Publications

rabies diagnosis in the presence of strychnine and carbamate.		2004	15478501
identification of a conserved linear epitope at the n terminus of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	a novel, linear b-cell epitope has been identified at the n terminus of the rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein. screening of a phage-display library demonstrated that two glycoprotein-specific mabs recognized a conserved sequence, wxxxdi, which aligned between aa 14 and 19 of the mature glycoprotein. screening of truncated glycoprotein fragments with both mabs confirmed the location of the epitope in the n-terminal region. alignment of amino acid sequences from a range of rabv isolates indicated t ...	2004	15483241
rapid diagnosis of rabies in humans and animals by a dot blot enzyme immunoassay.	the presently advocated tests for rapid diagnosis of rabies, such as the fluorescent antibody test (fat) are expensive and require expertise to carry out and interpret the results. in this study, a simple direct dot blot enzyme immunoassay (dia) has been developed and evaluated to detect the rabies antigen in brain specimens of animals and humans. the utility of this test in the ante-mortem diagnosis of human rabies has also been evaluated.	2004	15494255
simulated post-exposure rabies vaccination: comments on article by madhusudana et al.		2004	15494259
the spatial and temporal disappearance of different oral rabies vaccine baits.	bait disappearance can give valuable information for the assessment of oral vaccination campaigns of foxes against rabies. in this study, the spatial and temporal disappearance of three different vaccine baits under almost identical conditions was investigated. in the study area, 350 baits were placed at previously marked positions during two different periods; late autumn and early spring. the distribution of baits was in accordance with the method as recommended by the european union; a densit ...	2004	15495926
wild rabies virus detection by plaque assay from naturally infected brains in different species.	a simple, sensitive and specific plaque assay protocol for the detection of wild type rabies virus in different species is described using confluent monolayers of chicken embryo cells in 6-well plates. plaques are produced after application of either agarose or sephadex g-100 overlay onto cell monolayers and incubation for 96 h after virus infection at 37 degrees c. the parameters affecting plaque appearance include cell seeding concentration, overlay composition and time of incubation after inf ...	2004	15504587
tracking fluorescence-labeled rabies virus: enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged phosphoprotein p supports virus gene expression and formation of infectious particles.	rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus (rv) encode only five multifunctional proteins accomplishing viral gene expression and virus formation. the viral phosphoprotein, p, is a structural component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex and an essential cofactor for the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. we show here that rv p fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) can substitute for p throughout the viral life cycle, allowing fluorescence labeling and tracking of rv rnps under li ...	2004	15507620
[phylogenetic analysis of two rabies viruses, takamen and komatsugawa strains isolated in japan in the 1940's].	the entire coding region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of takamen and komatsugawa strains of rabies virus isolated in japan in 1940's were determined. phylogenetic analysis was performed on 140 lyssaviruses (128 viruses of genotype 1 and 12 lyssaviruses of other genotypes) isolated in various parts of the world, including the two japanese rabies strains, based on the sequences of 1,350 nucleotides of the n gene. the rabies viruses were divided into 12 distinct clusters at least, reflecting geogr ...	2004	15508715
identification of viral genomic elements responsible for rabies virus neuroinvasiveness.	attenuated tissue culture-adapted and natural street rabies virus (rv) strains differ greatly in their neuroinvasiveness. to identify the elements responsible for the ability of an rv to enter the cns from a peripheral site and to cause lethal neurological disease, we constructed a full-length cdna clone of silver-haired bat-associated rv (shbrv) strain 18 and exchanged the genes encoding rv proteins and genomic sequences of this highly neuroinvasive rv strain with those of a highly attenuated n ...	2004	15520387
rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with european bat lyssavirus type 1.	the susceptibility of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) infection was examined. eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (ffu) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) ffu (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. all foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. one fo ...	2004	15525359
genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from frugivorous bat (artibeus spp.) in brazil.	in latin america, rabies cases related to frugivorous bats have been reported since 1930's. recently, two viruses isolated from artibeus lituratus were proved to be vampire bat variants by monoclonal antibodies panels [2], but their genetic information is not well known. in this report, four rabies viruses were isolated from frugivorous bats (artibeus spp.) in brazil and their nucleoprotein gene sequences were determined. these isolates were found to be genotype 1 of lyssavirus and showed the ma ...	2004	15528863
vero-cell rabies vaccine produced using serum-free medium.	a new rabies vaccine was developed from vero cells adhered to microcarriers, cultivated in a bioreactor in serum-free medium and infected with the pv/vero-paris rabies virus strain. the viral suspensions were concentrated by tangential filtration, purified by chromatography and inactivated with beta-propiolactone. in immunogenicity studies performed in mice immunized with three doses of the new vaccine (seven batches) and the commercial verorab and hdcv, mean titers of neutralizing antibodies of ...	2004	15530700
