Publications

the genomes of closely related pantoea ananatis maize seed endophytes having different effects on the host plant differ in secretion system genes and mobile genetic elements.	the seed as a habitat for microorganisms is as yet under-explored and has quite distinct characteristics as compared to other vegetative plant tissues. in this study, we investigated three closely related p. ananatis strains (named s6, s7, and s8), which were isolated from maize seeds of healthy plants. plant inoculation experiments revealed that each of these strains exhibited a different phenotype ranging from weak pathogenic (s7), commensal (s8), to a beneficial, growth-promoting effect (s6) ...	2015	26029184
comparative conventional- and quantum dot-labeling strategies for lps binding site detection in arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) from gram-negative bacteria is recognized as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (mamp) and not only induces an innate immune response in plants, but also stimulates the development of characteristic defense responses. however, identification and characterization of a cell surface lps-receptor/binding site, as described in mammals, remains elusive in plants. as an amphiphilic, macromolecular lipoglycan, intact lps potentially contains three mamp-active regions, repres ...	2015	26029233
the amino acid arginine 210 of the response regulator hrpg of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is required for hrpg function in virulence.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri colonizes its hosts through the trafficking of effector proteins to the plant cell by the type iii protein secretion system. in x. citri subsp. citri, as in other plant pathogens, the hrp cluster encodes the type iii protein secretion system and is regulated by the transcription factors hrpg and hrpx. hrpg belongs to the ompr family's response regulator of envz/ompr two-component signal transduction system. here, we show that the arginine 210 residue is crucial for ...	2015	25961560
coordination of peptidoglycan synthesis and outer membrane constriction during escherichia coli cell division.	to maintain cellular structure and integrity during division, gram-negative bacteria must carefully coordinate constriction of a tripartite cell envelope of inner membrane, peptidoglycan (pg), and outer membrane (om). it has remained enigmatic how this is accomplished. here, we show that envelope machines facilitating septal pg synthesis (pbp1b-lpob complex) and om constriction (tol system) are physically and functionally coordinated via ybgf, renamed cpob (coordinator of pg synthesis and om con ...	2015	25951518
a novel type ii nad+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from the marine bacterium congregibacter litoralis kt71.	in most living organisms, isocitrate dehydrogenases (idhs) convert isocitrate into ɑ-ketoglutarate (ɑ-kg). phylogenetic analyses divide the idh protein family into two subgroups: types i and ii. based on cofactor usage, idhs are either nad+-specific (nad-idh) or nadp+-specific (nadp-idh); nadp-idh evolved from nad-idh. type i idhs include nad-idhs and nadp-idhs; however, no type ii nad-idhs have been reported to date. this study reports a novel type ii nad-idh from the marine bacterium congregib ...	2015	25942017
thiol-based redox switches in prokaryotes.	bacteria encounter reactive oxygen species (ros) as a consequence of the aerobic life or as an oxidative burst of activated neutrophils during infections. in addition, bacteria are exposed to other redox-active compounds, including hypochloric acid (hocl) and reactive electrophilic species (res) such as quinones and aldehydes. these reactive species often target the thiol groups of cysteines in proteins and lead to thiol-disulfide switches in redox-sensing regulators to activate specific detoxif ...	2015	25720121
a library of synthetic transcription activator-like effector-activated promoters for coordinated orthogonal gene expression in plants.	a library of synthetic promoters containing the binding site of a single designer transcription activator-like effector (dtale) was constructed. the promoters contain a constant sequence, consisting of an 18-base long dtale-binding site and a tata box, flanked by degenerate sequences of 49 bases downstream and 19 bases upstream. forty-three of these promoters were sequenced and tested in transient assays in nicotiana benthamiana using a gus reporter gene. the strength of expression of the promot ...	2015	25846505
dissection of the cis-2-decenoic acid signaling network in pseudomonas aeruginosa using microarray technique.	many bacterial pathogens use quorum-sensing (qs) signaling to regulate the expression of factors contributing to virulence and persistence. bacteria produce signals of different chemical classes. the signal molecule, known as diffusible signal factor (dsf), is a cis-unsaturated fatty acid that was first described in the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris. previous works have shown that human pathogen, pseudomonas aeruginosa, also synthesizes a structurally related molecule, characterized as c ...	2015	25972860
regulation by soxr of mfsa, which encodes a major facilitator protein involved in paraquat resistance in stenotrophomonas maltophilia.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia mfsa (smlt1083) is an efflux pump in the major facilitator superfamily (mfs). deletion of mfsa renders the strain more susceptible to paraquat, but no alteration in the susceptibility levels of other oxidants is observed. the expression of mfsa is inducible upon challenge with redox cycling/superoxide-generating drug (paraquat, menadione and plumbagin) treatments and is directly regulated by soxr, which is a transcription regulator and sensor of superoxide-generating ...	2015	25915643
what makes xanthomonas albilineans unique amongst xanthomonads?	xanthomonas albilineans causes leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane. compared to other species of xanthomonas, x. albilineans exhibits distinctive pathogenic mechanisms, ecology and taxonomy. its genome, which has experienced significant erosion, has unique genomic features. it lacks two loci required for pathogenicity in other plant pathogenic species of xanthomonas: the xanthan gum biosynthesis and the hrp-t3ss (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity-type three secretion system) gene c ...	2015	25964795
solution-state nmr structure of the putative morphogene protein bola (pfe0790c) from plasmodium falciparum.	protozoa of the genus plasmodium are responsible for malaria, which is perhaps the most important parasitic disease to infect mankind. the emergence of plasmodium strains resistant to current therapeutics and prophylactics makes the development of new treatment strategies urgent. among the potential targets for new antimalarial drugs is the bola-like protein pfe0790c from plasmodium falciparum (pf-bola). while the function of bola is unknown, it has been linked to cell morphology by regulating t ...	2015	25945703
recent progress in the use of 'omics technologies in brassicaceous vegetables.	continuing advances in 'omics methodologies and instrumentation is enhancing the understanding of how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment. 'omics platforms have been only recently extended to cover horticultural crop species. many of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops belong to the genus brassica: these include plants grown for their root (turnip, rutabaga/swede), their swollen stem base (kohlrabi), their leaves (cabbage, kale, pak choi) and their inflorescen ...	2015	25926843
