Publications

problems with using biomarkers as surrogate end points for cancer: a cautionary tale.	investigations employing surrogate cancer end points are especially attractive because they may be smaller, shorter, and cheaper than comparable studies with explicit cancer outcomes. for many potential surrogate end points--epithelial cell proliferation will be taken as an example--inferences are problematic because of the existence of alternative causal pathways to cancer that bypass the surrogate end point. evaluating potential surrogates requires information on the following three questions: ...	2005	15648185
the human papillomavirus e6 and e7 inducible oncogene, hwapl, exhibits potential as a therapeutic target.	here we show that human papillomavirus (hpv) e6 and e7 oncoproteins induce hwapl expression. in addition, small interfering rna (sirna) of hwapl suppressed the growth of tumours derived from siha cells in nude mice. thus, hwapl may be one of the effective targets of uterine cervical cancer therapy.	2005	15655544
imiquimod cream 5% for recalcitrant cutaneous warts in immunosuppressed individuals.	viral warts may cause significant morbidity in individuals unable to mount an adequate t-helper 1 cell-mediated immune response to human papillomavirus. imiquimod is a potent inducer of antiviral cytokine activity which has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of genital warts. similar efficacy in cutaneous warts is not yet established.	2005	15656812
bowen's disease on the sole: p16ink4a overexpression associated with human papillomavirus type 16.	we report a case of bowen's disease on the sole presenting clinically as an exophytic, blackish-grey, verrucous tumour, and showing human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 on analysis with polymerase chain reaction. positive stains for hpv particles by immunohistochemical analysis were limited to several cell nuclei at the upper stratum malpighii. however, all the tumour cells in the epidermis exhibited strong and diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic stains for the tumour suppressor protein p16ink4a. we s ...	2005	15656821
a study of the impact of adding hpv types to cervical cancer screening and triage tests.	use of human papillomavirus (hpv) testing in cervical cancer prevention is increasing rapidly. a dna test for 13 hpv types that can cause cervical cancer is approved in the united states for co-screening with cytology of women >or=30 years old and for triage of women of all ages with equivocal cytology. however, most infections with hpv are benign. we evaluated trade-offs between specificity and sensitivity for approximately 40 hpv types in predicting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 and can ...	2005	15657345
human papillomavirus oncoprotein e7 targets the promyelocytic leukemia protein and circumvents cellular senescence via the rb and p53 tumor suppressor pathways.	cellular senescence can be triggered by a variety of signals, including loss of telomeric integrity or intense oncogenic signaling, and is considered a potent, natural tumor suppressor mechanism. previously, it was shown that the promyelocytic leukemia protein (pml) induces cellular senescence when overexpressed in primary human fibroblasts. the mechanism by which the pml iv isoform elicits this irreversible growth arrest is believed to involve activation of the tumor suppressor pathways p21/p53 ...	2005	15657429
heparin-based elisa reduces background reactivity in virus-like particle-based papillomavirus serology.	the interaction between human papillomavirus (hpv) particles and cell surface heparan sulfate requires intact conformation of the hpv particles. type-specific hpv serology is currently based on virus-like particles (vlps) with intact conformation. presence of incorrectly folded vlps in vlp preparations is recognized as an important cause of cross-reactivity in hpv serology. heparin-coated microtitre plates were evaluated for capturing conformationally correct vlps and improving the type specific ...	2005	15604432
expression of p16 protein is associated with human papillomavirus status in tonsillar carcinomas and has implications on survival.	our recent analysis of papillomavirus (hpv) dna in different malignant head and neck tumors revealed that hpv infections occurred most frequently in tonsillar carcinomas (58%) and that 84% of positive cases contained the highly oncogenic hpv type 16. we could also present data in favor of the hypothesis that in view of their clinical behavior and the involved risk factors hpv-positive and hpv-negative tonsillar carcinomas may represent two separate tumor entities. looking for a surrogate marker, ...	2005	15608419
cross-typic specificity and immunotherapeutic potential of a human hpv16 e7-specific ctl line.	cervical cancer (cacx) is strongly associated with human papillomavirus (hpv) infection, particularly hpv types 16 and 18. the constitutive expression of hpv e6 and e7 proteins in cacx makes them attractive targets for ctl based immunotherapy. however cervical carcinomas may have features, e.g., antigen processing defects, that limit the effectiveness of hpv specific ctl. furthermore most vaccine development has concentrated on hpv type 16, and it is not clear whether such vaccines could induce ...	2005	15609329
generation of dendritic cells from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cell cultures supplemented with hgm-csf and hil-4.	the in vitro generation of dendritic cells (dcs) from either blood or bone marrow has been accomplished for humans and a number of other species. this ability has facilitated the opportunity to test the efficacy of dc vaccines in various tumor models. the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (crpv) model is the most clinically relevant animal model for human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated carcinogenesis. the crpv model has been used to test various preventative and therapeutic vaccination strategie ...	2005	15621303
the characteristics of human papillomavirus dna in head and neck cancers and papillomas.	to determine the prevalence, type, physical state, and viral load of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna in cases of head and neck cancer and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (rrp).	2005	15623482
modification of hpv 16 e7 genes: correlation between the level of protein expression and ctl response after immunization of c57bl/6 mice.	immunization with a codon-optimized hpv 16 e7 gene was shown to yield higher levels of e7-specific cytotoxic t cells [liu wj, gao f, zhao kn, zhao w, fernando gj, thomas r, et al. codon modified human papillomavirus type 16 e7 dna vaccine enhances cytotoxic t-lymphocyte induction and anti-tumour activity. virology 2002;301:43]. here, we sought to verify the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between the level of protein expression and immunogenicity in mice. we generated hpv 16 e7 exp ...	2005	15629358
