Publications

fungal ammonia fermentation, a novel metabolic mechanism that couples the dissimilatory and assimilatory pathways of both nitrate and ethanol. role of acetyl coa synthetase in anaerobic atp synthesis.	fungal ammonia fermentation is a novel dissimilatory metabolic mechanism that supplies energy under anoxic conditions. the fungus fusarium oxysporum reduces nitrate to ammonium and simultaneously oxidizes ethanol to acetate to generate atp (zhou, z., takaya, n., nakamura, a., yamaguchi, m., takeo, k., and shoun, h. (2002) j. biol. chem. 277, 1892-1896). we identified the aspergillus nidulans genes involved in ammonia fermentation by analyzing fungal mutants. the results showed that assimilatory ...	2004	14722082
cadre: the central aspergillus data repository.	cadre is a public resource for housing and analysing genomic data extracted from species of aspergillus. it arose to enable maintenance of the complete annotated genomic sequence of aspergillus fumigatus and to provide tools for searching, analysing and visualizing features of fungal genomes. by implementing cadre using ensembl, a framework is in place for storing and comparing several genomes: the resource will thus expand by including other aspergillus genomes (such as aspergillus nidulans) as ...	2004	14681443
nek2a interacts with mad1 and possibly functions as a novel integrator of the spindle checkpoint signaling.	chromosome segregation in mitosis is orchestrated by protein kinase signaling cascades. a biochemical cascade named spindle checkpoint ensures the spatial and temporal order of chromosome segregation during mitosis. here we report that spindle checkpoint protein mad1 interacts with nek2a, a human orthologue of the aspergillus nidulans nima kinase. mad1 interacts with nek2a in vitro and in vivo via a leucine zipper-containing domain located at the c terminus of mad1. like mad1, nek2a is localized ...	2004	14978040
a putative g protein-coupled receptor negatively controls sexual development in aspergillus nidulans.	g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are key components of heterotrimeric g protein-mediated signalling pathways that detect environmental signals and confer rapid cellular responses. to broaden our understanding of signalling mechanisms in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, intensive analyses of the aspergillus nidulans genome have been carried out and nine genes (gpra approximately gpri) that are predicted to encode seven transmembrane spanning gpcrs have been identified. six of nine ...	2004	14982628
disruption of the gene encoding the v-atpase subunit a results in inhibition of normal growth and abolished sporulation in aspergillus nidulans.	the authors have previously reported on molecular responses of aspergillus nidulans to bacterial antifungal metabolites, e.g. bafilomycins and the related concanamycins. these compounds are known inhibitors of v-atpases and cause dramatic effects on mycelial growth and morphology. in neurospora crassa, studies have shown that disruption of the gene encoding subunit a of the v-atpase results in morphological changes and reduced growth similar to those observed after addition of concanamycin. this ...	2004	14993324
the early impact of genetics on our understanding of cell cycle regulation in aspergillus nidulans.	the application of genetic analysis was crucial to the rapid progress that has been made in cell cycle research. ron morris, one of the first to apply genetics to cell cycle research, developed aspergillus nidulans into an important model system for the analysis of many aspects of cell biology. within the area of cell cycle research, ron's laboratory is noted for development of novel cell biological and molecular genetic approaches as well as seminal insights regarding the regulation of mitosis, ...	2004	14998523
nuclear migration and positioning in filamentous fungi.	genetic analyses of nuclear distribution mutants have indicated that functions of the microtubule motor, cytoplasmic dynein, and its regulators are important for nuclear positioning in filamentous fungi. here we review these studies and also present the need to further dissect how dynein and its associated microtubule cytoskeleton are involved mechanistically in nuclear positioning in the multinucleated hyphae.	2004	14998524
tubulins in aspergillus nidulans.	the discovery and characterization of the tubulin superfamily in aspergillus nidulans is described. remarkably, the genes that encode alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulins were all identified first in a. nidulans. there are two alpha-tubulin genes, tuba and tubb, two beta-tubulin genes, bena and tubc, and one gamma-tubulin gene, mipa. hyphal tubulin is encoded mainly by the essential genes tuba and bena. tubc is expressed during conidiation and tubb is required for the sexual cycle. promoter swappin ...	2004	14998525
aspergillus nidulans as a model system to characterize the dna damage response in eukaryotes.	interest in dna repair in aspergillus nidulans had mainly grown out of studies of three different biological processes, namely mitotic recombination, inducible responses to detrimental environmental changes, and genetic control of the cell cycle. ron morris started the investigation of the genetic control of the cell cycle by screening hundreds of cell cycle temperature sensitive aspergillus mutants. the sequencing and innovative analysis of these genes revealed not only several components of th ...	2004	14998526
insight into the genome of aspergillus fumigatus: analysis of a 922 kb region encompassing the nitrate assimilation gene cluster.	aspergillus fumigatus is the most ubiquitous opportunistic filamentous fungal pathogen of human. as an initial step toward sequencing the entire genome of a. fumigatus, which is estimated to be approximately 30 mb in size, we have sequenced a 922 kb region, contained within 16 overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones. fifty-four percent of the dna is predicted to be coding with 341 putative protein coding genes. functional classification of the proteins showed the presence of a h ...	2004	14998527
identification of a novel gene hbrb required for polarised growth in aspergillus nidulans.	we have cloned a novel gene, hbrb, by complementation of a temperature sensitive hyperbranching (hbr) mutant of aspergillus nidulans. the mutant, hbrb3, exhibits hyperseptation and shows a marked increase in hyphal branching at the restrictive temperature. a genomic library incorporating the ama1 sequence, which confers autonomous replication on the plasmid, was used to clone the gene. co-ordinate loss of the complementing plasmid and wild type phenotype was shown. the 847 amino acid predicted p ...	2004	14998529
a sensitive predictor for potential gpi lipid modification sites in fungal protein sequences and its application to genome-wide studies for aspergillus nidulans, candida albicans, neurospora crassa, saccharomyces cerevisiae and schizosaccharomyces pombe.	the fungal transamidase complex that executes glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) lipid anchoring of precursor proteins has overlapping but distinct sequence specificity compared with the animal system. therefore, a taxon-specific prediction tool for the recognition of the c-terminal signal in fungal sequences is necessary. we have collected a learning set of fungal precursor protein sequences from the literature and fungal proteomes. although the general four segment scheme of the recognition si ...	2004	15003443
