Publications

a recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine encoding eimeria acervulina antigen offers protection against e. acervulina challenge.	coccidiosis is a ubiquitous disease caused by intestinal protozoan parasites belonging to several distinct species of the genus eimeria. cell-mediated immunity (cmi) is critically important for protection against eimeria; thus, our approach utilizes the bacterial type iii secretion system (ttss) to deliver an antigen directly into the cell cytoplasm of the immunized host and into the major histocompatibility complex class i antigen-processing pathway for induction of cmi and antigen-specific cyt ...	2006	16982843
caveolin-1-deficient mice show defects in innate immunity and inflammatory immune response during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection.	a number of studies have shown an association of pathogens with caveolae. to this date, however, there are no studies showing a role for caveolin-1 in modulating immune responses against pathogens. interestingly, expression of caveolin-1 has been shown to occur in a regulated manner in immune cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (lps). here, we sought to determine the role of caveolin-1 (cav-1) expression in salmonella pathogenesis. cav-1(-/-) mice displayed a significant decrease in survival ...	2006	16982844
development of a real-time pcr assay for detection of gyra mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a.	a real-time pcr assay with the cycling probe method was used to detect mutations at codons 83 and 87 in the dna gyrase a subunit encoded by gyra in salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a clinical isolates. the susceptibility estimated from the results of the gyra mutation assay was consistent with that identified by the culture method using an e-test. this assay allows rapid screening of s. enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.	2006	16985292
inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase by aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide prevents growth of salmonella enterica purh mutants on glycerol.	the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fbp) is key regulatory point in gluconeogenesis. mutants of salmonella enterica lacking purh accumulate 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide ribotide (aicar) and are unable to utilize glycerol as sole carbon and energy sources. the work described here demonstrates this lack of growth is due to inhibition of fbp by aicar. mutant alleles of fbp that restore growth on glycerol encode proteins resistant to inhibition by aicar and the allosteric regulator amp. this ...	2006	16987812
optimization of the delivery of heterologous proteins by the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type iii secretion system for vaccine development.	type iii protein secretion systems, which are organelles with the capacity to deliver bacterial proteins into host cells, have been adapted to deliver heterologous antigens for vaccine development. a limitation of these antigen delivery systems is that some proteins are not amenable to secretion through this pathway. we show here that proteins from the simian and human immunodeficiency viruses that are not permissive for secretion through a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type iii secret ...	2006	16988261
down-regulation of key virulence factors makes the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium rfah mutant a promising live-attenuated vaccine candidate.	mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that lack the transcriptional regulator rfah are efficient as live oral vaccines against salmonellosis in mice. we show that the attenuation of the vaccine candidate strain is associated with reduced net growth in epithelial and macrophage cells. in order to identify the relevant rfah-dependent genes, the rfah regulon was determined with s. enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium using whole-genome salmonella microarrays. as well as impact ...	2006	16988271
thermal injury and recovery of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in ground chicken with temperature, ph, and sodium chloride as controlling factors.	cells of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis were grown at 25 and 35 degrees c, heat injured (55, 60, and 62.5 degrees c), and recovered in tryptic soy broth (tsb) at various nacl concentrations (2.0 and 3.5%) and ph levels (5.5 and 6.5). to assess the interactions of growth temperature, heating temperature, nacl concentration and ph on the thermal injury and recovery of salmonella enteritidis in ground chicken, a randomized design with each experimental combination was used. when a logistic ...	2006	16995506
inhibitory effects of enterococcus strains obtained from a probiotic product on in vitro growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strain ifo3313.	enterococcus faecium and enterococcus gallinarum strains were isolated from a commercial probiotic product and the effects of these strains on the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strain ifo3313 were investigated. viable cell counts of salmonella enteritidis in mixed cultures with the probiotic product isolate of e. faecium were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in pure cultures after 6, 8, and 24 h when the cultures were incubated in heart infusion broth at 37 and 41 de ...	2006	16995534
dna adenine methylation regulates virulence gene expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	transcriptomic analyses during growth in luria-bertani medium were performed in strain sl1344 of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and in two isogenic derivatives lacking dam methylase. more genes were repressed than were activated by dam methylation (139 versus 37). key genes that were differentially regulated by dam methylation were verified independently. the largest classes of dam-repressed genes included genes belonging to the sos regulon, as previously described in escherichia coli, ...	2006	16997949
roles for dna supercoiling and the fis protein in modulating expression of virulence genes during intracellular growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	adaptation of bacterial pathogens to an intracellular environment requires resetting of the expression levels of a wide range of both virulence and housekeeping genes. we investigated the possibility that changes in dna supercoiling could modulate the expression of genes known to be important in the intracellular growth of the pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. our data show that dna becomes relaxed when salmonella grows in murine macrophage but not in epithelial cells, indicating ...	2006	16999831
loss of hfq activates the sigmae-dependent envelope stress response in salmonella enterica.	ubiquitous rna-binding protein hfq mediates the regulatory activity of many small rnas (srnas) in bacteria. to identify potential targets for hfq-mediated regulation in salmonella, we searched for lacz translational fusions whose activity varied in the presence or absence of hfq. fusions downregulated by hfq were more common than fusions showing the opposite response. surprisingly, in a subset of isolates from the major class, the higher activity in the absence of hfq was due to transcriptional ...	2006	16999834
