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germline mutation in braf codon 600 is compatible with human development: de novo p.v600g mutation identified in a patient with cfc syndrome.braf, the protein product of braf, is a serine/threonine protein kinase and one of the direct downstream effectors of ras. somatic mutations in braf occur in numerous human cancers, whereas germline braf mutations cause cardio-facio-cutaneous (cfc) syndrome. one recurrent somatic mutation, p.v600e, is frequently found in several tumor types, such as melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. however, a germline mutation affecting codon 600 has never been described. ...201120735442
response of thawed epididymal red deer spermatozoa to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and importance of individual male variability.oxidative stress represents a challenge during sperm manipulation. we have tested the effect of increasing hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) levels on red deer spermatozoa after cryopreservation, and the role of male-to-male variation in that response. in a first experiment, eight thawed samples were submitted to 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μm h(2)o(2) for 2 h at 37 °c. intracellular reactive oxygen species (h(2)dcfda-cm) increased with h(2)o(2) concentration, but we only detected a decrease in sperm func ...201120678089
ac3-33, a novel secretory protein, inhibits elk1 transcriptional activity via erk pathway.the transcription factor ap-1 plays an important role in cellular proliferation, transformation and death. in this study, we report a novel human gene, ac3-33 (genbank name: c3orf33, flj31139), which encodes a secretory protein that can inhibit elk1 transcriptional activity via erk1/2 pathway. the ac3-33 mrna encodes a protein of 251 amino acids, which is a classical secretory protein. functional investigation reveals that overexpression of ac3-33 significantly inhibit ap-1 activity and dna-bind ...201120680465
a two-years' survey on the prevalence of tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium caprae in red deer (cervus elaphus) in the tyrol, austria.a survey of 143 hunter-harvested red deer for tuberculosis was conducted in an alpine area in western austria over two subsequent years. there, single tuberculosis cases caused by mycobacterium caprae had been detected in cattle and red deer over the preceding decade. the area under investigation covered approximately 500 km(2), divided into five different hunting plots. lymph nodes of red deer were examined grossly and microscopically for typical tuberculosis-like lesions and additionally by mi ...201223762580
a bayesian approach to study the risk variables for tuberculosis occurrence in domestic and wild ungulates in south central spain.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by mycobacterium bovis. although eradication is a priority for the european authorities, btb remains active or even increasing in many countries, causing significant economic losses. the integral consideration of epidemiological factors is crucial to more cost-effectively allocate control measures. the aim of this study was to identify the nature and extent of the association between tb distribution and a list of potential r ...201222931852
prevalence of neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from north-west europe.neoehrlichia mikurensis s an emerging and vector-borne zoonosis: the first human disease cases were reported in 2010. limited information is available about the prevalence and distribution of neoehrlichia mikurensis in europe, its natural life cycle and reservoir hosts. an ehrlichia-like schotti variant has been described in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, which could be identical to neoehrlichia mikurensis.201222515314
seroprevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterium bovis in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain, 2006-2010.the control of bovine tuberculosis (btb) is at a critical point in the last stage of eradication in livestock. wildlife species recently have emerged infected with tb in europe, particularly ungulates in the iberian peninsula. epidemiological information regarding tb in wild ungulates including affected species, prevalence, associated risk factors and appropriate diagnostic methods need to be obtained in these countries. a cross-sectional study was carried out on wild artiodactyl species, includ ...201222523563
assessment of the genetic relationship between dictyocaulus species from bos taurus and cervus elaphus using complete mitochondrial genomic datasets.dictyocaulus species are strongylid nematodes of major veterinary significance in ruminants, such as cattle and cervids, and cause serious bronchitis or pneumonia (dictyocaulosis or "husk"). there has been ongoing controversy surrounding the validity of some dictyocaulus species and their host specificity. here, we sequenced and characterized the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of dictyocaulus viviparus (from bos taurus) with dictyocaulus sp. cf. eckerti from red deer (cervus elaphus), used mt datase ...201223110936
reconstructing the history of a fragmented and heavily exploited red deer population using ancient and contemporary dna.red deer (cervus elaphus) have been an important human resource for millennia, experiencing intensive human influence through habitat alterations, hunting and translocation of animals. in this study we investigate a time series of ancient and contemporary dna from norwegian red deer spanning about 7,000 years. our main aim was to investigate how increasing agricultural land use, hunting pressure and possibly human mediated translocation of animals have affected the genetic diversity on a long-te ...201223009643
Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer.Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are hosts for different tick species and tick-borne pathogens and play a role in tick dispersal and maintenance in some regions. These factors stress the importance of controlling tick infestations in deer and several methods such as culling and acaricide treatment have been used. Tick vaccines are a cost-effective alternative for tick control that reduced cattle tick infestations and tick-borne pathogens prevalence while r ...201222079077
Morphogenetic aspects of deer antler development.Deer antlers are unique mammalian appendages that have potential for application as a valuable model for biomedical research, such as organ regeneration, bone development and growth control. In this review we described the morphogenetic aspects of antler development, by summarizing relevant information accumulated over the course of our antler research in combine with other published papers. Antler development consists of two distinct phenomena: generation and regeneration. Generation starts wit ...201222202000
growth response and shedding of leptospira spp. in urine following vaccination for leptospirosis in young farmed deer.abstract201222175424
