Publications

oral vaccination of mice with adenoviral vectors is not impaired by preexisting immunity to the vaccine carrier.	adenovirus vectors with e1 deleted of the human serotype 5 (adhu5) and the chimpanzee serotype 68 (adc68) expressing the glycoprotein of the evelyn rokiniki abelseth strain of rabies virus were tested upon oral application for induction of systemic and mucosal transgene product-specific antibody responses in mice. both vectors induced systemic and mucosal antibodies to rabies virus, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and protection against a severe intracerebral challenge with a mouse-adapt ...	2003	14512528
functional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag-pol or hiv-1 gag-pol and env expressed from a single rhabdovirus-based vaccine vector genome.	recombinant rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors have been successfully developed as vaccines against other viral diseases (j. p. mcgettigan et al., j. virol. 75:4430-4434, 2001; mcgettigan et al., j. virol. 75:8724-8732, 2001; c. a. siler et al., virology 292:24-34, 2002), and safety concerns have recently been addressed (mcgettigan et al., j. virol. 77:237-244, 2003). however, size limitations of the vectors may restrict their use for development of vaccine applications that require ...	2003	14512539
sequence analysis of rabies virus in humans exhibiting encephalitic or paralytic rabies.	two distinct clinical patterns, encephalitic (furious) and paralytic (dumb), have been recognized in human rabies. it has been postulated that different rabies virus variants associated with particular vectors may be responsible for these different clinical manifestations. analysis of the glycoprotein (g), nucleoprotein (n), and phosphoprotein (p) genes of rabies viruses from 2 human cases of encephalitic rabies and from 2 human cases of paralytic rabies demonstrated only minor nucleotide differ ...	2003	14513414
cell-type-specific gene delivery into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo.	the avian retroviruses reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a (rev-a) and spleen necrosis virus (snv) are not naturally infectious in human cells. however, rev-a-derived viral vectors efficiently infect human cells when they are pseudotyped with envelope proteins displaying targeting ligands specific for human cell-surface receptors. here we report that vectors containing the gag region of rev-a and pol of snv can be pseudotyped with the envelope protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and the ...	2003	14517061
skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern united states: temporal and spatial analysis.	since 1981, an epizootic of raccoon rabies has spread throughout the eastern united states. a concomitant increase in reported rabies cases in skunks has raised concerns that an independent maintenance cycle of rabies virus in skunks could become established, affecting current strategies of wildlife rabies control programs. rabies surveillance data from 1981 through 2000 obtained from the health departments of 11 eastern states were used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of rabies ...	2003	14519253
improved recovery of rabies virus from cloned cdna using a vaccinia virus-free reverse genetics system.	to improve efficiency of recovery of rabies virus from cloned cdna, we established a bhk cell clone that stably expresses t7 rna polymerase, which we named bhk/t7-9. we also constructed new helper plasmids for expression of nucleoprotein and rna polymerase of the rc-hl strain using the ptm1 plasmid vector, which makes the t7 rna polymerase-transcripts from the plasmid cap-independent for translation. after co-transfection of these helper plasmids and the previously constructed full-length genome ...	2003	14524622
a system of protein target sequences for anti-rna-viral chemotherapy by a vitamin b6-derived zinc-chelating trioxa-adamantane-triol.	the synthesis of the structurally unusual heterotricyclic compound 1-[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinyl]-2,8,9-trioxaadamantane-3,5,7-triol (trivially named bananin, bn) from pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol and a theoretical prospect on possible biological activities of bn are presented in this report. pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol is synthesized by knoevenagel condensation of the vitamin b6 aldehyde pyridoxal with phloroglucinol. pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol rearranges to light-yello ...	2003	14527557
mucosally delivered e1-deleted adenoviral vaccine carriers induce transgene product-specific antibody responses in neonatal mice.	e1-deleted adenoviral vectors of the human serotype 5 (adhu5) and the chimpanzee serotype 68 (adc68) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rab.gp) were tested for induction of transgene product-specific abs upon intranasal or oral immunization of newborn mice. both vectors induced abs to rabies virus that could be detected in serum and from mucosal secretions. serum rabies virus neutralizing ab titers sufficed to protect neonatally vaccinated mice against a subsequent challenge with rabies v ...	2003	14530353