the flin-flih interaction mediates localization of flagellar export atpase flii to the c ring complex.	flih regulates the flagellar export atpase flii, preventing nonproductive atp hydrolysis. flih has been shown to stably associate with the c ring protein flin. analysis of this complex reveals that flih is required for flii localization to the c ring, and thus flih not only inhibits flii atpase activity but also may act to target flii to the basal body. quantitative binding studies revealed a kd of 110 nm for flih binding to flin. the kd for flih binding of a flin variant from a temperature-sens ...	2006	17002279
molecular characterization and occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance genes among salmonella enterica serovar corvallis from thailand, bulgaria, and denmark.	fifty nine salmonella corvallis isolates from humans and food products in bulgaria, denmark, and thailand were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). cephalosporin-resistant isolates were examined for the presence of genes encoding beta-lactamases by pcr and sequencing. ten different pfge types were observed. one type (30 isolates) was recovered in all three countries; three types were found only in bulgaria, two only in denmark, t ...	2006	17002546
the lactic acid-induced acid tolerance response in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium induces sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide.	transcriptome analyses of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium revealed that 15 genes were significantly up-regulated after 2 h of adaptation with lactic acid. cadb was the most highly up-regulated gene and was shown to be an essential component. lactic acid-adapted cells exhibited sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, likely due to down-regulation of the oxyr regulon.	2006	16885318
two transsulfurylation pathways in klebsiella pneumoniae.	in most bacteria, inorganic sulfur is assimilated into cysteine, which provides sulfur for methionine biosynthesis via transsulfurylation. here, cysteine is transferred to the terminal carbon of homoserine via its sulfhydryl group to form cystathionine, which is cleaved to yield homocysteine. in the enteric bacteria escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, these reactions are catalyzed by irreversible cystathionine-gamma-synthase and cystathionine-beta-lyase enzymes. alternatively, yeast and so ...	2006	16885444
toxigenicity testing of clinical isolates of non-typhoidal salmonellae in vero cell culture & caenorhabditis elegans model.	the non-typhoidal salmonellae (nts) are recognized agents of gastroenteritis worldwide. some of the nts do not produces cytotoxic changes in tissue culture and not much is known about the endotoxicity of the clinical isolates of nts (mostly salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis). we examined the exotoxic (cytotoxin) and endotoxic activity of clinical isolates of nts in two assay models namely vero cell culture and the nematode, caenorhabditis elega ...	2006	16885605
studies on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dnaj of salmonella typhi against lethal infection by salmonella typhimurium in mice.	in the present study dnaj (hsp40) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi has been evaluated for its immunogenicity and efficacy in protecting mice against lethal challenge by s. enterica serovar typhimurium infection. dnaj was amplified by pcr of the genomic dna of s. typhi and subsequently cloned in pqe-30 expression vector. the protein was induced by iptg and purified using ni-nta chromatography under denaturing conditions. after refolding in vitro the immune response was evaluated by injecting ...	2006	16887241
repair of dna damage induced by bile salts in salmonella enterica.	exposure of salmonella enterica to sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, or sodium glycochenodeoxycholate induces the sos response, indicating that the dna-damaging activity of bile resides in bile salts. bile increases the frequency of gc --> at transitions and induces the expression of genes belonging to the oxyr and soxrs regulons, suggesting that bile salts may cause oxidative dna damage. s. enterica mutants lacking both exon ...	2006	16888329
clonality and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles of multidrug- resistant salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolates from four public hospitals in rio de janeiro, brazil.	in brazil, salmonella enterica serovar infantis resistant to various antimicrobials, including cephalosporins, has been identified as an etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in hospitalized children since 1994. in this study, 35 serovar infantis strains, isolated from children admitted to four different rio de janeiro, brazil, hospitals between 1996 and 2001, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in order to determine their ...	2006	16891490
clonal emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ctx-m-2)-producing salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolates with reduced susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin among poultry and humans in belgium and france (2000 to 2003).	antibiotic treatment is not required in cases of salmonella enterica gastroenteritis but is essential in cases of enteric fever or invasive salmonellosis or in immunocompromised patients. although fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins are the drugs of choice to treat invasive salmonella, resistance to these antibiotics is increasing worldwide. during the period 2000 to 2003, 90 salmonella enterica serovar virchow poultry and poultry product isolates and 11 serovar virchow human i ...	2006	16891509
proteomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from raw 264.7 macrophages: identification of a novel protein that contributes to the replication of serovar typhimurium inside macrophages.	to evade host resistance mechanisms, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (stm), a facultative intracellular pathogen, must alter its proteome following macrophage infection. to identify new colonization and virulence factors that mediate stm pathogenesis, we have isolated stm cells from raw 264.7 macrophages at various time points following infection and used a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach to detect the changes in stm protein abundance. because host resist ...	2006	16893888
enhanced detection rate of typhoid fever in children in a periurban slum in karachi, pakistan using polymerase chain reaction technology.	yield of blood culture in clinically suspected cases of typhoid fever is low, whereas indirect serological diagnostic tests are unreliable. hence, polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based detection of salmonella enterica serovar typhi was used as an aid for diagnosis of typhoid fever in addition to other diagnostic tests. two periurban communities in karachi were selected for an epidemiological study of typhoid fever. the aim of the study was to assess whether pcr increased the detection rate of ty ...	2006	16901852
decreasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from children with bacteraemia in a rural district hospital, kenya.	we analysed 336 non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) isolated from children <13 years of age with bacteraemia admitted to a rural district hospital in kenya from 1994 to 2005. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine genetic relatedness of strains, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed. most nts were either salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (n=114; 33.9%) or s. enterica serovar enteritidis (n=128; 38.1%), with minimal genotypic diversity over the study period. ...	2006	16904874
regulation of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 genes by independent environmental signals.	the function of a type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2) is essential for the intracellular lifestyle of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. expression of spi2 genes is induced within the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv) inside host cells and is controlled by the ssrab two-component system. however, the nature of the signals leading to expression of spi2 genes is controversial. here we report that expression of spi2 genes can be induced indep ...	2006	16904940
a steric antagonism of actin polymerization by a salmonella virulence protein.	salmonella spp. require the adp-ribosyltransferase activity of the spvb protein for intracellular growth and systemic virulence. spvb covalently modifies actin, causing cytoskeletal disruption and apoptosis. we report here the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of spvb, and we show by mass spectrometric analysis that spvb modifies actin at arg177, inhibiting its atpase activity. we also describe two crystal structures of spvb-modified, polymerization-deficient actin. these structures reve ...	2006	16905096
cross-reactive cellular and humoral immune responses to salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis are associated with protection to heterologous re-challenge.	chickens infected with salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium (st) and enteritidis (se) still represent a major source of human food poisoning via consumption of contaminated meat and eggs. vaccination represents a sustainable approach to control salmonella in the chicken and the serovar specificity of immunity has the potential to impact on the need for multivalent vaccines. the issue of cross-reactive immune responses and cross-serovar protection was examined in these experiments. cellular a ...	2006	16935350
detection and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in salmonella enterica strains of healthy food animals in spain.	to carry out the characterization of the genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) and their genetic environments in four expanded-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant salmonella enterica isolates (serovars: two virchow, one enteritidis, one rissen) recovered during the monitoring programmes performed in spain by the vav network from faecal samples of pigs, poultry and laying hens at the slaughterhouse level.	2006	16935865
the escherichia coli k-12 narl and narp proteins insulate the nrf promoter from the effects of integration host factor.	the escherichia coli k-12 nrf operon promoter can be activated fully by the fnr protein (regulator of fumarate and nitrate reduction) binding to a site centered at position -41.5. fnr-dependent transcription is suppressed by integration host factor (ihf) binding at position -54, and this suppression is counteracted by binding of the narl or narp response regulator at position -74.5. the e. coli acs gene is transcribed from a divergent promoter upstream from the nrf operon promoter. transcription ...	2006	16936015
some probiotic properties of vaginal lactobacilli isolated from healthy women.	lactobacilli have long been considered to be protective flora in the vagina. in this study, samples were taken from the lateral vaginal wall of 19 healthy women, and 58 strains of lactobacillus spp. were isolated from 10 of these women. the identification results revealed that lactobacillus gasseri was the predominant lactobacilli in healthy women. the amounts of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) produced by lactobacillus spp. were determined. the vaginal ph levels induced by lactobac ...	2006	16936344
molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serotype worthington isolated from childhood diarrhea cases in kolkata, india.		2006	16936353
evaluation of new-generation serologic tests for the diagnosis of typhoid fever: data from a community-based surveillance in calcutta, india.	although typhoid fever is confirmed by culture of salmonella enterica serotype typhi, rapid and simple diagnostic serologic tests would be useful in developing countries. we examined the performance of widal test in a community field site and compared it with typhidot and tubex tests for diagnosis of typhoid fever. blood samples were collected from 6697 patients with fever for > or =3 days for microscopy, culture, and serologic testing and from randomly selected 172 consenting healthy individual ...	2006	16938421
the salmonella effector protein pipb2 is a linker for kinesin-1.	understanding the mechanisms of salmonella virulence is an important challenge. the capacity of this intracellular bacterial pathogen to cause diseases depends on the expression of virulence factors including the second type iii secretion system (ttss-2), which is used to translocate into the eukaryotic cytosol a set of effector proteins that divert the biology of the host cell and shape the bacterial replicative niche. yet little is known about the eukaryotic functions affected by individual sa ...	2006	16938850
the phop/phoq two-component system stabilizes the alternative sigma factor rpos in salmonella enterica.	the sigma factor rpos regulates the expression of many stress response genes and is required for virulence in several bacterial species. we now report that rpos accumulates when salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is growing logarithmically in media with low mg(2+) concentrations. this process requires the two-component regulatory system phop/phoq, which is specifically activated in low mg(2+). we show that phop controls rpos protein turnover by serving as a transcriptional activator of the ...	2006	16938894
modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism by pathogenic bacteria.	phosphoinositide metabolism plays a pivotal role in the regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction, actin remodelling and membrane dynamics. phosphoinositides co-ordinate these processes by recruiting protein effectors to distinct cellular membranes in a time- and organelle-dependent manner. intracellular bacterial pathogens interfere with phosphoinositide metabolism to direct their entry into eukaryotic cells, form replication-permissive vacuoles, modulate apoptosis, or trigger fluid s ...	2006	16939534
complete nucleotide sequence of pk245, a 98-kilobase plasmid conferring quinolone resistance and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase activity in a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.	a plasmid containing the qnrs quinolone resistance determinant and the gene encoding the shv-2 beta-lactamase has been discovered from a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in taiwan. the complete 98-kb sequence of this plasmid, designated pk245, was determined by using a whole-genome shotgun approach. transfer of pk245 conferred low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in electroporant escherichia coli epi300. the sequence of the immediate region surrounding qnrs in pk245 is nearly i ...	2006	16940067
