Publications

[staining improvement for trichomonas vaginalis specimen].	by changing/improving the preparation, ratio, concentration and ph value of the staining solution, the cultured specimen of trichomonas vaginalis was better observed. different parts of the parasite are clearly viewed, and the method is simple, prompt and effective for staining and preservation.	2007	17639712
findings associated with recurrence of bacterial vaginosis among adolescents attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics.	bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common infection and has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), and acquisition of hiv. there are limited data on recurrent bv in adolescents. a relationship between the frequency of bv recurrence and specific risk factors might shed light on the pathophysiology of bv and lead to targeted interventions.	2007	17673134
prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection is associated with altered vaginal flora and an increased susceptibility to multiple sexually transmitted infections.	prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection increases human immunodeficiency virus acquisition. we hypothesized that hsv-2 infection might also predispose individuals to acquire other common sexually transmitted infections (stis).	2007	18008255
systemic immune response to trichomonas vaginalis infection during pregnancy.	the objective of this study was to characterize the systemic immune response in women with trichomoniasis in pregnancy as compared with uninfected women.	2007	17028509
home-based self-sampling and self-testing for sexually transmitted infections: acceptable and feasible alternatives to provider-based screening in low-income women in são paulo, brazil.	the objective of this study was to determine whether home-based screening for sexually transmitted infections (stis) is acceptable, feasible, and increases the proportion of women screened among low-income women in são paulo, brazil.	2007	17091118
host immune consequences of asymptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy.	the purpose of this study was to define the impact of asymptomatic trichomoniasis on lower genital tract neutrophil activation in pregnancy.	2007	17240235
current therapeutics, their problems, and sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism as a novel target against infections by "amitochondriate" protozoan parasites.	the "amitochondriate" protozoan parasites of humans entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis, and trichomonas vaginalis share many biochemical features, e.g., energy and amino acid metabolism, a spectrum of drugs for their treatment, and the occurrence of drug resistance. these parasites possess metabolic pathways that are divergent from those of their mammalian hosts and are often considered to be good targets for drug development. sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism represents one such ...	2007	17223627
antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and campylobacter jejuni.	nitazoxanide (ntz) exhibits broad-spectrum activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites and the ulcer-causing pathogen helicobacter pylori. here we show that ntz is a noncompetitive inhibitor (k(i), 2 to 10 microm) of the pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductases (pfors) of trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, h. pylori, and campylobacter jejuni and is weakly active against the pyruvate dehydrogenase of esch ...	2007	17158936
reply to: microscopy and culture for trichomonas vaginalis: are both required?		2007	17362561
trichomonas vaginalis infection: the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection receives the least public health attention.		2007	17143810
the activity of protease inhibitors against giardia duodenalis and metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis.	antiretroviral protease inhibitors were assessed in vitro for their activity against giardia duodenalis and trichomonas vaginalis. kaletra (a co-formulation of ritonavir and lopinavir) was the most effective overall, with 50% effective drug concentrations (ec(50)) of 1.1-2.7 microm (ritonavir concentration) against g. duodenalis and 6.8-8 microm against metronidazole-sensitive and clinically metronidazole-resistant t. vaginalis. minimal inhibitory concentrations were 2-2.5 microm and 10-50 micro ...	2007	17137752
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide selection by the oligosaccharyltransferase in protist and fungal organisms.	the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide glc3man9glcnac2-pp-dol is the in vivo donor substrate synthesized by most eukaryotes for asparagine-linked glycosylation. however, many protist organisms assemble dolichol-linked oligosaccharides that lack glucose residues. we have compared donor substrate utilization by the oligosaccharyltransferase (ost) from trypanosoma cruzi, entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis, cryptococcus neoformans, and saccharomyces cerevisiae using structurally homogeneous d ...	2007	17403929
identification of a new protein in the centrosome-like "atractophore" of trichomonas vaginalis.	the human parasite trichomonas vaginalis has specific structural bodies, atractophores, associated at one end to the kinetosomes and at the other to the spindle during division. a monoclonal antibody specific for a component of this structure was obtained. it recognizes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 477 kda. sequence analysis of this protein shows that p477 belongs to the family of large coiled-coil proteins, sharing a highly versatile protein folding motif adaptable to many biolo ...	2007	17418436
cysteine proteinase 30 in clinical isolates of t. vaginalis from symptomatic and asymptomatic infected women.	a cysteine proteinase of 30 kda (cp30) of trichomonas vaginalis, is known to play a role in cytoadherence of the parasite to host cells. however, the cp30 activity in clinical isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients has not been analyzed. in the present study, cp30 was detected in 20 fresh and long-term culture maintained t. vaginalis isolates each from symptomatic and asymptomatic women by substrate gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. though cp30 was detected in all the fresh is ...	2007	17420015
prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women in delhi, india.	bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge among women in reproductive age. surveillance studies on bacterial vaginosis are mostly based on specialist clinic settings. as few population-based prevalence surveys of bacterial vaginosis have been conducted, we studied the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the urban and rural communities in delhi, and to associate the presence of bacterial vaginosis with demographic profile, risk factors and presence of other reproductive t ...	2007	17431287
trichomonas vaginalis detection using real-time taqman pcr.	1978 women and 93 men, all suspected of having a trichomonas vaginalis infection, were tested for the presence of t. vaginalis by real-time pcr using the t. vaginalis-specific 2-kb repeated sequence, and by direct microscopy and culture. 40 samples were positive by t. vaginalis real-time pcr and 27 were positive by wet mount microscopy, either direct or after culture. all samples positive by direct microscopy of culture were also positive by real-time pcr. of the 13 samples which were real-time ...	2007	17005275
trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.	trichomonas vaginalis causes a common sexually transmitted infection (sti) in women, yet trichomoniasis in male sexual partners is not well recognized. nucleic acid amplification tests can increase detection of t. vaginalis in men compared with culture.	2007	17143809
association between bacterial vaginosis and herpes simplex virus type-2 infection: implications for hiv acquisition studies.	bacterial vaginosis (bv) and herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) have been linked to an increased risk of hiv-1 acquisition. recent research suggests an association between bv and hsv-2 acquisition, but the converse has not been studied. here, we investigate whether an association exists between bv and hsv-2 infection	2007	17493979
a simple and rapid method for cryopreservation of trichomonas vaginalis.	a pellet freezing method, one type of rapid freezing protocol, was established for trichomonas vaginalis. as cryoprotectants, 5-20% dimethylsulfoxide (dmso), ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol were used. of these, dmso showed a high protective effect, with a maximum effect at a concentration of 20%. no effect of equilibration time was recognized with any of the cryoprotectants. therefore, the optimal condition was deemed 20% dmso without equilibration. the pellet freezing method was ...	2007	17497230
management of women with cervicitis.	in the past several years, the collective understanding of cervicitis has extended beyond the recognition of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae as the prime etiologic suspects. trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus cause cervicitis, and both mycoplasma genitalium and bacterial vaginosis have emerged as new candidate etiologic agents or conditions. however, major gaps in our knowledge of this common condition remain. putative etiologic agents have not been identified in many ...	2007	17342663
trichomoniasis: challenges to appropriate management.	trichomonas vaginalis infection is a common cause of vaginal irritation in women and is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease in the world. it has been associated with serious sequelae, the most notable of which are prematurity, low birth weight, and increases in human immunodeficiency virus transmission. we review advances in diagnosis and treatment and the current controversies regarding management.	2007	17342665
antiparasitic activity of some new caledonian medicinal plants.	twenty-nine extracts of 18 medicinal plants used in new caledonia by traditional healers to treat inflammation, fever and in cicatrizing remedies were evaluated in vitro against several parasites (leishmania donovani, trypanosoma brucei brucei, trichomonas vaginalis and caenorhabditis elegans). among the selected plants, scaevola balansae and premna serratifolia l. were the most active against leishmania donovani with ic(50) values between 5 and 10microg/ml. the almond and aril extracts from myr ...	2007	17329051
two novel serum-free media for the culture of trichomonas vaginalis.	definitive diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis, one of the common causes of sexually transmitted diseases in turkey, relies on the microscopic examination of both fresh preparations and culture material of genital secretions and urine. the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacies of two culture media, serum-free tb1 and tb2, including iron and vitamin b12, respectively, with the well-known medium, tym. growth rate reached peak levels 48 h in tym and 72 h in both tb1 and tb2 afte ...	2007	16947014
risk factors and prevalence of hiv and sexually transmitted infections among low-income female commercial sex workers in mongolia.	mongolia has very low hiv prevalence despite high rates of sexually transmitted infections (stis). low-income female sex workers (fsws) may be at high risk for acquiring and spreading the disease in mongolia.	2007	16960546
phagocytosis by trichomonas vaginalis: new insights.	background information: the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease. the phagocytic activity of this parasite has not been completely elucidated. in order to better understand the mechanisms of trichomonal phagocytosis, we have studied the in vitro capacity of t. vaginalis to phagocytose and degrade saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. results and conclusions: to analyse the phagocytic ability and capacity, two isolates of t. ...	2007	17029588
mavericks, a novel class of giant transposable elements widespread in eukaryotes and related to dna viruses.	we previously identified a group of atypical mobile elements designated mavericks from the nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and c. briggsae and the zebrafish danio rerio. here we present the results of comprehensive database searches of the genome sequences available, which reveal that mavericks are widespread in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates but show a patchy distribution in non-animal species, being present in the fungi glomus intraradices and phakopsora pachyrhizi and in several ...	2007	17034960
lack of evidence for the involvement of rectal and oral trichomonads in the aetiology of vaginal trichomoniasis in ghana.	to investigate the possible involvement of human trichomonads (pentatrichomonas hominis and trichomonas tenax) other than trichomonas vaginalis in the aetiology of vaginal trichomoniasis.	2007	16790560
