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inhibitory effects of lactic acid and lauricidin on spoilage organisms of chicken breast during storage at chilled temperature.different concentrations of lauricidin (lu, containing 1% lactic acid) and lactic acid alone (la) were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing naturally occurring microflora of raw chicken breasts. chicken breasts were dipped in 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% solutions of lu (w/v) or la (v/v) for 10, 20, and 30 min and stored at 4°c for 14 d. total plate counts (tpc) and populations of pseudomonas spp. and enterobacteriaceae were determined before and after dipping and after storing ...201020947197
phylogenetic incongruence arising from fragmented speciation in enteric bacteria.evolutionary relationships among species are often assumed to be fundamentally unambiguous, where genes within a genome are thought to evolve in concert and phylogenetic incongruence between individual orthologs is attributed to idiosyncrasies in their evolution. we have identified substantial incongruence between the phylogenies of orthologous genes in escherichia, salmonella, and citrobacter, or e. coli, e. fergusonii, and e. albertii. the source of incongruence was inferred to be recombinatio ...201020534528
resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems in gram-negative bacterial pathogens.during the past 15 years, emergence and dissemination of beta-lactam resistance in nosocomial enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter baumannii, became a serious problem worldwide. especially the increasing resistance to 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and carbapenems is of particular concern. gram-negative bacteria pursue various molecular strategies for development of resistance to these antibiotics: (a) generation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) accordin ...201020537585
high level expression of an acid-stable phytase from citrobacter freundii in pichia pastoris.to obtain a high level expression of phytase with favorable characteristics, a codon-optimized phytase gene from citrobacter freundii was synthesized and transferred into pichia pastoris. small-scale expression experiments and activity assays were used to screen positive colonies. after purified by ni²+-nta agarose affinity column, the characterizations of the recombinant phytase were determined. the recombinant phytase (r-phyc) had two distinct ph optima at 2.5 and 4.5 and an optimal temperatur ...201020556542
detection of kpc-2-producing citrobacter freundii isolates in spain. 201020851814
arsenite-oxidizing and arsenate-reducing bacteria associated with arsenic-rich groundwater in taiwan.drinking highly arsenic-contaminated groundwater is a likely cause of blackfoot disease in taiwan, but microorganisms that potentially control arsenic mobility in the subsurface remain unstudied. the objective of this study was to investigate the relevant arsenite-oxidizing and arsenate-reducing microbial community that exists in highly arsenic-contaminated groundwater in taiwan. we cultured and identified arsenic-transforming bacteria, analyzed arsenic resistance and transformation, and determi ...201021216490
comparative study of biological hydrogen production by pure strains and consortia of facultative and strict anaerobic bacteria.in this paper, a simple and rapid method was developed in order to assess in comparative tests the production of binary biogas mixtures containing co(2) and another gaseous compound such as hydrogen or methane. this method was validated and experimented for the characterisation of the biochemical hydrogen potential of different pure strains and mixed cultures of hydrogen-producing bacteria (hpb) growing on glucose. the experimental results compared the hydrogen production yield of 19 different p ...201021185171
strain-resolved community genomic analysis of gut microbial colonization in a premature infant.the intestinal microbiome is a critical determinant of human health. alterations in its composition have been correlated with chronic disorders, such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease in adults, and may be associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. increasing evidence suggests that strain-level genomic variation may underpin distinct ecological trajectories within mixed populations, yet there have been few strain-resolved analyses of genotype-phenotype conne ...201021191099
cd4(+) lymphoid tissue-inducer cells promote innate immunity in the gut.fetal cd4(+) lymphoid tissue inducer (lti) cells play a critical role in the development of lymphoid tissues. recent studies identified that lti cells persist in adults and are related to a heterogeneous population of innate lymphoid cells that have been implicated in inflammatory responses. however, whether lti cells contribute to protective immunity remains poorly defined. we demonstrate that after infection with citrobacter rodentium, cd4(+) lti cells were a dominant source of interleukin-22 ...201021194981
akara ogbomoso: microbiological examination and identification of hazards and critical control points.akara ogbomoso was examined toward the establishment of hazard analysis and critical control point (haccp). the akara was produced in residential buildings with the attendant consequence of contamination. there was ample growth of aerobes, coliforms, staphylococci, shigella and yeast/mold from the samples, water and cowpea pastes. microbial contaminations occur through the processing, which can be corrected through education by adopting good hygienic and manufacturing practices. the critical con ...201021339157
antibiotic resistant bacteria as bio-indicator of polluted effluent in the green turtles, chelonia mydas in oman.antibiotic resistant bacteria were studied as bio-indicators of marine polluted effluents during egg-laying in green turtles. a non-invasive procedure for sampling oviductal fluid was used to test for exposure of turtles to pollution in ras al-hadd, oman, which is one of the most important nesting beaches in the world. each sample was obtained by inserting a 15 cm sterile swab gently into the cloacal vent as the sphincter muscle is relaxed and the cloacal lining is unfolded to the outside. forty ...201021237506
recurrent lower limb abscesses as the primary manifestation of aorto-femoral graft paraprosthetic fistula.a 62-year-old man was presented to our facility with recurrent right lower limb abscesses. he had an aortobifemoral graft for an aortoiliac occlusive disease. the diagnosis of paraprosthetic fistula was confirmed by performing a high-resolution contrast-enhanced computed tomography, whereas labeled leukocyte imaging provided a negative result. the graft present in the right limb was removed and extra-anatomical femoro-femoral bypass was performed along with segmental ileal resection of the affec ...201021126852