a cost-effectiveness analysis of four management strategies in the determination and follow-up of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.	atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (asc-us) are the most common abnormal cytological result on papanicolaou (pap) smear. we analyzed four management strategies in a hypothetical cohort of women divided by age group: (1) immediate colposcopy, (2) repeat cytology after an asc-us pap smear result, (3) conventional pap with reflex human papillomavirus (hpv) testing, and (4) liquid-based cytology with reflex hpv testing. parameter variables were collected from previously published d ...	2005	15637677
cell lines used in prostate cancer research: a compendium of old and new lines--part 2.	this is part 2 of a 2-part review. research into the molecular mechanisms underlying the various aspects of prostate cancer (pca) requires the use of in vivo and in vitro model systems. in the last few years many new cell lines have been established by investigators from primary tissue sources and clonal derivatives of previously established lines. therefore, the purpose of this 2-part review is to catalogue the current human cell lines developed for pca research, as reported in the literature. ...	2005	15643173
a viral dna-binding domain elicits anti-dna antibodies of different specificities.	we have previously demonstrated that immunization of normal mice with a defined protein:dna complex comprising the c-terminal dna-binding domain of the human papillomavirus e2 protein and its cognate site 35 oligonucleotide, results in high antibody titers against both e2 and its target dna sequence. here we show that repeated immunization with the isolated form of the e2 domain also elicits anti-dna antibodies, but in this case, no preferential binding for a given sequence was observed, indicat ...	2005	15589321
verification bias-corrected estimators of the relative true and false positive rates of two binary screening tests.	the relative accuracy of two binary screening tests can be quantified by estimating the relative true positive rate (rtpr) and relative false positive rate (rfpr) between the two tests. ideally all study subjects are administered both screening tests as well as a gold standard to determine disease status. in practice, however, often the gold standard is so invasive or costly that only a percentage of study subjects receive disease verification and the percentage differs depending on the results ...	2005	15543634
proteins of the pias family enhance the sumoylation of the papillomavirus e1 protein.	sumoylation of the papillomavirus (pv) origin binding helicase e1 protein is critical for its function. consequently, factors modulating the sumoylation of e1 could ultimately alter the outcome of a papillomavirus infection. we investigated the role played by phosphorylation and two known sumo e3 ligases, ranbp2 and pias proteins, on the sumoylation of e1. e1 sumoylation was unaffected by phosphorylation as both wild-type and pseudo-phosphorylation mutants of bpv e1 exhibited similar sumoylation ...	2005	15582666
p16(ink4a) is a surrogate biomarker for a subset of human papilloma virus-associated dysplasias of the uterine cervix as determined on the pap smear.	recently, p16(ink4a) has been identified as a biomarker for human papilloma virus (hpv)-induced dysplastic lesions of the cervix and it has been suggested that it may be a useful diagnostic aid for these lesions. this study therefore was performed to determine the utility of p16 expression in a series of papanicolaou (pap) smears collected in liquid medium and to determine its benefit, if any, over hpv testing. one hundred seven cases, including 23 negative cases, 34 with low-grade squamous intr ...	2005	15584047
rapid enrichment of human papillomavirus (hpv)-specific polyclonal t cell populations for adoptive immunotherapy of cervical cancer.	the majority of cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16). cervical cancer is associated with an ineffective host immune response against the hpv16 oncoproteins, characterized by the lack of the strong e6-specific t-helper type 1 (th1) immunity that is generally present in healthy individuals, the presence of improperly polarized hpv16e6- and e7-specific cd4(+) t cells and increased numbers of regulatory t cells. therefore, immunotherapeutic intervention is likely to re ...	2005	15540211
retroviral vector backbone immunogenicity: identification of cytotoxic t-cell epitopes in retroviral vector-packaging sequences.	retroviral vectors are the frequently applied gene delivery vehicles for clinical gene therapy, but specificity of the immunogenicity to the protein encoded by the inserted gene of interest is a problem which needs to be overcome. here, we describe human cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) clones recognizing epitopes derived from the protein encoded by the retroviral vector backbone, which were established during the course of our attempts to generate ctls against cytomegalovirus (cmv) or human papillo ...	2005	15496958
women with polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (mthfr) and methionine synthase (ms) are less likely to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) 2 or 3.	the role of nutrient-related genetic susceptibility factors for pre-cancerous lesions is gaining attention. we conducted a study to examine associations between polymorphisms in folate pathway coenzymes (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [mthfr] and methionine synthase [ms]) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) 2 or 3 in a population exposed to folic acid by the food fortification program in the united states. status of mthfr and ms and circulating concentrations of folate, vitamins b1 ...	2005	15514969
human papillomavirus genotyping and p16ink4a expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of adolescents.	adolescents have high rates of human papillomavirus (hpv) infection, and persistent high-risk hpv infection can lead to the development of cervical cancer. the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p16(ink4a) is overexpressed in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin), probably due to a persistent and integrated hpv infection. this study investigated p16(ink4a) expression, grades of cin, and high-risk hpv infection in adolescent cervical biopsies. biopsies were immunohistochemically stained for p1 ...	2005	15492761
pseudovirions as specific tools for investigation of virus interactions with cells.	this chapter outlines the generation and application of human papillomavirus type 33 (hpv33) pseudovirions. the method describes (1) the construction of vaccinia viruses recombinant for the major and minor hpv capsid proteins, l1 and l2, respectively; (2) the transfection of cos7 cells with a marker plasmid replicating to high copy numbers; (3) the expression of l1 and l2 using the vaccinia virus expression system; (4) the extraction, purification, and analysis of hpv33 pseudovirions; and (5) th ...	2005	15507710
hpv-associated flat penile lesions in men of a non-std hospital population: less frequent and smaller in size than in male sexual partners of women with cin.	human papillomavirus (hpv) infections and hpv-associated penile lesions are frequently found in male sexual partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). to determine the significance of these findings, we studied the prevalence of hpv and hpv associated penile lesions in a male hospital population with non-std complaints. penoscopy was performed after application of acetic acid to identify flat lesions, papular lesions, condylomata acuminata and pearly penile papules (ppps). ...	2005	15386360