molecular cloning and functional characterization of avab, a gene encoding vam6p/vps39p-like protein in aspergillus nidulans.	it has been demonstrated that saccharomyces cerevisiae vam6p/vps39p plays a critical role in the tethering steps of vacuolar membrane fusion by facilitating guanine nucleotide exchange on small guanosine triphosphatase (gtpase) vam4p/ypt7p. we report here the identification and characterization of a novel protein in aspergillus nidulans, avab, that exhibits similarity to vam6p/vps39p and plays a critical role in vacuolar morphogenesis in a. nidulans. avab is comprised of 1058 amino acids with am ...	2004	15019743
nek8, a nima family kinase member, is overexpressed in primary human breast tumors.	the family of human nek (nima related kinase) kinases currently contains 11 members. we have identified nek8 as a new member of the nek kinase family. for many of the nek family members, primary tumor expression data and function have been limited. however, all of the nek family proteins share considerable homology with the never in mitosis, gene a (nima) kinase from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. nima, as well as its most closely related human ortholog, nek2, are required for g(2) ...	2004	15019993
ren1 is required for development of microconidia and macroconidia, but not of chlamydospores, in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum.	the filamentous fungus fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne facultative parasite that causes economically important losses in a wide variety of crops. f. oxysporum exhibits filamentous growth on agar media and undergoes asexual development producing three kinds of spores: microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. ellipsoidal microconidia and falcate macroconidia are formed from phialides by basipetal division; globose chlamydospores with thick walls are formed acrogenously from hyphae or by ...	2004	15020411
enzyme reactions and genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis.	aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic substances mainly produced by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus. sterigmatocystin is a penultimate precursor of aflatoxins and also a toxic and carcinogenic substance produced by many species, including aspergillus nidulans. recently, the majority of the enzyme reactions involved in aflatoxin/sterigmatocystin biosynthesis have been clarified, and the genes encoding the enzymes have been isolated. most of the genes constitute a large gene ...	2004	15022028
synthesis and antifungal properties of compounds which target the alpha-aminoadipate pathway.	fungi synthesize lysine via the alpha-aminoadipate pathway, which is not found in plants or animals. this pathway has been proposed as a target for antifungal agents, but until now no reports have appeared to test this proposal. hampering studies on the susceptibility of filamentous fungi such as those of the clinically important genus aspergillus is the fact that growth quantitation is notoriously difficult. we have used the recently-reported xtt-based method of biomass quantitation to measure ...	2004	15025175
ethylene modulates development and toxin biosynthesis in aspergillus possibly via an ethylene sensor-mediated signaling pathway.	ethylene, a biologically active natural compound, inhibited aflatoxin accumulation by aspergillus parasiticus on a solid growth medium in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 0.1 to 150 ppm. the activity of the nor-1 promoter (an early aflatoxin gene) was reduced to nondetectable levels by similar quantities of ethylene, suggesting that the inhibitory effect on toxin synthesis occurred, at least in part, at the level of transcription. the inhibitory effect of ethylene on aflatoxin accumu ...	2004	15035355
the aspergillus nidulans amds gene as a marker for the identification of multicopy t-dna integration events in agrobacterium-mediated transformation of aspergillus awamori.	the aspergillus nidulans amds selection marker was used for the identification of multicopy t-dna insertions in agrobacterium-mediated transformation of asp. awamori. the selection of transformants on agar plates containing acetamide as sole nitrogen source and hygromycin resulted in a six-fold decrease in the transformation frequency, compared with the transformation frequency obtained after hygromycin selection alone. however, it was found that 47% of the transformants obtained after hygromyci ...	2004	15045526
cremophor el stimulates mitotic recombination in uvsh//uvsh diploid strain of aspergillus nidulans.	cremophor el is a solubilizer and emulsifier agent used in the pharmaceutical and foodstuff industries. the solvent is the principal constituent of paclitaxel's clinical formulation vehicle. since mitotic recombination plays a crucial role in multistep carcinogenesis, the study of the recombinagenic potential of chemical compounds is of the utmost importance. in our research genotoxicity of cremophor el has been studied by using an uvsh//uvsh diploid strain of aspergillus nidulans. since it spen ...	2004	15048194
structure and biological functions of fungal cerebrosides.	ceramide monohexosides (cmhs, cerebrosides) are glycosphingolipids composed of a hydrophobic ceramide linked to one sugar unit. in fungal cells, cmhs are very conserved molecules consisting of a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine in amidic linkage to 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic or 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, and a carbohydrate portion consisting of one residue of glucose or galactose. 9-methyl 4,8-sphingadienine-containing ceramides are usually glycosylated to form fungal cerebros ...	2004	15048196
transcription of purine transporter genes is activated during the isotropic growth phase of aspergillus nidulans conidia.	aspergillus nidulans possesses three well-characterized purine transporters encoded by the genes uapa, uapc and azga. expression of these genes in mycelium is induced by purines and repressed by ammonium or glutamine through the action of the pathway-specific uay regulator and the general gata factor area respectively. here, we describe the regulation of expression of purine transporters during conidiospore germination and the onset of mycelium development. in resting conidiospores, mrna steady- ...	2004	15049821
a basic-region helix-loop-helix protein-encoding gene (devr) involved in the development of aspergillus nidulans.	basic-region helix-loop-helix (bhlh) proteins form an interesting class of eukaryotic transcription factors often involved in developmental processes. here, a so far unknown bhlh protein-encoding gene of the filamentous ascomycete aspergillus nidulans was isolated and designated devr for regulator of development. deletion of devr revealed that the gene is non-essential for vegetative growth. however, the deletion mutant produced wrinkled colonies, a yellow pigment and did not form conidia on min ...	2004	15049823
negative subtraction hybridization: an efficient method to isolate large numbers of condition-specific cdnas.	the construction of cdna libraries is a useful tool to understand gene expression in organisms under different conditions, but random sequencing of unbiased cdna collections is laborious and can give rise to redundant est collections. we aimed to isolate cdnas of messages induced by switching aspergillus nidulans from growth on glucose to growth on selected polysaccharides. approximately 4,700 contigs from 12,320 ests were already available from a cdna library representing transcripts isolated f ...	2004	15050035