comparison of a taqman-based real-time polymerase chain reaction with conventional tests for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis.	to compare a taqman-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with conventional pcr, culture, and wet-mount microscopy for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women.	2007	17090567
characterization of the trichomonas vaginalis surface-associated ap65 and binding domain interacting with trichomonads and host cells.	ap65 is a prominent adhesin of trichomonas vaginalis that mediates binding of parasites to host vaginal epithelial cells (vecs). ap65 with no secretion signal sequence, membrane targeting peptide, and anchoring motif was recently found to be secreted.	2007	18158858
structural considerations for designing adenosine analogs as selective inhibitors of trichomonas sp. glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase.	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) of pathogenic protozoa trichomonas vaginalis (tvgapdh) is an attractive drug target since this parasite lacks functional citric acid cycle and is dependent solely on glycolysis for its energy requirements. the three dimensional structure of tvgapdh dimer has been generated by homology modelling based on the crystal structure of human liver gapdh. comparison of the nad;{+} binding pocket of the modeled tvgapdh with human gapdh (hgapdh) reveals the ...	2007	18467771
antibody isotypes in urethral swabs of symptomatic and asymptomatic men infected with trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomoniasis may be asymptomatic or symptomatic in both sexes. the outcome of infection depends on the virulence factors of t. vaginalis, but these factors remain unclear. genetic variability of the isolates and the host's immune response are likely to be key factors in that respect. symptomatic and asymptomatic males infected with t. vaginalis were compared regarding the differences in antibody subclasses response in the urethral samples. in symptomatic cases there was a significant elevation ...	2007	18383797
prolonged vaginal and oral metronidazole for refractory trichomonas vaginalis: a case report.	resistant trichomonas vaginalis infection is typically treated with increased doses of oral metronidazole. because of side effects that limit compliance, such treatment may be ineffective.	2007	18161407
frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and infectious agents for vaginitis in menstrual cycle phase.	the study objective was to verify differences in the diagnosis of infectious agents and cin in cytological smears in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle.	2007	17966219
male urethritis with and without discharge: relation to microbiological findings and polymorphonuclear counts.	we studied the relation between the presence or absence of urethral discharge, urethral pathogens, and polymorphonuclear (pmn) counts on gram stained urethral smears in men with symptomatic urethritis.	2007	17992458
heavy episodic drinking among kenyan female sex workers is associated with unsafe sex, sexual violence and sexually transmitted infections.	this study examined patterns of alcohol use and its association with unsafe sex and related sequelae among female sex workers in mombasa, kenya. a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using snowball sampling. binge drinkers (> or =5 alcoholic drinks on > or =1 occasion in the previous month) were compared with non-binge drinkers. of 719 participants, 22.4% were lifetime-alcohol abstainers, 44.7% non-binge and 33.0% binge drinkers. compared with non-binge drinkers, binge drinkers w ...	2007	18005511
negative iron regulation of the cp65 cysteine proteinase cytotoxicity in trichomonas vaginalis.	several cysteine proteinases (cps) participate in the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis. one of them is a 65kda cp, cp65, involved in cytotoxicity. the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of iron on the trichomonal cp65-dependent cytotoxicity using parasites grown under distinct iron concentrations. cytotoxicity and cell-binding assays, and zymograms were performed. at the highest iron concentration (250 microm), parasites exhibited the lowest levels of cytotoxicity and less cp65 pro ...	2007	18023389
the association between trichomonas vaginalis infection and level of vaginal lactobacilli, in nonpregnant women.	the effect that vaginal lactobacilli have on trichomoniasis is not known. at 3 clinics for treatment of sexually transmitted disease, we recruited 521 female patients with trichomoniasis and 176 control subjects. all participants underwent physical examinations and testing for sexually transmitted infection and completed questionnaires. low levels of vaginal lactobacilli were associated with trichomoniasis (odds ratio [or], 2.2 [95% confidence interval {ci}, 1.4-3.2]). after adjustment for covar ...	2007	17763335
opportunities for treating sexually transmitted infections and reducing hiv risk in rural south africa.	this paper is a report of a study to determine the aetiological distribution of sexually transmitted infections and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in selected primary health care clinic attendees.	2007	17822425
molecular and biochemical characterization of novel glucokinases from trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp.	glucokinase genes, found in the genome databases of trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania major, were cloned and sequenced. their expression in escherichia coli resulted in the synthesis of soluble and active enzymes, tcglck and lmjglck, with a molecular mass of 43 kda and 46 kda, respectively. the enzymes were purified, and values of their kinetic parameters determined. the k(m) values for glucose were 1.0 mm for tcglck and 3.3 mm for lmjglck. for atp, the k(m) values were 0.36 mm (tcglck) and 0.35 ...	2007	17904661
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in hiv-1 infected pregnant women in europe.	we investigated prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (sti) in a cohort of hiv-1-infected pregnant women and described factors associated with sti diagnosis, as a nested study within the european collaborative study (ecs). the ecs is a cohort study in which hiv-infected pregnant women are enrolled and their children followed from birth, according to standard clinical and laboratory protocols. information on stis diagnosed during pregnancy was collected retrospectively from the antenatal ...	2007	17926135