in vitro growth and stability of recombinant rabies viruses designed for vaccination of wildlife.	three live rabies virus (rv) recombinant vaccine candidates, spbnga, spbnga-cyto c (+), and spbnga-ga, were examined for their production levels and stability. maximum production levels up to 10(10) infectious particles/ml were achieved using bioreactor technology. all virus lots exhibited thermostability profiles typical for rv vaccines and were non-pathogenic for intracranially inoculated immunocompetent mice. moreover, sequence analysis indicated high genetic stability in all three rvs during ...	2004	15530701
tracing the regional source of rabies infection in an israeli dog by viral analysis.		2004	15537147
safety and immunogenicity of a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine in comparison to the human diploid cell vaccine.	although human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) has been available for over two decades and has a proven record of efficacy, it is very expensive to produce and can only be made in small quantities.	2004	15541220
rabies neutralizing antibody detection by indirect immunperoxidase serum neutralization assay performed on chicken embryo related cell line.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the indirect immunoperoxidase virus neutralization (ipvn) and mouse neutralization test (mnt) to detect antibodies against rabies virus from vaccinated dogs and cattle. the ipvn was set up for the ability to measure 0.5 international units/ml (iu) of antibody required by the world health organization and the office international des epizooties as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. ipvn was developed and standardized in chicken embryo rela ...	2004	15543419
[type 3 virus neuropathological findings in two human rabies cases in bajo baudó, chocó].		2004	15551875
update: investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas, 2004.		2004	15554331
interactions amongst rabies virus nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and genomic rna in virus-infected and transfected cells.	previous in vitro studies have indicated that rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein (p), by interacting with the nucleoprotein (n), confers the specificity of genomic rna encapsidation by n. in this study, interactions amongst n, p and the genomic rna in virus-infected as well as in transfected cells were studied. the results showed that when n was expressed alone, it bound non-specific rna, particularly the n mrna. when n and p were co-expressed, they formed n-p complexes that did not bind to non-sp ...	2004	15557246
studies on the conditions required for structural and functional maturation of rabies virus glycoprotein (g) in g cdna-transfected cells.	when the rabies virus g cdna was expressed with the help of t7 rna polymerase provided by a recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv-t7), functional g proteins were produced in terms of their ability to induce low ph-dependent syncytium formation and the formation of conformational epitopes, including the acid-sensitive epitope recognized by mab #1-30-44. such an ability and the 1-30-44 epitope formation, however, were not associated with the g gene products when g cdna was expressed without the help of ...	2004	15557743
further studies on the hyperphosphorylated form (p40) of the rabies virus nominal phosphoprotein (p).	we investigated possible mechanisms involved in production of a hyperphosphorylated form (p40) of rabies virus p protein, to which two dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis was applied. the p gene products produced in escherichia coli cells could be detected as a single spot of unphosphorylated 37-kda form (termed as p37-0) in a 2-d gel. the 37-kda proteins in the virus-infected cells are composed of some phosphorylated forms, including a major p37-1 and more phosphorylated minor forms (e.g., p3 ...	2004	15557744
detection of rabies viral antigens in non-autolysed and autolysed tissues by using an immunoperoxidase technique.	the objectives of this study were to determine the potential of an immunoperoxidase technique involving the avidin-biotin complex (abc) stain for the diagnosis of rabies in fresh tissues and compare it with other standard methods, including the fluorescent antibody test (fat), haematoxylin and eosin and seller's stain, and to investigate its capacity to detect rabies antigen in autolysed tissues. samples of non-autolysed brain from 81 domestic and wild animals suspected of having rabies were exa ...	2004	15559421
up-regulation of fas ligand (fasl) in the central nervous system: a mechanism of immune evasion by rabies virus.	following its injection into the hindlimbs of mice, cvs, a highly pathogenic strain of rabies virus, invades the spinal cord and brain resulting in the death of the animal. in contrast, central nervous system (cns) invasion by pv, a strain of attenuated pathogenicity, is restricted to the spinal cord and mice infected with this virus survive. lymphocytes display transient migration into the infected cns in fatal rabies and sustained migration in nonfatal rabies. the transient migration of t cell ...	2004	15765808
neuronal apoptosis in immunodeficient mice infected with the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus by intracerebral inoculation.	the challenge virus standard-11 strain (cvs) of fixed rabies virus produces neuronal apoptosis in widespread areas of the brain of mice after intracerebral inoculation. the role of the adaptive immune response in producing neuronal apoptosis in this model was evaluated by comparing the infections in adult c57bl/6j mice with nude mice (t cell deficient) and rag1 mice (t and b cell deficient). both strains of immunodeficient mice showed very similar clinical disease and neuropathological findings, ...	2004	15765812
[rabies].		2004	15624476
antigenic and molecular characterization of rabies virus in argentina.	the nucleoprotein genes of 54 human, domestic and wild animals rabies isolates obtained in argentina between 1995 and 2002 were characterized using monoclonal antibodies and partial gene sequence analysis. the antigenic and genetic diversities of rabies virus in samples from bat and bat-related cases were studied, leading to the identification of five distinct genetic variants. rabies viruses isolated from vampire bat related cases were very similar to each other, showing 98.9% overall similarit ...	2004	15763144