two delta9-stearic acid desaturases are required for aspergillus nidulans growth and development.	unsaturated fatty acids are important constituents of all cell membranes and are required for normal growth. in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives also influence asexual (conidial) and sexual (ascospore) sporulation processes. to investigate the relationship between fatty acid metabolism and fungal development, we disrupted the a. nidulans sdea and sdeb genes, both encoding delta9-stearic acid desaturases responsible for the conversion of p ...	2004	15050539
deletion of the aspergillus fumigatus lysine biosynthesis gene lysf encoding homoaconitase leads to attenuated virulence in a low-dose mouse infection model of invasive aspergillosis.	aspergillus fumigatus is an important pathogen of the immunocompromised host, causing pneumonia and invasive disseminated disease with high mortality. in order to determine the importance of lysine biosynthesis for growth and pathogenicity, the a. fumigatus lysf gene, encoding a homologue of the a. nidulans homoaconitase lysf, was cloned and characterized. cosmid cosgtm encoding lysf complemented a lysf mutant of aspergillus nidulans. a. fumigatus lysf was deleted, resulting in a lysine-auxotrop ...	2004	15052376
biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by metabolically engineered escherichia coli strains.	biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas) consisting of 3-hydroxy-alkanoates (3has) of 4 to 10 carbon atoms was examined in metabolically engineered escherichia coli strains. when the fada and/or fadb mutant e. coli strains harboring the plasmid containing the pseudomonas sp. 61-3 phac2 gene and the ralstonia eutropha phaab genes were cultured in luria-bertani (lb) medium supplemented with 2 g/l of sodium decanoate, all the recombinant e. coli strains synthesized phas consisting of c4, c6, c8 ...	2004	15054261
in vivo levels of s-adenosylmethionine modulate c:g to t:a mutations associated with repeat-induced point mutation in neurospora crassa.	in neurospora crassa, the mutagenic process termed repeat-induced point mutation (rip) inactivates duplicated dna sequences during the sexual cycle by the introduction of c:g to t:a transition mutations. in this work, we have used a collection of n. crassa strains exhibiting a wide range of cellular levels of s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), the universal donor of methyl groups, to explore whether frequencies of rip are dependent on the cellular levels of this metabolite. mutant strains met-7 and ...	2004	15063139
blockage of methylcitrate cycle inhibits polyketide production in aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans produces the polyketide toxin sterigmatocystin (st) of which the biosynthetic and pathway specific regulatory genes compose a stc gene cluster. a previous mutagenesis screen identified 23 mutants defective in production of st. five mutants constitute a single locus. genetic complementation and sequencing analysis revealed the mutant locus to be mcsa encoding methylcitrate synthase that converts propionyl-coa to methylcitrate. feeding downstream products of methylcitrate synt ...	2004	15066039
development of a system for integrative and stable transformation of the zygomycete rhizopus oryzae by agrobacterium-mediated dna transfer.	two transformation systems, based on the use of cacl(2)/peg and agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively, were developed for the zygomycete rhizopus oryzae. irrespective of the selection marker used, a pyr4 marker derived from r. niveus or a dominant amds(+) marker from aspergillus nidulans, and irrespective of the configuration of the transforming dna (linear or circular), the transformants obtained with the cacl(2)/peg transformation method were found to carry multiple copies of tandemly linked ...	2004	15067540
identification and characterization of a nitrate transporter gene in neurospora crassa.	the neurospora crassa genome database was searched for sequence similarity to crna, a nitrate transporter in aspergillus nidulans. a 3.9-kb fragment (contig 3.416, subsequence 183190-187090) was cloned by pcr. the gene coding for this nitrate transporter was termed nit-10. the nit-10 gene specifies a predicted polypeptide containing 541 amino acids with a molecular mass of 57 kda. in contrast to crna, which is clustered together with niad, encoding nitrate reductase, and niia, encoding nitrite r ...	2004	15068336
establishment of mrfp1 as a fluorescent marker in aspergillus nidulans and construction of expression vectors for high-throughput protein tagging using recombination in vitro (gateway).	the advent of fluorescent proteins as vital dyes had a major impact in many research fields. different green fluorescent protein (gfp) variants were established in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms within the past 10 years, and other fluorescent proteins were discovered and applied. we expressed the discosoma red fluorescent protein, dsred (t4), the improved monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp1) and the blue fluorescent protein (bfp) in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. whereas ...	2004	15071756
a paradoxical mutant gata factor.	the niia (nitrite reductase) and niad (nitrate reductase) genes of aspergillus nidulans are subject to both induction by nitrate and repression by ammonium or glutamine. the intergenic region between these genes functions as a bidirectional promoter. in this region, nucleosomes are positioned under nonexpression conditions. on nitrate induction under derepressing conditions, total loss of positioning occurs. this is independent of transcription and of the nira-specific transcription factor but a ...	2004	15075269
dual-color imaging of nuclear division and mitotic spindle elongation in live cells of aspergillus nidulans.	we have developed a dual-color imaging system based on cyan fluorescent protein-labeled histone h2a and green fluorescent protein-labeled alpha tubulin to visualize dna and spindles simultaneously in the same living cell of aspergillus nidulans. this system allows new details of mitosis and nuclear movement to be revealed.	2004	15075284
biosynthesis and uptake of siderophores is controlled by the pacc-mediated ambient-ph regulatory system in aspergillus nidulans.	biosynthesis and uptake of siderophores in aspergillus nidulans are regulated not only by iron availability but also by ambient ph: expression of this high-affinity iron uptake system is elevated by an increase in the ambient ph. mediation of this regulation by the transcriptional regulator pacc has been confirmed via acidity- and alkalinity-mimicking mutants.	2004	15075286
structure of the 'open' form of aspergillus nidulans 3-dehydroquinate synthase at 1.7 a resolution from crystals grown following enzyme turnover.	crystallization of aspergillus nidulans 3-dehydroquinate synthase (dhqs), following turnover of the enzyme by addition of the substrate dahp, gave a new crystal form (form j). although the crystals have dimensions of only 50 x 20 x 5 micro m, they are well ordered, diffracting to 1.7 a. the space group is c222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 90.0, b = 103.7, c = 177.4 a. structure determination and refinement to r = 0.19 (r(free) = 0.25) shows the dhqs is in the 'open' form with the substrate ...	2004	15103156
screening for microtubule-disrupting antifungal agents by using a mitotic-arrest mutant of aspergillus nidulans and novel action of phenylalanine derivatives accompanying tubulin loss.	the microtubule, which is one of the major targets of anthelmintics, anticancer drugs, and fungicides, is composed mainly of alpha- and beta-tubulins. we focused on a unique characteristic of an aspergillus nidulans bena33 mutant to screen for microtubule-disrupting antifungal agents. this mutant, which has a beta-tubulin with a mutation of a single amino acid, undergoes mitotic arrest due to the formation of hyperstable microtubules at 37 degrees c. the heat sensitivity of the mutant is remedie ...	2004	15105129
