Publications

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what could they have been thinking? how sociotechnical system design influences cognition: a case study of the stockwell shooting.understanding why an individual acted in a certain way is of fundamental importance to the human factors community, especially when the choice of action results in an undesirable outcome. this challenge is typically tackled by applying retrospective interview techniques to generate models of what happened, recording deviations from a 'correct procedure'. while such approaches may have great utility in tightly constrained procedural environments, they are less applicable in complex sociotechnical ...201121294009
mavaric - a comparison of automation-assisted and manual cervical screening: a randomised controlled trial.the principal objective was to compare automation-assisted reading of cervical cytology with manual reading using the histological end point of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ii (cin2) or worse (cin2+). secondary objectives included (i) an assessment of the slide ranking facility of the becton dickinson (bd) focalpoint™ slide profiler (becton dickinson, franklin lakes, nj, usa), especially 'no further review', (ii) a comparison of the two approved automated systems, the thinprep® imagi ...201121266159
using electronic patient records to assess the impact of swine flu (influenza h1n1) on mental health patients.electronic patient records are increasingly used in primary care research, but rarely in psychiatric research. little is known about how people with pre-existing mental illness respond to public health threats.201121271827
mapping of sexual health promotion in north west england, 2008.to map sexual health promotion activity and resources across north west england.201121276994
influenza b is now predominant strain, as flu cases continue to fall. 201121278205
changing times: preparing to meet palliative needs in the 21st century.globally, 56 million people die each year and for many, in resource-rich as well as resource-poor countries, the process of dying is associated with significant but preventable suffering (sepulveda et al, 2002; seymour at al, 2010). since the introduction of the modern hospice movement in the 1960s, marked by the opening of st christopher's hospice in sydenham, london by the late dame cicely saunders, the principles and practice of palliative care have been disseminated round the world, to the e ...201121278644
flu questions and answers. flu's impact on intensive care. 201121285220
examining overweight and obesity as risk factors for common mental disorders using fat mass and obesity-associated (fto) genotype-instrumented analysis: the whitehall ii study, 1985-2004.the mendelian randomization approach exploits genetic variants to improve causal inference when using observational data. the authors examined the relation between long-term obesity and common mental disorders (cmd) by utilizing the known relation between fat mass and obesity-associated (fto) genotype and body mass index (bmi; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)). data collection in 2,981 men and 1,164 women (mean age at baseline = 44 years) from the whitehall ii study (london, united kingdom) included 4 ...201121248310
effectiveness of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing pandemic influenza a(h1n1)2009 infection in england and scotland 2009-2010.following the global spread of pandemic influenza a(h1n1)2009, several pandemic vaccines have been rapidly developed. the united kingdom and many other countries in the northern hemisphere implemented seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine programmes in october 2009. we present the results of a case–control study to estimate effectiveness of such vaccines in preventing confirmed pandemic influenza infection. some 5,982 individuals with influenza-like illness seen in general practices between no ...201121251487
clinical and laboratory features distinguishing pandemic h1n1 influenza-related pneumonia from interpandemic community-acquired pneumonia in adults.early identification of patients with h1n1 influenza-related pneumonia is desirable for the early instigation of antiviral agents. a study was undertaken to investigate whether adults admitted to hospital with h1n1 influenza-related pneumonia could be distinguished clinically from patients with non-h1n1 community-acquired pneumonia (cap).201121252388
early spread of the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in the united kingdom--use of local syndromic data, may-august 2009.following the confirmation of the first two cases of pandemic influenza on 27 april 2009 in the united kingdom (uk), syndromic surveillance data from the health protection agency (hpa)/qsurveillance and hpa/nhs direct systems were used to monitor the possible spread of pandemic influenza at local level during the first phase of the outbreak. during the early weeks, syndromic indicators sensitive to influenza activity monitored through the two schemes remained low and the majority of cases were t ...201121262185
A review of nursing workforce policies in five European countries: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and United Kingdom*/England.Review nursing workforce policies in five European countries: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom*.201121899632