evidence for distinct chronic wasting disease (cwd) strains in experimental cwd in ferrets.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an evolving prion disease of cervids (deer, elk and moose) that has been recognized in north america and korea. infection of non-cervid reservoir or transport species in nature is not reported. however, the ferret (mustela putorius furo) is susceptible to cwd after experimental inoculation. here, we report that infection of ferrets with either of two ferret cwd isolates by various routes of exposure has revealed biologically distinct strain-like properties distin ...201221918005
Alpha and gamma herpesvirus detection in two herds of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand.Abstract201222175434
the ratio of growth differentiation factor 9: bone morphogenetic protein 15 mrna expression is tightly co-regulated and differs between species over a wide range of ovulation rates.recent evidence suggests that the species-specific ovulation-rate phenotypes may be influenced by differences in the expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (bmp15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (gdf9) mrna and protein. the aim of this study was to compare gdf9 and bmp15 mrna levels in individual denuded oocytes (do) from a range of single (i.e. cow, red deer), single-to-triple (i.e. sheep) and high (i.e. pig, mouse, rat) ovulation-rate species. compared to all other species stu ...201221970812
Novel regulatory mechanism and functional implication of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in CpG-ODN-stimulated macrophages.Macrophages are activated by recognizing bacterial DNA and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) through Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been shown to be an important factor in inflammation-induced macrophage migration which is essential for defense functions. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the molecular mechanism associated with the regulation of PAI-1 expression and its biological significance in CpG-ODN-stimulated mouse macrophages. Our res ...201222078208
modelling transmission of bovine tuberculosis in red deer and wild boar in normandy, france.in early 2001, mycobacterium bovis infection was confirmed in red deer (rd) (cervus elaphus) shot in normandy region, france. an epidemiological survey conducted during the following hunting season in two connected forests confirmed the occurrence of the disease in both free-ranging rd and wild boar (wb) (sus scrofa). this was the first detected bovine tuberculosis outbreak in wildlife in france. we present a simple deterministic age-structured model of the within- and between-species m. bovis t ...201222958262
first detection of echinococcus granulosus g1 and g7 in wild boars (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in romania using pcr and pcr-rflp techniques.the epidemiological status of ce in our country places romania into the top of the european countries and among the first countries worldwide. two hundred ninety wild animals (267 wild boars, 21 red deer and 2 mouflons) hunted in a private ground from bihor county from western romania were the subject of the necropsy in january 2012.out of 290 wild animals, 35 were positive during necropsy for hydatic cysts and from these, 33 wild boars and 2 red deer had hydatic cystsonly in the liver parenchym ...201223332123
giardia prevalence in wild cervids in poland.a total of 181 faecal samples were collected from wild cervids in two regions of poland. specimens were taken from 65 fallow deer (dama dama), 61 red deer (cervus elaphus), 50 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and five moose (alces alces). giardia cysts were detected in one faecal specimen from the red deer and in two samples from the roe deer. although this study has demonstrated that giardia infection is remarkably rare in wild cervids, it should be emphasized that there are large populations of ...201223914615
"expression of protein kinase cαand the mzf-1 and elk-1 transcription factors in human breast cancer cells"."recently, our research into hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) has shown that the transcription factors myeloid zinc finger-1 (mzf-1) and ets-like-protein 1 are related to protein kinase c alpha (pkcα) expression. the purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of the expression of pkcαwith the expressions of elk-1 and mzf-1 in various differentiated breast cancer cell lines: mda- mb-231, hs57bt, skbr3, mda-mb-468 and mcf-7. the malignant potential in the five lines of breast cancer cell ...201222242952
structure of the carboxy-terminal region of a kcnh channel.the kcnh family of ion channels, comprising ether-à-go-go (eag), eag-related gene (erg), and eag-like (elk) k(+)-channel subfamilies, is crucial for repolarization of the cardiac action potential, regulation of neuronal excitability and proliferation of tumour cells. the carboxy-terminal region of kcnh channels contains a cyclic-nucleotide-binding homology domain (cnbhd) and c-linker that couples the cnbhd to the pore. the c-linker/cnbhd is essential for proper function and trafficking of ion ch ...201222230959
vocal anatomy, tongue protrusion behaviour and the acoustics of rutting roars in free-ranging iberian red deer stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus).roaring in rutting iberian red deer stags cervus elaphus hispanicus is unusual compared to other subspecies of red deer, which radiated from the iberian refugium after the last glacial maximum. in all red deer stags, the larynx occupies a permanent low mid-neck resting position and is momentarily retracted almost down to the rostral end of the sternum during the production of rutting calls. simultaneous with the retraction of the larynx, male iberian red deer pronouncedly protrude the tongue dur ...201222257361
borrelia burgdorferi serosurvey in wild deer in england and wales.lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the united kingdom and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. however, limited information is available on its epidemiology and dynamics in the u.k. a survey in wild deer to investigate the presence of antibodies reactive to borrellia burgdorferi was conducted to obtain initial information on the distribution pattern of the spirochete in england and wales. samples from roe deer (n=604) and red deer (n=80) were collected in eight ...201222448654
bovine viral diarrhea virus in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland: low prevalence of infection despite regular interactions with domestic livestock. 201223107231
evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in game animals from slovenia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen responsible for granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammalian hosts including humans. wild animals may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of infection with a. phagocytophilum among wildlife in slovenia. serum samples (n = 376) from the most important game species [red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa), chamois (rupicapra ...201223160026
bluetongue virus serotype 1 in wild ruminants, france, 2008-10.the persistence of bluetongue virus serotype 1 (btv-1) circulation was evaluated in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), mouflons (ovis ammon), and pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) sampled during two hunting seasons between september 2008 and february 2010 in the east pyrenean mountains, france. the prevalence of btv antibody in red deer was high and not significantly different between the two hunting seasons (50.9% and 49.6%, respectively). the prevalence o ...201223060507