development and evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for rapid diagnosis of rabies in humans and animals.	the presently advocated tests for rapid diagnosis of rabies such as fluorescent antibody test (fat) is expensive and requires expertise to carry out and interpret the results. in this study we have developed and evaluated a simple enzyme immuno-assay (eia) to detect rabies antigen in the brain specimens of animals and humans. we have also evaluated the utility of this test in ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies. the brain homogenates of suspected rabid animals (n=250), humans (n=16) and clinic ...	2004	16295401
immunogenicity study of glycoprotein-deficient rabies virus expressing simian/human immunodeficiency virus shiv89.6p envelope in a rhesus macaque.	rabies virus (rv) has recently been developed as a novel vaccine candidate for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). the rv glycoprotein (g) can be functionally replaced by hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein (env) if the gp160 cytoplasmic domain (cd) of hiv-1 env is replaced by that of rv g. here, we describe a pilot study of the in vivo replication and immunogenicity of an rv with a deletion of g (deltag) expressing a simian/human immunodeficiency virus shiv(89.6p) env ectodomain and transmembr ...	2004	15564456
a comparison of the tolerability of two dilution volumes (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml) of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, intraindividual, assessor-blind study.	the current recommendation of the manufacturer for administering purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) is to reconstitute the contents with 1.0 ml of water for injection (wfi). however, it has been debated whether a lower volume of wfi (0.5 ml) is likely to cause less pain.	2004	24936103
evaluation of a new five-injection, two-site,intradermal schedule for purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, open-label, active-controlled trial in healthy adult volunteers in india.	human rabies is an ongoing significant public health problem inmany developing countries, with india reporting the highest incidence of rabies-related deaths (∼20,000 per year). many people living in india cannot afford the standard im postexposure prophylaxis (pep) with cell-culture vaccines, which are administered using a 5-dose regimen developed in essen, germany. a potentially less expensive intradermal (id) regimen, based on the essen regimen, has been developed at the kempegowda institute ...	2005	24672132
exposure of free-ranging maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) to infectious and parasitic disease agents in the noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia.	maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) are neotropic mammals, listed as a cites appendix ii species, with a distribution south of the amazon forest from bolivia, through northern argentina and paraguay and into eastern brazil and northern uruguay. primary threats to the survival of free-ranging maned wolves include habitat loss, road kills, and shooting by farmers. an additional threat to the conservation of maned wolves is the risk of morbidity and mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseas ...	2005	17323558
comparative evaluation of commonly used laboratory tests for post-mortem diagnosis of rabies.	animal brain samples received at who collaborating centre laboratory at national institute of communicable diseases (nicd) during the years 1991-2002 were tested by seller's stain, fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse innoculation test (mit) as methods of rabies diagnosis. negri bodies on seller's staining could be detected in 52.5% of mit positive brains, the concordance of this test with mit was found to be 77.8%. fat was positive in 91.5% of mit positive brains, though it showed concorda ...	2005	16758661
assessing the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity of human rabies vaccines. results of a meta-analysis.	a meta-analysis was done to study the relationship between antigenecity and immunogenecity of human rabies vaccines. the data of ten cell culture human rabies vaccine studies conducted at a single centre during 1993-2004 were used in the study. the vaccines studied included purified chick embryo cell vaccine (kaketsuken, japan and rabipur, india), purified vero cell rabies vaccine (verorab, france), human diploid cell vaccine (mirv, france and rabivax, adsorbed and lyophilized, india) and rhesus ...	2005	17033270
characterization of m gene-deficient rabies virus with advantages of effective immunization and safety as a vaccine strain.	matrix (m) protein of rabies virus is known to play an important role in assembly and budding of the progeny virus. we generated an m gene-deficient rabies virus, rc-hldeltam, using a reverse genetics system of rabies virus rc-hl strain to develop a novel type of vaccine. rc-hldeltam infection was confined within a single cell in mouse neuroblastoma cells. this deficient virus failed to generate the progeny virus in the cells. in contrast, rc-hldeltam propagated in bhk cells inductively expressi ...	2005	16301807
modulation of hla-g expression in human neural cells after neurotropic viral infections.	hla-g is a nonclassical human major histocompatibility complex class i molecule. it may promote tolerance, leading to acceptance of the semiallogeneic fetus and tumor immune escape. we show here that two viruses-herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), a neuronotropic virus inducing acute infection and neuron latency; and rabies virus (rabv), a neuronotropic virus triggering acute neuron infection-upregulate the neuronal expression of several hla-g isoforms, including hla-g1 and hla-g5, the two main ...	2005	16306594