comparative protein structure modeling using modeller.	functional characterization of a protein sequence is a common goal in biology, and is usually facilitated by having an accurate three-dimensional (3-d) structure of the studied protein. in the absence of an experimentally determined structure, comparative or homology modeling can sometimes provide a useful 3-d model for a protein that is related to at least one known protein structure. comparative modeling predicts the 3-d structure of a given protein sequence (target) based primarily on its ali ...	2007	18429317
gene expansion in trichomonas vaginalis: a case study on transmembrane cyclases.	the draft genome of trichomonas vaginalis was recently published, but not much is known on why it has such a large genome. in part this size is due to many gene family expansions. for example we found over 100 members in the adenylyl cyclase family. about half are complete full length genes, and nearly half are initially confirmed to be pseudogenes, the remaining are either incomplete or the apparent result of assembly or sequencing problems. the family can be divided into two subgroups by seque ...	2007	18546472
an expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in trichomonas vaginalis.	meiosis is a defining feature of eukaryotes but its phylogenetic distribution has not been broadly determined, especially among eukaryotic microorganisms (i.e. protists)-which represent the majority of eukaryotic 'supergroups'. we surveyed genomes of animals, fungi, plants and protists for meiotic genes, focusing on the evolutionarily divergent parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis. we identified homologs of 29 components of the meiotic recombination machinery, as well as the synaptonemal and ...	2007	18663385
persistent urethritis and prostatitis due to trichomonas vaginalis: a case report.	the present report describes a case of persistent urethritis accompanied by prostatitis due to trichomonas vaginalis in a young male patient. the importance of the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in persistent or recurrent urethritis (ie, testing samples from multiple sites) is highlighted, with the aim of improving the clinical recognition of this pathogen.	2007	18923725
epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis among women in lagos metropolis, nigeria.	a total of 544 women outpatients comprising 320 and 224 from lagos university teaching hospital (luth), idi-araba, lagos and military hospital, yaba, lagos, respectively, were examined for trichomonas vaginalis infection. both wet mount microscopy and giemsa staining technique were used. a prevalence of 3.3% was recorded from the 544 women using both methods, 5.4% in the military hospital and 1.9% from luth. the difference in prevalence was statistically significant using chi-square test analysi ...	2007	19070181
comparison between trichmonas vaginalis symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates effects in intravaginally infected rats.	in this study, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes of the posterior vaginal fornix's and upper portion of the vagina were compared on rats infected with symptomatic and asymptomatic human isolates. eighteen symptomatic and asymptomatic female isolates were used (nine/ each). two groups of infected female rats were included in this study (3 rats /isolate). the results showed that there were no differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates in histopathological changes; t. ...	2008	19209767
infectivity of trichomonas vaginalis pseudocysts inoculated intra-vaginally in mice.	in addition to the trophozoite, pseudocyst is another morphological form which is recently identified among genitourinary trichomonads. although, this pseudocyst is competent to divide, its role in trichomonas life cycle has not yet been confirmed. in this study the ability of intra-vaginally inoculated t. vaginalis pseudocysts to induce trichomoniasis in infected mice was evaluated in comparison to the trophozoites. pseudocysts formation was induced by using thermal-freezing cycle method. the i ...	2008	19209760
prevalence of vulvovaginitis and bacterial vaginosis in patients with koilocytosis.	empirical discussion regarding an association between koilocytosis and vulvovaginitis often occurs. thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginitis in women with and without koilocytosis.	2008	19274321
a comparison of cytological and parasitological methods in the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis), which causes urogenital system infections in humans, develops symptomatically and asymptomatically. t. vaginalis in females is diagnosed using direct microscopy, giemsa staining, and cultivation methods for examination of samples derived from the vaginal posterior fornix. serologic methods can also be employed. in cytological diagnosis, the ectocervical smear is examined using the papanicolaou (paps) stain. the aim of the present study was to compare the eff ...	2008	19156601
reductive evolution of the mitochondrial processing peptidases of the unicellular parasites trichomonas vaginalis and giardia intestinalis.	mitochondrial processing peptidases are heterodimeric enzymes (alpha/betampp) that play an essential role in mitochondrial biogenesis by recognizing and cleaving the targeting presequences of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. the two subunits are paralogues that probably evolved by duplication of a gene for a monomeric metallopeptidase from the endosymbiotic ancestor of mitochondria. here, we characterize the mpp-like proteins from two important human parasites that contain highly reduced ...	2008	19096520
[steroidal saponins from the plant agave brittoniana with activity against the parasite trichomona vaginalis].	the genus agave (agavaceae), includes more than 300 species; around 16 of them show an homogeneous distribution throughout cuba. agave brittoniana (ssp. brachypus), is an endemic subspecies that grows in the central region of the country and its leaves are traditionally used in the treatment of parasitic diseases. the parasite trichomonas vaginalis causes the disease known as trichomoniasis, that infects the genital tract. to test in vitro the plant against trichomona vaginalis, the dried and po ...	2008	19419073