global gene expression analysis in skin biopsies of european red deer experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8.bluetongue virus (btv) is a double-stranded rna virus transmitted by blood-feeding biting midges of the genus culicoides to wild and domestic ruminants, causing high morbidity and variable mortality. the aim of this study was to characterize differential gene expression in skin biopsies of red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds experimentally infected with btv serotypes 1 and 8. skin biopsies were collected from btv-1 and btv-8 experimentally infected and control hinds at 14 and 98 days post-infection ...201222835526
putative risk factors for infections with toggenburg orbivirus in goat herds in southern switzerland (canton of ticino).toggenburg orbivirus (tov), only detected in goats, has been described as a member of the bluetongue virus (btv) serogroup. the transmission pathway of the virus seems different from other bluetongue viruses (btvs). the objective of this study was to explore risk factors, especially the influence of alpine pasture and the presence of other livestock species, for the presence of tov infected goats on farms. between february 2008 and september 2009, blood samples were collected and analyzed for to ...201222739059
evidence for btv-4 circulation in free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in cabañeros national park, spain.bluetongue (bt) is an infectious disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (btv). btv-4 spread through southern spain from 2004 to 2006, whereas a btv-1 outbreak that started in southern spain in 2007 is still ongoing. vaccination and movement restriction regulations are applied to domestic ruminants to control bt, but the potential reservoir role of wild european ungulates has not been clarified so far. the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of btv in the ...201222525011
pathology of brucella ovis infection in red deer stags (cervus elaphus).to describe the pathology of the reproductive tract of red deer stags with active brucella ovis infection and in stags in which b. ovis infection had resolved.201222352933
chlamydiosis: seroepidemiologic survey in a red deer (cervus elaphus) population in italy.chlamydiae are obligate, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for important diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds. studies have shown that chlamydiae could be present in wild ruminants, but the serodiagnostic method most commonly used did not allow identification of chlamydial species. we determined the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pecorum, chlamydia suis, chlamydia abortus, and chlamydia psittaci in 271 red deer (cervus elaphus) of a central italian populat ...201222493128
deer as a potential wildlife reservoir for parachlamydia species.wildlife populations represent an important reservoir for emerging pathogens and trans-boundary livestock diseases. however, detailed information relating to the occurrence of endemic pathogens such as those of the order chlamydiales in such populations is lacking. during the hunting season of 2008, 863 samples (including blood, conjunctival swabs, internal organs and faeces) were collected in the eastern swiss alps from 99 free-living red deer (cervus elaphus) and 64 free-living roe deer (capre ...201222460045
detection of prpcwd in feces from naturally exposed rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using protein misfolding cyclic amplification.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids. currently, tests for cwd in live animals involve relatively invasive procedures to collect lymphoid tissue biopsies and examine them for cwd-associated, protease-resistant cervid prion protein (prp(cwd)) detected by immunohistochemistry (ihc). we adapted an ultrasensitive prion detection system, protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca), to detect prp(cwd) in rocky mountain ...201222493117
detection of antibodies in wild ruminants to evaluate exposure to liver trematodes.wild ruminants sharing pastures with domestic livestock are at risk of infection by liver trematodes. detection of antibodies provides a very useful tool to gain more knowledge about the distribution of these parasites. non-lethal methods are strongly encouraged for the analysis of the risk of infection among wild ruminants. a seroepidemiological survey was conducted to analyze exposure to hepatic trematodes ( fasciola hepatica and dicrocoelium dendriticum ) in wild ruminants from southern spain ...201222414166
multilocus genotyping of giardia duodenalis isolates from red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from poland.a total of 181 faecal samples were collected from wild cervids in two regions of poland. giardia cysts were detected in one faecal specimen from red deer and in two samples from roe deer. fragments of the beta-giardin (bg) triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes were successfully amplified from the giardia isolate obtained from red deer, whereas only amplicons of bg and gdh were obtained from giardia isolates derived from two roe deer. the result of genotyping an ...201223136805
development and application of a delayed-release anthelmintic intra-ruminal bolus system for experimental manipulation of nematode worm burdens.in order to quantify the impact of parasites on host population dynamics, experimental manipulations that perturb the parasite-host relationship are needed but, logistically, this is difficult for wild hosts. here, we describe the use of a delayed-release anthelmintic delivery system that can be administered when the hosts can be captured and its activity delayed until a more appropriate period in the host-parasite cycle. our model system is svalbard reindeer infected with a nematode parasite, m ...201222417532
detection and characterization of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in game meat and ready-to-eat meat products.a total of 142 samples of game meat and ready-to-eat meat products from red deer and wild boar were analysed in order to assess the presence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). shiga-toxin encoding genes (stx genes) were detected by pcr in 36 (25.4%) of the samples and stec was isolated from 8 (5.6%) of the same samples. none of the samples tested positive for e. coli o157:h7. four different serotypes were found among the 8 stec isolates, with serotype o27:h30 being predominant (62 ...201223177058
discovery of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing escherichia coli among hunted deer, chamois and ibex.the aim of the present study was to assess for the first time the dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli in the wild animal ecosystem in switzerland. fecal samples of 84 red deer, 64 roe deer, 64 chamois, and 27 ibex were investigated. one sample from a roe deer tested positive for esbl-producing e. coli. the isolate harboured blactx-m-1 and tested negative for both blatem and blashv. based on these results low occurrence of esbl-producing enterobacte ...201223117989