extracellular streptomyces lividans vesicles: composition, biogenesis and antimicrobial activity.	we selected streptomyces lividans to elucidate firstly the biogenesis and antimicrobial activities of extracellular vesicles that a filamentous and highly differentiated gram-positive bacterium produces. vesicle types range in diameter from 110 to 230 nm and 20 to 60 nm, respectively; they assemble to clusters, and contain lipids and phospholipids allowing their in situ imaging by specific fluorescent dyes. the presence of the identified secondary metabolite undecylprodigiosin provokes red fluor ...	2015	25851532
structural basis of latrophilin-flrt interaction.	latrophilins, receptors for spider venom α-latrotoxin, are adhesion type g-protein-coupled receptors with emerging functions in synapse development. the n-terminal region binds the endogenous cell adhesion molecule flrt, a major regulator of cortical and synapse development. we present crystallographic data for the mouse latrophilin3 lectin and olfactomedin-like (olf) domains, thereby revealing the olf β-propeller fold and conserved calcium-binding site. we locate the flrt-latrophilin binding su ...	2015	25728924
recent advances in exopolysaccharides from paenibacillus spp.: production, isolation, structure, and bioactivities.	this review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments of various aspects (i.e., production, purification, structure, and bioactivity) of the exopolysaccharides (epss) from paenibacillus spp. for the production, in particular, squid pen waste was first utilized successfully to produce a high yield of inexpensive epss from paenibacillus sp. tku023 and p. macerans tku029. in addition, this technology for eps production is prevailing because it is more environmentally friendly ...	2015	25837984
development of floating chitosan-xanthan beads for oral controlled release of glipizide.	the aim of the present work was to develop controlled release, floating and mucoadhesive beads of glipizide by using the polyionic complexation technique. plasma half-life of glipizide being 2-4 h was selected for development of controlled release dosage form.	2015	25838991
combinatorial effects of diet and genetics on inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) encompasses a group of disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract characterized by acute and chronic inflammation. these are complex and multifactorial disorders that arise in part from a genetic predisposition. however, the increasing incidence of ibd in developing countries suggests that environmental factors, such as diet, are also critical components of disease susceptibility. evidence suggests that consumption of a western diet, enriched with saturated f ...	2015	25581832
pqqd is a novel peptide chaperone that forms a ternary complex with the radical s-adenosylmethionine protein pqqe in the pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthetic pathway.	pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) is a product of a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified pathway consisting of five conserved genes, pqqa-e. pqqe is a radical s-adenosylmethionine (rs) protein with a c-terminal spasm domain, and is proposed to catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between the glutamate and tyrosine side chains of the peptide substrate pqqa. pqqd is a 10-kda protein with an unknown function, but is essential for pqq production. recently, in klebsiella p ...	2015	25817994
the host plant metabolite glucose is the precursor of diffusible signal factor (dsf) family signals in xanthomonas campestris.	plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris produces cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid (diffusible signal factor [dsf]) as a cell-cell communication signal to regulate biofilm dispersal and virulence factor production. previous studies have demonstrated that dsf biosynthesis is dependent on the presence of rpff, an enoyl-coenzyme a (coa) hydratase, but the dsf synthetic mechanism and the influence of the host plant on dsf biosynthesis are still not clear. we show here that exogenous addit ...	2015	25681189
maldi-tof ms profiling approach: how much can we get from it?		2015	25852729
abiotic stress induces change in cinnamoyl coa reductase (ccr) protein abundance and lignin deposition in developing seedlings of leucaena leucocephala.	aboitic stress such as drought and salinity are class of major threats, which plants undergo through their lifetime. lignin deposition is one of the responses to such abiotic stresses. the gene encoding cinnamoyl coa reductase (ccr) is a key gene for lignin biosynthesis, which has been shown to be over-expressed under stress conditions. in the present study, developing seedlings of leucaena leucocephala (vernacular name: subabul, white popinac) were treated with 1 % mannitol and 200 mm nacl to m ...	2015	25931776
resistance to gray leaf spot of maize: genetic architecture and mechanisms elucidated through nested association mapping and near-isogenic line analysis.	gray leaf spot (gls), caused by cercospora zeae-maydis and cercospora zeina, is one of the most important diseases of maize worldwide. the pathogen has a necrotrophic lifestyle and no major genes are known for gls. quantitative resistance, although poorly understood, is important for gls management. we used genetic mapping to refine understanding of the genetic architecture of gls resistance and to develop hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying quantitative disease resistance (qdr) loci. ...	2015	25764179
recent advances in the analysis of macromolecular interactions using the matrix-free method of sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge.	sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge is a matrix free solution technique with no immobilisation, columns, or membranes required and can be used to study self-association and complex or "hetero"-interactions, stoichiometry, reversibility and interaction strength of a wide variety of macromolecular types and across a very large dynamic range (dissociation constants from 10-12 m to 10-1 m). we extend an earlier review specifically highlighting advances in sedimentation velocity and sedim ...	2015	25756246
differential repair of etheno-dna adducts by bacterial and human alkb proteins.	alkb proteins are evolutionary conserved fe(ii)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, which remove alkyl and highly promutagenic etheno(ɛ)-dna adducts, but their substrate specificity has not been fully determined. we developed a novel assay for the repair of ɛ-adducts by alkb enzymes using oligodeoxynucleotides with a single lesion and specific dna glycosylases and ap-endonuclease for identification of the repair products. we compared the repair of three ɛ-adducts, 1,n(6)-ethenoadenine (ɛa), 3 ...	2015	25797601
pathogen-secreted proteases activate a novel plant immune pathway.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play central roles in innate immune signalling networks in plants and animals. in plants, however, the molecular mechanisms of how signal perception is transduced to mapk activation remain elusive. here we report that pathogen-secreted proteases activate a previously unknown signalling pathway in arabidopsis thaliana involving the gα, gβ, and gγ subunits of heterotrimeric g-protein complexes, which function upstream of an mapk cascade. in this pat ...	2015	25731164