risk factors for sexually transmitted infections in women in rural northeast brazil.	sexually transmitted infections (stis) are highly prevalent in northeast brazil, but factors associated with the presence of an sti have rarely been studied systematically.	2008	19738353
trichomoniasis. an update on diagnostic tools and treatments.		2008	19999494
protein import into hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis involves both n-terminal and internal targeting signals: a case study of thioredoxin reductases.	the parabasalian flagellate trichomonas vaginalis harbors mitochondrion-related and h(2)-producing organelles of anaerobic atp synthesis, called hydrogenosomes, which harbor oxygen-sensitive enzymes essential to its pyruvate metabolism. in the human urogenital tract, however, t. vaginalis is regularly exposed to low oxygen concentrations and therefore must possess antioxidant systems protecting the organellar environment against the detrimental effects of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen spe ...	2008	18676956
evaluation of the osom trichomonas rapid test versus wet preparation examination for detection of trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection.	the osom trichomonas rapid test (osom trich) was compared to the wet preparation examination (wp) for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in women with a low prevalence of infection. a total of 19/1,009 (2%) women had t. vaginalis infection. osom trich had very good performance, with sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 94.7, 100, 99.9, 100, and 99.9%, respectively. the implementation of osom trich would decrease labor cos ...	2008	18685008
evaluation of selected tropical seaweeds for in vitro anti-trichomonal activity.	human parasitic infections are a serious problem in tropical and sub-tropical developing countries. trichomoniasis, responsible for the annual infection of 180 million people, is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis. traditionally seaweeds have been used in folk medicine by coastal people in asia and the caribbean to treat parasitic infections and are a valuable source of novel anti-trichomonals.	2008	18725281
reassessment of bv causation.		2008	18725563
new antitrichomonal drug-like chemicals selected by bond (edge)-based tomocomd-cardd descriptors.	bond-based quadratic indices, new tomocomd-cardd molecular descriptors, and linear discriminant analysis (lda) were used to discover novel lead trichomonacidals. the obtained lda-based quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar) models, using nonstochastic and stochastic indices, were able to classify correctly 87.91% (87.50%) and 89.01% (84.38%) of the chemicals in training (test) sets, respectively. they showed large matthews correlation coefficients of 0.75 (0.71) and 0.78 (0.65) for ...	2008	18753687
biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial-like organelle from blastocystis sp. subtype 7.	a mitochondrion-like organelle (mlo) was isolated from isotonic homogenates of blastocystis. the organelle sedimented at 5000 g for 10 min, and had an isopycnic density in sucrose of 1.2 g ml(-1). biochemical characterization enabled the demonstration of several key enzymes that allowed the construction of a metabolic pathway consisting of an incomplete krebs cycle linked to the oxygen-sensitive enzymes pyruvate : nadp(+) oxidoreductase (pno), acetate : succinate coa transferase (asct) and succi ...	2008	18757809
inhibitory effects of thai plants beta-glycosides on trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomoniasis is now an important health problem in developing countries. although metronidazole has so far been widely used to treat this disease, the prevalence of metronidazole-resistant protozoa and unpleasant adverse effects have been found. in this study, natural products purified from thai plants were, therefore, investigated for their effectiveness against trichomonas vaginalis. the minimal inhibitory concentrations for all beta-glycosides against trichomonas vaginalis at 24 h were in a ...	2008	18463895
when good transcripts go bad: artifactual rt-pcr 'splicing' and genome analysis.	gene and intron prediction are essential for accurate inferences about genome evolution. recently, two genome-wide studies searched for recent intron gains in humans, reaching very different conclusions: either of a complete absence of intron gain since early mammalian evolution, or of creation of numerous introns by genomic duplication in repetitive regions. we discuss one possible explanation: the underappreciated phenomenon of "template switching", by which reverse transcriptase may create ar ...	2008	18478540
oncotic colpocytology stained with harris-shorr in the observation of vaginal microorganisms.	the purpose of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of oncotic colpocytology stained with harris-shorr in the identification of the cervicovaginal microflora and infectious agents. results of microbiologic evaluation carried out in colpocytology exams, bacterioscopy (gram), and direct exams of 2,017 women aged from 13 to 80 years were compared. of these, 83.1% agreed between cytology and gram, 3.6% partially agreed, and 12.8% disagreed. the predominant microflora was of lactobacilli (63.3%), f ...	2008	18478612
vaginal wet mounts on asymptomatic adolescent females; are they beneficial?	wet mounts are commonly performed at the time of pelvic exam in some settings; however, there is a paucity of data on their usefulness in asymptomatic teen patients.	2008	18656077
vulnerability of women in southern africa to infection with hiv: biological determinants and priority health sector interventions.	to review biomedical determinants of women's vulnerability to infection with hiv and interventions to counter this, within the southern african context.	2008	19033753
a novel dna sequence periodicity decodes nucleosome positioning.	there have been two types of well-characterized dna sequence periodicities; both are found to be associated with important molecular mechanisms. one is a 3-nt periodicity corresponding to codon triplets, the other is a 10.5-nt periodicity related to the structure of dna helixes. in the process of analyzing the genome and transcriptome of trichomonas vaginalis, we observed a 120.9-nt periodicity along dna sequences. different from the 3- and 10.5-nt periodicities, this novel periodicity originate ...	2008	18829715
