometry, using flagellin isolated from clostridium botulinum strain langeland as an example. both "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches will be described for characterizing the purified glycoprotein at the wh ... | 2010 | 19882124 |
| cloning, high level expression and immunogenicity of 1163-1256 residues of c-terminal heavy chain of c. botulinum neurotoxin type e. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) inhibit neurotransmitter release from peripheral cholinergic synapses. bonts consist of a toxifying light chain and a heavy chain (hc) linked through a disulfide bond. in the present study we explored the immunogenicity and protective capability of the most effective part corresponding to 1163-1256 residues of botulinum type e neurotoxin hc gene. dna encoding the 93 c-terminal amino acid of hc residues was synthesized with optimal codon usage for expression. these d ... | 2010 | 19879159 |