xylan utilization regulon in xanthomonas citri pv. citri strain 306: gene expression and utilization of oligoxylosides.	xanthomonas citri pv. citri strain 306 (xcc306), a causative agent of citrus canker, produces endoxylanases that catalyze the depolymerization of cell wall-associated xylans. in the sequenced genomes of all plant-pathogenic xanthomonads, genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes are clustered in three adjacent operons. in xcc306, these consecutive operons contain genes encoding the glycoside hydrolase family 10 (gh10) endoxylanases xyn10a and xyn10c, the agu67 gene, encoding a gh67 α-glucuronidase (agu ...	2015	25595763
the structure of the hexameric atrazine chlorohydrolase atza.	atrazine chlorohydrolase (atza) was discovered and purified in the early 1990s from soil that had been exposed to the widely used herbicide atrazine. it was subsequently found that this enzyme catalyzes the first and necessary step in the breakdown of atrazine by the soil organism pseudomonas sp. strain adp. although it has taken 20 years, a crystal structure of the full hexameric form of atza has now been obtained. atza is less well adapted to its physiological role (i.e. atrazine dechlorinatio ...	2015	25760618
comparative transcriptome profiling of a rice line carrying xa39 and its parents triggered by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae provides novel insights into the broad-spectrum hypersensitive response.	bacterial blight, caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), is a devastating rice disease worldwide. xa39 is a resistance (r) gene with a broad-spectrum hypersensitive response (bshr) to xoo. nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of resistance mediated by xa39 remain unclear. in this study, the transcriptome profiling of a rice line carrying xa39 and its parents at the early stage of xoo infection were investigated.	2015	25765449
structural basis of functional diversification of the hd-gyp domain revealed by the pseudomonas aeruginosa pa4781 protein, which displays an unselective bimetallic binding site.	the intracellular level of the bacterial secondary messenger cyclic di-3',5'-gmp (c-di-gmp) is determined by a balance between its biosynthesis and degradation, the latter achieved via dedicated phosphodiesterases (pdes) bearing a characteristic eal or hd-gyp domain. we here report the crystal structure of pa4781, one of the three pseudomonas aeruginosa hd-gyp proteins, which we have previously characterized in vitro. the structure shows a bimetallic active site whose metal binding mode is diffe ...	2015	25691523
hype-specific nanobodies as tools to modulate hype-mediated target ampylation.	the covalent addition of mono-amp to target proteins (ampylation) by fic domain-containing proteins is a poorly understood, yet highly conserved post-translational modification. here, we describe the generation, evaluation, and application of four hype-specific nanobodies: three that inhibit hype-mediated target ampylation in vitro and one that acts as an activator. all heavy chain-only antibody variable domains bind hype when expressed as gfp fusions in intact cells. we observed localization of ...	2015	25678711
identification of bacterial guanylate cyclases.	the ability of bacteria to use cgmp as a second messenger has been controversial for decades. recently, nucleotide cyclases from rhodospirillum centenum, gcya, and xanthomonas campestris, guax, have been shown to possess guanylate cyclase activities. enzymatic activities of these guanylate cyclases measured in vitro were low, which makes interpretation of the assays ambiguous. protein sequence analysis at present is insufficient to distinguish between bacterial adenylate and guanylate cyclases, ...	2015	25645367
genome-wide snp identification and qtl mapping for black rot resistance in cabbage.	black rot is a destructive bacterial disease causing large yield and quality losses in brassica oleracea. to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) for black rot resistance, we performed whole-genome resequencing of two cabbage parental lines and genome-wide snp identification using the recently published b. oleracea genome sequences as reference.	2015	25644124
enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) pcr based genetic diversity of xanthomonas spp. and its relation to xanthan production.	the genus xanthomonas is composed of phytopathogenic bacterial species. in addition to causing crops diseases, most of the xanthomonas species especially xanthomonas campestris produce xanthan gum via an aerobic fermentation process. xanthan gum is, an important exopolysaccharide from xanthomonas campestris, mainly used in the food, petroleum and other industries. the purpose of this study was assessment of relationship between genetic diversity and xanthan production in xanthomonas spp.	2015	26644872
field resistance of transgenic plantain to nematodes has potential for future african food security.	plant parasitic nematodes impose losses of up to 70% on plantains and cooking bananas in africa. application of nematicides is inappropriate and resistant cultivars are unavailable. where grown, demand for plantain is more than for other staple crops. confined field testing demonstrated that transgenic expression of a biosafe, anti-feedant cysteine proteinase inhibitor and an anti-root invasion, non-lethal synthetic peptide confers resistance to plantain against the key nematode pests radopholus ...	2015	25634654
phytohormone-mediated interkingdom signaling shapes the outcome of rice-xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae interactions.	small-molecule hormones are well known to play key roles in the plant immune signaling network that is activated upon pathogen perception. in contrast, little is known about whether phytohormones also directly influence microbial virulence, similar to what has been reported in animal systems.	2015	25605284
identification and characterization of a serious multidrug resistant stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain in china.	an s. maltophilia strain named wj66 was isolated from a patient; wj66 showed resistance to more antibiotics than the other s. maltophilia strains. this bacteraemia is resistant to sulphonamides, or fluoroquinolones, while the representative strain of s. maltophilia, k279a, is sensitive to both. to explore drug resistance determinants of this strain, the draft genome sequence of wj66 was determined and compared to other s. maltophilia sequences. genome sequencing and genome-wide evolutionary anal ...	2015	25654114
the n-glycan cluster from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: a toolbox for sequential plant n-glycan processing.	n-glycans are widely distributed in living organisms but represent only a small fraction of the carbohydrates found in plants. this probably explains why they have not previously been considered as substrates exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of brassica plants, possesses a specific system for glcnac utilization expressed during host plant infection. this system encompasses a cluster of eight ...	2015	25586188