shiga toxin subtypes associated with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains isolated from red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex.a total of 52 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains, isolated from fecal samples of six ibex, 12 chamois, 15 roe deer, and 19 red deer were further characterized by subtyping the stx genes, examining strains for the top nine serogroups and testing for the presence of eae and ehxa. eleven of the 52 strains belonged to one of the top nine stec o groups (o26, o45, o91, o103, o111, o113, o121, o145, and o157). eight stec strains were of serogroup o145, two strains of serogroup o113, ...201222891940
shedding of foodborne pathogens and microbial carcass contamination of hunted wild ruminants.to assess the shedding of selected bacterial foodborne pathogens, fecal samples from 239 hunted wild red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex were examined. all samples tested negative for salmonella spp. and l. monocytogenes, but other listeria species were occasionally found. of the 239 fecal samples, 32.6% tested positive for stx (shiga toxins), 6.7% for eae (intimin) and 13.8% for both stx and eae genes. among the 56 isolated shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains, 44.6% harbored ...201222503394
modelling transmission dynamics of paratuberculosis of red deer under pastoral farming conditions.this study aimed to develop a mathematical model describing the dynamics of paratuberculosis (ptb) in red deer (cervus elaphus) under pastoral farming conditions in new zealand. the model examined infectivity differences between ovine and bovine strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) and seasonality of map survival. we also evaluate variable use of pasture and the effect of management interventions on the infection prevalence and annual clinical incidence of ptb. a stat ...201222480407
longitudinal pathogenesis study of young red deer (cervus elaphus) after experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map).paratuberculosis progresses more quickly in young red deer than in sheep or cattle. this study describes the clinical, immunological and pathological changes over a 50-week period in fourteen 4-month-old red deer that received heavy oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). at 4 and 12 weeks post challenge they were anaesthetized and a section of jejunal lymph node was surgically removed for culture, histopathology, and genetic studies. all 14 deer became infected, n ...201222720193
surveillance for mycobacterium bovis transmission from domestic cattle to wild ruminants in a mexican wildlife-livestock interface area.to assess the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (wrs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (wlia) of the mexican highland plateau.201223013189
evaluation of serodiagnostic assays for mycobacterium bovis infection in elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in the united states.in 2011, the united states department of agriculture conducted a project in which elk (cervus elaphus spp.), white-tailed deer (wtd) (odocoileus virginianus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) were evaluated by the single cervical tuberculin test (sct), comparative cervical tuberculin test (cct), and serologic tests. the rapid antibody detection tests evaluated were the cervidtb stat-pak (stat-pak), and the dual path platform vettb (dpp). blood was collected from presumably uninfected animals pri ...201222792512
effects of culling eurasian wild boar on the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis and aujeszky's disease virus.worldwide, failure to eradicate a disease in livestock has sometimes been related to wildlife reservoirs of infection. we describe the effects of eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) abundance reduction through increased culling on the prevalence of two chronic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (tb) and aujeszky's disease (ad), in a region of south-central spain (scs). the two infections studied responded differently to an approximately 50% reduction of wild boar abundance. wild boar tb prevalence re ...201222743215
epizootic spread of schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, belgium, fall 2011.schmallenberg virus was detected in cattle and sheep in northwestern europe in 2011. to determine whether wild ruminants are also susceptible, we measured antibody seroprevalence in cervids (roe deer and red deer) in belgium in 2010 and 2011. findings indicated rapid spread among these deer since virus emergence ≈250 km away.201223171763
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the tyrolean iceman oetzi.the identification of fur origins from the 5300-year-old tyrolean iceman's accoutrement is not yet complete, although definite identification is essential for the socio-cultural context of his epoch. neither have all potential samples been identified so far, nor there has a consensus been reached on the species identified using the classical methods. archaeological hair often lacks analyzable hair scale patterns in microscopic analyses and polymer chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques are often ...201222777774
amino acid sequence of myoglobin from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).our objective was to determine the primary structure of white-tailed deer myoglobin (mb). white-tailed deer mb was isolated from cardiac muscles employing ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography. the amino acid sequence was determined by edman degradation. sequence analyses of intact mb as well as tryptic- and cyanogen bromide-peptides yielded the complete primary structure of white-tailed deer mb, which shared 100% similarity with red deer mb. white-tailed deer mb consi ...201222608832
elk migration patterns and human activity influence wolf habitat use in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.identifying the ecological dynamics underlying human-wildlife conflicts is important for the management and conservation of wildlife populations. in landscapes still occupied by large carnivores, many ungulate prey species migrate seasonally, yet little empirical research has explored the relationship between carnivore distribution and ungulate migration strategy. in this study, we evaluate the influence of elk (cervus elaphus) distribution and other landscape features on wolf (canis lupus) habi ...201223387126
seasonal patterns of predation for gray wolves in the multi-prey system of yellowstone national park.1. for large predators living in seasonal environments, patterns of predation are likely to vary among seasons because of related changes in prey vulnerability. variation in prey vulnerability underlies the influence of predators on prey populations and the response of predators to seasonal variation in rates of biomass acquisition. despite its importance, seasonal variation in predation is poorly understood. 2. we assessed seasonal variation in prey composition and kill rate for wolves canis lu ...201222260633
benefits for dominant red deer hinds under a competitive feeding system: food access behavior, diet and nutrient selection.social dominance is widely known to facilitate access to food resources in many animal species such as deer. however, research has paid little attention to dominance in ad libitum access to food because it was thought not to result in any benefit for dominant individuals. in this study we assessed if, even under ad libitum conditions, social rank may allow dominant hinds to consume the preferred components of food. forty-four red deer hinds (cervus elaphus) were allowed to consume ad libitum mea ...201222403707