use of outcomes in monitoring healthcare - how many outcome measures are needed in monitoring diabetes in primary care?to investigate the relationship between patient experience assessed through surveys of random samples of practice populations and intermediate outcome targets in those patients with diabetes, collected in the quality and outcomes framework pay-for-performance scheme.201121969479
Maiden voyage.The scientific debate which developed during the eighteenth century, proposed and diffused new theories on the generation not only within the scientific community. Microscopic investigation and various experimental campaigns fostered daring models attempting to unveil the natural phenomena from which life originates. Besides the famous scientific and philosophical works that marked the age, in the second part of the century two pamphlets appeared that well represent the importance of the querell ...201121936203
malaria therapy in hiv: drug interactions between nevirapine and quinine.we report the case of an hiv-positive nigerian man on antiretroviral therapy (art) with an undetectable viral load who presented with rigors, fever and back pain after returning to the uk from a three-week trip to nigeria. infection with plasmodium falciparum malaria was confirmed and treatment with quinine commenced together with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and clarithromycin for possible respiratory infection. at the time of admission the patient could not remember the names of his art medicat ...201122174067
relationship between vitamin d and hyperglycemia in older people from a nationally representative population survey.to investigate the association between vitamin d levels and hyperglycemia in a national community sample of older people.201122091491
Lesbian and bisexual women's human rights, sexual rights and sexual citizenship: negotiating sexual health in England.Lesbian and bisexual women's sexual health is neglected in much Government policy and practice in England and Wales. This paper examines lesbian and bisexual women's negotiation of sexual health, drawing on findings from a small research project. Themes explored include invisibility and lack of information, influences on decision-making and sexual activities and experiences of services and barriers to sexual healthcare. Key issues of importance in this respect are homophobic and heterosexist soc ...201121972785
Moorfields Eye Hospital is to host European trial of human embryonic stem cells. 201121948878
Ombudsmen find NHS trust and council guilty of "shocking" failings over care of man with Down's syndrome. 201122115905
Bayesian modeling to unmask and predict influenza A/H1N1pdm dynamics in London.The tracking and projection of emerging epidemics is hindered by the disconnect between apparent epidemic dynamics, discernible from noisy and incomplete surveillance data, and the underlying, imperfectly observed, system. Behavior changes compound this, altering both true dynamics and reporting patterns, particularly for diseases with nonspecific symptoms, such as influenza. We disentangle these effects to unravel the hidden dynamics of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1pdm pandemic in London, where sur ...201122042838
Paralysed man asks High Court to allow doctors to end his life. 201122134969
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis supports the presence of host-adapted salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains in the british garden bird population.salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious disease of passerine birds in garden habitats within great britain with potential implications for human and domestic animal health. postmortem examinations were performed on 1,477 garden bird carcasses of circa 50 species from england and wales, 1999 to 2007 inclusive. salmonellosis was confirmed in 263 adult birds of 10 passerine species in this 11-year longitudinal study. a subset of 124 fully biotyped salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sero ...201121948838
guillain-barré syndrome and h1n1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccination using an as03 adjuvanted vaccine in the united kingdom: self-controlled case series.in 1976 a swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased risk of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). although subsequent studies did not find an increased risk of gbs following seasonal influenza vaccine, there was concern that the monovalent h1n1 vaccines developed against the swine influenza pandemic of 2009 might increase the risk of gbs. in the uk a split-virion as03 oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine (pandemrix™) was predominantly used. to determine whether the risk of gbs increased after ...201121875631
a constructivist approach? using formative evaluation to inform the electronic prescription service implementation in primary care, england.as part of the national programme for it (npfit) in england, the electronic prescription service (eps) is being implemented in two releases. the first release placed barcodes on prescriptions and is widely implemented. release two (eps2), the electronic transmission of prescriptions between gp, pharmacy and the reimbursement body, has just started implementation. on the npfit agenda, community pharmacies have been predicted to benefit from changes in work practice following the full eps implemen ...201121893776