cross-talk between two nucleotide-signaling pathways in staphylococcus aureus.	nucleotide-signaling pathways are found in all kingdoms of life and are utilized to coordinate a rapid response to external stimuli. the stringent response alarmones guanosine tetra- (ppgpp) and pentaphosphate (pppgpp) control a global response allowing cells to adapt to starvation conditions such as amino acid depletion. one more recently discovered signaling nucleotide is the secondary messenger cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-amp). here, we demonstrate that this signaling nucleotide is ...	2015	25575594
structures of the n-acetyltransferase domain of xylella fastidiosa n-acetyl-l-glutamate synthase/kinase with and without a his tag bound to n-acetyl-l-glutamate.	structures of the catalytic n-acetyltransferase (nat) domain of the bifunctional n-acetyl-l-glutamate synthase/kinase (nags/k) from xylella fastidiosa bound to n-acetyl-l-glutamate (nag) with and without an n-terminal his tag have been solved and refined at 1.7 and 1.4 å resolution, respectively. the nat domain with an n-terminal his tag crystallized in space group p4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a=b=51.72, c=242.31 å. two subunits form a molecular dimer in the asymmetric unit, which conta ...	2015	25615976
in vitro-in vivo evaluation of xanthan gum and eudragit inter polyelectrolyte complex based sustained release tablets.	polyelectrolyte complexes (pecs) are the association complexes formed between oppositely charged particles (e.g., polymer-polymer, polymer-drug and polymer-drug-polymer). these are formed due to electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged polyions. diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) advocated in use of painful and inflammatory rheumatic and certain non-rheumatic conditions. the drug has a relatively short elimination half-life, which limits the potential for dru ...	2015	25599035
role of excipients and polymeric advancements in preparation of floating drug delivery systems.	since decade or two, the development of floating drug delivery systems becomes a significant and novel tool as having low density than gastric content. there are various advanced polymers including chitosan, eudragit, etc., and excipients such as; pore forming agent, surfactants, etc. all of them are discussed briefly, and results are concluded from various reputed researches. we have discussed all natural and synthetic systems with their effect on the release and other parameters which are esse ...	2015	25599027
identification of a molecular dialogue between developing seeds of medicago truncatula and seedborne xanthomonads.	plant pathogenic bacteria disseminate and survive mainly in association with seeds. this study addresses whether seeds are passive carriers or engage a molecular dialogue with pathogens during their development. we developed two pathosystems using medicago truncatula with xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. alfalfae (xaa), the natural medicago sp. pathogen and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), a brassicaceae pathogen. three days after flower inoculation, the transcriptome of xcc-infected pods ...	2015	25922487
the pepper gna-related lectin and pan domain protein gene, caglp1, is required for plant cell death and defense signaling during bacterial infection.	carbohydrate-binding proteins, commonly referred to as lectins or agglutinins, function in defense responses to microbial pathogens. pepper (capsicum annuum) gna-related lectin and pan-domain protein gene caglp1 was isolated and functionally characterized from pepper leaves infected with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). caglp1 contained an amine-terminus prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site, a galanthus nivalis agglutinin (gna)-related lectin domain responsible for ...	2015	26706081
the decoy substrate of a pathogen effector and a pseudokinase specify pathogen-induced modified-self recognition and immunity in plants.	in plants, host response to pathogenic microbes is driven both by microbial perception and detection of modified-self. the xanthomonas campestris effector protein avrac/xopac uridylylates the arabidopsis bik1 kinase to dampen basal resistance and thereby promotes bacterial virulence. here we show that pbl2, a paralog of bik1, is similarly uridylylated by avrac. however, in contrast to bik1, pbl2 uridylylation is specifically required for host recognition of avrac to trigger immunity, but not avr ...	2015	26355215
the pepper phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase capepck1 is involved in plant immunity against bacterial and oomycete pathogens.	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a member of the lyase family, is involved in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis in organisms. although the major function of pepck in gluconeogenesis is well established, it is unclear whether this enzyme is involved in plant immunity. here, we isolated and identified the pepper (capsicum annuum) pepck (capepck1) gene from pepper leaves infected with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). capepck1 was strongly expressed in pepper leaves during the ...	2015	26233534
expression and functional roles of the pepper pathogen-induced bzip transcription factor cabzip2 in enhanced disease resistance to bacterial pathogen infection.	a pepper bzip transcription factor gene, cabzip2, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with a virulent strain of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. transient expression analysis of the cabzip2-gfp fusion protein in nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the cabzip2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. the acidic domain in the n-terminal region of cabzip2 that is fused to the gal4 dna-binding domain is required to activate the transcription of reporter genes in yeas ...	2015	25738319
[identification of a new type iii effector xc3176 in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris].	type iii secretion system (t3ss) is essential for many phytopathogenic bacteria to cause disease in susceptible host plants and to elicit a hypersensitive response in resistant host and non-host plants. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) uses t3ss to deliver t3ss effectors (t3ses) directly into host cells, where they play important roles in pathogenesis. the aim of this study was to identify a new t3se in xcc.	2015	26939454
priming of pathogenesis related-proteins and enzymes related to oxidative stress by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on rice plants upon abiotic and biotic stress challenge.	two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) were tested to evaluate their capacity to prime rice seedlings against stress challenge (salt and xanthomonas campestris infection). as is accepted that plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses by generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), enzyme activities related to oxidative stress (ascorbate peroxidase (apx, ec 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (gpx, ec 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (gr, ec 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (sod, ec 1.1 ...	2015	26439659
rapid, specific, simple, in-field detection of xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	to develop and evaluate a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (xcm), the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt, a major disease of banana in africa.	2015	26425811