the effect of human activities and their associated noise on ungulate behavior.the effect of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife is a relatively new area of study with broad ranging management implications. noise has been identified as a disturbance that has the potential to induce behavioral responses in animals similar to those associated with predation risk. this study investigated potential impacts of a variety of human activities and their associated noise on the behavior of elk (cervus elaphus) and pronghorn (antilocapra americana) along a transportation corr ...201222808175
browsed twig environmental dna: diagnostic pcr to identify ungulate species.ungulate browsing can have a strong effect on ecological processes by affecting plant community structure and composition, with cascading effects on nutrient cycling and animal communities. however, in the absence of direct observations of foraging, species-specific foraging behaviours are difficult to quantify. we therefore know relatively little about foraging competition and species-specific browsing patterns in systems with several browsers. however, during browsing, a small amount of saliva ...201222813481
[sacrocystis hjorti lesions in hunted red deer in switzerland].in meat samples from 2 hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) of different origins (region ilanz, region filisur) large-scale greenish tissue discolorations with a gelatinous change of fascia were observed and diagnosed as eosinophilic fasciitis. sarcocystis hjorti, a recently described sarcocystis species in red deer and moose in norway, was found as the causing agent. foxes are regarded as final hosts in the development cycle of this parasite. factors leading to such cases of eosinophilic fasciitis ...201223188766
do wild ungulates allow improved monitoring of flavivirus circulation in spain?as a response to the need for improved and cost-efficient west nile virus (wnv) and other flavivirus surveillance tools, we tested 887 juvenile free-living red deer, 742 free-living juvenile wild boar, and 327 farmed deer, to detect temporal variability in exposure to these viruses. thirty of 742 wild boar samples (4%; 95% ci 2.8,5.7) yielded a positive elisa result. antibody-positive individuals had been sampled between 2003 and 2011 in localities from central and southern spain. no wild boar f ...201222217171
reduced glutathione and trolox (vitamin e) as extender supplements in cryopreservation of red deer epididymal spermatozoa.the use of assisted reproductive techniques in cervids is increasing as the commercial use of these species increase. we have tested the suitability of the antioxidants trolox and reduced glutathione (gsh) for freezing red deer epididymal spermatozoa, aiming at improving post-thawing quality. samples from 19 stags were frozen in a tes-tris-fructose extender (20% egg yolk, 8% glycerol), with 1 or 5 mm of antioxidant. motility (casa), lipoperoxidation (malondialdehyde -mda- production), membrane s ...201223021747
mercury speciation analysis in terrestrial animal tissues.no previous analytical procedures are available and validated for mercury speciation analysis in terrestrial animal tissues. this analysis is a difficult task both because the expected concentrations are low, since important accumulation process are not likely to occur, and also because there are not commercially available certified reference material. thus, an analytical methodology has been developed and validated for mercury speciation for the specific case of terrestrial animal tissues. the ...201222967634
collaboration in natural resource governance: reconciling stakeholder expectations in deer management in scotland.the challenges of integrated, adaptive and ecosystem management are leading government agencies to adopt participatory modes of engagement. collaborative governance is a form of participation in which stakeholders co-produce goals and strategies and share responsibilities and resources. we assess the potential and challenges of collaborative governance as a mechanism to provide an integrated, ecosystem approach to natural resource management, using red deer in scotland as a case study. collabora ...201222898708
shared spatial effects on quantitative genetic parameters: accounting for spatial autocorrelation and home range overlap reduces estimates of heritability in wild red deer.social structure, limited dispersal, and spatial heterogeneity in resources are ubiquitous in wild vertebrate populations. as a result, relatives share environments as well as genes, and environmental and genetic sources of similarity between individuals are potentially confounded. quantitative genetic studies in the wild therefore typically account for easily captured shared environmental effects (e.g., parent, nest, or region). fine-scale spatial effects are likely to be just as important in w ...201222834741
quality, oxidative markers and dna damage (dna) fragmentation of red deer thawed spermatozoa after incubation at 37 °c in presence of several antioxidants.antioxidants may be useful for supplementing sperm extenders. we have tested dehydroascorbic acid (dha), tempol, n-acetyl-cysteine (nac) and rutin on epididymal spermatozoa from red deer, during incubation at 37 °c. cryopreserved spermatozoa were thawed, washed and incubated with 1 mm or 0.1 mm of each antioxidant, including oxidative stress (fe(2+)/ascorbate). motility (casa and clustering of subpopulations), viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and acrosomal status were assessed at 2 a ...201222818091
red deer antler extract accelerates hair growth by stimulating expression of insulin-like growth factor i in full-thickness wound healing rat model.in order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on hair growth in the full-thickness wound healing model, sprague-dawley rats were given incision wounds through the full thickness of their dorsal skin and deer antler was applied for 40 days. at specified intervals thereafter (4, 8, 16, 32 and 40 days), the animals were sacrificed and the wound site skins were excised, processed, and sectioned. at post-injury days 16, 32 and 40, longer and more active new hair appeared around ...201225049617
ontogenesis of the reticulum with special reference to neuroendocrine and glial cells: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.the present study was designed to compare the differences in the ontogenesis of the reticulum in sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and foetuses merino sheep and 50 iberian deer were used, from the first pre-natal life until birth. the appearance of the reticulum from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% gestation, 33 days) than in the deer (25% gestation, 66 days). in both cases, it displayed a primitive epithelium of a stratified, cyli ...201222432940