adaptive resistance and differential protein expression of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis biofilms exposed to benzalkonium chloride.	the development of adaptive resistance of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 4931 biofilms following exposure to benzalkonium chloride (bc) either continuously (1 microg ml(-1)) or intermittently (10 microg ml(-1) for 10 min daily) was examined. biofilms adapted to bc over a 144-h period could survive a normally lethal bc challenge (500 microg ml(-1) for 10 min) and then regrow, as determined by increases in biofilm thickness, total biomass, and the ratio of the viable biomass to the n ...	2006	16940079
a novel extended-spectrum tem-type beta-lactamase, tem-138, from salmonella enterica serovar infantis.	a novel natural tem beta-lactamase with extended-spectrum activity, tem-138, was identified in a ceftazidime-resistant clinical isolate of salmonella enterica serovar infantis. compared to tem-1, tem-138 contains the following mutations: e104k, n175i, and g238s. the bla(tem-138) gene was located on a 50-kb transferable plasmid. expression studies with escherichia coli revealed efficient ceftazidimase and cefotaximase activities for tem-138.	2006	16940125
genetic environment of quinolone resistance gene qnrb2 in a complex sul1-type integron in the newly described salmonella enterica serovar keurmassar.	a qnrb2 determinant was described for a new complex sul1-type integron from salmonella enterica serovar keurmassar. the genetic structure contained two class 1 integrons surrounding two common regions (crs) separated by a partial 3' conserved segment. the qnrb2 gene is adjacent to the first cr.	2006	16940131
nosocomial outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing salmonella isangi in pediatric wards.	since may 2000, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (esbl) salmonella isangi were isolated from pediatric patients at a tertiary hospital. a total of 41 patients with positive cultures were reviewed, and the majority presented with gastroenteritis, fever, or both. one esbl phenotype was noted in all isolates, and clonality was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. this is the first report of salmonella sp. esbl resistance in our hospital.	2006	16940846
linkage of avian and reproductive tract tropism with sequence divergence adjacent to the 5s ribosomal subunit rrfh of salmonella enterica.	the 183 bp between the end of the 23s rrlh rrna gene and the start of the 5s rrfh rrna gene (isr-1) and the 197 bp between the end of the rrfh rrna gene and the start of the transfer rna aspu (isr-2) of salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serotypes enteritidis, typhimurium, pullorum, heidelberg, gallinarum, typhi and choleraesuis were compared. isr-1s of d1 serotypes (pullorum, gallinarum and enteritidis), b serotypes (typhimurium and heidelberg) and the c2 serotype newport and the enteric fever p ...	2006	17005008
introducing vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine to primary school children in north jakarta, indonesia, via an existent school-based vaccination platform.	to report results on coverage, safety and logistics of a large-scale, school-based vi polysaccharide immunization campaign in north jakarta.	2006	17005220
ling, a new integron-associated gene cassette encoding a lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase.		2006	17005845
multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates with high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in dhaka, bangladesh.		2006	17005846
the rcs phosphorelay system is specific to enteric pathogens/commensals and activates ydei, a gene important for persistent salmonella infection of mice.	bacteria utilize phosphorelay systems to respond to environmental or intracellular stimuli. salmonella enterica encodes a four-step phosphorelay system that involves two sensor kinase proteins, rcsc and rcsd, and a response regulator, rcsb. the physiological stimulus for rcs phosphorelay activation is unknown; however, rcs-regulated genes can be induced in vitro by osmotic shock, low temperature and antimicrobial peptide exposure. in this report we investigate the role of the rcs pathway using p ...	2006	17010160
rapid aerosol transmission of salmonella among turkeys in a simulated holding-shed environment.	once turkeys arrive at midwest processing plants, they are usually held in large open-sided sheds for 1 to 4 h, waiting to be unloaded. in hot, humid weather, large fans are used to cool the birds. the resultant air currents distribute a significant amount of dust to the turkeys. the dust created in this environment could be a factor in the number of salmonella-contaminated turkeys entering slaughter plants. the objective of this study was to determine if rapid transmission of salmonella in turk ...	2006	17012158
comparative genetics of the rdar morphotype in salmonella.	the salmonella rdar morphotype is a distinct, rough and dry colony morphology formed by the extracellular interaction of thin aggregative fimbriae (tafi or curli), cellulose, and other polysaccharides. cells in rdar colonies are more resistant to desiccation and exogenous stresses, which is hypothesized to aid in the passage of pathogenic salmonella spp. between hosts. here we analyzed the genetic and phenotypic conservation of the rdar morphotype throughout the entire salmonella genus. the rdar ...	2006	17012381
the translocated salmonella effector proteins ssef and sseg interact and are required to establish an intracellular replication niche.	the facultative intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica causes a variety of diseases, including gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. inside epithelial cells, salmonella replicates in vacuoles, which localize in the perinuclear area in close proximity to the golgi apparatus. among the effector proteins translocated by the salmonella pathogenicity island 2-encoded type iii secretion system, sifa and sseg have been shown necessary but not sufficient to ensure the intracellular positioning of salmo ...	2006	17015457
the three-dimensional structure of the flagellar rotor from a clockwise-locked mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	three-dimensional reconstructions from electron cryomicrographs of the rotor of the flagellar motor reveal that the symmetry of individual m rings varies from 24-fold to 26-fold while that of the c rings, containing the two motor/switch proteins flim and flin, varies from 32-fold to 36-fold, with no apparent correlation between the symmetries of the two rings. results from other studies provided evidence that, in addition to the transmembrane protein flif, at least some part of the third motor/s ...	2006	17015643
[salmonella serotype mbandaka food-borne outbreak].		2006	17020690
comparison of subtyping methods for differentiating salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates obtained from food animal sources.	molecular characterization (e.g., dna-based typing methods) of salmonella isolates is frequently employed to compare and distinguish clinical isolates recovered from animals and from patients with food-borne disease and nosocomial infections. in this study, we compared the abilities of different phenotyping and genotyping methods to distinguish isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from different food animal sources. one hundred twenty-eight s. enterica serovar typhimurium strains ...	2006	17021084