xanthomonas campestris expansin-like x domain is a structurally disordered beta-sheet macromolecule capable of synergistically enhancing enzymatic efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis.	to biochemically characterize an expansin-like x protein domain from xanthomonas campestris (xcexlx1) and to study its synergy with cellulases in cellulose depolymerization.	2015	26272392
iscr plays a role in oxidative stress resistance and pathogenicity of a plant pathogen, xanthomonas campestris.	iron-sulfur ([fe-s]) cluster is an essential cofactor of proteins involved in various physiological processes including cellular defense against oxidative stress. in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), iscr plays a negative role in regulation of the transcription of [fe-s] assembly genes, iscr-sufbcds. the expression level of sufbcds was up-regulated in an xcc iscr mutant. in addition, the iscr promoter activity in an xcc iscr mutant was also higher than the wild-type strain, indicating ...	2015	25200360
glycine-rich rna-binding protein1 interacts with receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase1 and suppresses cell death and defense responses in pepper (capsicum annuum).	plants use a variety of innate immune regulators to trigger cell death and defense responses against pathogen attack. we identified pepper (capsicum annuum) glycine-rich rna-binding protein1 (cagrp1) as a receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase1 (capik1)-interacting partner, based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation analyses as well as gene silencing and transient expression analysis. cagrp1 contains an n-terminal rna recognition motif and a glycine-rich region ...	2015	25323422
host genotype and hypersensitive reaction influence population levels of xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in lettuce.	dynamics of population sizes of xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians inoculated onto or into lettuce leaves were monitored on susceptible and resistant cultivars. in general, population growth was greater for susceptible (clemente, salinas 88, vista verde) than resistant (batavia reine des glaces, iceberg, little gem) cultivars. when spray-inoculated or infiltrated, population levels of x. campestris pv. vitians were consistently significantly lower on little gem than on susceptible cultivars, whi ...	2015	25302523
molecular and cellular control of cell death and defense signaling in pepper.	pepper (capsicum annuum l.) provides a good experimental system for studying the molecular and functional genomics underlying the ability of plants to defend themselves against microbial pathogens. cell death is a genetically programmed response that requires specific host cellular factors. hypersensitive response (hr) is defined as rapid cell death in response to a pathogen attack. pepper plants respond to pathogen attacks by activating genetically controlled hr- or disease-associated cell deat ...	2015	25252816
purification, characterization and antibacterial potential of a lectin isolated from apuleia leiocarpa seeds.	apuleia leiocarpa is a tree found in caatinga that has great value in the timber industry. lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with several biotechnological applications. this study shows the isolation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of a. leiocarpa seed lectin (apulsl). the lectin was chromatographically isolated from a crude extract (in 150 mm nacl) by using a chitin column. apulsl adsorbed to the matrix and was eluted using 1.0 m acetic acid. native apulsl was characterize ...	2015	25668321
identification of genes associated with black rot resistance in cabbage through suppression subtractive hybridization.	the suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to elucidate the resistance mechanism in brassica oleracea var. capitata upon infection with xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. a cdna library was constructed enriched in differentially expressed transcripts in the resistant cultivar pusa mukta. a total of 150 unigenes were classified into five functional categories. the present study indicates that the defense-related unigenes accounted for the 35 % of the total unigenes studied. confir ...	2015	28324416
draft genome of the xanthan producer xanthomonas campestris nrrl b-1459 (atcc 13951).	xanthomonas campestris nrrl b-1459 was used in pioneering studies related to the biotechnological production of xanthan, the commercially most important polysaccharide of bacterial origin. the analysis of its genome revealed a 5.1mb chromosome plus the first complete plasmid of an x. campestris strain applied in biotechnology.	2015	25865276
the roles of peroxide protective regulons in protecting xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris from sodium hypochlorite stress.	the exposure of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to sublethal concentrations of a sodium hypochlorite (naocl) solution induced the expression of genes that encode peroxide scavenging enzymes within the oxyr and ohrr regulons. sensitivity testing in various x. campestris mutants indicated that oxyr, kata, katg, ahpc, and ohr contributed to protection against naocl killing. the pretreatment of x. campestris cultures with oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), t-butyl hydroperoxide, and t ...	2015	25825971
a functional 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation pathway in the phytopathogen xanthomonas campestris is required for full pathogenicity.	plants contain significant levels of natural phenolic compounds essential for reproduction and growth, as well as defense mechanisms against pathogens. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causal agent of crucifers black rot. here we showed that genes required for the synthesis, utilization, transportation, and degradation of 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-hba) are present in xcc. xcc rapidly degrades 4-hba, but has no effect on 2-hydroxybenzoate and 3-hydroxybenzoate when grown in xoln medi ...	2015	26672484
biocide effects of volatile organic compounds produced by potential biocontrol rhizobacteria on sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	six rhizobacteria isolated from common bean and able to protect bean plants from the common bacterial blight (cbb) causal agent, were in vitro evaluated for their potential antifungal effects toward different plant pathogenic fungi, mostly soil-borne. by dual culture assays, the above bacteria resulted producing diffusible and volatile metabolites which inhibited the growth of the majority of the pathogens under study. in particular, the latter substances highly affected the mycelium growth of s ...	2015	26500617
assessing the genetic diversity of cu resistance in mine tailings through high-throughput recovery of full-length copa genes.	characterizing the genetic diversity of microbial copper (cu) resistance at the community level remains challenging, mainly due to the polymorphism of the core functional gene copa. in this study, a local blastn method using a copa database built in this study was developed to recover full-length putative copa sequences from an assembled tailings metagenome; these sequences were then screened for potentially functioning copa using conserved metal-binding motifs, inferred by evolutionary trace an ...	2015	26286020