characterization of the enterobacteriaceae community that developed during storage of minced beef under aerobic or modified atmosphere packaging conditions.the whole cell protein and macrorestriction analysis of dna of enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from minced beef stored at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °c aerobically and under modified atmosphere packaging consisting of 40% co(2)-30% o(2)-30% n(2) in the presence (map+) and absence (map-) of oregano essential oil were studied. sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) profiles obtained from whole cell protein analysis of the enterobacteriaceae isolates revealed seven groups. ...201021216482
citrobacter koseri meningitis: another freediving risk?we present a rare case of meningitis caused by citrobacter koseri in an immunocompetent adult who had recently been freediving. middle ear pressure changes from this recreational activity, and the subsequent inflammatory response, are likely to have provided this environmental organism access to the central nervous system, and thus the ability to cause clinically significant infection.201020933000
structure of the o-polysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm 1503.the o-polysaccharide (o-antigen) was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm 1503, which is currently classified to the o7 serogroup. the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established by sugar and methylation analyses along with 1d and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy: structural and serological data of the o-antigen suggest that strain pcm 1503 should be reclassified to a new citrobacter serogroup.201020934177
citrobacter freundii-induced cold agglutinin hemolysis. 201020938661
responding to infection and apoptosis--a task for th17 cells.two of the critical cytokines required for the differentiation of t helper 17 (t(h)17) cells from naive cd4 t cells are transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-β) and interleukin-6 (il-6). innate recognition of apoptotic cells in the presence of toll-like receptor engagement directs the simultaneous synthesis of these cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (apcs), and as such provides a cytokine milieu that favors t(h)17 cell induction. in this situation, apcs are activated in response to ligands de ...201020958317
salkowski's reagent test as a primary screening index for functionalities of rhizobacteria isolated from wild dipterocarp saplings growing naturally on medium-strongly acidic tropical peat soil.rhizobacteria isolated from wild dipterocarp saplings in central kalimantan, indonesia, were subjected to salkowski's reagent test, which is often used in detecting indolic substances. among 69 isolates grown in a low-nitrogen medium supplemented with l-tryptophan (trp), culture fluids of 29 strains were positive to the test, in which 17 bacteria turned red and other 10 pink. all the red type rhizobacteria actively converted trp into tryptophol (tol), while some yielded indole-3-acetic acid (iaa ...201021071871
companion animals: a relevant source of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing fluoroquinolone-resistant citrobacter freundii. 201021074371
rmtd2, a new allele of a 16s rrna methylase gene, has been present in enterobacteriaceae isolates from argentina for more than a decade.the first allele of a 16s rrna methyltransferase gene, rmtd2, conferring very high resistance to all clinically available aminoglycosides, was detected in 7/1,064 enterobacteria collected in 2007. rmtd2 was located on a conjugative plasmid in a tn2670-like element inside a structure similar to that of rmtd1 but probably having an independent assembly. rmtd2 has been found since 1996 to 1998 mainly in enterobacter and citrobacter isolates, suggesting a possible reservoir in these genera. this pre ...201021078935
characterisation of pdus, the pdu metabolosome corrin reductase, and evidence of substructural organisation within the bacterial microcompartment.pdus is a corrin reductase and is required for the reactivation of the cobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase. it is one component encoded within the large propanediol utilisation (pdu) operon, which is responsible for the catabolism of 1,2-propanediol within a self-assembled proteinaceous bacterial microcompartment. the enzyme is responsible for the reactivation of the cobalamin coenzyme required by the diol dehydratase. the gene for the cobalamin reductase from citrobacter freundii (pdus) has be ...201021103360
tumor suppressor foxo3 mediates signals from the egf receptor to regulate proliferation of colonic cells.epithelial proliferation, critical for homeostasis, healing, and colon cancer progression, is in part controlled by epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr). proliferation of colonic epithelia can be induced by citrobacter rodentium infection, and we have demonstrated that activity of tumor suppressor foxo3 was attenuated after this infection. thus the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of foxo3 in egfr-dependent proliferation of intestinal epithelia and colon cancer cell lines. ...201021109589
vi-crm 197 as a new conjugate vaccine against salmonella typhi.an efficacious, low cost vaccine against typhoid fever, especially for young children, would make a major impact on disease burden in developing countries. the virulence capsular polysaccharide of salmonella typhi (vi) coupled to recombinant mutant pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotein a (vi-repa) has been shown to be highly efficacious. we investigated the use of carrier proteins included in infant vaccines, standardized the conjugation process and developed key assays required for routine lot rele ...201021115057
the apolipoprotein e-mimetic peptide cog112 inhibits nf-kappab signaling, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and disease activity in murine models of colitis.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), consisting of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a source of substantial morbidity and remains difficult to treat. new strategies for beneficial anti-inflammatory therapies would be highly desirable. apolipoprotein (apo) e has immunomodulatory effects and synthetically derived apoe-mimetic peptides are beneficial in models of sepsis and neuroinflammation. we have reported that the antennapedia-linked apoe-mimetic peptide cog112 inhibits the inflammatory ...201021115487
a small-molecule inhibitor of the bacterial type iii secretion system protects against in vivo infection with citrobacter rodentium.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is highly conserved in many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and functions as an injector of bacterial proteins (effectors) into host cells. t3sss are involved in establishing disease processes, but this machinery is not essential for bacterial growth or homeostasis. thus, t3ss is expected to be a candidate therapeutic target, and inhibitors of t3sss could potentially reduce virulence without causing bacterial death, thereby avoiding any subsequent developme ...201021139624