e5 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 selectively downregulates surface hla class i.	papillomaviruses have evolved mechanisms that result in escape from host immune surveillance. the e5 protein is expressed early in papillomavirus infection in the deep layers of the infected epithelium. it is localized to the golgi apparatus (ga) and endoplasmic reticulum. the e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) impairs the synthesis and stability of major histocompatibility (mhc) class i complexes and prevents their transport to the cell surface due to retention in the ga. here we show th ...	2005	15386416
enlarged squamous cell nuclei in cervical cytologic specimens from perimenopausal women ("pm cells") : a cause of asc overdiagnosis.	we studied the appropriateness of interpreting squamous cells with enlarged, smooth, bland nuclei in perimenopausal women ("pm cells") as atypical squamous cells (ascs). papanicolaou smears (paps) from 100 women (40-55 years old) with a cytologic interpretation of asc of undetermined significance (ascus) and human papillomavirus (hpv) testing or a biopsy within 6 months were reviewed by 2 observers without knowledge of the biopsy diagnosis or hpv results. cases in which both reviewers agreed tha ...	2005	15923175
sexual behaviour and high risk human papillomavirus infections in japanese women.		2005	15923306
immunohistochemical demonstration of multiple hpv types in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.	the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomaviruses (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 51, 52, 56 and 58 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma specimens using immunohistochemical reactions and to correlate the presence of hpv with the clinical and pathological characteristics of these patients. tissue samples were collected from 40 patients with primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (lscc) and from 33 subjects with non-neoplastic laryngeal lesions or laryngeal ...	2005	15924277
the human papillomavirus 16 e6 protein can either protect or further sensitize cells to tnf: effect of dose.	high-risk strains of human papillomavirus, including hpv 16, cause human cervical carcinomas, due in part to the activity of their e6 oncogene. e6 interacts with a number of cellular proteins involved in host-initiated apoptotic responses. paradoxically, literature reports show that e6 can both protect cells from and sensitize cells to tumor necrosis factor (tnf). to examine this apparent contradiction, e6 was transfected into u2os cells and stable clones were treated with tnf. intriguingly, clo ...	2005	15933739
human papillomavirus type 18 variant lineages in united states populations characterized by sequence analysis of lcr-e6, e2, and l1 regions.	while hpv 16 variant lineages have been well characterized, the knowledge about hpv 18 variants is limited. in this study, hpv 18 nucleotide variations in the e2 hinge region were characterized by sequence analysis in 47 control and 51 tumor specimens. fifty of these specimens were randomly selected for sequencing of an lcr-e6 segment and 20 samples representative of lcr-e6 and e2 sequence variants were examined across the l1 region. a total of 2770 nucleotides per hpv 18 variant genome were con ...	2005	15936050
outcome after a cervical cytology report of low-grade squamous abnormality in australia.	the current study was undertaken to assist with providing an evidence-based approach to the management of women with cervical cytology reports of low-grade squamous abnormality as used in the australian organized screening program.	2005	15937925
hpv 16 e6 sequence variations in indian patients with cervical neoplasia.	in a cross-sectional study performed between june 2001 and november 2003, the hpv 16 e6 gene of 50 women with cervical neoplasia and 20 cytologically normal women ('controls') was sequenced following amplification by pcr. the 350t to g variant was seen in 35 (70%) of 50 patients' isolates while it was seen in only 3 (15%) of the 20 isolates from the 'controls'. the higher occurrence of the 350g variant among the patients was statistically significant (p<0.01). isolates from patients were grouped ...	2005	15939534
[intraepithelial cervical squamous lesions: comparison between pap-test, colposcopy, phase contrast microscopy and histology; usefulness of their synergic use].	in the last 10 years the tumors of cervix have showed a significant reduction in incidence, while the preneoplastic lesions are increased (linked often to human papilloma virus [hpv] infection), and so it is enhanced the role of early diagnosis.	2005	15940075
acquisition and persistence of human papillomavirus infection in younger men: a prospective follow-up study among danish soldiers.	no data is yet available on incidence or persistence of human papillomavirus (hpv) infection in men. we enrolled 374 younger male conscripts (18-29 years) in a prospective study, and they were examined twice with an interval of 6 to 8 months. data collection included a questionnaire and a sample of cells from the penis for hpv detection using pcr. in addition, the presence of chlamydia trachomatis dna was assessed in urine samples by means of pcr. the hpv prevalence at the first and second exami ...	2005	15941967
extended half-life upon binding of destabilized intrabodies allows specific detection of antigen in mammalian cells.	the ectopic expression of antibody fragments inside mammalian cells (intrabodies) is a challenging approach for probing and modulating target activities. we previously described the shuttling activity of intracellularly expressed escherichia coli beta-galactosidase conferred by the single-chain fv (scfv) fragment 13r4 equipped with nuclear import/export signals. here, by appending to scfvs the proteolytic pest signal sequence (a protein region rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine and threonine ...	2005	15943819
b lymphocyte activation by human papillomavirus-like particles directly induces ig class switch recombination via tlr4-myd88.	vaccination with human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16) l1 virus-like particles (vlp) induces both high titer neutralizing igg and protective immunity. because protection from experimental infection by papillomavirus is mediated by neutralizing igg, we sought the mechanisms that trigger humoral immunity to hpv16 l1 vlp. we find that hpv16 l1 vlp bind to murine b lymphocytes thereby inducing activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and ig class switch recombination to cause the generation o ...	2005	15944297