molecular basis of resistance displayed by highly ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi in bangladesh.	highly ciprofloxacin-resistant (mic, 512 microg/ml) strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhi were isolated from the blood of typhoid patients in dhaka, bangladesh. the strains were indistinguishable by their antibiograms, biotypes, and variable-number tandem repeat types and had matching point mutations at positions 83 and 87 of the gyra gene. the isolation of these strains in an area of high endemicity indicates the need for continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance of s. enterica se ...	2006	17021117
general model, based on two mixed weibull distributions of bacterial resistance, for describing various shapes of inactivation curves.	cells of listeria monocytogenes or salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium taken from six characteristic stages of growth were subjected to an acidic stress (ph 3.3). as expected, the bacterial resistance increased from the end of the exponential phase to the late stationary phase. moreover, the shapes of the survival curves gradually evolved as the physiological states of the cells changed. a new primary model, based on two mixed weibull distributions of cell resistance, is proposed to describe ...	2006	17021197
genetic and phenotypic variability among salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from california dairy cattle and humans.	fifty-six human and 24 adult dairy cattle isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from a single county in california were compared using ribotyping, insertion sequence typing (is200), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, plasmid typing, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance testing. the majority of the isolates fell into one of two groups which were phage types dt104 and dt193. combining the information from all typing methods, a total of 45 different "clusters" were defined, with ...	2006	17021214
shedding of foodborne pathogens by caenorhabditis elegans in compost-amended and unamended soil.	a study was done to characterize the shedding of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by caenorhabditis elegans, evaluate the persistence of worm populations cocultured with foodborne pathogens, and determine if c. elegans disperses ingested pathogens in soil as a result of shedding. escherichia. coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serotype poona, and listeria monocytogenes, as well as e. coli op50, a non-pathogenic strain, were studied. synchronous populations of c. elegans were fed for 24 h on confluen ...	2006	16942998
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas in the eggs and egg-storing trays from retail markets of coimbatore, south india.	a study was conducted to determine the incidence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and other salmonella serovars on eggshell, egg contents and on egg-storing trays. a total of 492 eggs and 82 egg-storing trays were examined over a period of 1 year from different retail outlets of a residential area of coimbatore city, south india. salmonella contamination was recorded in 38 of 492 (7.7%) eggs out of which 29 was in eggshell (5.9%) and 9 in egg contents (1.8%). around 7.5% of the egg-sto ...	2006	16943017
the adherence of salmonella enteritidis pt4 to stainless steel: the importance of the air-liquid interface and nutrient availability.	biofilm formation on stainless steel by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis pt4 during growth in three different nutritious conditions was studied. the ability of micro-organisms to generate biofilms on the stainless steel surfaces was studied for a total period of 18 days at 20 degrees c, under three different experimental treatments: (i) growth medium (tryptone soy broth) was not refreshed (no further nutrients were provided) during the incubation period, (ii) growth medium was renewed eve ...	2006	16943077
the cbis gene of the archaeon methanopyrus kandleri av19 encodes a bifunctional enzyme with adenosylcobinamide amidohydrolase and alpha-ribazole-phosphate phosphatase activities.	here we report the initial biochemical characterization of the bifunctional alpha-ribazole-p (alpha-rp) phosphatase, adenosylcobinamide (adocbi) amidohydrolase cbis enzyme from the hyperthermophilic methanogenic archaeon methanopyrus kandleri av19. the cbis gene encodes a 39-kda protein with two distinct segments, one of which is homologous to the adocbi amidohydrolase (cbiz, ec 3.5.1.90) enzyme and the other of which is homologous to the recently discovered archaeal alpha-rp phosphatase (cobz, ...	2006	16740929
whole-genome transcription profiling reveals genes up-regulated by growth on fucose in the human gut bacterium "roseburia inulinivorans".	"roseburia inulinivorans" is an anaerobic polysaccharide-utilizing firmicute bacterium from the human colon that was identified as a producer of butyric acid during growth on glucose, starch, or inulin. r. inulinivorans a2-194 is also able to grow on the host-derived sugar fucose, following a lag period, producing propionate and propanol as additional fermentation products. a shotgun genomic microarray was constructed and used to investigate the switch in gene expression that is involved in chan ...	2006	16740940
transcriptional and translational control of the salmonella flic gene.	the flagellin gene flic encodes the major component of the flagellum in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. this study reports the identification of a signal within the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) of the flic transcript required for the efficient expression and assembly of flic into the growing flagellar structure. primer extension mapping determined the transcription start site of the flic flagellin gene to be 62 bases upstream of the aug start codon. using teta-flic operon fusions, we ...	2006	16740955
multilocus sequence typing supports the hypothesis that cow- and human-associated salmonella isolates represent distinct and overlapping populations.	a collection of 179 human and 156 bovine clinical salmonella isolates obtained from across new york state over the course of 1 year was characterized using serotyping and a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme based on the sequencing of three genes (fima, manb, and mdh). the 335 isolates were differentiated into 52 serotypes and 72 sequence types (sts). analyses of bovine isolates collected on different farms over time indicated that specific subtypes can persist over time on a given farm; i ...	2006	17028236
assessment of factors contributing to changes in the incidence of antimicrobial drug resistance in salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium from humans in england and wales in 2000, 2002 and 2004.	an investigation into changes in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium from human infection in england and wales in 2000, 2002 and 2004 has shown that the incidence of strains of s. enteritidis with resistance to nalidixic acid coupled with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin has more than doubled between 2000 and 2004, whereas the overall levels of resistance in s. typhimurium have fallen by ca. 25%. in relation to publishe ...	2006	17029756