kinetic and spectral parameters of interaction of citrobacter freundii methionine γ-lyase with amino acids.kinetic parameters of citrobacter freundii methionine γ-lyase were determined with substrates in γ-elimination reactions as well as the inhibition of the enzyme in the γ-elimination of l-methionine by amino acids with different structure. the data indicate an important contribution of the sulfur atom and methylene groups to the efficiency of binding of substrates and inhibitors. the rate constants of the enzyme-catalyzed exchange of c-α- and c-β-protons with deuterium were determined, as well as ...201021166645
thoracic empyema after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an unusual cause.thoracic empyema after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a rare complication. it is associated with dropped gallstones during the operation. in this case, we report a hepatocellular adenoma hemorrhage underneath an old diaphragm rupture, causing empyema after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.201021170636
enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli type iii secretion effector espv induces radical morphological changes in eukaryotic cells.enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) are important human pathogens that rely on translocation of type iii secretion system (t3ss) effectors for subversion of signal transduction pathways and colonization of the mammalian gut mucosa. while a core set of effectors is conserved between epec and ehec strains, a growing number of accessory effectors that were found at various frequencies in clinical and environmental isolates have been recently identi ...201021189318
structures of the o-polysaccharides of salmonella enterica o59 and escherichia coli o15.the o-polysaccharide of salmonella enterica o59 was studied using sugar analysis and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, and the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established: →2)-β-d-galp-(1→3)-α-d-glcpnac-(1→4)-α-l-rhap-(1→3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1→ accordingly, the o-antigen gene cluster of s. enterica o59 includes all genes necessary for the synthesis of this o-polysaccharide. earlier, another structure has been reported for the o-polysaccharide of salmonella arizonae (s. ...201021167479
citrobacter koseri as a cause of early periprosthetic infection after primary total hip arthroplasty.periprosthetic joint infection in the acute setting is usually caused by gram-positive species and remains a major problem facing total joint surgeons. we report a case of a 53-year-old male who presented with drainage 3 weeks after primary total hip arthroplasty. citrobacter koseri was cultured from an infected hematoma in his deep tissues. surgical treatment included irrigation and debridement with femoral head and liner exchange. he received a 6-week course of ertapenem and is currently asymp ...201021167674
microbial evaluation and public health implications of urine as alternative therapy in clinical pediatric cases: health implication of urine therapy.cultural means of pediatric treatment during ill health is a mainstay in africa, and though urine has been known to contain enteric pathogens, urine therapy is still culturally applicable in some health conditions and also advocated as alternative therapy. the study therefore, is to evaluate the microbial contents and safety of urine.201021293739
qnrb9 in association with tem-116 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in citrobacter freundii isolated from sewage effluent: first report from italy.the aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of quinolone and beta-lactam resistance in an isolate of citrobacter freundii pc2/08 collected from sewage effluent from l'aquila, italy. qnrb-9 and bla(tem-116 )were co-expressed in a large plasmid identified in c. freundi pc2/08 strain. compared to tem-1, tem-116 showed two single mutations: v84i and a184v. the plpc2/08 plasmid conferred resistance to several beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. tazobactam could be considered a good i ...201020685627
virulence regulation in citrobacter rodentium: the art of timing.the mouse enteric pathogen citrobacter rodentium, like its human counterpart, enteropathogenic escherichia coli, causes attaching and effacing lesions in the intestinal epithelium of its host. this phenotype requires virulence factors encoded by the locus for enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island. for timely expression of these virulence determinants at the site of infection and for efficient delivery of some virulence factors into epithelial cells, c. rodentium utilizes a positive re ...201021255326
molecular and biochemical characterization of the natural chromosome-encoded class a beta-lactamase from pseudomonas luteola.pseudomonas luteola (formerly classified as cdc group ve-1 and named chryseomonas luteola) is an unusual pathogen implicated in rare but serious infections in humans. a novel beta-lactamase gene, bla(lut-1), was cloned from the whole-cell dna of the p. luteola clinical isolate lam, which had a weak narrow-spectrum beta-lactam-resistant phenotype, and expressed in escherichia coli. this gene encoded lut-1, a 296-amino-acid ambler class a beta-lactamase with a pi of 6 and a theoretical molecular m ...201019884377
dissecting the role of the tir:nck and tir:irtks/irsp53 signalling pathways in vivo.attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions and actin polymerization, the hallmark of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) and citrobacter rodentium (cr) infections, are dependent on the effector tir. phosphorylation of tir(epec/cr) y474/1 leads to recruitment of nck and neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) and strong actin polymerization in cultured cells. tir(epec/cr) also contains an asn-pro-tyr (npy(454/1)) motif, which triggers weak actin polymeriz ...201019889090
in vitro activities of antimicrobials against six important species of gram-negative bacteria isolated from raw milk samples in korea.gram-negative bacteria (gnb) with multidrug resistance pose a serious threat to public health. they are environmental pathogens frequently isolated from raw milk and mastitis in dairy cattle. this study was to examine the in vitro antimicrobial activities against 225 isolates belonging to six important species of gnb from mastitic raw milk samples of dairy herds in the republic of korea: acinetobacter baumannii (n = 17), citrobacter freundii (n = 19), enterobacter cloacae (n = 54), klebsiella pn ...201019895257