ultra-deformable liposomes containing bleomycin: in vitro stability and toxicity on human cutaneous keratinocyte cell lines.	formulations of ultra-deformable liposomes containing bleomycin (bleosome) have previously been described and proposed for topical treatment of skin cancer [lau, k.g., chopra, s., maitani, y., 2003. entrapment of bleomycin in ultra-deformable liposomes. s. t. p. pharm. sci. 13, 237-239]. in this study, the stability of various bleosome formulations was characterised and a purification process was established to isolate bleosome for testing on cultures of either human cutaneous keratinocytes (neb ...	2005	15946810
a single amino acid substitution improves the in vivo immunogenicity of the hpv16 oncoprotein e7(11-20) cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitope.	one of the few and most extensively studied human papilloma virus (hpv) type 16 oncoprotein e7-derived cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes is ymldlqpett, presented to ctl by hla-a2.1. we previously identified an altered peptide ligand (apl) of this epitope with increased binding affinity for hla-a2.1, ymldlqpetv. herein, the in vivo immunogenicity of this apl was investigated in hla-a2.1 transgenic hhd mice. both in vitro and direct ex vivo analysis, performed using newly generated hhd tetrame ...	2005	15963358
diagnosis and management of oncogenic cervical human papillomavirus infection.	cervical hpv infection should be managed less as a typical sti and more as a strong risk factor predisposing to cervical cancer development. hpv infection is undeniably transmitted predominately through sexual contact.however, the fact that more than 80% of women followed over time will acquire at least one hr-hpv infection reflects the ubiquitous nature of the infection and the ease of transmission. although the behavioral profiles typically associated with an increased risk for sti (including ...	2005	15963882
multiple neoplastic lesions of the lower genital tract in a human papilloma virus-infected kidney-pancreas allograft recipient: a case report.	states of immunodeficiency are associated with an increased rate of certain cancers. immunosuppressed allograft recipients are at high risk of human papilloma virus (hpv)-related de novo malignancies. a female pancreas plus kidney transplant patient developed multiple genital malignancies within 6 years. the genome of human papilloma virus type 16 was detected in malignant lesions obtained from surgical procedures. all detected lesions were removed at an early state of development.	2005	15964348
[modulator role of p16ink4a in human papillomavirus infection].		2005	15970162
the impact of high risk human papillomavirus testing in an inner london colposcopy clinic.	this is an audit of a new technique to improve the colposcopy service. samples were tested for high risk hpv dna using digene hybrid capture ii. sixty-four percent of the sampled women under 30 had detectable high risk hpv dna, decreasing to 44% in 30--39 year olds and to 27% in women over 40. high risk hpv prevalence increased with severity of cytology, although 22% with normal colposcopy had detectable high risk hpv. of those women treated for cervical dysplasia, 83% had detectable high risk h ...	2005	15977240
technology evaluation: hspe7 (stressgen).	stressgen is developing hspe7, a recombinant fusion protein comprising the human papillomavirus (hpv) e7 antigen and the heat shock protein hsp65 from mycobacterium bovis, as a potential therapy for conditions associated with hpv infection. this therapy is currently undergoing phase iii clinical trials.	2005	15977424
financial requirements of immunisation programmes in developing countries: a 2004-2014 perspective.	vaccines are a key contributor to public health, especially in developing countries. despite numerous demonstrations of the cost-effectiveness of immunisation, vaccines spending accounted for only 1.7% of the total pharmaceutical market in 2002, when unicef estimated that 34 million children were not reached by routine immunisation, most of them in developing countries. several international organizations or initiatives, like the global alliance for vaccines and immunisation (gavi), have defined ...	2005	15979769
prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta-analysis.	prostate cancer is the most common neoplasm of american men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. research suggests that infection and subsequent inflammation may be an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. in this meta-analysis, we examine the current epidemiological evidence for the association between specific sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and prostate cancer.	2005	15988645
synthesis of gossypol atropisomers and derivatives and evaluation of their anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity.	gossypol 1, gossypolone 2, and a series of bis 3 and half schiff's bases 4 of gossypol were synthesised and tested for anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity. (-)-gossypol (-)-1 was the most potent inhibitor of the proliferation of the hpv-16 keratinocyte cell line (using an mtt viability assay) with a gi50 of 4.8 microm. the bis schiff's base of (-)-gossypol with l-tyrosine ethyl ester (-)-3b was the most potent inhibitor of iron/ascorbate dependent lipid peroxidation (using the thiobarbi ...	2005	15878283
immune responses induced by lower airway mucosal immunisation with a human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particle vaccine.	cervical cancer results from cervical infection by human papillomaviruses (hpv), especially hpv16. previous studies have shown that intramuscular vaccination of women with an hpv16 virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine induced a strong igg response and protected against genital hpv16 infection. however, an alternative route of administration that avoids parenteral injection while inducing mucosal immunity might facilitate vaccine implementation in some settings, and partially overcome the substantia ...	2005	15882523
hpv and other risk factors of oral cavity/oropharyngeal cancer in the czech republic.	an association between high-risk human papillomavirus (hr hpv) infection and a risk of development of a subgroup of head and neck cancers has been proposed recently. the main risk factors of oral and oropharyngal cancer observed in our population are smoking and alcohol consumption. the incidence of oral/oropharyngeal tumours in the czech republic is relatively high and there are no data available about the prevalence of hpv dna presence in these tumours.	2005	15888110
presence of high-risk mucosal human papillomavirus genotypes in primary melanoma and in acquired dysplastic melanocytic naevi.	some studies have shown that cutaneous and mucosal melanoma biopsy specimens harbour human papillomavirus (hpv), suggesting that this virus may play a role in development and progression of the tumour.	2005	15888145
human papillomavirus-associated plantar epidermoid cyst related to epidermoid metaplasia of the eccrine duct epithelium: a combined histological, immunohistochemical, dna-dna in situ hybridization and three-dimensional reconstruction analysis.	we recently proposed that certain palmoplantar epidermoid cysts may be related to eccrine ducts and that human papillomavirus (hpv) 60 may play a role in their pathomechanism. however, the origin of palmoplantar epidermoid cysts is still controversial.	2005	15888153