taking advantage of the use of supervised learning methods for characterization of sperm population structure related with freezability in the iberian red deer.using iberian red deer as a model, this study presents a supervised learning method, the support vector machines (svm), to characterize sperm population structure related with freezability. male freezability was assessed by evaluating motility, membrane status and mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm after a freezing-thawing procedure. the svm model was generated using sperm motility information captured by computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa) from thawed semen, belonging to six stags wi ...201222341709
the impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important species, the red deer of scotland.the red deer (cervus elaphus) is an iconic species in scotland and, due to its value as a game species, an important element of the scottish rural economy. the native status of this species is sometimes questioned because of many recorded introductions of nonnative deer in the past that were an attempt to improve trophy size. in this study, we assessed the impact of past introductions on the genetic makeup of scottish red deer by genotyping at 15 microsatellite loci a large number of samples (n ...201223091222
re-mating across years and intralineage polygyny are associated with greater than expected levels of inbreeding in wild red deer.the interaction between philopatry and nonrandom mating has important consequences for the genetic structure of populations, influencing co-ancestry within social groups but also inbreeding. here, using genetic paternity data, we describe mating patterns in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) which are associated with marked consequences for co-ancestry and inbreeding in the population. around a fifth of females mate with a male with whom they have mated previously, and further, femal ...201223039875
evaluation of remote delivery of passive integrated transponder (pit) technology to mark large mammals.methods to individually mark and identify free-ranging wildlife without trapping and handling would be useful for a variety of research and management purposes. the use of passive integrated transponder technology could be an efficient method for collecting data for mark-recapture analysis and other strategies for assessing characteristics about populations of various wildlife species. passive integrated transponder tags (pit) have unique numbered frequencies and have been used to successfully m ...201222984572
a migratory northern ungulate in the pursuit of spring: jumping or surfing the green wave?the forage-maturation hypothesis (fmh) states that herbivores migrate along a phenological gradient of plant development in order to maximize energy intake. despite strong support for the fmh, the actual relationship between plant phenology and ungulate movement has remained enigmatic. we linked plant phenology (modis-normalized difference vegetation index [ndvi] data) and space use of 167 migratory and 78 resident red deer (cervus elaphus), using a space-time-time matrix of "springness," define ...201222976006
distinguishing wild ruminant lipids by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.the carbon isotopic characterisation of ruminant lipids associated with ceramic vessels has been crucial for elucidating the origins and changing nature of pastoral economies. δ(13)c values of fatty acids extracted from potsherds are commonly compared with those from the dairy and carcass fats of modern domesticated animals to determine vessel use. however, the processing of wild ruminant products in pottery, such as deer, is rarely considered despite the presence of several different species on ...201222956328
human selection of elk behavioural traits in a landscape of fear.among agents of selection that shape phenotypic traits in animals, humans can cause more rapid changes than many natural factors. studies have focused on human selection of morphological traits, but little is known about human selection of behavioural traits. by monitoring elk (cervus elaphus) with satellite telemetry, we tested whether individuals harvested by hunters adopted less favourable behaviours than elk that survived the hunting season. among 45 2-year-old males, harvested elk showed bo ...201222951744
response of elk to habitat modification near natural gas development.elk (cervus elaphus) are known to shift habitat use in response to environmental modifications, including those associated with various forms of energy development. the specific behavioral responses underlying these trends, however, have not been effectively studied. to investigate such effects, we examined elk response to habitat alteration near natural gas wells in las animas county, colorado, usa in 2008-2010. we created 10 1-ha openings in forests adjacent to 10 operating natural gas wells b ...201222926238
cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in selected red deer (cervus elaphus l.) tissues from north-eastern croatia.concentrations of cadmium, lead and mercury were determined in muscle, liver and kidney tissue from three different age groups of red deer (young animals aged 6 or 7 months, middle-aged animals aged 3 to 5 years, old animals aged over 8 years) from the baranja region of croatia. median cadmium concentrations were low in the muscles of all investigated age groups (0.0002; 0.0009 and 0.0020 μg/g), higher in the liver (0.0279; 0.0656 and 0.1463 μg/g) and highest in the kidneys (0.4792; 2.8531 and 6 ...201222871008
nutritional evaluation of the lipid fraction of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) tenderloin.the meat lipid fraction of psoas major muscle from 20 adult (10 males and 10 females) feral iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) was characterized by quantification of total fat, total cholesterol, vitamin e and fatty acid (fa) composition, including detailed trans octadecenoate isomers and conjugated linoleic acid (cla) isomeric profile. the total lipid content revealed a very lean meat (0.99 g/100g of meat), with total cholesterol content averaging 55.6 mg/100g of muscle. the fa profil ...201222695295
comparative landscape genetic analyses show a belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (sus scrofa).while motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boars (sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the walloon part of belgium. altogether, 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. in the case ...201222607276
pre-orbital gland opening in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) during stressful handling.stressful manipulation by humans has been previously shown to result in opening the pre-orbital gland of the newborn red deer. we hypothesized that exposure of red deer to stressful handling would result in opening the pre-orbital gland. further, we tested the potential factors associated with pre-orbital opening, including season, sex, age and struggling behavior. pre-orbital gland status was observed in 76 red deer (48 males, 28 females) during 281 handling events with the animal isolated and ...201222585799
pre-orbital gland opening: part of sucking behavior in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves.opening of the pre-orbital gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) was previously found to be associated with feeding and negatively associated with achieving satiety in bottle-reared red deer calves. we speculated that this acted as a signal from a calf to the mother that it was hungry. thus, we focused on a possible association between the pre-orbital gland opening and the sucking behavior in red deer calves. we recorded 63 sucking attempts and 150 sucking bouts within a stable social group of 24 f ...201222585792