unusual transcription regulation of the niad gene under anaerobic conditions supporting fungal ammonia fermentation.	the niad gene of the fungus aspergillus nidulans encodes an assimilatory nitrate reductase and exogenous ammonium represses its expression. under anoxic conditions, however, a. nidulans expressed niad even in the presence of ammonium and used the gene product for dissimilatory nitrate reduction (ammonia fermentation). this transcription regulation mechanism under anaerobiosis is critical for the fungus to ferment ammonium.	2004	15118339
differential expression of the chitin synthase genes of aspergillus nidulans, chsa, chsb, and chsc, in response to developmental status and environmental factors.	to understand the role of the chitin synthase genes of aspergillus nidulans, we analyzed the expression of chsa, chsb, and chsc both by northern blotting and by a vital reporter system with sgfp encoding a modified version of green fluorescent protein, sgfp. chsa was expressed specifically during asexual differentiation, but not during either vegetative growth or sexual differentiation. the expression of chsb was ubiquitous throughout the fungal body and relatively independent of the change in d ...	2004	15121085
nitrate reductase activity is required for nitrate uptake into fungal but not plant cells.	the ability to transport net nitrate was conferred upon transformant cells of the non-nitrate-assimilating yeast pichia pastoris after the introduction of two genes, one encoding nitrate reductase and the other nitrate transport. it was observed that cells of this lower eukaryote transformed with the nitrate transporter gene alone failed to display net nitrate transport despite having the ability to produce the protein. in addition, loss-of-function nitrate reductase mutants isolated from severa ...	2004	15123642
novel polyketide synthase from nectria haematococca.	we identified a polyketide synthase (pks) gene, pksn, from a strain of nectria haematococca by complementing a mutant unable to synthesize a red perithecial pigment. pksn encodes a 2,106-amino-acid polypeptide with conserved motifs characteristic of type i pks enzymatic domains: beta-ketoacyl synthase, acyltransferase, duplicated acyl carrier proteins, and thioesterase. the pksn product groups with the aspergillus nidulans wa-type pkss involved in conidial pigmentation and melanin, bikaverin, an ...	2004	15128560
the neurospora crassa cfp promoter drives a carbon source-dependent expression of transgenes in filamentous fungi.	the objective of the present study was to determine the potential of promoter sequences from the cfp gene of neurospora crassa to drive the expression of transgenes in filamentous fungi.	2004	15139917
presence of a mannoprotein, mnpap, in the hyphal cell wall of aspergillus nidulans.	the presence of a mannoprotein, mnpap, in the hyphal cell wall of aspergillus nidulans was examined by immunogold electron microscopy using a mnpa-null mutant as a negative control. the hyphal cell wall of wild type consisted of two layers-an electron-dense smooth outer layer and an electron-translucent inner layer-while the hyphal cell wall of the mnpa-null mutant had an electron-dense irregular outer layer together with the electron-translucent inner layer. in wild type, mnpap was present thro ...	2004	21148828
increased conidiation associated with progression along the sterigmatocystin biosynthetic pathway.	the aspergillus nidulans sterigmatocystin (st) gene cluster contains both regulatory (aflr) and biosynthetic genes (stc genes) required for st production. a total of 26 genes are in the cluster, 13 of which have been assigned a known function in the biosynthetic pathway. this complex secondary pathway represents a physiological cost to the fungus. we tested the amount of asexual spore production using a series of isogenic lines of a. nidulans, differing only in a mutation in aflr (resulting in a ...	2004	21148941
occurrence of fungal species and mycotoxins from decayed sugarcane (saccharrum officinarum) in egypt.	seventy-three fungal species belonging to forty-three genera were isolated from 40 samples of saccharrum officinarum (collected from naage-hamadi canal in qena governorate, egypt). aspergillus, trichoderma, mucor and pythium were the most common genera on the two isolation media. the dominant species of aspergillus were a. niger, a. flavus, a. ustus, a. terreus and a. wentii. some species were dominant on 40 g/l sucrose such as aspergillus niger, a. flavus, emericella nidulans, trichoderma virid ...	2005	24049478
the zn(ii)2cys6 putative aspergillus nidulans transcription factor repressor of sexual development inhibits sexual development under low-carbon conditions and in submersed culture.	here we have characterized the putative zn(ii)2cys6 transcription factor rosa from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. the rosa gene encodes a protein of 713 aa, which shares 38% sequence similarity to pro1 from sordaria macrospora. in contrast to pro1, which promotes the transition from protoperithecia to perithecia, rosa is a negative regulator of sexual development in a. nidulans. transcript levels of rosa were usually very low and were only transiently upregulated upon carbon starva ...	2005	15520269
a functional screen identifies lateral transfer of beta-glucuronidase (gus) from bacteria to fungi.	lateral gene transfer (lgt) from prokaryotes to microbial eukaryotes is usually detected by chance through genome-sequencing projects. here, we explore a different, hypothesis-driven approach. we show that the fitness advantage associated with the transferred gene, typically invoked only in retrospect, can be used to design a functional screen capable of identifying postulated lgt cases. we hypothesized that beta-glucuronidase (gus) genes may be prone to lgt from bacteria to fungi (thought to la ...	2005	15483318
susceptibility of filamentous fungi to voriconazole tested by two microdilution methods.	the growing number of fungal infections, coupled with emerging resistance to classical antifungal agents, has led to the development of new agents, among them voriconazole. susceptibility to voriconazole was tested by two microdilution techniques: the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference method m38-a and a colorimetric method, sensititre yeastone. the study tested a total of 244 isolates: 223 aspergillus (136 aspergillus fumigatus, 37 a. niger, 26 a. terreus, 16 a. flav ...	2005	15634979
proper folding of the antifungal protein paf is required for optimal activity.	the penicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein paf is secreted into the supernatant after elimination of a preprosequence. paf is actively internalized into the hyphae of sensitive molds and provokes growth retardation as well as changes in morphology. thus far, no information is available on the exact mode of action of paf, nor on the function of its prosequence in protein activity. therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of secreted paf as well as of intracellularly retained pro-paf and ...	2005	15636746
attachment of a histidine tag to the minimal zinc finger protein of the aspergillus nidulans gene regulatory protein area causes a conformational change at the dna-binding site.	histidine (his) tags are one of the most popular fusion tags for the isolation of proteins via metal affinity chromatography. the fusion tag is routinely left attached to the protein when carrying out experiments, with the assumption that the addition has no effect on structure or function. in the present study, we have prepared four proteins of the gene regulatory protein area from aspergillus nidulans for crystallization experiments: a 91-amino acid peptide encompassing the minimal dna-binding ...	2005	15642465