socioeconomic status and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 among oncogenic human papillomavirus dna-positive women with equivocal or mildly abnormal cytology.	low socioeconomic status (ses) is a reported risk factor for cervical carcinoma, but few studies have taken into account adequately the possibly confounding effects of oncogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) infection as well as access to screening and subsequent treatment.	2005	15889450
kinetic analysis of the interactions of human papillomavirus e6 oncoproteins with the ubiquitin ligase e6ap using surface plasmon resonance.	cervical cancers evolve from lesions generated by genital human papillomaviruses (hpv). "low-risk" genital hpvs cause benign proliferations whereas "high-risk" types have the potential to progress into cancer. high-risk hpv e6 oncoproteins interact with the ubiquitin ligase e6ap and target several cellular proteins, including p53 and proteins of the magi family, towards ubiquitin-mediated degradation. e6ap, like other e6 binding proteins such as e6bp, irf-3 and paxillin, interacts with e6 via a ...	2005	15890204
role of the e1--e4 protein in the differentiation-dependent life cycle of human papillomavirus type 31.	the most highly expressed protein in the productive life cycle of human papillomaviruses (hpvs) is e1--e4, but its function is not well understood. to investigate the role of e1--e4, we undertook a genetic analysis in the context of the complete hpv type 31 (hpv31) genome. a mutant hpv31 genome (e4m9) was constructed that contained a stop codon in the e4 open reading frame at amino acid 9 and was silent in the overlapping e2 coding sequence. wild-type and mutant genomes were transfected into nor ...	2005	15890911
papillomavirus capsid mutation to escape dendritic cell-dependent innate immunity in cervical cancer.	infection with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (hpvs), typified by hpv type 16 (hpv16), is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. prophylactic vaccination with hpv16 l1 virus-like particles (vlps) provides immunity. hpv16 vlps activate dendritic cells and a potent neutralizing immunoglobulin g (igg) response, yet many cervical cancer patients fail to generate detectable vlp-specific igg. therefore, we examined the role of the innate recognition of hpv16 l1 in vlp-induced immune responses and its ...	2005	15890912
diversifying selection in human papillomavirus type 16 lineages based on complete genome analyses.	human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16) is the primary etiological agent of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer in women worldwide. complete genomes of 12 isolates representing the major lineages of hpv16 were cloned and sequenced from cervicovaginal cells. the sequence variations within the open reading frames (orfs) and noncoding regions were identified and compared with the hpv16r reference sequence. this whole-genome approach gives us unprecedented precision in detailing sequence-lev ...	2005	15890941
protection of beagle dogs from mucosal challenge with canine oral papillomavirus by immunization with recombinant adenoviruses expressing codon-optimized early genes.	replication-deficient adenoviral (rad5) vaccines containing codon-optimized e1, e2, e4, and e7 genes of canine oral papillomavirus (copv) were tested singly or in combination to determine which vaccines could protect against mucosal challenge with copv. in three studies, groups of 4-6 beagle dogs were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with 10(11) rad5 at 8-10 weeks and 4-6 weeks prior to challenge with infectious copv particles at multiple oral mucosal sites. control dogs were immunized with equiv ...	2005	15892962
verucciform xanthoma of the penis not associated with human papillomavirus infection.	verruciform xanthoma (vx) is a rare lesion with a predilection for oral mucosa. only 16 cases of vx of the penis have been reported. histologically, vx lesions in different locations are identical; however, the etiology is controversial. previous studies have reported the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) in vx of the skin. the purpose of this study was to determine whether hpv is a causative agent in this rare case of vx of the penis. microscopically, the lesion demonstrated prominent verr ...	2005	15737058
regulation of apoptosis by the papillomavirus e6 oncogene.	infection with human papillomaviruses is strongly associated with the development of multiple cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. the hpv e6 gene is essential for the oncogenic potential of hpv. the regulation of apoptosis by oncogene has been related to carcinogenesis closely; therefore, the modulation of e6 on cellular apoptosis has become a hot research topic recently. inactivation of the pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor p53 by e6 is an important mechanism by which e6 promotes ...	2005	15742391
abstracts of the 24th annual convention of indian association for cancer research and international symposium on human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. february 9-12, 2005, noida, india.		2005	15744933
human papilloma virus, papanicolaou smears, and the college female.	this article discusses human papilloma virus (hpv), papanicolaou smears and the rational for new screening guidelines.	2005	15748929
genitourinary issues in the male college student: a case-based approach.	five percent of all ambulatory visits by men 18 years of age or older include genitourinary symptoms as a reason for the visit. in this article, using typical, unusual, or otherwise instructive cases, the authors review a select group of genitourinary issues in the college-age male. warts (human papilloma virus), is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and it may mimic other disease. testicular cancer is one of the most serious diseases to confront health care providers. varicoceles a ...	2005	15748931
the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections.	infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) types is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, the second most frequently occurring cancer in women worldwide. rates of acquisition of hpv are high, particularly among sexually active young adults. reported estimates of incident hpv infection among initially negative women have reached as high as 60% over a 5-year follow-up period. in this article, we review the epidemiology of hpv infection. in addition to estimates of disease frequency, we hi ...	2005	15753008
hpv-mediated transformation of the anogenital tract.	infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-hpv) has been associated with intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinomas at various sites of the anogenital tract, including the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis and anus. although hr-hpv is a necessary cause for cervical cancer, the majority of anal cancers and a subset of cancers at other genital sites, additional (epi)genetic events are required for malignant transformation. hpv-mediated transformation of human epithelial cells has been recognized a ...	2005	15753009