overexpression of tumor necrosis factor alpha by a recombinant rabies virus attenuates replication in neurons and prevents lethal infection in mice.	the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) on rabies virus (rv) infection of the mouse central nervous system (cns) was studied, using recombinant rv engineered to express either soluble tnf-alpha [spbn-tnf-alpha+] or insoluble membrane-bound tnf-alpha [spbn-tnf-alpha(mem)]. growth curves derived from infections of mouse neuroblastoma na cells revealed significantly less spread and production of spbn-tnf-alpha+ than of spbn-tnf-alpha(mem) or spbn-tnf-alpha-, which carries an inactivat ...	2005	16306612
survey of wildlife rehabilitators regarding rabies vector species.	to evaluate the risks associated with wildlife rehabilitation and the reemergence of wildlife rabies in north carolina through assessment of the status of knowledge and attitudes of licensed in-state wildlife rehabilitators about rabies and rabies vector species (rvs).	2005	16313033
variable site-occupancy classification of n-linked glycosylation using artificial neural networks.	a novel neural-network-based model has been developed for the prediction of n-linked glycosylation characteristics related to glycosylation site-occupancy. intracellular oligosaccharide transfer to a polypeptide is known to be either robust or dependent upon culture conditions during pharmaceutical production. this glycan attachment is classified by the model as robust or variable and is based on an input of the polypeptide primary sequence around the site of glycosylation. the glycosylation mod ...	2005	16321048
glycoprotein-mediated induction of apoptosis limits the spread of attenuated rabies viruses in the central nervous system of mice.	induction of apoptosis by rabies virus (rv) has been reported to be associated with the expression of the glycoprotein (g), but inversely correlated with pathogenicity. to further delineate the association between the expression of the g and the induction of apoptosis, recombinant rvs with replacement of only the g gene were used to infect mice by the intracerebral route. recombinant viruses expressing the g from attenuated viruses expressed higher level of the g and induced more apoptosis in mi ...	2005	16338751
[epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].	rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ...	2005	16363690
[clinical feature of human rabies].	rabies is one of the most typical zoonosis that has been well known since ancient ages. although no rabies case has been reported since 1957 in japan, there are many areas where rabies is yet endemic or epidemic. usually men contract rabies through rabid animal bite. however, human-to-human transmission of rabies virus occurred through organ transplantations. rabies causes fatal encephalitis in animals and humans and effective methods to treat rabies patients have not yet been available. the onl ...	2005	16363691
prophylaxis against rabies in children exposed to bats.	rabies has become a disease of increasing concern. one reason is that bat variant rabies is a more common cause of human disease, with 1-2 deaths per year in the united states. bat bites are much more difficult to document than bites from larger animals. deaths from rabies encephalitis have remained undiagnosed until postmortem examination. prophylaxis includes a series of 5 vaccinations during 28 days. vaccine efficacy has been documented, even in young children.	2005	16371876
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.	during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...	2005	16379626
genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa.	molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ...	2005	16417429
mongoose rabies in southern africa: a re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology.	relative to the developed world, rabies has been poorly studied in the vast african continent. the southern african countries of zimbabwe and south africa, however, are known to sustain a great diversity of lyssaviruses, with large biological variations amongst genotype 1 (rabies viruses) at present more apparent here than elsewhere on the continent. one recognized biotype of rabies virus in the subcontinent appears to be specifically adapted to a variety of mongooses, belonging to the viverrina ...	2005	15763147
rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in malnourished children exposed to suspect rabid animals.	over half of the world's malnourished children live in asia where more than 90% of reported human rabies deaths occur. in order to determine the effect of malnutrition on the immune response to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep), 45 children with moderate to severe protein energy malnutrition (pem) who were exposed to potentially rabid animals were enrolled in a clinical trial. patients received purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. blood was drawn on ...	2005	15629352
molecular epidemiological analysis of bat rabies viruses in brazil.	a molecular epidemiological analysis was performed in 19 rabies viruses (rvs) isolated from haematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous bats, in sao paulo, brazil. the authors carried out rt-pcr for amplification of the rv nucleoprotein (n) gene, and determined 1,335 nucleotide sequences of n gene by direct sequencing method. phylogenetic analysis, which was based on the n gene of brazilian rv isolates identified presently and previously, revealed that rvs isolated from bats were genetically d ...	2005	16082111
validation of the inactivant binary ethylenimine for inactivating rabies virus for veterinary rabies vaccine production.	the rabies vaccine is produced by inactivation of rabies virus propagated on bhk21 cells. in the rabies inactivation process, bei is added at a final concentration of 1.6 mm to the viral harvest at 37 degrees c, followed by a second dose of bei at 24 h post-inactivation. inactivation was confirmed by the mice innocuity test and tissue culture amplification test as per b.p (vet) 2004. validation of test procedure is essential as per cgmp requirement. the dose of bei was validated by using lower a ...	2005	16084736