doxycycline-regulated gene expression in the opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.	although aspergillus fumigatus is an important human fungal pathogen there are few expression systems available to study the contribution of specific genes to the growth and virulence of this opportunistic mould. regulatable promoter systems based upon prokaryotic regulatory elements in the e. coli tetracycline-resistance operon have been successfully used to manipulate gene expression in several organisms, including mice, flies, plants, and yeast. however, the system has not yet been adapted fo ...	2005	15649330
nuclear envelope: nuclear pore complexity.	a new study shows that the filamentous fungus, aspergillus nidulans, which has a closed mitosis, does not maintain a continuous permeability barrier during mitosis. this work challenges current views of the differences between closed and open mitosis and has implications for understanding mitotic specific changes in the nuclear pore complex and ran gtpase system in lower eukaryotes.	2005	15649347
sepbctf4 is required for the formation of dna-damage-induced uvscrad51 foci in aspergillus nidulans.	sepb is an essential, conserved protein required for chromosomal dna metabolism in aspergillus nidulans. homologs of sepb include yeast ctf4p and human hand-1. molecular and bioinformatic characterization of these proteins suggests that they act as molecular scaffolds. furthermore, recent observations implicate the yeast family members in lagging-strand replication and the establishment of sister-chromatid cohesion. here, we demonstrate that sepb functions in the a. nidulans dna damage response. ...	2005	15654119
characterisation of aspergillus niger prolyl aminopeptidase.	we have cloned a gene (papa) that encodes a prolyl aminopeptidase from aspergillus niger. homologous genes are present in the genomes of the eurotiales a. nidulans, a. fumigatus and talaromyces emersonii, but the gene is not present in the genome of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. cell extracts of strains overexpressing the gene under the control of its own promoter showed a fourfold to sixfold increase in prolyl aminopeptidase activity, but no change in phenylalanine or leucine aminopeptida ...	2005	15654623
the polo-like kinase plka is required for initiation and progression through mitosis in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	polo-like kinases (plk) function during multiple stages of mitotic progression and in cytokinesis. we identified and cloned a plk homologue in aspergillus nidulans, plka, which is the first plk reported in a filamentous fungus and the largest member of the plk family to date. as plka was essential, the effects of overexpression and localization of protein in living cells were explored to determine plka function. overexpression of plka permitted hyphal formation, but blocked nuclear division in i ...	2005	15659171
the class v chitin synthase gene csma is crucial for the growth of the chsa chsc double mutant in aspergillus nidulans.	chsa and chsc are genes encoding class ii and i chitin synthases of aspergillus nidulans respectively. in a previous study, chsa chsc double mutants showed various growth defects, suggesting that their cell wall architecture was disorganized and their cell wall integrity diminished. here, we constructed chsa chsc chsd triple mutants and chsa chsc csma triple mutants to investigate the role of the class iv and class v chitin synthases, chsd and csma respectively, in maintaining the cell wall stru ...	2005	15665472
missense mutations that inactivate the aspergillus nidulans nrta gene encoding a high-affinity nitrate transporter.	the transport of nitrate into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, of considerable interest to agriculture, ecology, and human health, is carried out by members of a distinct cluster of proteins within the major facilitator superfamily. to obtain structure/function information on this important class of nitrate permeases, a collection of chemically induced mutations in the nrta gene encoding a 12-transmembrane domain, high-affinity nitrate transporter from the eukaryote aspergillus nidulans was iso ...	2005	15545642
rna silencing in aspergillus nidulans is independent of rna-dependent rna polymerases.	the versatility of rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps) in eukaryotic gene silencing is perhaps best illustrated in the kingdom fungi. biochemical and genetic studies of schizosaccharomyces pombe and neurospora crassa show that these types of enzymes are involved in a number of fundamental gene-silencing processes, including heterochromatin regulation and rna silencing in s. pombe and meiotic silencing and rna silencing in n. crassa. here we show that aspergillus nidulans, another model fungus, ...	2005	15545645
the role of microtubules in rapid hyphal tip growth of aspergillus nidulans.	the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans grows by polarized extension of hyphal tips. the actin cytoskeleton is essential for polarized growth, but the role of microtubules has been controversial. to define the role of microtubules in tip growth, we used time-lapse microscopy to measure tip growth rates in germlings of a. nidulans and in multinucleate hyphal tip cells, and we used a green fluorescent protein-alpha-tubulin fusion to observe the effects of the antimicrotubule agent benomyl. hyp ...	2005	15548594
cloning, expression, and characterization of an oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific xyloglucanobiohydrolase from aspergillus nidulans.	an oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific xyloglucanobiohydrolase from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans was cloned and expressed in pichia pastoris as a secreted histidine-tagged protein and purified by affinity chromatography. the enzyme acts on xyloglucan oligomers and releases the first two glycosyl residue segments from the reducing end, provided that neither the first glucose nor the xylose attached to the third glucose residue from the reducing end is not further substituted. the ...	2005	16214120
nuclear accumulation of the gata factor area in response to complete nitrogen starvation by regulation of nuclear export.	both the availability and the quality of nutrients affect cellular functions by controlling gene activity. area, a member of the gata family of transcription factors, globally activates expression of genes involved in nitrogen source utilization in aspergillus nidulans. the quality of the nitrogen source determines the level and activation capacity of area through controls at the level of area mrna stability and by interaction of area with the corepressor nmra. the availability of potential nitr ...	2005	16215172
hdaa, a major class 2 histone deacetylase of aspergillus nidulans, affects growth under conditions of oxidative stress.	histone deacetylases (hdacs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the epsilon-amino group of distinct lysine residues in the amino-terminal tail of core histones. since the acetylation status of core histones plays a crucial role in fundamental processes in eukaryotic organisms, such as replication and regulation of transcription, recent research has focused on the enzymes responsible for the acetylation/deacetylation of core histones. very recently, we showed that hdaa, a member of the sa ...	2005	16215180