[Down and his syndrome].John Langdon Haydon Down (1828-1896) was born in Torpoint, Cornwall (United Kingdom), as the son of a grocer cum pharmacist. At age 18, after having assisted in his father's shop for 4 years, he went to London; first as a surgeon's apprentice and subsequently as an assistant to the Pharmaceutical Society. Illness, probably tuberculosis, forced him to go back home. After his father died in 1853, he returned to London to study medicine. Despite having received various honours and prizes, he opted ...201122027467
Using an auto/biographical approach to investigate nurses' learning.To develop methodological discussion about an 'auto/biographical' approach used to research nurses' learning.201122128586
socio-phenomenology and conversation analysis: interpreting video lifeworld healthcare interactions.this article uses a socio-phenomenological methodology to develop knowledge and understanding of the healthcare consultation based on the concept of the lifeworld. it concentrates its attention on social action rather than strategic action and a systems approach. this article argues that patient-centred care is more effective when it is informed through a lifeworld conception of human mutual shared interaction. videos offer an opportunity for a wide audience to experience the many kinds of conve ...201121906231
who were his peers? the social and professional milieu of the provincial surgeon-apothecary in the late-eighteenth century.the social standing of the surgeon-apothecary cannot be determined by reference to professional life alone, yet few such men left social documents. the lower middling sort was typically reticent about evaluations of their own social position in any source genre. this article uses a unique archive, and the concept of community connectedness, to investigate the status of thomas higgins, surgeon-apothecary and man-midwife of north shropshire. higgins embodied the traditional practitioner who relied ...201121853622
basic human rights of older people are abused in home care. 201122121164
mental health legislation and human rights in england, wales and the republic of ireland.in 2005, the world health organization (who) published its resource book on mental health, human rights and legislation (geneva: who) presenting a detailed statement of human rights issues which need to be addressed in national legislation relating to mental health. the purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which revised mental health legislation in england, wales (2007) and ireland (2001) accords with these standards (excluding standards relating solely to children or mentally-ill ...201122113089
introduction and spread of non-native parasites with silurus glanis l. (teleostei: siluridae) in uk fisheries.despite growing concern of the ecological risks posed by the european catfish siluris glanis l. in freshwater fisheries, little information exists on the parasite fauna of this silurid catfish in britain. parasitological examinations of released s. glanis from four still-water fisheries in england revealed the presence of thaparocleidus vistulensis (siwak, 1932) and ergasilus sieboldi (nordmann, 1832), both non-native parasites, the latter known to be an important fish pathogen. this represents ...201122130112
Distinct neuropsychological profiles correspond to distribution of cortical thinning in inherited prion disease caused by insertional mutation.Background The human prion diseases are a group of universally fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the auto-catalytic misfolding of the normal cell surface prion protein (PrP). Mutations causative of inherited human prion disease (IPD) include an insertion of six additional octapeptide repeats (6-OPRI) and a missense mutation (P102L) with large families segregating for each mutation residing in southern England. Here we report for the first time the neuropsychological and clinical ...201221849340
changes in thrombin generation, fibrinolysis, platelet and endothelial cell activity, and inflammation following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with a prothrombotic, hypofibrinolytic diathesis that may increase the risk of cardiovascular events. the effect of endovascular aneurysm repair (evar) on this prothrombotic diathesis is not fully understood, especially over the medium and long term. a better understanding of these postintervention changes may improve the risk of cardiovascular complications in the long term. the purpose of this study was to examine t ...201221975058
a curiosity in the history of sciences: the words "megrim" and "migraine".vertigo has been described by medical doctors since antiquity, but the condition is not limited to human medicine. it is also interesting to note that vertigo-related disorders were long only mentioned in the descriptions of migraine: however, in the corpus hippocraticum, a pain with vertigo (odunê kai skotodiniê) was not considered as hemicrania; in aretaeus medical text, scotoma was clearly another disease than heterocraniê; although there could be metastases between them (pain could be follow ...201222239094
incorporation of expert variability into breast cancer treatment recommendation in designing clinical protocol guided fuzzy rule system models.it has been often demonstrated that clinicians exhibit both inter-expert and intra-expert variability when making difficult decisions. in contrast, the vast majority of computerized models that aim to provide automated support for such decisions do not explicitly recognize or replicate this variability. furthermore, the perfect consistency of computerized models is often presented as a de facto benefit. in this paper, we describe a novel approach to incorporate variability within a fuzzy inferen ...201222265814