citrobacter spp. simultaneously harboring blactx-m, blatem, blashv, blaampc, and insertion sequences is26 and orf513: an evolutionary phenomenon of recent concern for antibiotic resistance.a collection of 40 confirmed isolates of citrobacter spp., obtained from the culture of 5,732 clinical samples during 2006 to 2008, was studied for the presence of blactx-m, blatem, blashv, and blaampc by monoplex and multiplex pcrs. these isolates were also looked at for the presence of insertion elements is26 and orf513, which play an important role in the resistance gene pool. blactx-m, blatem, blashv, and blaampc were noticed in 67.5%, 40%, 25%, and 40% of isolates, respectively. sequencing ...201020220171
improved pcr-based gene synthesis method and its application to the citrobacter freundii phytase gene codon modification.gene synthesis technologies provide a powerful tool for increasing protein expression through codon optimization and gene modification. here we describe an improved pcr-based gene synthesis technology, which is accurate, simple and cheap. the improved pcr-based gene synthesis (ips) method consists of two steps. the first one is the synthesis of 300-400bp fragments by pcr reaction with pfu dna polymerase from 60-mer and 30-mer oligonucleotides with a 15bp overlap. the second one is assembling of ...201020226218
the citrobacter rodentium genome sequence reveals convergent evolution with human pathogenic escherichia coli.citrobacter rodentium (formally citrobacter freundii biotype 4280) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes colitis and transmissible colonic hyperplasia in mice. in common with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec, respectively), c. rodentium exploits a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to induce attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions that are essential for virulence. here, we report the fully annotated genome sequence of the 5.3-mb chromosome and four plasmids ...201019897651
in situ polytetrafluoroethylene graft bypass for primary infected aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta.reinfection is a major issue of surgical treatment for patients with infected abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa). the present report describes outcomes after use of our procedure for treating patients with infected aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. the procedure involved an in situ polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) graft bypass and omental wrapping of the graft. the procedure was used regardless of the presence of gram-stain-positive pus or tissue or the type of pathogen identified.201020238215
apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 regulates colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis by the innate immune responses.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways regulate multiple cellular functions and are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer (cac). apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ask1) is a mapk kinase kinase; little is known about the role of ask1 in colonic disease. we assessed the involvement of ask1 in the development of intestinal inflammation and cac.201019931259
diarrhea-associated biofilm formed by enteroaggregative escherichia coli and aggregative citrobacter freundii: a consortium mediated by putative f pili.enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) are enteropathogenic strains identified by the aggregative adhesion (aa) pattern that share the capability to form biofilms. citrobacter freundii is classically considered as an indigenous intestinal species that is sporadically associated with diarrhea.201020175929
ctx-m-35 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase conferring ceftazidime resistance in citrobacter koseri. 201020138478
probiotics prevent death caused by citrobacter rodentium infection in neonatal mice.intestinal bacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in neonates. therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize citrobacter rodentium infection in neonatal mice and determine the role played by specific probiotics in ameliorating disease severity.201019961304
sialidase-based anti-influenza virus therapy protects against secondary pneumococcal infection.das181 (fludase) is a sialidase fusion protein in clinical development as a broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus (ifv) therapeutic agent. previous reports by other investigators have raised the concern that desialylation of airway epithelium might increase susceptibility to streptococcus pneumoniae infection.201020170378
gap junction hemichannels contribute to the generation of diarrhoea during infectious enteric disease.the attaching and effacing (a/e) pathogens enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli, enteropathogenic e coli and citrobacter rodentium colonise intestinal tracts, attach to enterocytes, collapse infected cell microvilli and alter numerous host cell processes during infection. enterocyte alterations result in numerous small molecules being released from host cells that likely contribute to diarrhoeal phenotypes observed during these infections. one possible route for small molecules to be released fro ...201019828465
carbohydrate binding specificities and crystal structure of the cholera toxin-like b-subunit from citrobacter freundii.enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae are well known causative agents of severe diarrheal diseases. both pathogens produce ab(5) toxins, with one enzymatically active a-subunit and a pentamer of receptor-binding b-subunits. the primary receptor for both b-subunits is the gm1 ganglioside (galbeta3galnacbeta4(neuacalpha3)galbeta4glcbetacer), but the b-subunits from porcine isolates of e. coli also bind neolacto-(galbeta4glcnacbeta-)terminated glycoconjugates and the b-subunits from ...201020171259
detergent-resistant microdomains mediate activation of host cell signaling in response to attaching-effacing bacteria.enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 causes outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. ehec intimately adheres to epithelial cells, effaces microvilli and induces attaching-effacing (ae) lesions. detergent-resistant microdomains (lipid rafts) serve as membrane platforms for the recruitment of signaling complexes to mediate host responses to infection. the aim of this study was to define the role of lipid rafts in activating signal transduction pathways in respon ...201019997063
stressor exposure disrupts commensal microbial populations in the intestines and leads to increased colonization by citrobacter rodentium.the gastrointestinal tract is colonized by an enormous array of microbes that are known to have many beneficial effects on the host. previous studies have indicated that stressor exposure can disrupt the stability of the intestinal microbiota, but the extent of these changes, as well as the effects on enteric infection, has not been well characterized. in order to examine the ability of stressors to induce changes in the gut microbiota, we exposed mice to a prolonged restraint stressor and then ...201020145094