a novel and widespread class of ketosynthase is responsible for the head-to-head condensation of two acyl moieties in bacterial pyrone biosynthesis.	the biosynthesis of photopyrones, novel quorum sensing signals in photorhabdus, has been studied by heterologous expression of the photopyrone synthase ppys catalyzing the head-to-head condensation of two acyl moieties. the biochemical mechanism of pyrone formation has been investigated by amino acid exchange and bioinformatic analysis. additionally, the evolutionary origin of ppys has been studied by phylogenetic analyses also revealing homologous enzymes in pseudomonas sp. gm30 responsible for ...	2015	26425196
enhanced horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in freshwater microcosms induced by an ionic liquid.	the spread and propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (args) is a worldwide public health concern. ionic liquids (ils), considered as "environmentally friendly" replacements for industrial organic solvents, have been widely applied in modern industry. however, few data have been collected regarding the potential ecological and environmental risks of ils, which are important for preparing for their potential discharge into the environment. in this paper, the il 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hex ...	2015	25951456
engineering sugar utilization and microbial tolerance toward lignocellulose conversion.	production of fuels and chemicals through a fermentation-based manufacturing process that uses renewable feedstock such as lignocellulosic biomass is a desirable alternative to petrochemicals. although it is still in its infancy, synthetic biology offers great potential to overcome the challenges associated with lignocellulose conversion. in this review, we will summarize the identification and optimization of synthetic biological parts used to enhance the utilization of lignocellulose-derived s ...	2015	25741507
a first line of stress defense: small heat shock proteins and their function in protein homeostasis.	small heat shock proteins (shsps) are virtually ubiquitous molecular chaperones that can prevent the irreversible aggregation of denaturing proteins. shsps complex with a variety of non-native proteins in an atp-independent manner and, in the context of the stress response, form a first line of defense against protein aggregation in order to maintain protein homeostasis. in vertebrates, they act to maintain the clarity of the eye lens, and in humans, shsp mutations are linked to myopathies and n ...	2015	25681016
quorum sensing triggers the stochastic escape of individual cells from pseudomonas putida biofilms.	the term 'quorum sensing' (qs) is generally used to describe the phenomenon that bacteria release and perceive signal molecules to coordinate cooperative behaviour in response to their population size. qs-based communication has therefore been considered a social trait. here we show that qs signals (n-acyl-homoserine lactones, ahls) are stochastically produced in young biofilms of pseudomonas putida and act mainly as self-regulatory signals rather than inducing neighbouring cells. we demonstrate ...	2015	25592773
small things considered: the small accessory subunits of rna polymerase in gram-positive bacteria.	the dna-dependent rna polymerase core enzyme in gram-positive bacteria consists of seven subunits. whilst four of them (α2ββ(')) are essential, three smaller subunits, δ, ε and ω (∼9-21.5 kda), are considered accessory. both δ and ω have been viewed as integral components of rnap for several decades; however, ε has only recently been described. functionally these three small subunits carry out a variety of tasks, imparting important, supportive effects on the transcriptional process of gram-posi ...	2015	25878038
diversity and role of plasmids in adaptation of bacteria inhabiting the lubin copper mine in poland, an environment rich in heavy metals.	the lubin underground mine, is one of three mining divisions in the lubin-glogow copper district in lower silesia province (poland). it is the source of polymetallic ore that is rich in copper, silver and several heavy metals. black shale is also significantly enriched in fossil organic matter in the form of long-chain hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic acids, esters, thiophenes and metalloporphyrins. biological analyses have revealed that this environment is inhabited by ex ...	2015	26074880
the spot 42 rna: a regulatory small rna with roles in the central metabolism.	the spot 42 rna is a 109 nucleotide long (in escherichia coli) noncoding small regulatory rna (srna) encoded by the spf (spot fourty-two) gene. spf is found in gamma-proteobacteria and the majority of experimental work on spot 42 rna has been performed using e. coli, and recently aliivibrio salmonicida. in the cell spot 42 rna plays essential roles as a regulator in carbohydrate metabolism and uptake, and its expression is activated by glucose, and inhibited by the camp-crp complex. here we summ ...	2015	26327359
current and future resources for functional metagenomics.	functional metagenomics is a powerful experimental approach for studying gene function, starting from the extracted dna of mixed microbial populations. a functional approach relies on the construction and screening of metagenomic libraries-physical libraries that contain dna cloned from environmental metagenomes. the information obtained from functional metagenomics can help in future annotations of gene function and serve as a complement to sequence-based metagenomics. in this perspective, we b ...	2015	26579102
from genome to structure and back again: a family portrait of the transcarbamylases.	enzymes in the transcarbamylase family catalyze the transfer of a carbamyl group from carbamyl phosphate (cp) to an amino group of a second substrate. the two best-characterized members, aspartate transcarbamylase (atcase) and ornithine transcarbamylase (otcase), are present in most organisms from bacteria to humans. recently, structures of four new transcarbamylase members, n-acetyl-l-ornithine transcarbamylase (aotcase), n-succinyl-l-ornithine transcarbamylase (sotcase), ygew encoded transcarb ...	2015	26274952
glycosylation of phenolic compounds by the site-mutated β-galactosidase from lactobacillus bulgaricus l3.	β-galactosidases can transfer the galactosyl from lactose or galactoside donors to various acceptors and thus are especially useful for the synthesis of important glycosides. however, these enzymes have limitations in the glycosylation of phenolic compounds that have many physiological functions. in this work, the β-galactosidase from lactobacillus bulgaricus l3 was subjected to site-saturation mutagenesis at the w980 residue. the recombinant pet-21b plasmid carrying the enzyme gene was used as ...	2015	25803778
unconventional membrane lipid biosynthesis in xanthomonas campestris.	all bacteria are surrounded by at least one bilayer membrane mainly composed of phospholipids (pls). biosynthesis of the most abundant pls phosphatidylethanolamine (pe), phosphatidylglycerol (pg) and cardiolipin (cl) is well understood in model bacteria such as escherichia coli. it recently emerged, however, that the diversity of bacterial membrane lipids is huge and that not yet explored biosynthesis pathways exist, even for the common pls. a good example is the plant pathogen xanthomonas campe ...	2015	26119594