a c-terminal fragment of an intron-encoded maturase is sufficient for promoting group i intron splicing.	group i introns often encode proteins that catalyze site-specific dna hydrolysis. some of these proteins have acquired the ability to promote splicing of their cognate intron, but whether these two activities reside in different regions of the protein remains obscure. a crystal structure of i-anii, a dual function intron-encoded protein, has shown that the protein has two pseudo-symmetric domains of equal size. each domain contacts its dna substrate on either side of two cleavage sites. as a fir ...	2005	15769873
cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from aspergillus oryzae.	fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. we cloned two catalase genes, cata and catb, from aspergillus oryzae. the cata gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with aspergillus fumigatus catalase (cata) and 77% with aspergillus nidulans catalase (cata). the catb gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with a. fumigatus catalase (catb) and 75% with a. nidulans catalase ...	2005	16233832
photosensing fungi: phytochrome in the spotlight.	red light triggers asexual development and represses sexual development in the fungus aspergillus nidulans. this response has been shown to require a phytochrome red/far-red light photoreceptor, fpha, which is cytoplasmic and binds a tetrapyrrole chromophore. fpha exhibits similarities to both plant and bacterial phytochromes.	2005	16243020
the aspergillus nidulans phytochrome fpha represses sexual development in red light.	phytochrome photoreceptors sense red and far-red light through photointerconversion between two stable conformations, a process mediated by a linear tetrapyrrole chromophore. originally, phytochromes were thought to be confined to photosynthetic organisms including cyanobacteria, but they have been recently discovered in heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, where little is known about their functions. it was shown previously in the ascomycetous fungus aspergillus nidulans that asexual sporulation i ...	2005	16243030
protein o-mannosyltransferase a of aspergillus awamori is involved in o-mannosylation of glucoamylase i.	industrially important extracellular enzymes from filamentous fungi are often o-mannosylated. the structure and function of the pmta (aapmta) gene encoding the protein o-d-mannosyltransferase of aspergillus awamori were characterized. the aapmta disruptant, designated aapmta, was constructed by homologous recombination. the strain aapmta exhibited fragile cell morphology with respect to hyphal extension, as well as swollen hyphae formation and conidia formation in potato dextrose medium. moreove ...	2005	16272387
surface ultrastructure and elasticity in growing tips and mature regions of aspergillus hyphae describe wall maturation.	this study reports the first direct, high-resolution physical and structural evidence of wall changes during hyphal tip growth, visualized by atomic force microscopy (afm) in aspergillus nidulans. images from afm and cryo-scanning electron microscopy provided comparable information, but afm was also able to image and physically probe living cells. afm images showed changes in the surface ultrastructure of a. nidulans hyphae, from newly deposited walls at hyphal tips to fully mature walls, as wel ...	2005	16272389
a mapk gene from dead sea fungus confers stress tolerance to lithium salt and freezing-thawing: prospects for saline agriculture.	the dead sea is one of the most saline lakes on earth ( approximately 340 g/liter salinity) and is approximately 10 times saltier than the oceans. eurotium herbariorum, a common fungal species, was isolated from its water. ehhog gene, encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) that plays an essential role in the osmoregulatory pathway in yeast and many other eukaryotes, was isolated from e. herbariorum. the deduced amino acid sequences of ehhog indicated high similarity with homologous g ...	2005	16365289
comparison of gene expression signatures of diamide, h2o2 and menadione exposed aspergillus nidulans cultures--linking genome-wide transcriptional changes to cellular physiology.	in addition to their cytotoxic nature, reactive oxygen species (ros) are also signal molecules in diverse cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. linking genome-wide transcriptional changes to cellular physiology in oxidative stress-exposed aspergillus nidulans cultures provides the opportunity to estimate the sizes of peroxide (o2(2-)), superoxide (o2*-) and glutathione/glutathione disulphide (gsh/gssg) redox imbalance responses.	2005	16368011
tracing the endocytic pathway of aspergillus nidulans with fm4-64.	simple procedures using fm4-64 to follow membrane internalization and transport to the vacuolar system and endomembranes in aspergillus nidulans are described. fm4-64 internalization is energy, temperature and f-actin dependent, strongly suggesting that it occurs by endocytosis. the dye sequentially labels: (i) cortical punctuate organelles whose motility resembles that of yeast actin patches; (ii) approximately 0.7 microm circular, hollow structures representing mature endosome/vacuole; and (ii ...	2005	16291501
deletions of endocytic components vps28 and vps32 affect growth at alkaline ph and virulence through both rim101-dependent and rim101-independent pathways in candida albicans.	ambient ph signaling involves a cascade of conserved rim or pal products in ascomycetous yeasts or filamentous fungi, respectively. recent evidences in the fungi aspergillus nidulans, saccharomyces cerevisiae, yarrowia lipolytica, and candida albicans suggested that components of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (escrt) involved in endocytic trafficking were needed for signal transduction along the rim pathway. in this study, we confirm these findings with c. albicans and show ...	2005	16299290
c21orf5, a new member of dopey family involved in morphogenesis, could participate in neurological alterations and mental retardation in down syndrome.	availability of the human genome sequence promises important progress in the understanding of human pathologies, particularly for multifactorial diseases. among these, down syndrome (ds) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. a critical region of chromosome 21, the down syndrome chromosomal region-1 (dcr-1), is responsible for many features of the ds phenotype including mental retardation. we studied dcr-1 c21orf5 as a new candidate gene for ds considering its restricted expre ...	2005	16303751
genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the f ilamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae.	fungal secondary metabolites constitute a wide variety of compounds which either play a vital role in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial contexts, or have devastating effects on agriculture, animal and human affairs by virtue of their toxigenicity. owing to their beneficial and deleterious characteristics, these complex compounds and the genes responsible for their synthesis have been the subjects of extensive investigation by microbiologists and pharmacologists. a majority of the funga ...	2005	16410762
screening of growth- or development-related genes by using genomic library with inducible promoter in aspergillus nidulans.	using the genomic library constructed at the downstream of the niia promoter, which induces the over-expression of an inserted dna fragment, we have attempted to screen the genes affecting growth or development by over-expression. the wild-type strain was transformed using the ama-niia(p) library and cultured on 1.2 m sorbitol media, in which asexual sporulation is induced, but sexual development is repressed. over 100,000 strains transformed to pyrg(+) were analyzed with regard to any changes i ...	2005	16410769