spatial and temporal patterns in antimicrobial resistance of salmonella typhimurium in cattle in england and wales.summarysalmonella is the second most commonly reported human foodborne pathogen in england and wales, and antimicrobial-resistant strains of salmonella are an increasing problem in both human and veterinary medicine. in this work we used a generalized linear spatial model to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella typhimurium in england and wales. of the antimicrobials considered we found a common peak in the probability that an s. typhimurium inciden ...201222214772
borrelia burgdorferi serosurvey in wild deer in england and wales.lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the united kingdom and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. however, limited information is available on its epidemiology and dynamics in the u.k. a survey in wild deer to investigate the presence of antibodies reactive to borrellia burgdorferi was conducted to obtain initial information on the distribution pattern of the spirochete in england and wales. samples from roe deer (n=604) and red deer (n=80) were collected in eight ...201222448654
detection and characterization of pct-like plasmid vectors for blactx-m-14 in escherichia coli isolates from humans, turkeys and cattle in england and wales.to detect and characterize escherichia coli strains and pct-like plasmids implicated in the dissemination of the ctx-m-14 gene in animals and humans, in england and wales.201222514265
Human Mycobacterium bovis Infections in London and Southeast England.Variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) and spoligotyping analyses were used to assess transmission of Mycobacterium bovis between humans. VNTR was more discriminatory than spoligotyping. Low case numbers, despite a substantial animal reservoir, and resolution of all isolates provided no evidence of recent human-to-human transmission or recent significant infection from animals.201222075587
respiratory viral infections during the 2009-2010 winter season in central england, uk: incidence and patterns of multiple virus co-infections.acute viral respiratory infections are the most common infections in humans. co-infection with different respiratory viruses is well documented but not necessarily well understood. the aim of this study was to utilise laboratory data from the winter season following the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) outbreak to investigate rates of respiratory virus co-infections, virus prevalence in different age groups and temporal variations in virus detection. the health protection agency public health laboratory ( ...201222678349
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the eurasian otter (lutra lutra) in england and wales.toxoplasma gondii is found on all continents and can infect all endothermic vertebrates. toxoplasmosis is a globally important zoonosis with potentially devastating health impacts both for humans and a range of domestic and wild species. the world health organisation have repeatedly recommended the collection of accurate epidemiological data for t. gondii, yet despite recognised links between infection of wildlife, domestic animals and humans, seroprevalence in wild species is rarely monitored. ...201323510234
chlorination by-products in tap water and semen quality in england and wales.disinfection by-products (dbps) have been associated with adverse semen outcomes in laboratory animals, although the evidence for trihalomethanes (thms) is limited. three small epidemiological studies found little evidence for an association between dbps and adverse semen outcomes in humans. using data from a large case-referent study (chemicals and pregnancy study, chaps-uk), we investigated the association between total thm (tthm), chloroform and total brominated thms and sperm concentration, ...201323759536
intertidal mudflat and saltmarsh conservation and sustainable use in the uk: a review.the adoption of the convention on wetlands of international importance in ramsar, iran in 1971 committed the uk to conserve and sustainably use intertidal mudflats and saltmarshes for the benefit of present and future generations. through consideration of their importance and value, current status, the characteristics, causes and consequences of their loss, and the associated responses to loss, this paper reviews the uk progress towards the conservation and sustainable use of intertidal mudflats ...201323669560
potential health risks from radioactive contamination of saltmarshes in nw england.the present study focuses on the detection of sellafield-derived (137)cs and (241)am in contaminated saltmarshes from north-west england, uk, with a view to assessing the radiological impacts from radioactivity stored within the sediment record. the surface activities from these radionuclides were found in the range between 73 and 851 bq kg(-1) whereas peak activities ranging from 383 to 12690 bq kg(-1) were found below the surface of the upper marsh at a depth of approximately 5-20 cm. potentia ...201322138404