human rabies--florida, 2004.	rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system, usually contracted from the bite of an infected animal, and nearly always fatal without postexposure prophylaxis. in february 2004, a man aged 41 years died after a 4-day hospitalization in broward county, florida. a diagnosis of rabies was considered on the day before the patient's death; however, no antemortem samples were obtained for testing. in march 2004, postmortem samples of fixed brain material were sent to cdc, where laboratory ...	2005	16094285
stable trimerization of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein ectodomain is required for interaction with the p75ntr receptor.	native rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgvir) is a trimeric, membrane-anchored protein that has been shown to interact with the p75ntr neurotrophin receptor. in order to determine if the rvg trimeric oligomerization state is required for its binding with p75ntr, different soluble recombinant molecules containing the entire rvg ectodomain (rvgect) were expressed alone or fused at its c terminus to the trimerization domain of the bacteriophage t4 fibritin, termed 'foldon'. the oligomerization status o ...	2005	16099913
altering the tropism of lentiviral vectors through pseudotyping.	the host range of retroviral vectors including lentiviral vectors can be expanded or altered by a process known as pseudotyping. pseudotyped lentiviral vectors consist of vector particles bearing glycoproteins (gps) derived from other enveloped viruses. such particles possess the tropism of the virus from which the gp was derived. for example, to exploit the natural neural tropism of rabies virus, vectors designed to target the central nervous system have been pseudotyped using rabies virus-deri ...	2005	16101513
bat rabies--the achilles heel of a viral killer?		2005	16153999
viruses selectively upregulate toll-like receptors in the central nervous system.	the resting cns is an immunospecialized environment, devoid of most immune processes, although substantial inflammatory responses can be initiated. the innate immune mechanisms mediating recognition of cns infections are unknown. this study provides a comprehensive analysis of toll-like receptor (tlr) gene expression in the resting and virus-infected murine cns. tlr transcripts were expressed in the resting cns with strikingly high expression of tlr 3. extraneural infection with neuroinvasive se ...	2005	16157304
attenuated rabies virus activates, while pathogenic rabies virus evades, the host innate immune responses in the central nervous system.	rabies virus (rv) induces encephalomyelitis in humans and animals. however, the pathogenic mechanism of rabies is not fully understood. to investigate the host responses to rv infection, we examined and compared the pathology, particularly the inflammatory responses, and the gene expression profiles in the brains of mice infected with wild-type (wt) virus silver-haired bat rv (shbrv) or laboratory-adapted virus b2c, using a mouse genomic array (affymetrix). extensive inflammatory responses were ...	2005	16160183
calbindin distribution in cortical and subcortical brain structures of normal and rabies-infected mice.	rabies has been an enigmatic disease of the nervous system because microscopic findings in the brain tissue are not paralleled by the severity of the clinical illness. the calcium binding protein calbindin (cb) is a neuronal marker of great interest in neuroanatomy and neuropathology. cb-ir neurons in the striatum and cerebral cortex are gabaergic cells. in the present work cb-immunoreactivity was evaluated in brains of normal and rabies-infected mice. rabies infection caused loss of cb-immunost ...	2005	16162445
studying neurotrophin antiviral effect on rabies-infected dorsal root ganglia cultures.	neurotrophin (nt)-induced modulation of rabies virus adsorption, transcription, and replication were analyzed in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia cultures. different types of nerve growth factor and nt-3 treatment were tested before infection (pretreatment), during infection (transtreatment) and after withdrawing the viral inoculum (post-treatment). nt pretreatment for 4 days prior to infection produced a significant increase in the quantity of virus adsorbed into cultures and a concomitant incre ...	2005	16162483
the influence of homologous vs. heterologous challenge virus strains on the serological test results of rabies virus neutralizing assays.	the effect that the relatedness of the viral seed strain used to produce rabies vaccines has to the strain of challenge virus used to measure rabies virus neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was evaluated. serum samples from 173 subjects vaccinated with either purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv), produced from the pittman moore (pm) seed strain of rabies virus, or purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv), produced from the flury low egg passage (flury-lep) seed strain of rabi ...	2005	16168666
equine rabies immunoglobulin: a study on its clinical safety.	to confirm and assess the clinical safety of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) administered locally for postexposure prophylaxis against rabies since human rabies immunoglobulin is too expensive to be affordable by most patients, a study was carried out among 3723 patients who attended the antirabies clinic, department of community medicine, mkcg medical college hospital, an urban tertiary hospital between september 1, 2003 and march 31, 2004. they were advised erig, 1621 patients were of high ...	2005	16173435
evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003.	to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention efforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from 1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for gray foxes.	2005	16178403
development of rabies dna vaccine using a recombinant plasmid.	a recombinant plasmid ptarget.rabgp containing the glycoprotein (g) gene of rabies virus (rv) was constructed and produced for immunogenicity studies on mice and dogs. the mice immunized twice with 50 microg or 100 microg of ptarget.rabgp intramuscularly (i.m.), showed a serum antibody titer of 256 or 64, respectively 14 days post immunization (p.i.). when the vaccinated mice were challenged at 14 days p.i. with rv i.c., they were protected in 81.25% or 87.5%, respectively. a positive cell media ...	2005	16178518