aspergillus cyclooxygenase-like enzymes are associated with prostaglandin production and virulence.	oxylipins comprise a family of oxygenated fatty acid-derived signaling molecules that initiate critical biological activities in animals, plants, and fungi. mammalian oxylipins, including the prostaglandins (pgs), mediate many immune and inflammation responses in animals. pg production by pathogenic microbes is theorized to play a role in pathogenesis. we have genetically characterized three aspergillus genes, ppoa, ppob, and ppoc, encoding fatty acid oxygenases similar in sequence to specific m ...	2005	16040966
virulence comparisons of aspergillus nidulans mutants are confounded by the inflammatory response of p47phox-/- mice.	while investigating the requirement for phagosomal alkalinization in the host defense against pulmonary aspergillosis, we observed high morbidity of p47(phox)(-/-) mice infected with ph-insensitive aspergillus nidulans mutants despite a paucity of fungal growth. fatal infection also resulted from a normally avirulent p-aminobenzoate auxotroph. this demonstrates that p47(phox)(-/-) murine immunity contributes significantly to a. nidulans lethality. these data have wider implications for microbial ...	2005	16041040
lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid in penicillium chrysogenum by an omega-aminotransferase and to saccharopine by a lysine 2-ketoglutarate reductase. characterization of the omega-aminotransferase.	the biosynthesis and catabolism of lysine in penicillium chrysogenum is of great interest because these pathways provide 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of the tripeptide delta-l-2-aminoadipyl-l-cysteinyl-d-valine that is an intermediate in penicillin biosynthesis. in vivo conversion of labelled l-lysine into two different intermediates was demonstrated by hplc analysis of the intracellular amino acid pool. l-lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid by an omega-aminotransferase and to sacchar ...	2005	16049680
identification and molecular cloning of a gene encoding phospholipase a2 (plaa) from aspergillus nidulans.	the plaa gene encoding a protein that contains the cytosolic phospholipase a(2) (cpla(2)) motif is cloned for the first time from the filamentous fungus, aspergillus nidulans. the translated 837 amino acid protein product of plaa comprises conserved lipase regions that are present in most mammalian cpla(2) homologs. high expression of plaa was observed in glucose-lactose medium by northern blot analyses. deletion mutants of plaa grew and formed conidia similar to the wild-type strain, but showed ...	2005	16051517
rnase p cleaves transient structures in some riboswitches.	rnase p from escherichia coli cleaves the coenzyme b12 riboswitch from e. coli and a similar one from bacillus subtilis. the cleavage sites do not occur in any recognizable structure, as judged from theoretical schemes that have been drawn for these 5' utrs. however, it is possible to draw a scheme that is a good representation of the e. coli cleavage site for rnase p and for the cleavage site in b. subtilis. these data indicate that transient structures are important in rnase p cleavage and in ...	2005	16061811
regulation of secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi.	fungal secondary metabolites are of intense interest to humankind due to their pharmaceutical (antibiotics) and/or toxic (mycotoxins) properties. in the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the genes that are associated with production of various fungal secondary metabolites. moreover, the regulatory mechanisms controlling biosynthesis of diverse groups of secondary metabolites have been unveiled. in this review, we present the current understanding of the genetic regu ...	2005	16078891
the csnd/csne signalosome genes are involved in the aspergillus nidulans dna damage response.	the signalosome (csn) is a conserved multiprotein complex involved in regulation of eukaryotic development and is also required to activate ribonucleotide reductase for dna synthesis. in aspergillus nidulans, csnd/csne are key regulators of sexual development. here, we investigated whether the csnd/csne genes are involved in the dna damage response in this fungus. the growth of the csnd/csne deletion mutants was reduced by subinhibitory concentrations of hydroxyurea, camptothecin, 4-nitroquinoli ...	2005	16079239
expression of asexual developmental regulator gene abaa is affected in the double mutants of classes i and ii chitin synthase genes, chsc and chsa, of aspergillus nidulans.	the chsa and chsc encode classes ii and i chitin synthases, respectively, of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. the deltachsa deltachsc double mutants (deltaac mutants) show defects in asexual development: a striking reduction in the number of conidiophores and aberrant conidiophore morphology. here, we examined the involvement of regulatory genes for asexual development (brla, abaa, and meda) in the conidiation defects of the deltaac mutants. spatial expression patterns of brla, abaa, ...	2005	16082523
the pkab gene encoding the secondary protein kinase a catalytic subunit has a synthetic lethal interaction with pkaa and plays overlapping and opposite roles in aspergillus nidulans.	filamentous fungal genomes contain two distantly related cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase a catalytic subunits (pkas), but only one pka is found to play a principal role. in aspergillus nidulans, pkaa is the primary pka that positively functions in vegetative growth and spore germination but negatively controls asexual sporulation and production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. in this report, we present the identification and characterization of pkab, encoding the secondary pka in a. nidul ...	2005	16087751
a microtubule associated protein (hnudc) binds to the extracellular domain of thrombopoietin receptor (mpl).	human nudc (hnudc) was initially characterized as a nuclear migration protein based on the similarity of its c-terminus to that of fungal nudc from aspergillus nidulans. however, hnudc is a 331 amino acid protein whereas fungal nudc is 198 amino acids in length. the extra n-terminal portion of hnudc has no known function or homology to other proteins. in this study, we report the binding of hnudc to the extracellular domain of the thrombopoietin receptor (mpl) as detected by the yeast two-hybrid ...	2005	16088917
cloning and functional characterization of two bacterial members of the nat/ncs2 family in escherichia coli.	the coding potential of the genome of e. coli k-12 includes ygfo and yice, two members of the evolutionarily conserved nat/ncs2 transporter family that are highly homologous to each other (45% residue identity) and closely related to uapa of aspergillus nidulans, a most extensively studied microbial member of this family. ygfo and yice were cloned from the genome, over-expressed extrachromosomally and assayed for uptake of [(3)h]xanthine and other nucleobases, in e. coli k-12, under conditions o ...	2005	16096267
comparative substrate recognition by bacterial and fungal purine transporters of the nat/ncs2 family.	we compared the interactions of purines and purine analogues with representative fungal and bacterial members of the widespread nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (nat) family. these are: uapa, a well-studied xanthine-uric acid transporter of a. nidulans, xut1, a novel transporter from c. albicans, described for the first time in this work, and ygfo, a recently characterized xanthine transporter from e. coli. using transport inhibition experiments with 64 different purines and purine-related analo ...	2005	16096268