gm-csf-facilitated dendritic cell recruitment and survival govern the intestinal mucosal response to a mouse enteric bacterial pathogen.granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) promotes dendritic cell (dc) differentiation and survival in vitro. however, its role in host defense at the intestinal mucosa is unknown. we report that infection with the mouse enteric pathogen, citrobacter rodentium, increased colonic gm-csf production and cd11c(+) dc recruitment. after infection, gm-csf(-/-) mice had fewer mucosal cd11c(+) dcs, greater bacterial burden, increased mucosal inflammation and systemic spread of infection, ...201020159620
pathogenicity of aeromonas hydrophila, klebsiella pneumoniae, and proteus mirabilis to brown tree frogs (litoria ewingii).bacterial dermatosepticemia, a systemic infectious bacterial disease of frogs, can be caused by several opportunistic gram-negative bacterial species including aeromonas hydrophila, chryseobacterium indologenes, chryseobacterium meningosepticum, citrobacter freundii, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and serratia liquifaciens. here we determined the pathogenicity of 3 bacterial species (aeromonas hydrophila, klebsiella pneumoniae, and proteus mirabilis) associated ...201020412685
gut barrier disruption by an enteric bacterial pathogen accelerates insulitis in nod mice.increased exposure to enteric microbes as a result of intestinal barrier disruption is thought to contribute to the development of several intestinal inflammatory diseases; however, it less clear whether such exposure modulates the development of extra-intestinal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. the goal of this study was to examine the potential role of pathogenic enteric microbes and intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.201020012858
recovery and screening for antibiotic susceptibility of potential bacterial pathogens from the oral cavity of shark species involved in attacks on humans in recife, brazil.the number of incidents involving sharks and humans at beaches in recife, on the north-eastern brazilian coast, is among the highest worldwide. in addition, wound infections in survivors are common; but the nature and risk of the aetiological agents is unknown. in the present study, 81 potential bacterial pathogens were identified in the oral cavity of sharks involved in attacks in recife, and were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests using the standardized disc-diffusion method. the maj ...201020413619
photoperiod modulates gut bacteria composition in male siberian hamsters (phodopus sungorus).seasonal changes in day length (i.e., photoperiod) provide animals with a reliable environmental cue to determine time of year, and many physiological changes occur in laboratory animals simply by extending or shortening day length. male siberian hamsters (phodopus sungorus) housed in long summer-like day lengths have significantly elevated body and fat masses compared to short-day hamsters. because others have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota of humans and rodents promotes host adipo ...201020045457
cineole biodegradation: molecular cloning, expression and characterisation of (1r)-6beta-hydroxycineole dehydrogenase from citrobacter braakii.the first steps in the biodegradation of 1,8-cineole involve the introduction of an alcohol and its subsequent oxidation to a ketone. in citrobacter braakii, cytochrome p450(cin) has previously been demonstrated to perform the first oxidation to produce (1r)-6beta-hydroxycineole. in this study, we have cloned cind from c. braakii and expressed the gene product, which displays significant homology to a number of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases. it was demonstrated that the gene product of cind ...201020089292
arginase ii restricts host defense to helicobacter pylori by attenuating inducible nitric oxide synthase translation in macrophages.helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach causes peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. despite eliciting a vigorous immune response, the bacterium persists for the life of the host. an important antimicrobial mechanism is the production of no derived from inducible no synthase (inos). we have reported that macrophages can kill h. pylori in vitro by an no-dependent mechanism, but supraphysiologic levels of the inos substrate l-arginine are required. because h. pylori induces arginase activi ...201020097867
coexistence of multiple antimicrobial-resistance genes in a carbapenem-resistant citrobacter freundii clinical isolate from china. 201020110384
citrobacter-induced colitis in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.over the period of a year, colitis was observed in 44 mice raised in a conventional nonspecific pathogen-free colony, 41 of these having concomitant retrovirus-induced murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (maids). the lesions varied from bacterial colonization to hyperplasia of colonic mucosa to severe, often fatal, ulceration. citrobacter rodentium was isolated from the colon and/or liver of 2 mice with colitis. when c57bl/6 mice with or without maids were given graded doses of the bacteri ...201020118320
biochemical and genetic diversity of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli associated with diarrhea in united states students in cuernavaca and guadalajara, mexico, 2004-2007.molecular characterization of escherichia coli with use of the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay allows the determination of clonal origin and geographic clustering.201020443738
epidemiology of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in serratia and citrobacter species in north india. 201020090276
microbial keratitis secondary to infection with citrobacter koseri. 201020164753
an infant with orange-colored urine. 201019844745
citrobacter koseri meningitis: a neurosurgical condition?a 2-month-old girl developed meningitis, ventriculitis and brain abscess in the course of citrobacter koseri infection. she was successfully treated with the combined use of antibiotics, intra-cavitary urokinase and surgery, thus avoiding the development of hydrocephalus and of ventricular loculation. c. koseri is a gram-negative pathogen with a strong predilection for the neonatal brain. brain abscesses develop in roughly 77% of cases, causing severe neurological sequels in one-half and death i ...201019717321
nleh effectors interact with bax inhibitor-1 to block apoptosis during enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection.the human pathogens enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and the related mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium subvert a variety of host cell signaling pathways via their plethora of type iii secreted effectors, including triggering of an early apoptotic response. epec-infected cells do not develop late apoptotic symptoms, however. in this study we demonstrate that the nleh family effectors, homologs of the shigella effector kinase ospg, blocks apoptosis. during epec inf ...201020133763