modification of enrofloxacin treatment regimens for poultry experimentally infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 to minimize selection of resistance.	we hypothesized that higher doses of fluoroquinolones for a shorter duration could maintain efficacy (as measured by reduction in bacterial count) while reducing selection in chickens of bacteria with reduced susceptibility. chicks were infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 and treated 1 week later with enrofloxacin at the recommended dose for 5 days (water dose adjusted to give 10 mg/kg of body weight of birds or equivalence, i.e., water at 50 ppm) or at 2.5 or 5 times the ...	2006	17030564
cytokine expression in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells after in vitro exposure to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	cytokines are secreted proteins involved with cell recruitment and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. they are essential for an effective host immune response to pathogens. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) exposure and genetic line on cytokine mrna expression level of cultured chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). interleukin-2, interleukin-6 (il-6), cxcli2, and transforming grow ...	2006	17032822
differential effect of auxotrophies on the release of macromolecules by salmonella enterica vaccine strains.	attenuated salmonella enterica strains have been widely used as live carriers for vaccines and therapeutic molecules. appropriate attenuation has been introduced into such bacteria for safety reasons and the improvement of strain properties. here, we compared two strains that were rendered auxotroph for diaminopimelic acid or thymidine monophosphate precursors by deletion of the genes asd or thya, respectively. upon removal of the complementing compound from bacterial cultures, both strains quic ...	2006	17034415
genetic determinants of acute inflammation regulate salmonella infection and modulate slc11a1 gene (formerly nramp1) effects in selected mouse lines.	two lines of mice selected to produce maximal (airmax) or minimal (airmin) acute inflammatory reactions (air) differ in their susceptibility to infection by salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium). the ld(50) for airmax mice is 1000 times higher than that observed for airmin mice, and higher frequencies of slc11a1 alleles (known to confer either resistance (r) or high susceptibility (s) to s. typhimurium) were consistently found in airmax and airmin mouse lines, respectively. i ...	2006	17035062
effects of nonimmunized egg yolk powder-supplemented feed on salmonella enteritidis prevention and elimination in broilers.	chicken consumption is a newly identified risk factor in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) infection in humans. se is widely distributed in commercial chicken flocks and high levels of cecal carriage and shedding may lead to broiler meat contamination. in the present study, the preventive and eliminative effect of nonimmunized freeze-dried egg yolk powder (eyp) on se in broilers was investigated. in the prevention trial, reduced se counts were observed in liver (p < or = 0.05), cecal ...	2006	17039835
comparison of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis levels in crops of fed or fasted infected hens.	long-term feed withdrawal has been shown to increase ileocecal intestinal colonization and fecal shedding of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in challenged hens. less information is available regarding effects of fasting on crop colonization. two trials were conducted to compare effects of 14-day feed withdrawal vs. full feed on crop colonization in hens challenged with salmonella enteritidis. the levels of salmonella enteritidis in the crops of fasted hens were significantly higher than ...	2006	17039844
salmonella typhimurium infection triggers dendritic cells and macrophages to adopt distinct migration patterns in vivo.	the presence of an anti-bacterial t cell response and evidence of bacterial products in inflamed joints of reactive arthritis patients suggests an antigen transportation role in this disease for macrophages and dendritic cells. we have investigated the functional properties and in vivo migration of macrophages and dc after infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). bm-derived macrophages and dc displayed enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules (cd40 and cd86) ...	2006	17048271
intracellular demography and the dynamics of salmonella enterica infections.	an understanding of within-host dynamics of pathogen interactions with eukaryotic cells can shape the development of effective preventive measures and drug regimes. such investigations have been hampered by the difficulty of identifying and observing directly, within live tissues, the multiple key variables that underlay infection processes. fluorescence microscopy data on intracellular distributions of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) show that, while the number of infec ...	2006	17048989
specific regions of genome plasticity and genetic diversity of the commensal escherichia coli a0 34/86.	escherichia coli a0 34/86 (o83:k24:h31) is a commensal strain that has been used for prophylactic and therapeutic colonization of the intestine of newborn infants. to identify traits specific for e. coli a0 34/86, we used a minimal tiling set of 148 bac clones of a0 34/86 genomic dna, to construct restriction-digested bac arrays. hybridization with genomic dna from four e. coli strains (cft073; o157:h7; k12 and nissle 1917) allowed selection of two bac clones that were sequenced to identify a0 3 ...	2006	17049458
characterization of a nonfimbrial mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msh) produced by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	a nonfimbrial mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msh) with adhesive properties produced by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was characterized. the msh was characterized as glycoprotein and consisted of three noncovalently bound subunits of m(r) 28, 33 and 40 kda determined by sds-page. the hemagglutinin was heat-stable and resistant to alkaline (high) or acid (low) ph, however, it was inhibited by proteolytic enzymes, by edta and by sodium periodate. mouse antiserum raised against msh react ...	2006	17049985
eggshell penetration of hen's eggs by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis upon various storage conditions.	1. the survival and penetration of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) inoculated on the eggshell was examined upon storage for up to 20 d at real-life conditions (15 to 25 degrees c and 45 to 75% relative humidity (rh)). 2. penetration was assessed by emptying the egg contents and filling the eggs with a selective medium that allowed visualising salmonella growth on the inside of the shell and membrane complex. 3. the study of survival on the eggshells was based on viable counts and sh ...	2006	17050098