rabies surveillance in the rural population of cluj county, romania.	the rabies virus causes an acute encephalomyelitis that progresses to coma and death within 10 days of the onset of the disease. taking into account the fatality of the disease and the absence of a specific treatment, preventive methods are of the outmost importance. the purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of the rural population from cluj county, romania, to rabies risk factors.	2005	16178673
detection of multiple strains of rabies virus rna using primers designed to target mexican vampire bat variants.	a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), that uses primers specifically designed to amplify a portion of the n gene of vampire bat strains of rabies that circulate in mexico, but also recognizing most of the rabies variants circulating in endemic areas, was established. this standardized pcr assay was able to detect viral rna in tenfold serial dilutions up to a 10(7) dilution using stock virus at an original titre of 10(7.5) ld50. the assay was highly specific for rabies virus ...	2005	16181515
value of immunohistochemistry for rapid ante mortem rabies diagnosis.		2005	16183320
transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients.	in 2004, four recipients of kidneys, a liver, and an arterial segment from a common organ donor died of encephalitis of an unknown cause.	2005	16184559
virus infection switches tlr-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon.	to study the capacity of human neurons to mount innate immunity responses to viral infections, we infected cells of a human postmitotic neuron-derivative cell line, nt2-n, with rabies virus (rabv) and herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1). changes in neuronal gene expression were analyzed by use of affymetrix microarrays. applying a twofold cutoff, rabv increased the transcription of 228 genes, and hsv-1 increased the transcription of 263 genes. the most striking difference between the two infections co ...	2005	16188991
rabies virus infection in a pet guinea pig and seven pet rabbits.	raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in new york state, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. to prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 ...	2005	16190592
the cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia.	the cerebral cortex is interconnected with two major subcortical structures: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. how and where cerebellar circuits interact with basal ganglia circuits has been a longstanding question. using transneuronal transport of rabies virus in macaques, we found that a disynaptic pathway links an output stage of cerebellar processing, the dentate nucleus, with an input stage of basal ganglia processing, the striatum.	2005	16205719
antigenic and genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from domestic and wild animals of brazil identifies the hoary fox as a rabies reservoir.	fifty brazilian rabies viruses, collected from many different animal species and several regions of the country, were characterized by partial sequencing of the central, variable region of the p gene, a locus useful for sensitive molecular epidemiological studies. phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, which included comparison with other rabies strains recovered from throughout the americas, identified three main groups of brazilian viruses, arbitrarily designated brl-1 to brl-3. brl-1 was fou ...	2005	16227239
downstream processing of viral vectors and vaccines.	viral vectors and viral vaccines more and more play an important role in current medical approaches. gene vectors like adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses or retroviruses are the vehicles being developed for delivering genetic material to the target cell in gene therapy. viral vaccines, like attenuated or inactivated rabies virus, influenza virus or hepatitis virus vaccines, are powerful tools to limit the number of serious viral infections and pandemics. higher safety demands, that is, reduc ...	2005	16231042
[bat lyssavirus in thailand].	a study of bat lyssavirus survey was done in thailand from 2001 to 2003. a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured in 8 provinces for blood collection and testing for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (rabv), australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) and broader panel of other lyssaviruses (irkut, aravan and khujand). all thai bat samples were negative to rabv sixteen samples of 394 with sufficient volume of serum had detectable neutralizing antibodies against irkut, aravan, khujand and ...	2005	16241035
reducing the risk of rabies.		2005	16252398
a single amino acid change in rabies virus glycoprotein increases virus spread and enhances virus pathogenicity.	several rabies virus (rv) vaccine strains containing an aspartic acid (asp) or glutamic acid (glu) instead of an arginine (arg) at position 333 of the rv glycoprotein (g) are apathogenic for immunocompetent mice even after intracranial inoculation. however, we previously showed that the nonpathogenic phenotype of the highly attenuated rv strain spbnga, which contains a glu at position 333 of g, is unstable when this virus is passaged in newborn mice. while the glu(333) remained unchanged after f ...	2005	16254349
rabies virus p protein interacts with stat1 and inhibits interferon signal transduction pathways.	rabies virus p protein is a cofactor of rna polymerase. we investigated other potential roles of p (cvs strain) by searching for cellular partners using two-hybrid screening. we isolated a cdna encoding the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) that is a critical component of interferon type i (ifn-alpha/beta) and type ii (ifn-gamma) signaling. we confirmed this interaction by glutathione s-transferase-pull-down assay. deletion mutant analysis indicated that the carboxy-term ...	2005	16254375
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania.	the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ...	2005	16287684