drawing lines at the sand: evidence for functional vs. visual reef boundaries in temperate marine protected areas.marine protected areas (mpas) can either protect all seabed habitats within them or discrete features. if discrete features within the mpa are to be protected humans have to know where the boundaries are. in lyme bay, sw england a mpa excluded towed demersal fishing gear from 206 km(2) to protect rocky reef habitats and the associated species. the site comprised a mosaic of sedimentary and reef habitats and so 'non reef' habitat also benefited from the mpa. following 3 years protection, video da ...201324075618
exploring the diversity of arcobacter butzleri from cattle in the uk using mlst and whole genome sequencing.arcobacter butzleri is considered to be an emerging human foodborne pathogen. the completion of an a. butzleri genome sequence along with microarray analysis of 13 isolates in 2007 revealed a surprising amount of diversity amongst a. butzleri isolates from humans, animals and food. in order to further investigate arcobacter diversity, 792 faecal samples were collected from cattle on beef and dairy farms in the north west of england. arcobacter was isolated from 42.5% of the samples and the diver ...201323405126
occurrence and diversity of giardia duodenalis assemblages in livestock in the uk.giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in humans and a wide range of livestock species. it is a genetically heterogeneous parasite that has been characterized in seven distinct genetic assemblages or cryptic species, and molecular markers can be used to differentiate both animal-specific and potentially zoonotic genotypes. little is known about g. duodenalis and the range of assemblages occurring in domestic livestock species in the uk. here, we present data on the occurrence and mol ...201423472706
association of ambient indoor temperature with body mass index in england.raised ambient temperatures may result in a negative energy balance characterized by decreased food intake and raised energy expenditure. this study tested whether indoor temperatures above the thermoneutral zone for clothed humans (∼23 °c) were associated with a reduced body mass index (bmi).201423804321
occurrence and host preferences of anopheles maculipennis group mosquitoes in england and wales.mosquitoes of the anopheles maculipennis meigen (diptera: culicidae) group are of public health concern: five of the 11 morphologically indistinct species have been historically considered as vectors of malaria in europe. three members of the an. maculipennis group have been reported in the u.k.: anopheles atroparvus van thiel; anopheles messeae falleroni, and anopheles daciae linton, nicolescu & harbach. to study the distribution of the three u.k. species, particularly that of an. daciae, we de ...201423848304
epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a source of human salmonellosis in england and wales.the importance of wild bird populations as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens is well established. salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious cause of mortality of garden birds in england and wales, predominantly caused by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage types 40, 56(v) and 160. in britain, these phage types are considered highly host-adapted with a high degree of genetic similarity amongst isolates, and in some instances are clonal. pulsed fie ...201424586464
resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates from england and wales, 2010-12.to identify the mechanism(s) underlying cefotaxime resistance in 118 of 21,641 (0.55%) non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates collected from humans throughout england and wales from january 2010 to september 2012.201424288030
prevalence and characterization of human mecc methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates in england.there are limited data available on the epidemiology and prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in the human population that encode the recently described meca homologue, mecc. to address this knowledge gap we undertook a prospective prevalence study in england to determine the prevalence of mecc among mrsa isolates.201424284779
streptococcus pyogenes infection in a free-living european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus).streptococcus pyogenes, a common pathogen of humans, was isolated from the carcass of a free-living european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) found in northern england in june 2014. the animal had abscessation of the deep right cervical lymph node, mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. the s. pyogenes strain isolated from the lesions, peritoneal and pleural cavities was characterised as emm 28, which can be associated with invasive disease in humans. this is the first known report of s. pyogenes in a ...201526242215
prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in pigs at the time of slaughter, united kingdom, 2013.since 2010, reports of infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) have increased in england and wales. despite mounting evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of porcine hev, there are limited data on its prevalence in pigs in the united kingdom. we investigated antibody prevalence, active infection, and virus variation in serum and cecal content samples from 629 pigs at slaughter. prevalence of antibodies to hev was 92.8% (584/629), and hev rna was detected in 15% of cecal contents (93/629), 3% ...201526196216