human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus in a high-risk population.	to investigate the relation of human papillomavirus (hpv) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc) in iranian patients as compared to normal controls.	2005	15754405
silencing of integrated human papillomavirus type 18 oncogene transcription in cells expressing serpinb2.	the serine protease inhibitor serpinb2 (pai-2), a major product of differentiating squamous epithelial cells, has recently been shown to bind and protect the retinoblastoma protein (rb) from degradation. in human papillomavirus type 18 (hpv-18)-transformed epithelial cells the expression of the e6 and e7 oncoproteins is controlled by the hpv-18 upstream regulatory region (urr). here we illustrate that pai-2 expression in the hpv-18-transformed cervical carcinoma line hela resulted in the restora ...	2005	15767426
the role of viral integration in the development of cervical cancer.	the development of invasive cervical cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (hpv) infection and subsequent integration into the host epithelium. more than 99% of cervical cancers contain hpv sequences, and many of these contain a truncated hpv genome integrated into a single position within the host genome. studies examining the role of viral integration in cervical cancer development have found that the sites of integration appear randomly distributed throughout the genome. this, and th ...	2005	15771901
1h and 15n resonance assignment, secondary structure and dynamic behaviour of the c-terminal domain of human papillomavirus oncoprotein e6.	e6 is a viral oncoprotein implicated in cervical cancers, produced by human papillomaviruses (hpvs). e6 contains two putative zinc-binding domains of about 75 residues each. the difficulty in producing recombinant e6 has long hindered the obtention of structural data. recently, we described the expression and purification of e6-c 4c/4s, a stable, folded mutant of the c-terminal domain of hpv16 e6. here, we have produced 15n-labelled samples of e6-c 4c/4s for structural studies by nmr. we have as ...	2005	15772752
absence of human papillomavirus in esophageal carcinomas from southwestern kenya.	esophageal squamous cell cancer is highly prevalent in south-western kenya. the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) in esophageal cancers from this region was evaluated. biopsies of 29 esophageal squamous cell cancers were assayed for hpv dna sequences by reverse line blot polymerase chain reaction, using 27 hpv type-specific probes. viral sequences were found in none of the specimens. these results suggest the hpv is unlikely to be an etiologic factor for esophageal squamous cell cancers in this ...	2005	15773838
human papillomavirus genotypes and their association with cervical neoplasia in a cohort of western australian women.	human papillomavirus (hpv) is known to be the cause of almost all cervical cancers. the genotypes have been classified into high and low risk types according to their oncogenic potential. however, data for many of the genotypes are limited and some (hpv-26, 53, and 66) have no agreed status. a study was undertaken to determine the hpv genotype distribution in women of western australia and the association with cervical neoplasia. liquid based cervical samples from a cohort of 282 western austral ...	2005	15778980
after the promise: the std consequences of adolescent virginity pledges.	to examine the effectiveness of virginity pledges in reducing std infection rates among young adults (ages 18-24).	2005	15780782
detection of persistent high risk human papillomavirus infections with hybrid capture ii and spf10/lipa.	hpv infection in young women is common. however only a certain number of hpv genotypes are oncogenic. it is necessary for high risk hpv infection to persist at the cervix for a considerable time before oncogenesis occurs.	2005	15780805
opposing effects of bovine papillomavirus type 1 e6 and e7 genes on fas-mediated apoptosis.	programmed cell death (pcd), best exemplified by apoptosis, is a genetically programmed process of cellular destruction that is indispensable for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf) and related cytokines are employed by host defenses to eliminate virally infected cells through induction of apoptosis. many viruses have evolved specific gene products to modulate this process. we have recently shown that the bovine papillomavirus type 1 ( ...	2005	15782122
immunotherapeutic efficacy of vaccines generated by fusion of dendritic cells and hpv16-associated tumour cells.	utilization of vaccines generated by fusion of dendritic cells and tumour cells is a promising approach to tumour immunotherapy. we have examined the therapeutic efficacy of vaccines generated by fusion of hpv16-associated tumour cells tc-1 with syngeneic and allogeneic dendritic cells. locally administered hybrid cells generated by fusion of mhc class i+ tc-1 cells and syngeneic dc inhibited the growth of mhc class i+ tc-1 tumours, but not the growth of mhc class i- tc-1/a9-derived tumours. the ...	2005	15783088
incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with hiv serostatus, cd4 cell counts, and human papillomavirus test results.	recent cervical cancer screening guidelines state that the interval between screenings can be safely extended to 3 years in healthy women 30 years or older who have normal cytology results and have negative test results for oncogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) dna.	2005	15784870
is p16(ink4a) expression more useful than human papillomavirus test to determine the outcome of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance-categorized pap smear? a comparative analysis using abnormal cervical smears with follow-up biopsies.	to correlate high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-hpv) viral load to p16(ink4a) expression in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ascus)-categorized pap smears with follow-up biopsies in order to elucidate their relationships in gynecological pathology.	2005	15790434
vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) up-regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (egf-r) in cervical cancer in vitro: this action is mediated through hpv-e6 in hpv-positive cancers.	epidermal growth factor receptor (egf-r) up-regulation in cervical cancer cells leads to an increase in cell proliferative insulin-like growth factor ii (igf-ii) and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and a decrease of the anti-proliferative igf-binding protein-3 (igf-bp3). the objectives for this study are: (a) to find if vegf, in turn, up-regulates egf-r and down-regulates igf-bp3; (b) to determine if human papilloma virus (hpv-e6) mediates this action of vegf in hpv-positive cells; and ...	2005	15790460