misidentification of a mucoid strain of salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis as hafnia alvei by the vitek gni+ card system.	nontyphoidal salmonellae are among the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. they are also notable causes of extraintestinal infections, including bacteremia and vascular infections. salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis is typically associated with invasive infections. we report a patient who had an infected intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm due to an unusually mucoid strain of salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. the isolate was erroneously identified as hafnia alv ...	2006	17050821
helicobacter pylori flhb function: the flhb c-terminal homologue hp1575 acts as a "spare part" to permit flagellar export when the hp0770 flhbcc domain is deleted.	in helicobacter pylori 26695, a gene annotated hp1575 encodes a putative protein of unknown function which shows significant similarity to part of the c-terminal domain of the flagellar export protein flhb. in salmonella enterica, this part (flhb(cc)) is proteolytically cleaved from the full-length flhb, a processing event that is required for flagellar protein export and, thus, motility. the role of flhb (hp0770) and its c-terminal homologue hp1575 was studied in h. pylori using a range of nonp ...	2006	17050924
class 1 and class 2 integrons in non-prevalent serovars of salmonella enterica: structure and association with transposons and plasmids.	to characterize class 1 and class 2 integrons which were simultaneously detected in non-typhoid salmonella enterica strains of non-prevalent serovars, and to investigate their possible association with transposons and/or plasmids.	2006	17056609
sequence analysis of the rfb loci, encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of the salmonella enterica o17 and o18 antigens: serogroup-specific identification by pcr.	we report sequencing of the o antigen encoded by the rfb gene cluster of salmonella enterica serotype jangwani (o17) and salmonella serotype cerro (o18). we developed serogroup o17- and o18-specific pcr assays based on rfb gene targets and found them to be sensitive and specific for rapid identification of salmonella serogroups o17 and o18.	2006	17056694
engineering of deinococcus radiodurans r1 for bioprecipitation of uranium from dilute nuclear waste.	genetic engineering of radiation-resistant organisms to recover radionuclides/heavy metals from radioactive wastes is an attractive proposition. we have constructed a deinococcus radiodurans strain harboring phon, a gene encoding a nonspecific acid phosphatase, obtained from a local isolate of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. the recombinant strain expressed an approximately 27-kda active phon protein and efficiently precipitated over 90% of the uranium from a 0.8 mm uranyl nitrate solution in ...	2006	17056698
virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium evades adaptive immunity by preventing dendritic cells from activating t cells.	dendritic cells (dcs) constitute the link between innate and adaptive immunity by directly recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) in bacteria and by presenting bacterial antigens to t cells. recognition of pamps renders dcs as professional antigen-presenting cells able to prime naïve t cells and initiate adaptive immunity against bacteria. therefore, interfering with dc function would promote bacterial survival and dissemination. understanding the molecular mechanisms that ha ...	2006	17057096
dual mode of action of bac7, a proline-rich antibacterial peptide.	proline-rich peptides are a unique group of antimicrobial peptides that exert their activity selectively against gram-negative bacteria through an apparently non-membranolytic mode of action that is not yet well understood. we have investigated the mechanism underlying the antibacterial activity of the proline-rich cathelicidin bac7 against salmonella enterica and escherichia coli. the killing and membrane permeabilization kinetics as well as the cellular localization were assessed for the fully ...	2006	17059867
detection and characterization of variant salmonella genomic island 1s from salmonella derby isolates.	the purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution and structure of salmonella genomic island 1 (sgi1) among salmonella enterica serovar derby isolates from swine and their rearing environment. three variants of sgi1s, specifically sgi1-a, c, and i, were identified by pcr mapping. the results of macro-restriction analysis and dna sequencing of sgi1 flanking regions revealed that there are at least two genomic lineages of derby strains bearing sgi1s.	2006	17060705
cgat: a comparative genome analysis tool for visualizing alignments in the analysis of complex evolutionary changes between closely related genomes.	the recent accumulation of closely related genomic sequences provides a valuable resource for the elucidation of the evolutionary histories of various organisms. however, although numerous alignment calculation and visualization tools have been developed to date, the analysis of complex genomic changes, such as large insertions, deletions, inversions, translocations and duplications, still presents certain difficulties.	2006	17062155
mismatch induced speciation in salmonella: model and data.	in bacteria, dna sequence mismatches act as a barrier to recombination between distantly related organisms and can potentially promote the cohesion of species. we have performed computer simulations which show that the homology dependence of recombination can cause de novo speciation in a neutrally evolving population once a critical population size has been exceeded. our model can explain the patterns of divergence and genetic exchange observed in the genus salmonella, without invoking either n ...	2006	17062419
effect of fluoroquinolone exposure on the proteome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the physiological response of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to fluoroquinolone antibiotics was investigated using proteomic methods.	2006	17062612
cefotaxime-ciprofloxacin combination therapy for nontyphoid salmonella bacteremia and paravertebral abscess after failure of monotherapy.	therapeutic failure of monotherapy with either a third-generation cephalosporin or a fluoroquinolone against nontyphoid salmonellae has been observed in clinical practice. combination therapy with both agents is recommended in the literature for treating life-threatening infections. however, we know of no published case reports that indicate a therapeutic advantage of this combination therapy for nontyphoid salmonellae infections. we describe a 60-year-old man who had breakthrough bacteremia wit ...	2006	17064216
molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a causing enteric fever in india.	to define the genetic characteristics and resistance mechanisms of clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and s. enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) exhibiting high-level fluoroquinolones resistance.	2006	17071955
differential activation and function of rho gtpases during salmonella-host cell interactions.	salmonella enterica, the cause of food poisoning and typhoid fever, has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modulate rho family guanosine triphosphatases (gtpases) to mediate specific cellular responses such as actin remodeling, macropinocytosis, and nuclear responses. these responses are largely the result of the activity of a set of bacterial proteins (sope, sope2, and sopb) that, upon delivery into host cells via a type iii secretion system, activate specific rho family gtpases either directl ...	2006	17074883