topical fenticonazole in dermatology and gynaecology: current role in therapy.	fenticonazole is an imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity against dermatophytes and yeasts in in vitro and clinical studies. fenticonazole exerts its unique antimycotic mechanism of action in the following three ways: (i) inhibition of the secretion of protease acid by candida albicans; (ii) damage to the cytoplasmic membrane; and (iii) by blocking cytochrome oxidases and peroxidises. fenticonazole has also been shown to exhibit antibacterial action, with a spectrum ...	2008	18840006
molecular typing of the actin gene of trichomonas vaginalis isolates by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism.	human trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection. however, little is known about the degree of strain variability of t. vaginalis. a reliable classification method for t. vaginalis strains would be a useful tool in the study of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and transmission of t. vaginalis. a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism typing method was designed and evaluated using t. vaginalis isolates obtained after cul ...	2008	18844685
[killing effect of polymorphonuclear neutrophils on trichomonas vaginalis].	to study the killing effect of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) on trichomonas vaginalis.	2008	19157301
[observation on mitosis of trichomonas vaginalis cultivated in vitro using modified giemsa staining].	the observation showed that the percentage of trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites at the stages of interphase, binary fission and multiple fission was 66.5%, 24.1% and 9.4% respectively. cells in binary fission could be classified as premitotic phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. 3 to 8 microcosms were seen in one trophozoite under multiple fission and the percentage of trophozoites with 3 and 4 microcosms occupied 69% and 24.5% respectively. cells with abnormal morphs were also o ...	2008	19157311
[genetic variation and clustal analysis of trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteases].	to clone the genes coding for cysteine proteases (cps, tvcps) from trichomonas vaginalis and to analyze their genetic variations with the related sequences from ncbi database (genbank) and t. vaginalis genome project database from the institute for genomic research (tigr).	2008	19160965
trichomonas vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens by immunochromatography, compared to culture and microscopy.	this study evaluated the immunochromatographic (ic) capillary flow technology for detection of t. vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens. the ic antigen-detection test and microscopy wet smears were assessed against the inpouch tv culture. vaginal-swabs and first-voided urine specimens were obtained from 348 sexually active symptomatic or asymptomatic, > or =16 years old women. nineteen samples (5%) were positive by culture (95%, ci 0.3-0.8). the ic test (vaginal-specimens) was more s ...	2008	18853629
enzymatic assay for total plasma cys.	patients with vascular disease and end-stage renal disease have significantly higher concentrations of plasma total cys (tcys) than do healthy individuals. described here is a nonradioactive, precise, rapid and sensitive enzymatic colorimetric assay for tcys in plasma samples and is homogeneous in that it avoids separation methods. the tcys assay uses only the recombinant enzymes methionine alpha,gamma-lyase (rmetase) and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (rsahh) cloned from pseudomonas putida an ...	2008	18948977
[utility of molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections].	historically, the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) has been difficult. the introduction of molecular biology techniques in microbiological diagnosis and their application to non-invasive samples has produced significant advances in the diagnosis of these diseases. overall, detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae by molecular biology techniques provides a presumptive diagnosis and requires confirmation by culture in areas with a low prevalence. for chlamydia trachomatis infections, th ...	2008	19195446
human urinary parasites in nalout popularity, libya.	a total of 2000 fresh urine samples were collected from a central private laboratory in tigi conference which served all the popularity. the examination showed motile trichomonas vaginalis in seven patients (0.35%); five females and two males, and enterobius vermicularis in two female children (0.1%). none had urinary schistosomiasis. the data were discussed.	2008	18853614
frequency of infectious agents for vaginitis in patients with a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.	to evaluate the presence of infectious agents for vaginitis in patients with ascus.	2008	18459549
[epidemiology of reproductive tract infections in a symptomatic population of north-east of italy].	reproductive tract infections (rtis) are one of the main causes of morbidity in the world and sexually transmitted infections (stis) can give rise to severe sequels (inflammatory pelvic disease, etc.). the epidemiology of these infections is changeable and depends on geographical and economical factors, migratory flows and social and sexual habits. this variability, along with the lack of sufficient data in literature, is a serious problem in the development of screening, prevention and therapy ...	2008	18487964
coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infection in women and men living in an area where schistosoma haematobium is endemic.	in settings in which adequate laboratory service is lacking, the coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infections (stis) poses a diagnostic challenge for health care providers in the management of patients with urogenital complaints.	2008	18680415
the effect of body mass index on therapeutic response to bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.	our objective was to determine the effect of body mass index (bmi) on response to bacterial vaginosis (bv) treatment. a secondary analysis was conducted of two multicenter trials of therapy for bv and trichomonas vaginalis. gravida were screened for bv between 8 and 22 weeks and randomized between 16 and 23 weeks to metronidazole or placebo. of 1497 gravida with asymptomatic bv and preconceptional bmi, 738 were randomized to metronidazole; bmi was divided into categories: < 25, 25 to 29.9, and > ...	2008	18548397