production of tyrosine through phenylalanine hydroxylation bypasses the intrinsic feedback inhibition in escherichia coli.	tyrosine is a proteinogenic aromatic amino acid that is often used as a supplement of food and animal feed, as well as a (bio-)synthetic precursor to various pharmaceutically or industrially important molecules. extensive metabolic engineering efforts have been made towards the efficient and cost-effective microbial production of tyrosine. conventional strategies usually focus on eliminating intrinsic feedback inhibition and redirecting carbon flux into the shikimate pathway. in this study, we f ...	2015	25645094
pepper pathogenesis-related protein 4c is a plasma membrane-localized cysteine protease inhibitor that is required for plant cell death and defense signaling.	xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) type iii effector avrbst triggers programmed cell death (pcd) and activates the hypersensitive response (hr) in plants. here, we isolated and identified the plasma membrane localized pathogenesis-related (pr) protein 4c gene (capr4c) from pepper (capsicum annuum) leaves undergoing avrbst-triggered hr cell death. capr4c encodes a protein with a signal peptide and a barwin domain. recombinant capr4c protein expressed in escherichia coli exhibited cystei ...	2015	25335438
antibacterial activity of caffeine against plant pathogenic bacteria.	the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of a plant secondary metabolite - caffeine. caffeine is present in over 100 plant species. antibacterial activity of caffeine was examined against the following plant-pathogenic bacteria: ralstonia solanacearum (rsol), clavibacter michiganesis subsp. sepedonicus (cms), dickeya solani (dsol), pectobacterium atrosepticum (pba), pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst), ...	2015	26307771
stenotrophomonas maltophilia interferes via the dsf-mediated quorum sensing system with candida albicans filamentation and its planktonic and biofilm modes of growth.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance. s. maltophilia k279a genome encodes a diffusible signal factor (dsf) dependent quorum sensing (qs) system that was first identified in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. dsf from x. campestris is a homologue of farnesoic acid, a candida albicans qs signal which inhibits the yeast-to-hyphal shift. here we describe the antagonistic effects of s. maltophilia on c. albicans on filamentation as well as on its plankton ...	2015	25576410
sol-gel encapsulation of binary zn(ii) compounds in silica nanoparticles. structure-activity correlations in hybrid materials targeting zn(ii) antibacterial use.	in the emerging issue of enhanced multi-resistant properties in infectious pathogens, new nanomaterials with optimally efficient antibacterial activity and lower toxicity than other species attract considerable research interest. in an effort to develop such efficient antibacterials, we a) synthesized acid-catalyzed silica-gel matrices, b) evaluated the suitability of these matrices as potential carrier materials for controlled release of znso4 and a new zn(ii) binary complex with a suitably des ...	2015	26198972
diterpenoid derivatives of kenyan croton sylvaticus.	kenyan croton sylvaticus hochst. ex krauss gave four clerodane diterpenoids, the new ent-3,13e-clerodadiene-15-formate (1), the known 15-acetoxy-ent-3,13e-clerodadiene (2), ent-3,13e-clerodadien-15-ol (3) and hardwickiic acid (4), two known halimane diterpenoids, penduliflaworosin (5) and crotohalimaneic acid (6) and one labdane diterpenoid, labda-13e-ene-8a,15-diol (7). the compounds, when tested for their anti-microbial activities against bacillus subtilis, xanthomonas campestris and candida a ...	2015	25973474
postharvest survival of porcine sapovirus, a human norovirus surrogate, on phytopathogen-infected leafy greens.	leafy greens are increasingly being recognized as an important vehicle for human noroviruses (hunov), which cause recurring gastroenteritis outbreaks. leafy greens often become infected by phytopathogens in the field, which may cause symptoms on the edible parts. whether plant pathogen infections enhance the survival of hunov on leafy greens is unknown. lettuce and spinach plants were infected with a bacterium, xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians strain 701a, and with cucumber mosaic virus strain ...	2015	26219360
impact of diseases on export and smallholder production of banana.	banana (musa spp.) is one of the world's most valuable primary agricultural commodities. exported fruit are key commodities in several producing countries yet make up less than 15% of the total annual output of 145 million metric tons (mmt). transnational exporters market fruit of the cavendish cultivars, which are usually produced in large plantations with fixed infrastructures and high inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. in contrast, smallholders grow diverse cultivars, often fo ...	2015	26002290
tlc-direct bioautography as a bioassay guided method for investigation of antibacterial compounds in hypericum perforatum l.	fast high-throughput tlc-direct bioautography (db) is an effect-directed analysis method that enables searching for biologically active (e.g., antimicrobial) substances in complex mixtures like plant extracts. the principle of the method is that separation and detection of biological properties of given mixture components is performed directly on a tlc plate. in searching for antibacterial activity, the developed plate is immersed in a bacterial broth, and bacteria grow directly on its layer dur ...	2015	26268984
a single-step purification of cauliflower lysozyme and its dual role against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.	a novel lysozyme from cauliflower was purified in a single step, for the first time, using sephadex g100 column chromatography. the purified lysozyme exhibited a homogenized single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and its molecular mass was calculated to be 22.0 kda. the purified lysozyme showed activity between 30 to 60 °c with 40 °c as the optimum temperature for its maximal activity. although the purified lysozyme was functional at ph ranges betwee ...	2015	26208688
trapping and assembly of living colloids at water-water interfaces.	we study the assembly of inert and living colloids in a two-phase water-water system that provides an environment that can sustain bacteria, providing a new structure with rich potential to confine and structure microbial communities. the water-water system, formed via phase separation of a casein and xanthan mixture, forms a 3-d structure of coexisting casein-rich and xanthan-rich phases. fluorescent labelling and confocal microscopy reveal the attachment of these living colloids, including esc ...	2015	25600991
chemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract and essential oil of iranian teucrium polium against some of phytobacteria.	the antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanolic extract of teucrium polium was determined against pseudomonas aeruginosa, pantoea agglomerans, brenneria nigrifluens, rhizobium radiobacter, rhizobium vitis, streptomyces scabies, ralstonia solanacearum, xanthomonas campestris and pectobacterium cartovorum by disc diffusion method. minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by using the serial dilution method. chemical composition of essential ...	2015	25583240
heat shock proteins: a review of the molecular chaperones for plant immunity.	as sessile organisms, plants are exposed to persistently changing stresses and have to be able to interpret and respond to them. the stresses, drought, salinity, chemicals, cold and hot temperatures, and various pathogen attacks have interconnected effects on plants, resulting in the disruption of protein homeostasis. maintenance of proteins in their functional native conformations and preventing aggregation of non-native proteins are important for cell survival under stress. heat shock proteins ...	2015	26676169