factors affecting dairy farmers' attitudes towards antimicrobial medicine usage in cattle in england and wales.there has been growing concern about bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in the farmed livestock sector. attention has turned to sub-optimal use of antimicrobials as a driver of resistance. recent reviews have identified a lack of data on the pattern of antimicrobial use as an impediment to the design of measures to tackle this growing problem. this paper reports on a study that explored use of antibiotics by dairy farmers and factors influencing their decision-making around this usage. we fo ...201526123631
managing conflict between bats and humans: the response of soprano pipistrelles (pipistrellus pygmaeus) to exclusion from roosts in houses.conflict can arise when bats roost in human dwellings and householders are affected adversely by their presence. in the united kingdom, the exclusion of bats from roosts can be licensed under exceptional circumstances to alleviate conflict, but the fate of excluded bats and the impact on their survival and reproduction is not well understood. using radio-tracking, we investigated the effects of exclusion on the soprano pipistrelle pipistrellus pygmaeus, a species that commonly roosts in building ...201526244667
bears in eden, or, this is not the garden you're looking for: margaret cavendish, robert hooke and the limits of natural philosophy.this paper investigates margaret cavendish's characterization of experimental philosophers as hybrids of bears and men in her 1666 story the description of a new world, called the blazing world. by associating experimental philosophers, in particular robert hooke and his microscope, with animals familiar to her readers from the sport of bear-baiting, cavendish constructed an identity for the fellows of the royal society of london quite unlike that which they imagined for themselves. recent schol ...201526335929
enhancing the conservation of crop wild relatives in england.humans require resilient, rapidly renewable and sustainable supplies of food and many other plant-derived supplies. however, the combined effects of climate change and population growth compromise the provision of these supplies particularly in respect to global food security. crop wild relatives (cwr) contain higher genetic diversity than crops and harbour traits that can improve crop resilience and yield through plant breeding. however, in common with most countries, cwr are poorly conserved i ...201526110773
detection of the pufferfish toxin tetrodotoxin in european bivalves, england, 2013 to 2014.we report the first detection of tetrodotoxins (ttx) in european bivalve shellfish. we demonstrate that ttx is present within the temperate waters of the united kingdom, along the english channel, and can accumulate in filter-feeding molluscs. the toxin is heat-stable and thus it cannot be eliminated during cooking. while quantified concentrations were low in comparison to published minimum lethal doses for humans, the results demonstrate that the risk to shellfish consumers should not be discar ...201525613778
human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters.infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (arb) are associated with poor health outcomes and are recognised globally as a serious health problem. much research has been conducted on the transmission of arb to humans. yet the role the natural environment plays in the spread of arb and antibiotic resistance genes is not well understood. antibiotic resistant bacteria have been detected in natural aquatic environments, and ingestion of seawater during water sports is one route by which many ...201525832996
population genetic structure of serotine bats (eptesicus serotinus) across europe and implications for the potential spread of bat rabies (european bat lyssavirus eblv-1).understanding of the movements of species at multiple scales is essential to appreciate patterns of population connectivity and in some cases, the potential for pathogen transmission. the serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) is a common and widely distributed species in europe where it frequently harbours european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1), a virus causing rabies and transmissible to humans. in the united kingdom, it is rare, with a distribution restricted to south of the country and so far t ...201525832817
determination of giardia duodenalis assemblages and multi-locus genotypes in patients with sporadic giardiasis from england.the protozoan giardia duodenalis is a common but highly diverse human parasite that comprises a complex of seven morphologically identical genetic assemblages, further divided into sub-assemblages. there is very little information available on the diversity of giardia sub-assemblages and multi-locus genotypes infecting people in the united kingdom. in this study we studied the molecular epidemiology of giardia in symptomatic patients from north west england.201526338670
case-control study of risk factors for sporadic giardiasis and parasite assemblages in north west england.giardia duodenalis is a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide, and it is diversified into eight genetic assemblages (a to h), which are distinguishable only by molecular typing. there is some evidence that the assemblages infecting humans (assemblages a and b) may have different transmission routes, but systematically acquired data, combining epidemiological and molecular findings, are required. we undertook a case-control study with giardia genotyping in north west england, to det ...201526157151