high level of bcl-2 counteracts apoptosis mediated by a live rabies virus vaccine strain and induces long-term infection.	we report here that rabies virus strains, currently used to immunize wildlife against rabies, induce not only caspase-dependent apoptosis in the human lymphoblastoid jurkat t cell line (jurkat-vect), but also a caspase-independent pathway involving the apoptosis-inducing factor (aif). in contrast, a strain of neurotropic rv that does not induce apoptosis did not activate caspases or induce aif translocation. bcl-2 overproduction in jurkat t cells (jurkat-bcl-2) abolished both pathways. era infec ...	2003	14554083
bite wound infections.	patients with mammalian bite wounds account for hundreds of thousands of emergency department, urgent care center, and physician office visits in the united states each year. the types of wounds encountered by physicians range from insignificant scratches to life-threatening neck and facial injuries. infectious complications of bite wounds are common, and the consequences of these infections are significant and sometimes disabling. this article reviews the infectious complications of cat, dog, a ...	2003	13678572
phylogenetic analysis reveals a low rate of homologous recombination in negative-sense rna viruses.	recombination is increasingly seen as an important means of shaping genetic diversity in rna viruses. however, observed recombination frequencies vary widely among those viruses studied to date, with only sporadic occurrences reported in rna viruses with negative-sense genomes. to determine the extent of homologous recombination in negative-sense rna viruses, phylogenetic analyses of 79 gene sequence alignments from 35 negative-sense rna viruses (a total of 2154 sequences) were carried out. powe ...	2003	13679603
nasal trigeminal inputs release the a5 inhibition received by the respiratory rhythm generator of the mouse neonate.	experiments were performed on neonatal mice to analyze why, in vitro, the respiratory rhythm generator (rrg) was silent and how it could be activated. we demonstrated that in vitro the rrg in intact brain stems is silenced by a powerful inhibition arising from the pontine a5 neurons through medullary alpha(2) adrenoceptors and that in vivo nasal trigeminal inputs facilitate the rrg as nasal continuous positive airway pressure increases the breathing frequency, whereas nasal occlusion and nasal a ...	2004	14561692
[effect of rabies virus infection on the expression of parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin in mouse cerebral cortex].	some clinical features of rabies and experimental evidence from cell culture and laboratory animals suggest impairment of gabaergic neurotransmission. several types of gabaergic neurons occur in the cerebral cortex. they can be identified by three neuronal markers: the calcium binding proteins (cabps) parvalbumin (pv), calbindin (cb) and calretinin (cr). rabies virus spreads throughout the cerebral cortex; however, rabies cytopathic effects on gabaergic neurons are unknown. the expression of cal ...	2004	15239603
differentiation of an adult neuron cell line increases susceptibility to rabies infection.	a wide variety of in vitro models have been used for studying rabies infection, however, currently, no central nervous system (cns) adult neuron cultures are available. the current study determined the susceptibility to rabies infection in an adult cns neuron cell line (cad-r1). cultures of cad-r1 cells were held for 5 days in medium containing serum (undifferentiated cad-r1 cells) or in serum-free medium (differentiated cad-r1 cells). they were then infected with highly neurotropic rabies virus ...	2004	15239606
investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas, 2004.	on june 30, 2004, cdc confirmed diagnoses of rabies in three recipients of transplanted organs and in their common donor, who was found subsequently to have serologic evidence of rabies infection. the transplant recipients had encephalitis of unknown etiology after transplantation and subsequently died. specimens were sent to cdc for diagnostic evaluation. this report provides a brief summary of the ongoing investigation and information on exposure risks and postexposure measures.	2004	15241303
a descriptive study of urban rabies during the civil war in sierra leone: 1995-2001.	a study was conducted to assess the effects of the breakdown in internal infrastructure on the incidence of canine-transmitted human rabies in urban areas of sierra leone during the course of the civil war between 1995 and 2001. data from provincial hospitals in the western area and southern province indicated that there was a significant increase in the incidence of canine-transmitted urban human rabies chi2 = 39.63, p < 0.0001, particularly among children chi2 = 23.73, p < 0.0001, over the cou ...	2004	15241966
molecular epidemiology of canid rabies in sudan: evidence for a common origin of rabies with ethiopia.	rabies is an endemic zoonosis in sudan with the principal reservoir species being the domestic dog. a panel of rabies virus isolates from dogs in sudan have been used to establish a molecular phylogeny based on a partial sequence of the viral nucleoprotein. these isolates were then compared to those from countries bordering sudan in north-east africa. the sudanese viruses form a tight cluster of isolates with a single outlier. when compared to other african viruses, the sudanese isolates cluster ...	2004	15246657