comparative genomics of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of xanthomonas arboricola unveil molecular and evolutionary events linked to pathoadaptation.	the bacterial species xanthomonas arboricola contains plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. it includes the pathogen x. arboricola pv. juglandis, causing the bacterial blight of juglans regia. the emergence of a new bacterial disease of j. regia in france called vertical oozing canker (voc) was previously described and the causal agent was identified as a distinct genetic lineage within the pathovar juglandis. symptoms on walnut leaves and fruits are similar to those of a bacterial blight ...	2015	26734033
gene expression profiling in viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	pseudomonas syringae infects diverse crop plants and comprises at least 50 different pathovar strains with different host ranges. more information on the physiological and molecular effects of the host inhibitory environment on the pathogen is needed to develop resistant cultivars. recently, we reported an in vitro model system that mimics the redox pulse associated with the oxidative burst in plant cells inoculated with pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. using this system, we demonstrated that ...	2015	26733964
genomics and transcriptomics of xanthomonas campestris species challenge the concept of core type iii effectome.	the bacterial species xanthomonas campestris infects a wide range of brassicaceae. specific pathovars of this species cause black rot (pv. campestris), bacterial blight of stock (pv. incanae) or bacterial leaf spot (pv. raphani).	2015	26581393
repeat-containing protein effectors of plant-associated organisms.	many plant-associated organisms, including microbes, nematodes, and insects, deliver effector proteins into the apoplast, vascular tissue, or cell cytoplasm of their prospective hosts. these effectors function to promote colonization, typically by altering host physiology or by modulating host immune responses. the same effectors however, can also trigger host immunity in the presence of cognate host immune receptor proteins, and thus prevent colonization. to circumvent effector-triggered immuni ...	2015	26557126
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.	phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...	2015	26476449
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.	phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...	2015	26476449
a taqman-based multiplex qpcr assay and dna extraction method for phylotype iib sequevars 1&2 (select agent) strains of ralstonia solanacearum.	ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 strains belonging to phylotype iib, sequevars 1 and 2 (iib-1&2) cause brown rot of potato in temperate climates, and are quarantined pathogens in canada and europe. since these strains are not established in the u.s. and because of their potential risk to the potato industry, the u.s. government has listed them as select agents. cultivated geraniums are also a host and have the potential to spread the pathogen through trade, and its extracts strongly inhibi ...	2015	26426354
water extract from spent mushroom substrate of hericium erinaceus suppresses bacterial wilt disease of tomato.	culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria ralstonia solanacearum b3. hericium erinaceus, lentinula edodes (sanjo 701), grifola frondosa, and hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (sms) of h. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: pectobacterium carotov ...	2015	26539048
regulatory proteolysis in arabidopsis-pathogen interactions.	approximately two and a half percent of protein coding genes in arabidopsis encode enzymes with known or putative proteolytic activity. proteases possess not only common housekeeping functions by recycling nonfunctional proteins. by irreversibly cleaving other proteins, they regulate crucial developmental processes and control responses to environmental changes. regulatory proteolysis is also indispensable in interactions between plants and their microbial pathogens. proteolytic cleavage is simu ...	2015	26404238
disease resistance gene analogs (rgas) in plants.	plants have developed effective mechanisms to recognize and respond to infections caused by pathogens. plant resistance gene analogs (rgas), as resistance (r) gene candidates, have conserved domains and motifs that play specific roles in pathogens' resistance. well-known rgas are nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeats, receptor like kinases, and receptor like proteins. others include pentatricopeptide repeats and apoplastic peroxidases. rgas can be detected using bioinformatics tools based ...	2015	26287177
beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold.	for the past 25 years, phage display technology has been an invaluable tool for studies of protein-protein interactions. however, the inherent biological, biochemical, and biophysical properties of filamentous bacteriophage, as well as the ease of its genetic manipulation, also make it an attractive platform outside the traditional phage display canon. this review will focus on the unique properties of the filamentous bacteriophage and highlight its diverse applications in current research. part ...	2015	26300850
bacteria murmur: application of an acoustic biosensor for plant pathogen detection.	a multi-targeting protocol for the detection of three of the most important bacterial phytopathogens, based on their scientific and economic importance, was developed using an acoustic biosensor (the quartz crystal microbalance) for dna detection. acoustic detection was based on a novel approach where dna amplicons were monitored and discriminated based on their length rather than mass. experiments were performed during real time monitoring of analyte binding and in a direct manner, i.e. without ...	2015	26177507
secretion systems and signal exchange between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes.	the formation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots and/or stem of leguminous plants involves a complex signal exchange between both partners. since many microorganisms are present in the soil, legumes and rhizobia must recognize and initiate communication with each other to establish symbioses. this results in the formation of nodules. rhizobia within nodules exchange fixed nitrogen for carbon from the legume. symbiotic relationships can become non-beneficial if one partner ceases t ...	2015	26191069
validation and application of a real-time pcr protocol for the specific detection and quantification of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in potato.	clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (cms) multiplies very rapidly, passing through the vascular strands and into the stems and petioles of a diseased potato. therefore, the rapid and specific detection of this pathogen is highly important for the effective control of the pathogen. although several pcr assays have been developed for detection, they cannot afford specific detection of cms. therefore, in this study, a computational genome analysis was performed to compare the sequenced gen ...	2015	26060431