parallel nanoliter detection of cancer markers using polymer microchips.	a general multipurpose microchip technology platform for point-of-care diagnostics has been developed. real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) for detection of artificial human papilloma virus (hpv) 16 sequences and siha cell line samples was successfully performed in cyclic olefin copolymer (coc) microchips, incorporating supply channels and parallel reaction channels. samples were distributed into 10 parallel reaction channels, and signals were simultaneously detected in 80 ...	2005	15791339
antiviral activity of cidofovir on a naturally human papillomavirus-16 infected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (scchn) cell line improves radiation sensitivity.	high risk hpv types 16 and 18 are associated with cervical cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (scchn). cidofovir is an antiviral drug used to treat hpv-induced laryngeal papillomatosis and other viral infections, with initial reports suggesting activity in cervical carcinoma cells. we investigated the effects of cidofovir on a naturally hpv-16-transformed scchn cell line (upci:scc090), in comparison with a cervical carcinoma cell line (caski) of similar viral characteristics ...	2005	15792615
the mitotic chromosome binding activity of the papillomavirus e2 protein correlates with interaction with the cellular chromosomal protein, brd4.	the papillomavirus transcriptional activator, e2, is involved in key functions of the viral life cycle. these include transcriptional regulation, viral dna replication, and viral genome segregation. the transactivation domain of e2 is required for each of these functions. to identify the regions of the domain that mediate binding to mitotic chromosomes, a panel of mutations has been generated and their effect on various e2 functions has been analyzed. a structural model of the bovine papillomavi ...	2005	15795266
induction of the human papillomavirus type 31 late promoter requires differentiation but not dna amplification.	the human papillomavirus (hpv) life cycle is linked to the differentiation state of the host cell. in virus-infected undifferentiated basal epithelial cells, hpv genomes are maintained as episomes at low copy number. upon differentiation, a concomitant increase in viral copy number and an induction of late gene expression from a differentiation-specific promoter is seen. to investigate whether late gene expression was dependent on the amplification of the viral genome, inhibitors of dna replicat ...	2005	15795277
adenoviral p53 effects and cell-specific e7 protein-protein interactions of human cervical cancer cells.	we investigated the time-course tumor growth suppression effects of recombinant adenovirus expressing p53 on human cervical cancer cells and cell-specific e7 protein-protein interactions in cell lysates using surface plasmon resonance (spr) biosensor. six hpv-infected human cervical cancer cell lines (hpv 16-positive cells, caski and siha cells; hpv 18-positive cells, hela and helas3 cells; and hpv negative c33a and ht3 cells) were used. after infection with adcmvp53, the cell-specific growth in ...	2005	15797321
immunohistochemical expression of p16ink4a and bcl-2 according to hpv type and to the progression of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions.	inactivation of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p16mts1 seems to be involved in human papillomavirus (hpv)-related carcinogenesis because e6 and e7 oncoproteins may impair p16ink4a and, indirectly, bcl-2 functions. in this study, we analyzed the role of immunohistochemical expression of p16ink4a and bcl-2 in hpv-infected cervical biopsies as prognostic markers of the progression of squamous intraepithelial lesion (sil). sixty-five cervical biopsies were stratified into two subgroups according to t ...	2005	15805425
hpv type concordance in sexual couples determines the effect of condoms on regression of flat penile lesions.	we earlier demonstrated, in a randomised clinical trial, that the regression time of flat penile lesions in male sexual partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) was shorter in men who used condoms compared to those who did not. to further evaluate this finding, we examined whether the effect of condom use on the regression of flat penile lesions depends on the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) type concordance in sexual couples, as determined in cervical and penile sc ...	2005	15812547
inhibitory effect of jaceosidin isolated from artemisiaargyi on the function of e6 and e7 oncoproteins of hpv 16.	jaceosidin (4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',6-dimethoxyflavone) was isolated from artemisia argyi as a putative oncogene inhibitor. jaceosidin inhibited binding between oncoprotein e6 of the human papillomavirus and the p53 tumor suppressor protein. in addition, jaceosidin inhibited binding between the e7 oncoprotein and the rb tumor suppressor protein, and also inhibited the function of hpv-16 harboring cervical cancer cells, including siha and caski. collectively, jaceosidin inhibited the functions of th ...	2005	15814270
family history as a co-factor for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: results from two studies conducted in costa rica and the united states.	previous work suggests that cervical cancer may aggregate in families. we evaluated the association between a family history of gynecological tumors and risk of squamous cell and adenocarcinomas of the cervix in 2 studies conducted in costa rica and the united states. the costa rican study consisted of 2,073 women (85 diagnosed with cin3 or cancer, 55 diagnosed with cin2 and 1,933 controls) selected from a population-based study of 10,049 women. the u.s. study consisted of 570 women (124 with in ...	2005	15818615
induction of human papillomavirus type 16-specific immunologic responses in a normal and an human papillomavirus-infected populations.	human papillomavirus (hpv) infection, especially with the oncogenic genotypes, is the most important risk factor for developing cervical cancer. we focused on generating hpv16 e7-specific cytotoxic cd8(+) t lymphocytes and evaluating hpv16 e7-specific immune responses in hpv16-infected and uninfected populations. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) were first collected from an uninfected group with an human lymphocyte antigen (hla) a2 haplotype (four volunteers). mature monocyte-derived d ...	2005	15819706
human papillomavirus genome detection by in situ hybridization in fine-needle aspirates of metastatic lesions from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.	patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hnscc) often present with metastatic disease. the diagnosis of metastatic lesions usually is determined by fine-needle aspiration. human papillomavirus (hpv) is now being considered as a causative agent in a subset of hnscc. the objectives of this study were, first; to search for the presence of hpv dna by in situ hybridization (ish) in metastatic lesions from hnscc using alcohol-fixed, archival, cytopathologic material; second, to characteriz ...	2005	15822131