update: investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas, 2004.	on july 1, 2004, cdc reported laboratory confirmation of rabies as the cause of encephalitis in an organ donor and three organ recipients at baylor university medical center (bumc) in dallas, texas. hospital and public health officials in alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas initiated public health investigations to identify donor and recipient contacts, assess exposure risks, and provide rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep). as of july 9, pep had been initiated in approximately 174 (19%) of ...	2004	15254455
evidence that rabies virus forms different kinds of fusion machines with different ph thresholds for fusion.	fusion of rabies virus with membranes is triggered at a low ph and is mediated by a viral glycoprotein (g). fusion of rabies virus with liposomes was monitored by using a lipid mixing assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. fusion was detected below ph 6.4, and its extent increased with h(+) concentrations to be maximal around ph 6.15. the origin of the partial fusion activity of rabies virus under suboptimal ph conditions (i.e., between ph 6.15 and 6.4) was investigated. we demon ...	2004	15280482
prevalence of rabies and lpm paramyxovirus antibody in non-hematophagous bats captured in the central pacific coast of mexico.	to investigate if non-hematophagous bats play a role in outbreaks of rabies and blue eye disease (lpmv), we studied the seroprevalence against both agents in several species of non-hematophagous bats on the sub-tropical pacific coast of the state of colima, mexico. the survey covered a predominantly agricultural area (disturbed), and an area dominated by semideciduous dry forest (undisturbed). a total of 151 non-hematophagous bats of 16 species were captured from the two areas. fifty-six (37%) h ...	2004	15289094
selection of genetic inhibitors of rabies virus.	a cdna library of short random fragments derived from four of the five genes of the rabies virus genome has been used to isolate genetic suppressor elements (gses) expressed intracellularly that inhibit rabies virus replication. two nucleotide fragments, one from the rabies virus nucleocapsid protein (n) gene and the other from the phosphoprotein (p) gene, have been identified as inhibitors of rabies virus replication in cell culture. the n cdna fragment is expressed in sense-orientation and cou ...	2004	15290388
cervical spinal cord delivery of a rabies g protein pseudotyped lentiviral vector in the sod-1 transgenic mouse. invited submission from the joint section meeting on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves, march 2004.	lentiviral vectors may constitute a vehicle for long-term therapeutic gene expression in the spinal cord. in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord sclerosis and altered axonal transport pose barriers to therapeutic gene distribution. in the present study the authors characterize gene expression distribution and the behavioral impact of the rabies g (rabg) protein pseudotyped lentiviral vector eiav.lacz through cervical spinal cord injection in control and cu/zn superoxide dismutase-1 (sod-1 ...	2004	15291033
genetic and phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein of rabies virus isolated from several species in brazil.	genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the region containing the glycoprotein (g) gene, which is related to pathogenicity and antigenicity, and the g-l intergenic region were carried out in 14 brazilian rabies virus isolates. the isolates were classified as dog-related rabies virus (drrv) or vampire bat-related rabies virus (vrrv), by nucleoprotein (n) analysis. the nucleotide and amino acid (aa) homologies of the area containing the g protein gene and g-l intergenic region were generally lower th ...	2004	15297743
region at amino acids 164 to 303 of the rabies virus glycoprotein plays an important role in pathogenicity for adult mice.	the authors have previously reported that the glycoprotein of the pathogenic nishigahara strain of rabies virus is required to lethality for adult mice. a cluster region of amino acid substitutions exists at the positions 164 to 303 on the glycoprotein between avirulent and virulent strains. in this study, the authors generated a chimeric strain having the region at the positions 164 to 303 of the glycoprotein derived from the pathogenic nishigahara strain in the genetic background of the avirul ...	2004	15204932
oculomotor areas of the primate frontal lobes: a transneuronal transfer of rabies virus and [14c]-2-deoxyglucose functional imaging study.	we used the [14c]-2-deoxyglucose method to study the location and extent of primate frontal lobe areas activated for saccades and fixation and the retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus to determine whether these regions are oligosynaptically connected with extraocular motoneurons. fixation-related increases of local cerebral glucose utilization (lcgu) values were found around the fundus of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus (as) just ventral to its genu, in the dorsomedial front ...	2004	15215295
association of rabies virus nominal phosphoprotein (p) with viral nucleocapsid (nc) is enhanced by phosphorylation of the viral nucleoprotein (n).	we investigated possible role(s) of n protein phosphorylation in the rabies virus replication process. a large amount of p proteins are associated with the viral nucleocapsid (nc) in the infected cell, the amount which was greatly decreased by phosphatase-treatment of the isolated nc, indicating that the phosphate group of n and/or p proteins is essential for their stable association with the nc. immunoprecipitation studies were performed on the coexpressed normal n or phosphorylation deficient ...	2004	15215627