citrobacter koseri cellulitis during anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody (ofatumumab) treatment for b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. 201020107742
transfer of a phage t4 gene into enterobacteriaceae, determined at the single-cell level.the transfer range of phage genes was investigated at the single-cell level by using an in situ dna amplification technique. after absorption of phages, a phage t4 gene was maintained in the genomes of non-plaque-forming bacteria at frequencies of 10(-2) gene copies per cell. the gene transfer decreased the mutation frequencies in nonhost recipients.201020023087
a comprehensive proteomic analysis of the type iii secretome of citrobacter rodentium.enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterohemorrhagic e. coli, and citrobacter rodentium belong to the family of attaching and effacing (a/e) bacterial pathogens. they intimately attach to host intestinal epithelial cells, trigger the effacement of intestinal microvilli, and cause diarrheal disease. central to their pathogenesis is a type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by a pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee). the t3ss is used to inject both lee- and non-lee- ...201020034934
evaluation of new chromogenic substrates for the detection of coliforms.to evaluate a new range of chromogenic substrates for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity in coliforms and to compare their performance in agar media and broths.201019878523
molecular analysis of intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the aim of this study was to evaluate different molecular tools based on the 16s rrna gene, internal transcribed spacer, and the rpob gene to examine the bacterial populations present in juvenile rainbow trout intestines. dna was extracted from both pooled intestinal samples and bacterial strains. genes were pcr-amplified and analysed using both temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (ttge) and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. because of the high cultivability of the ...201019780831
intestinal microbial ecology in premature infants assessed with non-culture-based techniques.to use high throughput techniques to analyze intestinal microbial ecology in premature neonates, who are highly susceptible to perturbations of the luminal environment associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) and late-onset sepsis.201019783002
[real-time pcr for fast detection of plasmid-mediated qnr genes in extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae].to develop a fast and reliable real time pcr technique for detecting plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnra, qnrb and qnrs.201019375248
isolation of faecal coliform bacteria from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).to determine whether american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) are an unrecognized poikilothermic source of faecal coliform and/or potential pathogenic bacteria in south carolina's coastal waters.201019735329
diversity of culturable sulfidogenic bacteria in two oil-water separation tanks in the north-eastern oil fields of india.sulfidogenic communities in the production waters of onshore oil fields in north-eastern india were examined using a culturing approach. production water samples were inoculated into medium selective for sulfate reducing bacteria (srb) and thiosulfate reducing bacteria (trb). the total number of viable sulfidogenic microorganisms in the samples obtained from the two production water tanks was approximately 10(5) mpn ml(-1) (most probable number per ml). most of the isolates were thermo-tolerant ...201019427389
bacteriological quality of drinking water in nyala, south darfur, sudan.the objective of this study was to determine the bacterial contaminations in drinking water in nyala city, south darfur, sudan with special reference to the internally displaced people camps (idps). two hundred and forty water samples from different sites and sources including bore holes, hand pumps, dug wells, water points, water reservoir and household storage containers were collected in 2009. the most probable number method was used to detect and count the total coliform, faecal coliform and ...201120480392
metallo-β-lactamases among enterobacteriaceae from routine samples in an italian tertiary-care hospital and long-term care facilities during 2008.the emergence of metallo-β-lactamase (mbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae is a serious public health concern. producers have been repeatedly isolated from patients and long-term care facility (ltcf) residents around bolzano, and we sought to assess their prevalence and clinical impact. all routine enterobacteriaceae isolates from a bolzano tertiary-care hospital and associated long-term care facilities in 2008 (n = 5500) were screened for mbls, with case details reviewed for the source patients. i ...201120345467
detection of aaca-aphd, qaced1, mara, flor, and teta genes from multidrug-resistant bacteria: comparative analysis of real-time multiplex pcr assays using evagreen(®) and sybr(®) green i dyes.we have developed multiplex real-time pcr assays that utilize dna-intercalating dyes, sybr green i (sg) and evagreen (eg), with two primer sets (set 1=qaced1, teta and aaca-aphd; set 2=teta, mara, and flor) to simultaneously amplify the qaced1, teta, aaca-aphd, mara, and flor genes. validity of the multiplex pcr assays was confirmed by testing 83 bacterial isolates, including staphylococcus aureus (28 isolates), enterococcus spp. (17 isolates), salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (8 isolates ...201121256956
identification of bacteria isolated from nasal polyps and their ability to produce superantigens and biofilms in lebanese patients.staphylococcus aureus superantigens and bacterial biofilms have been implicated in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. we conducted a study of 32 lebanese patients-21 males and 11 females, aged 15 to 71 years (mean: 39)-to identify bacteria isolated from nasal polyps and to determine if these bacteria produced superantigens and biofilms. polyps were surgically removed, homogenized, and subjected to bacteriologic studies. the presence or absence of s aureus enterotoxin a, ...201121500161
sitafloxacin: in bacterial infections.sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial with in vitro activity against a broad range of gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including anaerobic bacteria, as well as against atypical pathogens. it is approved in japan for use in a number of bacterial infections caused by sitafloxacin-susceptible strains of staphylococcus spp., streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococcus spp., enterococcus spp., moraxella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, citrobacter spp., klebsiella spp., enterobacter sp ...201121504249