passive transfer of maternal gnrh antibodies does not affect reproductive development in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves.gonadotropin-releasing hormone is intermittently released from the hypothalamus in consistent patterns from before birth to final maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty. disruption of this signaling via gnrh vaccination during the neonatal period can alter reproduction at maturity. the objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of gnrh-antibody exposure on reproductive maturation and function in elk calves passively exposed to high concentrations o ...201222541328
severe ocular dysplasia in british red deer (cervus elaphus). 201222492801
sex-based differences in density-dependent sociality: an experiment with a gregarious ungulate.for animals living in natural or semi-natural settings, empirical data on how sociality changes in response to increasing population density are few, especially with respect to true conspecific density and not group size. however, insight into this line of research may be far-reaching--from understanding density dependence in sexual selection to improving models of disease transmission. using elk (cervus elaphus linnaeus) held in enclosures, we conducted sex-stratified experiments to test how th ...201222486100
coprolites as a source of information on the genome and diet of the cave hyena.we performed high-throughput sequencing of dna from fossilized faeces to evaluate this material as a source of information on the genome and diet of pleistocene carnivores. we analysed coprolites derived from the extinct cave hyena (crocuta crocuta spelaea), and sequenced 90 million dna fragments from two specimens. the dna reads enabled a reconstruction of the cave hyena mitochondrial genome with up to a 158-fold coverage. this genome, and those sequenced from extant spotted (crocuta crocuta) a ...201222456883
genetic analysis of life-history constraint and evolution in a wild ungulate population.trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory. in quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic traits. although the expression and selection of ecologically important phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. even for life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to re ...201222437186
spent mushroom substrate influences elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) hematological and serum biochemical parameters.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spent mushroom substrate (sms) derived from pleurotus eryngii on the hematological and biochemical blood properties of elk. a total of 18, two and three-year-old elk were fed three different levels of sms (0, 15 and 20%) in a corn-wheat bran diet for 80 days. the results indicated significantly high levels of blood monocytes, hemoglobin (hb), and hematocrit (hct) in elk fed 15% or 20% sms (p<0.05) compared to control animals. serum blood ...201225049569
deer (cervus elaphus) antler extract suppresses adhesion and migration of endometriotic cells and regulates mmp-2 and mmp-9 expression.deer antler has been used for centuries as medicine for a wide range of health problems, including various women's diseases. however, there is a safety concern related to its use in hormone-sensitive conditions, such as breast cancer and endometriosis. in the present study, we investigated the effect of deer (cervus elaphus) antler extract (dae) on adhesion and migration of human endometriotic cells.201222313625
mandibular osteomyelitis in red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama): occurrence and associated factors in free-living populations in southern spain.the prevalence of mandibular osteomyelitis, which results in a condition called lumpy jaw, and factors associated with its occurrence were investigated in syntopic free-living populations of red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in spain. the study material consisted of 3,586 mandibles from 2,548 red deer and 1,038 fallow deer shot during sport hunting, herd management culls, and programs for population control between 1988 and 1997 (period 1) and 2002 and 2009 (period ...201222247376
foci report on indigenous dermacentor reticulatus populations in belgium and a preliminary study of associated babesiosis pathogens.the occurrence of autochthonous clinical cases of canine and equine babesiosis in belgium during the last two decades suggests that the vector of the pathogens responsible for these diseases, dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: ixodidae), may be present in this country. consequently, evidence for the presence of this tick species in different locations within belgium was investigated. four different locations were monitored by flagging in 2010; these included the locations at which d. reticulatus ...201222211927
demodex acutipes bukva et preisler, 1988 (acari, demodecidae)--a rare parasite of red deer (cervus elaphus l.).two species of demodectic mites were described in the red deer cervus elaphus, including demodex kutzeri, which had also been found in other species of the cervidae family in austria, germany, czech republic, poland and north america. whereas the other species, d. acutipes, had been previously known from only one finding in the czech republic. the present research included skin samples taken in winter 2012 from thirty red deer in northern poland. demodex acutipes (prevalence 20%, mean intensity ...201223444799
effects of humans on behaviour of wildlife exceed those of natural predators in a landscape of fear.human disturbance can influence wildlife behaviour, which can have implications for wildlife populations. for example, wildlife may be more vigilant near human disturbance, resulting in decreased forage intake and reduced reproductive success. we measured the effects of human activities compared to predator and other environmental factors on the behaviour of elk (cervus elaphus linnaeus 1758) in a human-dominated landscape in alberta, canada.201223226330
elk herbivory alters small mammal assemblages in high-elevation drainages.heavy herbivory by ungulates can substantially alter habitat, but the indirect consequences of habitat modification for animal assemblages that rely on that habitat are not well studied. this is a particularly important topic given that climate change can alter plant-herbivore interactions. we explored short-term responses of small mammal communities to recent exclusion of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) in high-elevation riparian drainages in northern arizona, where elk impacts on vegetatio ...201323163813
validating methods for estimating endocranial volume in individual red deer (cervus elaphus).comparing brain sizes is a key method in comparative cognition and evolution. brain sizes are commonly validated by interspecific comparisons involving animals of varying size, which does not provide a realistic index of their accuracy for intraspecific comparisons. intraspecific validation of methods for measuring brain size should include animals of the same age and sex to ensure that individual differences can be detected in animals of similar size. in this study we compare three methods of m ...201323137587