contribution of the sira regulon to biofilm formation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	orthologues of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) bara/sira two-component system are important for biofilm formation and virulence in many gamma-proteobacteria. in s. typhimurium, sira activates the csrb and csrc carbon storage regulatory rnas and the virulence gene regulators hila and hilc. the regulatory rnas antagonize the activity of the csra protein, allowing translation of those same virulence genes, and inhibiting the translation of flagellar genes. in this repor ...	2006	17074910
[gastroenteritis caused by salmonella from pet snakes].	a salmonella subspecies associated with reptiles (salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae) was isolated from the stool of a 19-year-old man with gastroenteritis. the same species was isolated from stool and urine samples taken from terraria found in the home of the patient's parents where snakes were kept. a high percentage of reptiles in the wild and in captivity are asymptomatic carriers of salmonella species that can be transmitted to humans who come in contact with these animals. unlike in ...	2006	17076364
salmonella produces an o-antigen capsule regulated by agfd and important for environmental persistence.	in this study, we show that salmonella produces an o-antigen capsule coregulated with the fimbria- and cellulose-associated extracellular matrix. structural analysis of purified salmonella extracellular polysaccharides yielded predominantly a repeating oligosaccharide unit similar to that of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis lipopolysaccharide o antigen with some modifications. putative carbohydrate transport and regulatory operons important for capsule assembly and translocation, designat ...	2006	17079680
a novel multiplex pcr assay for the detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in human faeces.	to develop a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in human faeces.	2006	17083715
bacteremia caused by salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis in taiwan.	since 1995, there has been a steady increase in the number of reported cases of salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) sepsis in taiwan. representative taiwanese survey data from 1996 to 2004 revealed that these adult patients with s. choleraesuis bacteremia presented with primary bacteremia (57%, especially immunocompromised hosts), mycotic aneurysm (16%), and fever (86%) predominantly. s. choleraesuis septicemia demonstrated a higher invasion index (with secondary involved ...	2006	17066196
salmonella prevalence and total microbial and spore populations in spices imported to japan.	a total of 259 samples of 40 types of spices were tested for salmonella prevalence and total microbial and spore populations. salmonella enterica serotypes weltevreden and senftenberg were isolated from a black- and red-pepper sample, respectively. because salmonella was not detected by the most-probable-number method, it indicated that at least one cell of the microorganism was present in 25 g of sample. the mean aerobic bacterial count was greater than 5.39 log cfu/g in turmeric, garam masala, ...	2006	17066938
biofilm-associated proteins.	although exopolysaccharides are important and often essential compounds of the biofilm matrix, recent evidences suggest that a group of surface proteins plays a leading role during the development of the microbial communities. the first member of this group of proteins was described in a staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis isolate and was named bap, for biofilm-associated protein. later on, other surface proteins homologous to bap and involved in biofilm development have been described in many ...	2006	17067927
characterization of class 1 integron resistance gene cassettes in salmonella enterica serovars oslo and bareily from imported seafood.		2006	17068008
antibacterial activity of coffee extracts and selected coffee chemical compounds against enterobacteria.	the in vitro antimicrobial activity of commercial coffee extracts and chemical compounds was investigated on nine strains of enterobacteria. the antimicrobial activity investigated by the disc diffusion method was observed in both the extracts and tested chemical compounds. even though ph, color, and the contents of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acids differed significantly among the coffee extracts, no significant differences were observed in their antimicrobial activity. caffeic acid ...	2006	17090115
isolation of salmonella enteritidis phage type 21b from a eurasian eagle-owl (bubo bubo).	a case of fatal salmonellosis in a eurasian eagle-owl (bubo bubo) from bursa province (northwestern turkey) is described. the organs of the bird were examined histopathologically and microbiologically. macroscopic and microscopic findings were consistent with a salmonella infection. salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) phage type (pt) 21b was isolated from the liver and spleen in pure culture and from the intestine. the isolate was susceptible to amoxycill ...	2006	17092905
prevalence and serovars of salmonella in the feces of free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in nebraska.	to determine the prevalence and serovars of salmonella in free-ranging deer, we cultured feces from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) harvested by hunters during a regular firearm season in southeastern nebraska (usa). we recovered salmonella from 5 (1%; 95% confidence interval: 0.37-2.20%) of 500 samples and identified four different salmonella enterica serovars [litchfield (1), dessau (1), infantis (2), and enteritidis (1)]. although the prevalence of salmonella in free-ranging deer a ...	2006	17092906
transmission of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in poultry with and without antimicrobial selective pressure.	to determine the effect of antimicrobial selective pressure on the transmission of antimicrobial resistant and sensitive strains of salmonella in poultry.	2006	17105560
comparison of salmonella enterica serovar distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns in wastewater at municipal water treatment plants in two california cities.	to determine salmonella enterica serovars and antibiotic resistance (abr) in the human waste stream.	2006	17105561
isolation of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar paratyphi b dt+, or salmonella java, from indonesia and alteration of the d-tartrate fermentation phenotype by disrupting the orf stm 3356.	salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar paratyphi b [o1,4,(5),12 : hb : 1,2] can cause either an enteric fever (paratyphoid fever) or self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. the d-tartrate non-fermenting variant s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b dt- (s. paratyphi b) is the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, and the d-tartrate fermenting variant s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b dt+ (s. paratyphi b dt+; formerly called salmonella java) causes gastroenteriti ...	2006	17108269