[effect of heavy metal salts on the growth and pathogenicity factors of opportunistic bacteria].the paper presents experimental data on the effect of different concentrations of the salts of cadmium, copper, and zinc on the adaptive potentialities of the most common opportunistic microflora in the volga-caspian region. the findings suggest that natural microorganisms (aeromonas and citrobacter) show a high metal resistance that seems to be associated with steadily increased background levels of these metals in the waters of the volga-caspian basin.201121510046
fecal carriage of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in swine and cattle at slaughter in switzerland.during the past decade, extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae have become a matter of great concern in human medicine. esbl-producing strains are found in the community, not just in hospital-associated patients, which raises a question about possible reservoirs. recent studies describe the occurrence of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae in meat, fish, and raw milk; therefore, the impact of food animals as reservoirs for and disseminators of such strains into the food ...201121375882
characterization of swarming motility in citrobacter freundii.bacterial swarming motility is a flagella-dependent translocation on the surface environment. it has received extensive attention as a population behavior involving numerous genes. here, we report that citrobacter freundii, an opportunistic pathogen, exhibits swarming movement on a solid medium surface with appropriate agar concentration. the swarming behavior of c. freundii was described in detail. insertional mutagenesis with transposon mini-tn5 was carried out to discover genetic determinants ...201121261700
palladium nanoparticles produced by fermentatively grown bacteria as catalyst for diatrizoate removal with biogenic hydrogen. 201121539227
antimicrobial activities of indole alkaloids from tabernaemontana catharinensis.tabernaemontana catharinensis root bark ethanol extract, eb2 fraction and the mmv alkaloid (12-methoxy-4-methylvoachalotine) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. t. catharinensis ethanol extract was effective against both strains of the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum at concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml (wild strain) and 1.25 mg/ml (mutant strain), while the eb2 fraction and mmv alkaloid showed a strong antifungal activity against wild and mutant strains with mic values of <0.02 and 0. ...201121425672
evolution and spread of a multidrug-resistant proteus mirabilis clone with chromosomal ampc-type cephalosporinases in europe.proteus mirabilis isolates obtained in 1999 to 2008 from three european countries were analyzed; all carried chromosomal ampc-type cephalosporinase bla(cmy) genes from a citrobacter freundii origin (bla(cmy-2)-like genes). isolates from poland harbored several bla(cmy) genes (bla(cmy-4), bla(cmy-12), bla(cmy-14), bla(cmy-15), and bla(cmy-38) and the new gene bla(cmy-45)), while isolates from italy and greece harbored bla(cmy-16) only. earlier isolates with bla(cmy-4) or bla(cmy-12), recovered in ...201121402851
structure of pdut, a trimeric bacterial microcompartment protein with a 4fe-4s cluster-binding site.propanediol metabolism in citrobacter freundii occurs within a metabolosome, a subcellular proteinaceous bacterial microcompartment. the propanediol-utilization (pdu) microcompartment shell is constructed from thousands of hexagonal-shaped protein complexes made from seven different types of protein subunit. here, the structure of the bacterial microcompartment protein pdut, which has a tandem structural repeat within the subunit and forms trimers with pseudo-hexagonal symmetry, is reported. thi ...201121245529
difluoromethylornithine is a novel inhibitor of helicobacter pylori growth, caga translocation, and interleukin-8 induction.helicobacter pylori infects half the world's population, and carriage is lifelong without antibiotic therapy. current regimens prescribed to prevent infection-associated diseases such as gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric cancer can be thwarted by antibiotic resistance. we reported that administration of 1% d,l-+¦-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) to mice infected with h. pylori reduces gastritis and colonization, which we attributed to enhanced host immune response due to inhibition of macrophage o ...201121386987
evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for +¦-lactams against clinical isolates from 51 medical centers in japan (2008).this antimicrobial resistance surveillance study was performed in 51 medical centers in japan over an 11-year period. the susceptibilities of 4228 strains including escherichia coli (491 strains), klebsiella spp. (462 strains), enterobacter spp. (459 strains), citrobacter freundii (358 strains), indole-positive proteus spp. (386 strains), serratia spp. (443 strains), acinetobacter spp. (327 strains), pseudomonas aeruginosa (473 strains), oxacillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (481 strains), ...201121396543
gram negative bacteria are associated with the early stages of necrotizing enterocolitis.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) affects 5-10% of infants born weighing less than 1500 g. most models of nec recapitulate late-stage disease with gut necrosis and elevated inflammatory mediators. evaluation of nec at earlier, less lethal stages of disease will allow investigation of initial disease triggers and may advance our understanding of temporal relationships between factors implicated in nec pathogenesis. in this manuscript, we describe our investigation of early nec and test the hypothes ...201121445365
what remains against carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae? evaluation of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, fosfomycin, minocycline, nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline.carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae present an increasing and diverse problem, including strains of multiple species with metallo-ß-lactamases (imp, ndm or vim) and non-metallo (kpc and oxa-48) enzymes as well as those combining an extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (esbl) or ampc enzyme with porin loss. most strains, except those with oxa-48 alone, are broadly resistant to ß-lactams and have multiple aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes; those with ndm-1 carbapenemase typically also have 16s rrna me ...201121429716