the relationship between body-mass and puberty in young red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds: evidence of early-life effects on permissive live-weight thresholds.this study, based on the analysis of growth and reproductive records of 6158 young red deer hinds, tested the hypothesis that the nutritional environment in early life influences the permissive body mass threshold for puberty at around 16 months of age. live-weight at 3 months (i.e. weaning weight) was a proxy for their nutritional environment between birth and weaning, live-weight at 14 months was the indicator of pre-mating body mass, and pregnancy status at 18-19 months was a proxy for entry ...201324280634
the importance of observation versus process error in analyses of global ungulate populations.population abundance data vary widely in quality and are rarely accurate. the two main components of error in such data are observation and process error. we used bayesian state space models to estimate the observation and process error in time-series of 55 globally distributed populations of two species, cervus elaphus (elk/red deer) and rangifer tarandus (caribou/reindeer). we examined variation among populations and species in the magnitude of estimates of error components and density depende ...201324201239
do red deer stags (cervus elaphus) use roar fundamental frequency (f0) to assess rivals?it is well established that in humans, male voices are disproportionately lower pitched than female voices, and recent studies suggest that this dimorphism in fundamental frequency (f0) results from both intrasexual (male competition) and intersexual (female mate choice) selection for lower pitched voices in men. however, comparative investigations indicate that sexual dimorphism in f0 is not universal in terrestrial mammals. in the highly polygynous and sexually dimorphic scottish red deer cerv ...201324386312
sensitivity, specificity and level of agreement of meat inspector detection of abnormal lymph nodes of farmed deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand.to assess the sensitivity (se), specificity (sp) and level of agreement in the detection of abnormal deer mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) by official assessors (meat inspectors) for the purpose of slaughter premise surveillance for johne's disease in new zealand farmed deer.201323441889
inferring spatial memory and spatiotemporal scaling from gps data: comparing red deer cervus elaphus movements with simulation models.1. increased inference regarding underlying behavioural mechanisms of animal movement can be achieved by comparing gps data with statistical mechanical movement models such as random walk and lévy walk with known underlying behaviour and statistical properties. 2. gps data are typically collected with ≥ 1 h intervals not exactly tracking every mechanistic step along the movement path, so a statistical mechanical model approach rather than a mechanistic approach is appropriate. however, compariso ...201323351042
an improved high yield method to obtain microsatellite genotypes from red deer antlers up to 200 years old.analysis of dna from older samples, such as museum specimen, is a promising approach to studying genetics of populations and ecological processes across several generations. here, we present a method for extracting high quality nuclear dna for microsatellite analysis from antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus). the genotyping of individuals was based on nine microsatellite loci. because the amount of dna found in antlers was high, we could reduce the amount of sample and chemicals used and shorten ...201323347507
simulating retention of rare alleles in small populations to assess management options for species with different life histories.preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long-term population viability. allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life-history traits: north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long-lived), north island robins (petroica longipes; monogamous, short-lived), and ...201323330669
serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in oregon, usa.five cervid species in oregon, usa were tested with a serum neutralization assay for antibody to deerpox virus (dpv). none of the 50 elk (cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti and nelsonii) had detectable antibody. prevalence of antibody to dpv in the remaining species was: 52% (n=55) in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 32% (n= 59) in mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and 36% (n=50) in columbian white-tailed deer (o. virginianus leucurus), with an overall antibody prevalence of 40.2 ...201323307387
the lévy flight foraging hypothesis: forgetting about memory may lead to false verification of brownian motion.the lévy flight foraging hypothesis predicts a transition from scale-free lévy walk (lw) to scale-specific brownian motion (bm) as an animal moves from resource-poor towards resource-rich environment. however, the lw-bm continuum implies a premise of memory-less search, which contradicts the cognitive capacity of vertebrates.201325709823
chronic effects of lead (pb) on bone properties in red deer and wild boar: relationship with vitamins a and d3.here we study the occurrence of abnormalities on bone tissue composition and turnover mechanisms through the pb-mediated disruption of vitamins a and d in wild ungulates living in a lead (pb)-polluted mining area. red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from the mining area had significantly higher liver and bone pb levels than controls, which were associated with the depletion of liver retinyl esters and the corresponding increase of free retinol levels both in deer and boar from t ...201323262069
extranodal follicular lymphoma in the lung of a free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus).a hunted free-ranging female red deer (cervus elaphus) from a region near the nahuel huapi national park, northern patagonia, argentina, had a focally extensive peribronchial lymphoid proliferative lesion in the lung characterized by formation of multiple follicles, with prominent germinal centers lacking mantle zone cells and antigen-related polarity. on examination of immunohistochemically stained tissues, a predominance of b cells (cluster of differentiation [cd]20 positive) with only a few s ...201323242668
the occurrence of demodex kutzeri bukva, 1987 (acari, demodecidae) in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in poland.the occurrence of demodex kutzeri bukva, 1987 was examined and compared in red deer coming from different populations--25 red deer from northern poland (masurian lake district) and 25 from southern poland (lower silesia). the total prevalence of infestation in red deer by d. kutzeri was 52% with the mean intensity of 38 individuals and the intensity range of 1-135. parameters of infestation for red deer from northern poland were much higher (68%, 49), while for other red deer--lower (36%, 16). d ...201324171302
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