mechanisms of escape phenomenon of spinal cord and brainstem in human rabies.	rabies virus preferentially involves brainstem, thalamus and spinal cord in human furious and paralytic rabies beginning in the early stage of illness. nevertheless, rabies patient remains alert until the pre-terminal phase. weakness of extremities develops only when furious rabies patient becomes comatose; whereas peripheral nerve dysfunction is responsible for weakness in paralytic rabies.	2005	16288653
[topical problems of rabies: natural foci, the methods of study and control in central russia].	this analytical review is dealing with the origin and evolution of modern rabies as well as hypotheses concerning the natural foci of rabies infection, the formation of the central european nosological area of rabies and its eastward shift due to the systematic oral vaccination of the main hosts. the epizootological problems connected with the character of the natural foci of rabies, as well as the methods and prospects of the vaccination of foxes on the territory of central russia, are discusse ...	2005	15773412
[molecular genetic characterization of rabies virus, isolated in western siberia].	the paper covers a study of four rabies viruses, isolated in 2003 from man, wild foxes, badgers and home cats inhabiting entirely different districts of novosibirsk suburb, and a sample taken from a bat from maslaninsky district. the samples were studied by fluorescent antibody microscopy and a biological test on white mice, rt-pcr-analysis of np-genes and sequencing. the study revealed that related variants of rabies viruses circulated in novosibirsk region, and those formed two groups in genot ...	2005	15776964
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the rabies virus p protein requires a nuclear localization signal and a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal.	rabies virus p protein is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase. it has been shown previously that p mrna directs the synthesis of four n-terminally truncated p products p2, p3, p4, and p5 due to translational initiation by a leaky scanning mechanism at internal met codons. whereas p and p2 are located in the cytoplasm, p3, p4, and p5 are found in the nucleus. here, we have analyzed the molecular basis of the subcellular localization of these proteins. using deletion mutants fused to gfp prote ...	2005	15780878
transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients.	in 2004, four recipients of kidneys, a liver, and an arterial segment from a common organ donor died of encephalitis of an unknown cause.	2005	15784663
incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets.	to determine incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets.	2005	15786992
archival study of a finnish isolate from the 1988/89 rabies outbreak.	an archival brain sample from an infected dog taken during the 1988/89 rabies outbreak in finland was investigated to confirm that it was infected with classical rabies virus (genotype 1). the first 400 base pairs of the virus nucleoprotein gene were then sequenced and used to undertake a phylogenetic comparison between this isolate and a panel of rabies virus sequences from the baltic region. the finnish dog isolate was identical to a virus isolated from a raccoon-dog also recorded during the 1 ...	2005	15789260
modulation of the immune response in the nervous system by rabies virus.	rabies virus (rabv) is a pathogen well-adapted to the nervous system, where it infects neurons. rabv is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. it enters the nervous system via a motor neuron through the neuromuscular junction, or via a sensory nerve through nerve spindles. it then travels from one neuron to the next, along the spinal cord to the brain and the salivary glands. the virions are then excreted in the saliva of the animal and can be transmitted to another host by bite. thus pr ...	2005	15791959
[tragic cases of rabies via transplantation: how great is risk of infection for the organ recipient? (interview by dr. thomas meissner)].		2005	15794347
novel rabies virus-neutralizing epitope recognized by human monoclonal antibody: fine mapping and escape mutant analysis.	anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin combined with rabies vaccine protects humans from lethal rabies infections. for cost and safety reasons, replacement of the human or equine polyclonal immunoglobulin is advocated, and the use of rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) is recommended. we produced two previously described potent rabies virus-neutralizing human mabs, cr57 and crjb, in human per.c6 cells. the two mabs competed for binding to rabies virus glycoprotein. using cr57 and a set ...	2005	15795253
the application of reverse genetics technology in the study of rabies virus (rv) pathogenesis and for the development of novel rv vaccines.	rabies is a central nervous system (cns) disease that is almost invariably fatal. neurotropism, neuroinvasiveness, and transsynaptic spread are the main features that determine the pathogenesis of rabies. recent advances in rabies virus (rv) research, which made direct genetic manipulations of the rv genome possible, greatly improved the understanding of the role of different viral and host cell factors in the pathogenesis of rabies. here the authors discuss molecular mechanisms associated with ...	2005	15804964
rabies virus receptors.	there is convincing in vitro evidence that the muscular form of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (ncam), and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) bind rabies virus and/or facilitate rabies virus entry into cells. other components of the cell membrane, such as gangliosides, may also participate in the entry of rabies virus. however, little is known of the role of these molecules in vivo. this review proposes a speculative model that accounts for ...	2005	15804965