the absence of anti-rabies antibody in the sera of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured in hokkaido, japan.	feral raccoons captured in hokkaido, japan were examined for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (vna). between 2000 to 2002, 741 serum samples were collected and then subjected to vna titer determination by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). sera showing rffit titers of > or =1:25 have been considered as positive according to previous reports. vna was detected in none of serum samples from the feral raccoons. the present study provides valuable background informatio ...	2004	15218220
the use of rabies immune globulin by emergency physicians.	we sought to determine the incidence of practice patterns by emergency physicians that are non-compliant with present day world health organization recommendations regarding the administration of rabies immune globulin (rig) in the prophylaxis of rabies. of the 110 patients receiving rig for rabies-prone wounds, 46 patients (41.8%; 95% ci 32-51.6%) were felt to have received the immunoglobulin in improper amounts at the bite site. in 43 of these 46 patients (92.8%; 95% ci 81.1-98.3%), there was ...	2004	15219298
antiviral drug discovery strategy using combinatorial libraries of structurally constrained peptides.	we have developed a new strategy for antiviral peptide discovery by using lyssaviruses (rabies virus and rabies-related viruses) as models. based on the mimicry of natural bioactive peptides, two genetically encoded combinatorial peptide libraries composed of intrinsically constrained peptides (coactamers) were designed. proteomic knowledge concerning the functional network of interactions in the lyssavirus transcription-replication complex highlights the phosphoprotein (p) as a prime target for ...	2004	15220414
characterization of nucleoprotein gene sequence of an indian isolate of rabies virus.	rabies occurs in all parts of indian sub-continent except andaman and nicobar and lakshadweep group of islands. the full-length nucleoprotein (n) gene sequence of a rabies virus isolate from india is reported for the first time and the same has been compared with available n gene sequences from the database. a central domain of 230 amino acids (aa) from aa 141 to aa 370 exhibited more than 95% similarity. there were 8 amino acid positions (aa 29, 32, 38, 84, 119, 379, 438, and 439) at which subs ...	2004	15230475
t cells from elderly persons respond to neoantigenic stimulation with an unimpaired il-2 production and an enhanced differentiation into effector cells.	we analysed the capacity of t cells from young and elderly persons to produce il-2 and ifn-gamma after in vitro stimulation with two neoantigens, namely inactivated rabies virus and recombinant etr protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). soluble antigens should per definition primarly stimulate cd4(+) naïve t cells. cytokine production was analysed by elispot technology. t cells from elderly and young donors produced similar amounts of il-2 after priming with both neoantigens. in contra ...	2004	15050295
elimination of alkaloids from plant-derived human monoclonal antibody.	a human antiviral monoclonal antibody (mab) expressed in transgenic tobacco plants was purified from the tobacco leaf by two different methods. in one method, total protein precipitated with ammonium sulfate was applied to a hi-trap protein a column (column method). in the second method, leaf supernatant obtained after liquid nitrogen leaf grinding was directly immunoprecipitated using protein a-agarose beads (immunoprecipitation method). the column and immunoprecipitation methods yielded 0.52 a ...	2004	15087223
genetic typing of feline rabies virus isolated in greater bangkok, thailand.	to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus that is prevalent among cats in greater bangkok, thailand, a total of 17 rabies virus isolates from cats were characterized and compared with 120 rabies virus isolates from dogs. analyses were performed on the genetic polymorphism in the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) gene. rabies virus n gene of isolates was amplified by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction. the diversity of n gene was revealed by the restriction fragment length poly ...	2004	15107541
simulated post-exposure rabies vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine using a modified thai red cross regimen.	currently, two intradermal regimens for the administration of cell culture rabies vaccines are approved by the who for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: the two site thai red cross regimen (trc) and the eight site regimen. for the trc regimen the volume of vaccine recommended per dose is 0.1 ml of purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) and 0.2 ml of purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcec). the objective of the present study was to evaluate comparatively the immune response to pcec and pvrv v ...	2004	15109593
assessing anti-rabies baiting--what happens on the ground?	rabies is one of the most hazardous zoonoses in the world. oral mass vaccination has developed into the most effective management method to control fox rabies. the future need to control the disease in large countries (i.e. eastern europe and the americas) forces cost-benefit discussions. the 'increase bait density' option refers to the usual management assumption that more baits per km2 could compensate for high fox abundance and override the imperfect supply of bait pieces to the individual fo ...	2004	15113448
emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats.	three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ...	2004	15119765
subversive neuroinvasive strategy of rabies virus.	rabies virus (rabv) is a pathogen well-adapted to the nervous system, where it infects the neurons. rabv is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. it enters the nervous system via a motor neuron through the neuromuscular junction, or via a sensory nerve through nerve spindles. it then travels from one neuron to the next, along the spinal cord to the brain and the salivary glands. the virions are then excreted in the saliva of the animal and can be transmitted to another host by bite. thu ...	2004	15119770
factors affecting the serological response of dogs and cats to rabies vaccination.	after being vaccinated against rabies some cats and dogs fail to show an antibody titre adequate to meet the requirements of the uk pet travel scheme. to investigate this problem, the data derived from 16,073 serum samples submitted to the veterinary laboratories agency for serological testing between 1999 and 2002, 1002 samples submitted to biobest during march and april 2001, and 1264 samples associated with one make of vaccine submitted to biobest between june 2001 and january 2003, were anal ...	2004	15119893
[estimate of the validity of a new method for the isolation of rabies virus].	no population-based studies have been conducted to show the potential for the use of virological diagnosis of the rabies virus. the objective of the present study was to estimate accuracy parameters for the isolation of the rabies virus in mccoy cells as an alternative method and to compare this with the use of murine neuroblastoma (n2a) cells, which is considered to be a reference method.	2004	15122390
the 12 a structure of trypsin-treated measles virus n-rna.	recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein (n) was produced in insect cells where it bound to cellular rna to form helical n-rna structures. these structures were observed by electron microscopy but were too flexible for high-resolution image analysis. removal of the c-terminal tail of n by trypsin treatment resulted in structures that were much more rigid and seemed more regular. several methods of image analysis were employed in order to make a helical reconstruction of the digested n-rna. during ...	2004	15136034
characterization of oita virus 296/1972 of rhabdoviridae isolated from a horseshoe bat bearing characteristics of both lyssavirus and vesiculovirus.	oita virus 296/1972 was isolated from the blood of a wild horseshoe bat, rhinolophus cornutus (temminck) in 1972. we investigated the pathogenicity of this virus in mice in relation to its histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and the entire sequence of nucleoprotein gene. this virus caused lethal encephalitis in mice through intracerebral route. this susceptibility of mice was until 3 weeks of age. immunohistochemical analysis using the convalescent sera obtained ...	2004	15168201
[development of tests for assessment of efficiency of vaccination for rabies prophylaxis. ].		2004	15174318
rabies and other lyssavirus diseases.		2004	15183634
immunohistochemical localization of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase within neurons of cattle with rabies.	the expression of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (enos) and inducible nos (inos) in the brains of cattle with natural rabies was studied. increased expression of enos was detected in neurons of the brain stem and purkinje cells of cerebellum. by contrast, inos was diffusely localized in the cytoplasm of affected neurons, and some inflammatory cells were positive. enos and rabies antigen were co-localized in inclusion bodies (negri bodies) in neurons. the specific localization of ...	2004	15187365
[construction of human phage-displayed scfv library and selection of the scfv against rabies virus].	to construct a human phage displayed single chain fv antibody (scfv) library and screen specific scfv against rabies virus.	2004	15191736
current status and potential application of iscoms in veterinary medicine.	the immune stimulating complex (iscom) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. the iscom is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. the compulsory elements to form the iscom structure are cholesterol and saponin. when the antigen is omitted the iscom-matrix is formed. there are a number of saponins that can f ...	2004	15191787
vaccination of egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine.	twenty-six captive, adult egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvna) using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test before and after vaccination. the bats were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: group a (n = 10) bats each received one 0.1-ml dose of monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine, group b (n = 10) bats each received two 0.1-ml doses of vaccine given 30 days apart, and group c (n = 6) bats remained un ...	2004	15193074