detection of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in human and food isolates of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli in england and wales.in response to the first report of transmissible colistin resistance mediated by the mcr-1 gene in escherichia coli and klebsiella spp. from animals and humans in china, we sought to determine its presence in enterobacteriaceae isolated in the uk.201627090630
knowledge gaps in host-parasite interaction preclude accurate assessment of meat-borne exposure to toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is recognized as a widely prevalent zoonotic parasite worldwide. although several studies clearly identified meat products as an important source of t. gondii infections in humans, quantitative understanding of the risk posed to humans through the food chain is surprisingly scant. while probabilistic risk assessments for pathogens such as campylobacter jejuni, listeria monocytogenes or escherichia coli have been well established, attempts to quantify the probability of human ex ...201628139250
what are the factors driving antimicrobial resistance? perspectives from a public event in london, england.antimicrobial resistance is driven by multiple factors. resolving the threat to human and animal health presented by drug-resistant infections remains a societal challenge that demands close collaboration between scientists and citizens. we compared current public views about key contributing factors to antimicrobial resistance with those expressed by experts.201627590053
the origin of ambling horses.horseback riding is the most fundamental use of domestic horses and has had a huge influence on the development of human societies for millennia. over time, riding techniques and the style of riding improved. therefore, horses with the ability to perform comfortable gaits (e.g. ambling or pacing), so-called 'gaited' horses, have been highly valued by humans, especially for long distance travel. recently, the causative mutation for gaitedness in horses has been linked to a substitution causing a ...201627505236
ancient human bone microstructure in medieval england: comparisons between two socio-economic groups.understanding the links between bone microstructure and human lifestyle is critical for clinical and anthropological research into skeletal growth and adaptation. the present study is the first to report correspondence between socio-economic status and variation in bone microstructure in ancient humans. products of femoral cortical remodeling were assessed using histological methods in a large human medieval sample (n = 450) which represented two distinct socio-economic groups. osteonal paramete ...201626480030
genomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from wild passerines in england and wales.passerine salmonellosis is a well-recognized disease of birds in the order passeriformes, which includes common songbirds such as finches and sparrows, caused by infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. previous research has suggested that some subtypes of s typhimurium-definitive phage types (dts) 40, 56 variant, and 160-are host adapted to passerines and that these birds may represent a reservoir of infection for humans and other animals. here, we have used the whole-genome sequ ...201627613688
virology, serology, and demography of hepatitis e viremic blood donors in south east england.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 (g3) in england comprises two principal phylogenetic groups (group 1 and group 2) and can be transmitted by transfusion. unselected screening identified 79 viremic donors; 76 participated in a follow-up study.201626841005
red squirrels in the british isles are infected with leprosy bacilli.leprosy, caused by infection with mycobacterium leprae or the recently discovered mycobacterium lepromatosis, was once endemic in humans in the british isles. red squirrels in great britain (sciurus vulgaris) have increasingly been observed with leprosy-like lesions on the head and limbs. using genomics, histopathology, and serology, we found m. lepromatosis in squirrels from england, ireland, and scotland, and m. leprae in squirrels from brownsea island, england. infection was detected in overt ...201627846605
pulmonary mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is the main driver of the rise in non-tuberculous mycobacteria incidence in england, wales and northern ireland, 2007-2012.the incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) isolation from humans is increasing worldwide. in england, wales and northern ireland (ew&ni) the reported rate of ntm more than doubled between 1996 and 2006. although ntm infection has traditionally been associated with immunosuppressed individuals or those with severe underlying lung damage, pulmonary ntm infection and disease may occur in people with no overt immune deficiency. here we report the incidence of ntm isolation in ew&ni between ...201627154015
epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis disease in humans in england, wales, and northern ireland, 2002-2014.despite control efforts, mycobacterium bovis incidence among cattle remains high in parts of england, wales, and northern ireland, attracting political and public health interest in potential spread from animals to humans. to determine incidence among humans and to identify associated factors, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of human m. bovis cases in england, wales, and northern ireland during 2002-2014. we identified 357 cases and observed increased annual case numbers (from 17 to ...201728220748
hepatitis e virus: time to change the textbooks.until recently, hepatitis e virus (hev) was thought not to occur in developed countries. it is now clear that locally acquired hev is common in such settings. hev infection acquired in these areas differs from that in developing countries in a number of important aspects: it is caused by genotype 3 (and 4 in china and japan), it mainly affects middle-aged/elderly males and it is zoonotic with a porcine primary host. pig herds worldwide are infected with hev genotype 3 and hev has been found in t ...201727170383
novel sampling method for assessing human-pathogen interactions in the natural environment using boot socks and citizen scientists, with application to campylobacter seasonality.this paper introduces a novel method for sampling pathogens in natural environments. it uses fabric boot socks worn over walkers' shoes to allow the collection of composite samples over large areas. wide-area sampling is better suited to studies focusing on human exposure to pathogens (e.g., recreational walking). this sampling method is implemented using a citizen science approach: groups of three walkers wearing boot socks undertook one of six routes, 40 times over 16 months in the north west ...201728500040
how often do mosquitoes bite humans in southern england? a standardised summer trial at four sites reveals spatial, temporal and site-related variation in biting rates.this field-based study examined the abundance and species complement of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) attracted to humans at four sites in the united kingdom (uk). the study used a systematic approach to directly measure feeding by mosquitoes on humans at multiple sites and using multiple volunteers. quantifying how frequently humans are bitten in the field by mosquitoes is a fundamental parameter in assessing arthropod-borne virus transmission.201728915829
recurrent seasonal outbreak of an emerging serotype of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec o55:h7 stx2a) in the south west of england, july 2014 to september 2015.the first documented british outbreak of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o55:h7 began in the county of dorset, england, in july 2014. since then, there have been a total of 31 cases of which 13 presented with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus). the outbreak strain had shiga toxin (stx) subtype 2a associated with an elevated risk of hus. this strain had not previously been isolated from humans or animals in england. the only epidemiological link was living in or having close links to ...201728920571
zoonotic diseases in south american camelids in england and wales.the number of south american camelids (sacs) in england and wales is increasing and with this comes a risk of new and emerging infections. although classified as livestock, these animals are also treated as pets and may be in regular contact with humans. this paper reviews zoonotic diseases that have been identified in sacs in england and wales, and which pose a potential risk to human health. we also highlight the importance of surveillance continuing to capture information on infections in sac ...201728065171
antimicrobial resistance in shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli serogroups o157 and o26 isolated from human cases of diarrhoeal disease in england, 2015.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are zoonotic and transmission to humans occurs via contaminated food or contact with infected animals. in this study, wgs data were used to predict antimicrobial resistance (amr) in stec from symptomatic human cases to assess the extent of transmission of antibiotic-resistant e. coli from animals to humans.201727678285
ticks and borrelia in urban and peri-urban green space habitats in a city in southern england.ticks are becoming increasingly recognised as important vectors of pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas, including green space used for recreational activities. in the uk, the risk posed by ticks in such areas is largely unknown. in order to begin to assess the risk of ticks in urban/peri-urban areas in southern england, questing ticks were collected from five different habitat types (grassland, hedge, park, woodland and woodland edge) in a city during the spring, summer and autumn of 2013/20 ...201728089123
multiple fatalities in the north of england associated with synthetic fentanyl analogue exposure: detection and quantitation a case series from early 2017.synthetic fentanyl analogues are highly potent opioid drugs which have no pharmaceutical use in humans. we detected the synthetic fentanyl analogues; carfentanil, butyryl fentanyl, fluorobutyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, and alfentanil as well as fentanyl itself in 25 cases in early 2017. there have been no previous reports of synthetic fentanyl deaths in the united kingdom (uk).201829216524
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