the ccaat-binding complex of eukaryotes: evolution of a second nls in the hapb subunit of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans despite functional conservation at the molecular level between yeast, a.nidulans and human.	the heterotrimeric ccaat-binding complex is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic organisms, including fungi, plants and mammals. in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, the corresponding complex was designated ancf (a.nidulans ccaat-binding factor). ancf consists of the subunits hapb, hapc and hape. all three subunits are necessary for dna binding. hapb contains two putative nuclear localisation signal sequences (nlss) designated nls1 and nls2. previously, it was shown that only nls2 w ...	2005	16098534
aspergillus nidulans swok encodes an rna binding protein that is important for cell polarity.	the aspergillus nidulans swok1 mutant is defective in polarity maintenance when grown at restrictive temperature (38 degrees c). upon germination, the mutant extends a primary germ tube that swells to an enlarged, non-uniform cell with pronounced wall thickenings. the mutant is fully restored to wild-type growth when transformed with a plasmid containing the an5802.2 orf as designated in the broad institute a. nidulans sequence database. genetic mapping places swok in the same region of chromoso ...	2005	16098776
arrestin-related proteins mediate ph signaling in fungi.	metazoan arrestins bind to seven-transmembrane (7tm) receptors to regulate function. aspergillus nidulans palf, a protein involved in the fungal ambient ph signaling pathway, contains arrestin n-terminal and c-terminal domains and binds strongly to two different regions within the c-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the 7tm, putative ph sensor palh. upon exposure to alkaline ambient ph, palf is phosphorylated and, like mammalian beta-arrestins, ubiquitinated in a signal-dependent and 7tm protein-depe ...	2005	16099830
role of the spindle-pole-body protein apsb and the cortex protein apsa in microtubule organization and nuclear migration in aspergillus nidulans.	nuclear migration and positioning in aspergillus nidulans depend on microtubules, the microtubule-dependent motor protein dynein, and auxiliary proteins, two of which are apsa and apsb. in apsa and apsb mutants nuclei are clustered and show various kinds of nuclear navigation defects, although nuclear migration itself is still possible. we studied the role of several components involved in nuclear migration through in vivo fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent-protein tagging. because apsa l ...	2005	16105883
what the aspergillus genomes have told us.	the sequencing and annotation of the genomes of the first strains of aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus oryzae, and aspergillus fumigatus will be seen in retrospect as a transformational event in aspergillus biology. with this event the entire genetic composition of a. nidulans, the sexual experimental model organism of the genus aspergillus, a. oryzae, the food biotechnology organism which is the product of centuries of cultivation, and a. fumigatus, the most common causative agent of invasive a ...	2005	16110785
growth control and polarization.	filamentous fungi and yeasts both undergo polar growth. in saccharomyces cerevisiae, where the mechanisms for polar growth are well-understood, polarity requires three steps: establishment of cortical markers specifying the site of bud emergence; relaying the bud site information via the cdc42 rho gtpase module; and recruitment of the morphogenetic machinery needed to remodel the cell surface to the specified site. comparison of the genomes of aspergillus fumigatus, a. nidulans and a. oryzae wit ...	2005	16110788
benznidazole-induced genotoxicity in diploid cells of aspergillus nidulans.	genotoxic effects of benznidazole were studied by the induction of homozygosis of genes previously present in heterozygous. ut448//a757 diploid strain was used in the benznidazole's recombinagenesis test. although toxic effects on growth of colonies were not observed, 75 and 100 microm benznidazole induced an increasing of mitotic recombination events in diploid strain. results were related to the induction of chromosomal breaks by the antiparasitic drug.	2005	16113877
[possible sources of aspergilla infection in a hematological hospital].	to investigate spread, species spectrum, quantity of aspergilla spores in the air of a hematological hospital.	2005	16116914
the flug-brla pathway contributes to the initialisation of autolysis in submerged aspergillus nidulans cultures.	the flug gene proved to be essential in the initialisation of autolysis in aspergillus nidulans (teleomorph emericella nidulans) cultures, while a loss-of-function mutation in only one out of the flbb-e genes had only minor effects on autolysis. in contrast to its important role in sporulation, brla regulated only some, but not all, elements of the autolytic process. the tightly coupled autolytic events (chitinase and proteinase production, hyphal fragmentation, disorganisation of pellets, autol ...	2005	16121561
the snpa, a temperature-sensitive suppressor of npga1, encodes the eukaryotic translation release factor, erf1, in aspergillus nidulans.	the npga1 mutation causes defects in the outer layer of the cell wall resulting in a colorless colony. in this study, a temperature-sensitive suppressor of npga1 named snpa was isolated by uv mutagenesis. the suppressing mutant showed pleiotropic phenotypes in cellular structure and developmental processes when incubated at a temperature of 37 degrees c or above. at 37 degrees c, multiple germ tubes emerged from germinating conidia. moreover, at 42 degrees c conidia germination was delayed more ...	2005	16125337
deciphering the model pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete fungal pathogen of humans that has diverged considerably from other model fungi such as neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans, saccharomyces cerevisiae and the common human fungal pathogen candida albicans. the recent completion of the genome sequences of two related c. neoformans strains and the ongoing genome sequencing of three other divergent cryptococcus strains with different virulence phenotypes and environmental distributions should improve ou ...	2005	16132036
alkaline ph-induced up-regulation of the afp gene encoding the antifungal protein (afp) of aspergillus giganteus is not mediated by the transcription factor pacc: possible involvement of calcineurin.	the afp gene encoding the antifungal protein (afp) of aspergillus giganteus has a prototypical alkaline gene expression pattern, which suggests that the gene might be under the control of the ambient ph-dependent zinc-finger transcription factor pacc. this notion is corroborated by the presence in the upstream region of afp of two putative pacc binding sites, afpp1 and afpp2, which are specifically recognised by the pacc protein of a. nidulans in vitro. however, in this report we provide several ...	2005	16133167
fundamental contribution of beta-oxidation to polyketide mycotoxin production in planta.	seed contamination with polyketide mycotoxins, including aflatoxin (af) and sterigmatocystin (st) produced by aspergillus spp., is an agricultural, economic, and medical issue worldwide. acetyl-coa, the fundamental building block of all known fungal polyketides, is generated by a large number of biochemical pathways, including beta-oxidation of fatty acids and glycolysis of sugars. we present several lines of evidence to support a major role for seed fatty acids in formation of af and st in a. f ...	2005	16134890