dolichyl-phosphate-glucose is used to make o-glycans on glycoproteins of trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis, the protist that causes vaginal itching, has a huge genome with numerous gene duplications. recently we found that trichomonas has numerous genes encoding putative dolichyl-phosphate-glucose (dol-p-glc) synthases (encoded by alg5 genes) despite the fact that trichomonas lacks the glycosyltransferases (encoded by alg6, alg8, and alg10 genes) that use dol-p-glc to glucosylate dolichyl-pp-linked glycans. in addition, trichomonas does not have a canonical dpm1 gene, encoding a ...	2008	18552282
nongonococcal urethritis: new views through the prism of modern molecular microbiology.	the rapidly advancing technology of modern molecular microbiology has greatly improved our understanding of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and the etiology and pathogenesis of the diseases they cause. it is now clear that mycoplasma genitalium accounts for a significant proportion of nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) cases. dna sequencing of ureaplasma spp has revealed a new species, ureaplasma parvum. this organism may account for much of the colonization observe ...	2008	18462587
prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in bangladesh.	the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium in a sample of health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge. a subsample of 399 vaginal and cervical swabs was randomly selected from 2579 samples collected during a study to determine the causes of vaginal discharge in women attending primary health-care clinics in dhaka, bangladesh. cervical samples were tested for m. genitalium by polymerase chain reaction. in addition, the samples were tested for ...	2008	18931272
spliceosomal snrnas in the unicellular eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis are structurally conserved but lack a 5'-cap structure.	few genes in the divergent eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis have introns, despite the unusually large gene repertoire of this human-infective parasite. these introns are characterized by extended conserved regulatory motifs at the 5' and 3' boundaries, a feature shared with another divergent eukaryote, giardia lamblia, but not with metazoan introns. this unusual characteristic of t. vaginalis introns led us to examine spliceosomal small nuclear rnas (snrnas) predicted to mediate splicing reaction ...	2008	18596255
the divergent eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis has an m7g cap methyltransferase capable of a single n2 methylation.	eukaryotic rnas typically contain 5' cap structures that have been primarily studied in yeast and metazoa. the only known rna cap structure in unicellular protists is the unusual cap4 on trypanosoma brucei mrnas. we have found that t. vaginalis mrnas are protected by a 5' cap structure, however, contrary to that typical for eukaryotes, t. vaginalis spliceosomal snrnas lack a cap and may contain 5' monophophates. the distinctive 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (tmg) cap structure usually found on snrnas ...	2008	18957443
partnership concurrency status and condom use among women diagnosed with trichomonas vaginalis.	partner concurrency increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (stis) such as trichomonas vaginalis. women diagnosed with t. vaginalis have a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	2008	18657997
bond-based linear indices in qsar: computational discovery of novel anti-trichomonal compounds.	trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the causative agent of the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted disease in women and men worldwide. since 1959, metronidazole (mtz) has been the drug of choice in the systemic treatment of trichomoniasis. however, resistance to mtz in some patients and the great cost associated with the development of new trichomonacidals make necessary the development of computational methods that shorten the drug discovery pipeline. toward this end, bond-based linear indic ...	2008	18483767
galectin-1 on cervical epithelial cells is a receptor for the sexually transmitted human parasite trichomonas vaginalis.	the extracellular protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted human infection, yet the pathogenesis of infection is poorly understood, and host cell receptors have not been described. the surface of t. vaginalis is covered with a glycoconjugate called lipophosphoglycan (lpg), which plays a role in the adherence and cytotoxicity of parasites to human cells. t. vaginalis lpg contains high amounts of galactose, making this polysaccharide a candi ...	2008	18637021
ancestral roles of eukaryotic frataxin: mitochondrial frataxin function and heterologous expression of hydrogenosomal trichomonas homologues in trypanosomes.	frataxin is a small conserved mitochondrial protein; in humans, mutations affecting frataxin expression or function result in friedreich's ataxia. much of the current understanding of frataxin function comes from informative studies with yeast models, but considerable debates remain with regard to the primary functions of this ubiquitous protein. we exploit the tractable reverse genetics of trypanosoma brucei in order to specifically consider the importance of frataxin in an early branching line ...	2008	18433447
adolescents' sexually transmitted disease protective attitudes predict sexually transmitted disease acquisition in early adulthood.	estimates suggest that about 48% of nearly 19 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) occurring annually in the united states are acquired by persons aged 15-24 years. the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that adolescents' attitudes about protecting themselves from stds predict their laboratory-confirmed prevalence of stds in early adulthood.	2008	18489463
how men with non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis are managed in australasia.	the aim of this study was to ascertain how sexual health physicians in australia and new zealand manage men with chlamydia-negative non-gonococcal urethritis (ngu), particularly in relation to the notification of their female sexual partners. in july 2006, a cross-section survey was sent out to all the members of the australasian chapter of sexual health medicine. seventy-three percent of sexual health physicians believed that female partners of men who present with chlamydia-negative ngu were a ...	2008	18725546