human papillomavirus status in advanced cervical cancer: predictive and prognostic significance for curative radiation treatment.	human papillomavirus (hpv) infection plays a major role in oncogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. this study was performed to investigate if hpv status and e2 gene integrity are prognostic parameters for clinical outcome and predictive for radiation response. forty women with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with curative radiotherapy were analyzed for hpv infection and e2 gene integrity by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. statistical analyses were performed for overal ...	2005	15823112
a case with multiple gynecological malignancies.	a patient with cervical non-hodgkin lymphoma was treated with chemotherapy. fourteen months after the diagnosis of the lymphoma, an endometrial adenocarcinoma was detected as a secondary malignant tumor. the patient was treated with surgery followed by radiotherapy. approximately 7 years after the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, vaginal invasive squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed as the third primary malignancy, and a second-line palliative radiotherapy was applied. seven months after the la ...	2005	15823128
human papillomaviruses in lymph node neck metastases of head and neck cancers.	the results of this study corroborate earlier findings that human papillomavirus (hpv)16 is the most prevalent type of hpv in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (scchns) and reinforce a possible influence of hpv on scchn progression by showing that the majority of hpv-positive patients harbor hpv16 (or hpv33) both in their primary tumors and in lymph node neck metastases (lnnms).	2005	15823814
cell-surface display of e7 antigen from human papillomavirus type-16 in lactococcus lactis and in lactobacillus plantarum using a new cell-wall anchor from lactobacilli.	the human papillomavirus type-16 (hpv-16) e7 protein is considered a major viral oncoprotein involved in cervical cancer (cxca) and a potential candidate for the development of a vaccine against this neoplasia. here, two lactic acid bacteria (the model one lactococcus lactis and a probiotic one lactobacillus plantarum) were engineered to deliver an e7 mutant protein (e7mm), which has a reduced transforming activity and consequently, could fit better to therapeutic use in humans than the native f ...	2005	15823960
human papillomavirus 16 virus-like particles use heparan sulfates to bind dendritic cells and colocalize with langerin in langerhans cells.	langerhans cells (lc), the immature dendritic cells (dc) that reside in epithelial tissues are among the first immune cells to encounter human papillomavirus (hpv) and are not activated by hpv virus-like particles (vlps) in contrast to dc. the notion that the differences in response to hpv vlps between lc and dc are associated with different types of cell binding and intracellular trafficking has been addressed. inhibition experiments with heparin and sodium chlorate showed that heparan sulfates ...	2005	15831940
proteomic analysis of progressive factors in uterine cervical cancer.	human papillomavirus (hpv) infections play a crucial role in the progress of cervical cancer. the high-risk hpv types are frequently associated with the development of malignant lesions. some of the latest studies have demonstrated that the high-risk hpv 16 and 18 are predominantly detected in the more aggressive cancers. in the present study, we aimed to establish the proteomic profiles and characterization of the tumor related proteins by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) and ma ...	2005	15838902
genital human papillomavirus testing by in situ hybridization in liquid atypical cytologic materials and follow-up biopsies.	to describe cases of hpv testing by dna in situ hybridization performed on atypical cervicovaginal samples collected by a liquidsed method that were negative for hpv dna on cytology but revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia on follow-up biopsies.	2005	15839614
study of the viral infections and cytokines associated with recurrent aphthous ulceration.	mouth ulcers are one of the most common oral complaints. however, the association between oral ulceration and viruses and cytokines is uncertain. we detected the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1, hsv-2 and human herpesvirus (hhv)-8 dna in oral tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern hybridization techniques, and quantified the serum levels of cytokines including interleukin (il)-2, il-4, granulo ...	2005	15840465
[antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry under the influence of ph value and time].	to find the best antigen retrieval buffer and retrieval time for the immunohistochemical staining of p504s, p63, cd10, and ki-67.	2005	15841154
a novel filtration-based processing method of liquid cytology specimens for human papillomavirus dna testing by hybrid capture ii.	we evaluated a more efficient method of processing liquid-based cervical cytology specimens for human papillomavirus (hpv) dna testing by hybrid capture ii (hcii). aliquots were made from 701 specimens in the following sequence: 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 1.5 ml. the 4.0-ml aliquot was processed by the standard method (stp), and half of the processed material was tested by hcii. other aliquots were processed with a new, filtration-based processing method (npm). the 2.0-ml npm aliquot had hcii test ...	2005	15842050
human papillomavirus anogenital disease in hiv-infected individuals.	human papillomavirus (hpv) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and a significant cause of anogenital malignancies, precancer lesions, and cutaneous disease. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive individuals have a higher prevalence of hpv infection and hpv-associated anogenital disease compared to age-matched hiv-negative controls. data suggest that there has been little reduction in hpv-associated disease since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy ...	2005	15842614
e7-expressing hacat keratinocyte cells are resistant to oxidative stress-induced cell death via the induction of catalase.	cervical carcinoma is one of the most prevalent cancers in women worldwide, and human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 is the most common agent linked to human cervical carcinoma. in order to identify various relevant factors affected by the e7 oncogene, we established a stable cell line, which constitutively expressed e7 using the hacat human keratinocyte cell line. the increased expression and activity of catalase in the e7-expressing hacat cells (hacat/e7) were verified via matrix-assisted laser ...	2005	15852342
hpv-16 l1 vlp vaccine elicits a broad-spectrum of cytokine responses in whole blood.	here, we evaluated innate and adaptive immune system cytokine responses induced by hpv-16 l1 vlp in whole blood (wb) cultures from individuals receiving the vaccine (n=20) or placebo (n=4) before and after vaccination. 11 cytokines were measured: il-1beta, il-2, il-4, il-5, il-6, il-8, il-10, il-12, ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha, and gm-csf using multiplex bead arrays. cytokine profiles from wb samples clearly discriminated between vaccine and placebo recipients and between pre and post-vaccination respo ...	2005	15855014