the role of immune responses in the pathogenesis of rabies.	in the absence of treatment, infection with a variety of rabies virus strains most often results in a lethal outcome. this can be averted by prompt immunization following exposure demonstrating that the development of anti-rabies viral immunity prior to extensive infection of neurons is protective. otherwise it might be expected that immune clearance of the virus would result in neurological sequelae. thus, the capacity of a rabies virus to induce a protective immune response is a major, negativ ...	2005	15804966
pathophysiology of human paralytic rabies.	furious rabies is a well-recognized clinical disorder in humans but the paralytic form is not as easily identified. the mechanisms responsible for the weakness and longer survival periods are not clear. several hypotheses have been proposed, including rabies virus variants associated with a particular vector, location of wounds, incubation period, influence of prior rabies vaccination, and virus localization in the central nervous system (cns). however, none of these have been substantiated. reg ...	2005	15804967
neuronal dysfunction and death in rabies virus infection.	because morphologic changes in natural rabies are usually relatively mild, it is thought that the severe clinical disease with a fatal outcome must be due to neuronal dysfunction of rabies virus-infected neurons. the precise bases of this functional impairment are unknown, and current knowledge on electro-physiological alterations, effects on ion channels and neurotransmission, and neurotoxicity are reviewed. rabies virus may induce neuronal death, possibly through apoptotic mechanisms. neuronal ...	2005	15804968
production of rabies neutralizing antibody in hen's eggs using a part of the g protein expressed in escherichia coli.	in an attempt to produce anti-rabies immunoglobulin affordable for people living in developing countries, we have immunized layer chickens with a part of the g protein of rabies virus expressed in escherichia coli. immunoglobulin (igy) was purified from the yolks of eggs layed by immunized hens. it was revealed in vitro that the antibody specifically bound to virions as well as cells infected with rabies virus. moreover, the antibody apparently neutralized rabies virus infectivity. inoculation o ...	2005	15811649
persistence of elevated rabies prevention costs following post-epizootic declines in rates of rabies among raccoons (procyon lotor).	determining the benefits to cost relationships among different approaches to rabies control and prevention has been hindered by the inherent temporal variability in the dynamics of disease among wildlife reservoir hosts and a tangible and objective measure of the cost of rabies prevention. a major and unavoidable component of rabies prevention programs involves diagnostic testing of animals and the subsequent initiation of appropriate public health responses. the unit cost per negative and posit ...	2005	15820116
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15829548
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates in korea.	in investigation of the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses in korea, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein (n) gene were determined in four korean rabies virus strains obtained from dogs and raccoons, and were compared with published sequences for non-korean rabies viruses. three korean rabies virus isolates had identical nucleotide sequences, and the fourth differed at only one nucleotide position. the korean virus isolates had 84.5-92.0% nucleotide sequenc ...	2005	15830152
a single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) s protein results in the production of high levels of sars-cov-neutralizing antibodies.	foreign viral proteins expressed by rabies virus (rv) have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized animals. in addition, highly attenuated and, therefore, very safe rv-based vectors have been constructed. here, an rv-based vaccine vehicle was utilized as a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). for this approach, the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein (n) or envelope spike protein (s) genes were cloned between the rv glyc ...	2005	15831955
evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to north american bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene.	throughout north america, rabies virus (rv) is endemic in bats. distinct rv variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. using bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of nine distinct bat rv variants from north america. substitution rates ranged from 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.38 x 10(-3) ...	2005	15831959
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15832455
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15832456
construction of human fab library and isolation of monoclonal fabs with rabies virus-neutralizing ability.	a combinatorial human fab library was constructed using rnas from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 6 rabies vaccine-boosted volunteers using pcomb3x phagemid vector. the size of the constructed library was approximately 7.0 x 10(7) escherichia coli transformants. the library was selected against purified rabies virus (rv) virion or purified rv glycoprotein for isolation of phages displaying rvneutralizing human fab antibody. among 132 selected clones, two fab preparations revealed neutralizing ac ...	2005	15840956
unifying the spatial population dynamics and molecular evolution of epidemic rabies virus.	infectious disease emergence is under the simultaneous influence of both genetic and ecological factors. yet, we lack a general framework for linking ecological dynamics of infectious disease with underlying molecular and evolutionary change. as a model, we illustrate the linkage between ecological and evolutionary dynamics in rabies virus during its epidemic expansion into eastern and southern ontario. we characterized the phylogeographic relationships among 83 isolates of fox rabies virus vari ...	2005	16103358
bilateral neuro-retinitis following chick embryo cell anti-rabies vaccination--a case report.	the optic nerve is rarely involved after sheep brain anti-rabies vaccination in the form of retrobulbar neuritis or papillitis. bilateral neuroretinitis after chick embryo cell antirabies vaccination has not been reported.	2005	16105182