measuring the gap: from home office to the national health service in the provision of a one-stop shop sexual health service in a female prison in the uk.	the genitourinary (gu) medicine service was transferred from the home office to the nhs from april 2006 at this female prison to give prisoners access to the same quality of health care as the general public. medline search showed no published data on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) among female prisoners in the uk. the main aim was to develop a one stop sexual health shop and to determine the prevalence and risk factors for stis, to determine the uptake rate for hiv tes ...	2008	18725547
prevalence and predictors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female sex workers in yunnan province, china.	the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and to evaluate the relationship between hsv-2 infection and sociodemographic factors and the sexual practices of female sex workers (fsws) in kaiyuan city, yunnan province, china. this cross-sectional study involved 737 fsws and was carried out from march to may 2006 with confidential interviews and laboratory tests for hsv-2 and other sexually transmitted infections (sti). hsv-2 was the most ...	2008	18725558
antitrichomonas igg, igm, iga, and igg subclass responses in human intravaginal trichomoniasis.	trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis, is a major nonviral sexually transmitted disease. clinical spectrum varies from an asymptomatic state to mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. however, the exact factors leading to the variations in symptoms have not been well elucidated. host's immune response to the parasite may be playing a role in varied symptomatology. the present study reports antitrichomonas igm, iga, igg and its subclasses in doubling dilutions of seru ...	2008	18437425
impact of trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification-based analyte-specific-reagent testing in a metropolitan setting of high sexually transmitted disease prevalence.	trichomoniasis is a significant sexually transmitted disease (std) in the spectrum of public health and primary care because of its association with agents such as human immunodeficiency virus and neisseria gonorrhoeae. however, its true significance may be underestimated due to diagnostic modalities that exhibit poor sensitivity. a total of 1,086 genital specimens from two urban emergency departments, a suburban urgent-care facility, and a metropolitan outpatient physician group were subjected ...	2008	18753347
mycoplasma genitalium detected by transcription-mediated amplification is associated with chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent women.	the clinical significance of mycoplasma genitalium (mg) infection in adolescent women is poorly understood. we compared the prevalence of mg with that of other sexually transmitted organisms such as chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng), and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and assessed the associations of mg with sexual behaviors, genitourinary symptoms, physical and laboratory findings.	2008	18490867
early repeated infections with trichomonas vaginalis among hiv-positive and hiv-negative women.	the purpose of the study was to examine whether early repeated infections due to trichomonas vaginalis among human immunuodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and hiv-negative women are reinfections, new infections, or cases of treatment failure.	2008	18444815
co-occurrence of intoxication during sex and sexually transmissible infections among young african american women: does partner intoxication matter?	the co-occurrence of a behaviour (being intoxicated on alcohol/drugs during sex) with a disease outcome [laboratory-confirmed sexually transmissible infection (sti) prevalence] among young african american women and their male sex partners was studied.	2008	18771645
identification of weak points prone for mutation in ferredoxin of trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women. at present, metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis is an infrequent but challenging problem with no universally successful treatment. genetic mutation is believed to be an important factor leading to increasing drug resistance. understanding the mutation status will help to design accurate strategies of therapy against mutant strains of t. vaginalis. the author perf ...	2008	18445954
comparative genomics supports a deep evolutionary origin for the large, four-module transcriptional mediator complex.	the multisubunit mediator (med) complex bridges dna-bound transcriptional regulators to the rna polymerase ii (polii) initiation machinery. in yeast, the 25 med subunits are distributed within three core subcomplexes and a separable kinase module composed of med12, med13 and the cdk8-cycc pair thought to control the reversible interaction between med and polii by phosphorylating repeated heptapeptides within the rpb1 carboxyl-terminal domain (ctd). here, med conservation has been investigated ac ...	2008	18515835
anti-trichomonas activity of sapindus saponins, a candidate for development as microbicidal contraceptive.	trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease and is caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis. in view of increased resistance of the parasite to classical drugs of the metronidazole family, the need for new unrelated agents is increasing. this study evaluates anti-trichomonas activity of sapindus saponins, a component of a herbal local contraceptive consap recently marketed in india.	2008	18544604
management of trichomonas vaginalis in women with suspected metronidazole hypersensitivity.	standard treatment for trichomonas vaginalis is metronidazole or tinidazole. hypersensitivity to these drugs has been documented but is poorly understood. desensitization is an option described in limited reports of women with hypersensitivity to nitroimidazoles. the purpose of this analysis is to improve documentation of management for trichomonas infections among women with metronidazole hypersensitivity.	2008	18221927