the unexpected link between infection-induced apoptosis and a th17 immune response.microbial pathogens can initiate momp in host cells and as such, initiate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. innate immune recognition of cells dying in this way by infection-induced apoptosis would involve recognition of ligands derived from the apoptotic host cell simultaneously with those derived from the infecting pathogen. the resultant signal transduction pathways engaged direct dcs to concomitantly synthesize tgf-ß and il-6, two cytokines that subsequently favor the differentiation o ...201121248151
ctx-m-14 beta-lactamase-producing citrobacter freundii isolated in venezuela.abstract: a clinical isolate of c. freundii with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum beta-lactams from a woman with cystocele associated with recurrent urinary tract infection was analyzed. susceptibility tests, double disk synergy tests (ddst) and enzymatic activity by the agar iodometric method suggested the presence of esbls. conjugation experiments revealed the presence of a large conjugative plasmid (plm07/20) with an exclusive frepb replicon type (incf/fib). pcr analysis and sequen ...201121627834
identification and characterization of cri1, a locus controlling mortality during citrobacter rodentium infection in mice.infection of inbred mouse strains with citrobacter rodentium represents an ideal model to reveal the genetic factors controlling host resistance to noninvasive enteric bacterial pathogens. we have chosen a positional cloning approach to identify putative gene(s) that control the known difference in survival between resistant c57bl/6j and susceptible c3h/hej and c3h/heouj mice. our work has identified one major locus within proximal chromosome 15 that is responsible for the marked susceptibility ...201121326319
isolation of a selected microbial consortium capable of degrading methyl parathion and p-nitrophenol from a contaminated soil site.a bacterial consortium with the ability to degrade methyl parathion and p-nitrophenol, using these compounds as the only carbon source, was obtained by selective enrichment in a medium with methyl parathion. samples were taken from moravia, medellin; an area that is highly contaminated, owing to the fact that it was used as a garbage dump from 1974 to 1982. acinetobacter sp, pseudomonas putida, bacillus sp, pseudomonas aeruginosa citrobacter freundii, stenotrophomonas sp, flavobacterium sp, prot ...201121328125
absence of pmrab-mediated phosphoethanolamine modifications of citrobacter rodentium lipopolysaccharide affects outer membrane integrity.the pmrab two-component system of enterobacteria regulates a number of genes whose protein products modify lipopolysaccharide (lps). the lps is modified during transport to the bacterial outer membrane (om). a subset of pmrab-mediated lps modifications consists of the addition of phosphoethanolamine (petn) to lipid a by pmrc and to the core by cpta. in salmonella enterica, petn modifications have been associated with resistance to polymyxin b and to excess iron. to investigate putative functions ...201121378194
lymphotoxin-ß receptor-independent development of intestinal il-22-producing nkp46+ innate lymphoid cells.the natural cytotoxicity receptor nkp46 is an activating receptor expressed by several distinct innate lymphoid cell (ilc) subsets, including nk cells, some ?d t cells and intestinal ror?t(+) il-22(+) cells (ncr22 cells, il-22-producing nkp46(+) cell). ncr22 cells may play a role in mucosal barrier function through il-22-mediated production of anti-bacterial peptides from intestinal epithelial cells. previous studies identified a predominant proportion of ncr22 cells in gut cryptopatches (cp), l ...201121341264
isolation, selection and biodegradation profile of phenol degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil.in the present study, an aerobic bacterial strains ocs-a and ocs- b were isolated from an oil contaminated soil. the strains were identified to be citrobacter freundi and proteus mirabilis according to morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. the strains were able to degrade about 90% of 100 mg/l phenol within 80 h as sole carbon and energy source. the lag phase increased with increase in phenol concentration. determination of metabolic intermediate 2-hms, was done which ind ...201121643832
modulation of connexin signaling by bacterial pathogens and their toxins.inherent to their pivotal tasks in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, gap junctions, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin hemichannels are frequently involved in the dysregulation of this critical balance. the present paper specifically focuses on their roles in bacterial infection and disease. in particular, the reported biological outcome of clinically important bacteria including escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica, helicobacter pylori, bordetella pertussis, aggr ...201121656255
epithelial phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling is required for ß-catenin activation and host defense against citrobacter rodentium infection.citrobacter rodentium infection of mice induces cell-mediated immune responses associated with crypt hyperplasia and epithelial ß-catenin signaling. recent data suggest that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (pi3k)/akt signaling cooperates with wnt to activate ß-catenin in intestinal stem and progenitor cells through phosphorylation at ser552 (p-ß-catenin(552)). our aim was to determine whether epithelial pi3k/akt activation is required for ß-catenin signaling and host defense against c. rodentium. ...201121343355
structural analysis of a novel class of r-m controller proteins: c.csp231i from citrobacter sp. rfl231.controller proteins play a key role in the temporal regulation of gene expression in bacterial restriction-modification (r-m) systems and are important mediators of horizontal gene transfer. they form the basis of a highly cooperative, concentration-dependent genetic switch involved in both activation and repression of r-m genes. here we present biophysical, biochemical, and high-resolution structural analysis of a novel class of controller proteins, exemplified by c.csp231i. in contrast to all ...201121440553
colonic microbiota alters host susceptibility to infectious colitis by modulating inflammation, redox status, and ion transporter gene expression.individuals vary in their resistance to enteric infections. the role of the intestinal microbiota in altering susceptibility to enteric infection is relatively unknown. previous studies have identified that c3h/heouj mice suffer 100% mortality during citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis, whereas c57bl/6 mice recover from infection. the basis for their differences in susceptibility is unclear and has been mainly attributed to differences in host genetics. this study investigated the role of the ...201121454446
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