rabies virus nucleoprotein as a carrier for foreign antigens.	rabies virus (rv) nucleoprotein (n) tightly encapsidates the genomic and antigenomic rna of rv to form the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex. antigens, such as n, presented in a highly organized structure are sufficient and even desirable to activate b cells to proliferate and produce antibodies. in addition to activating b cells to proliferate, it has been shown that rv n in the rnp complex induces potent t helper cell responses resulting in long-lasting and strong humoral immune responses ...	2004	15197258
bat rabies, texas, 1996-2000.	bats submitted to the texas department of health (1996-2000) were speciated and tested for rabies virus antigen by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. antigenic analysis of rabies virus-positive specimens was performed with monoclonal antibodies against the nucleoprotein of the virus; atypical or unexpected results were confirmed by genetic analysis of nucleoprotein sequence.	2004	15200840
molecular epidemiology of rabies in botswana: a comparison between antibody typing and nucleotide sequence phylogeny.	a panel of rabies virus isolates (rabv) endemic within botswana between 1988 and 1992 have been typed by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mab) into two dominant groups. the first associated with the domestic dog (canis familiaris) and the second associated with a range of wildlife species. using nucleoprotein coding sequence data, we have applied molecular phylogenetic techniques to the same panel of 35 well-characterised rabies virus isolates from throughout botswana in an attempt to co ...	2004	15201031
viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system.	this article presents the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features,and diagnosis of the primary viral neurologic diseases observed in ruminants. in general, these viral neurologic diseases are uncommon but often fatal. rabies virus is perhaps the most important cause of encephalitis in cattle because of the public health implications. other viral encephalitis diseases in ruminants include bovine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis, pseudorabies, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine and caprine lentiviral ...	2004	15203229
the phylogeography of human viruses.	viruses, especially those with rna genomes, represent ideal organisms to study the dynamics of microevolutionary change. in particular, their rapid rate of nucleotide substitution means that the epidemiological processes that shape their diversity act on the same time-scale as mutations are fixed in viral populations. consequently, the branching structure of virus phylogenies provides a unique insight into spatial and temporal dynamics. herein, i describe the key processes in virus phylogeograph ...	2004	15012753
development of a qualitative indirect elisa for the measurement of rabies virus-specific antibodies from vaccinated dogs and cats.	a protocol suitable for the detection of rabies virus-specific antibodies in serum samples from companion animals using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described. this method has been used successfully for the qualitative assessment of rabies virus-specific antibodies in serum samples from a cohort of vaccinated dogs and cats. in two initial field studies, a variable population of field samples from the veterinary laboratories agency (vla), united kingdom were tested. in the firs ...	2004	15019254
a phylogenetic reconstruction of the epidemiological history of canine rabies virus variants in colombia.	historically, canine rabies in colombia has been caused by two geographically distinct canine variants of rabies virus (rv) which between 1992 and 2002 accounted for approximately 95% of colombian rabies cases. genetic variant 1 (gv1) has been isolated up until 1997 in the central region and the department of arauca, and is now considered extinct through a successful vaccination program. genetic variant 2 (gv2) has been isolated from the northern caribbean region and continues to circulate at pr ...	2004	15019589
spill-over of european bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (martes foina) in germany.	european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) is known to endemically circulate in insectivorous bat populations in germany. in august 2001, a rabies suspect stone marten (martes foina) was found in the city of burg (saxony-anhalt, germany) and was sent to the regional veterinary laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. whereas brain samples repeatedly tested negative in the fluorescent antibody test for classical rabies virus (genotype 1), the mouse inoculation test and the rabies tissue ...	2004	15030600
monoclonal antibody characterization of rabies virus isolates from russia, finland and estonia.	five different rabies virus variants were identified among rabies virus-positive samples from russia, finland and estonia, using a panel of five anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. two rabies virus isolates showed a different reaction pattern, suggesting the presence of a new antigenic variant. the results were compared with the data obtained by other research groups.	2004	15030608
comparison of systemic and mucosal delivery of 2 canarypox virus vaccines expressing either hiv-1 genes or the gene for rabies virus g protein.	since the primary routes of human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) infection are across mucosal barriers, a randomized trial of canarypox virus-based vectors was conducted in 84 individuals, with delivery of vaccine by mucosal routes, and was accompanied by a detailed analysis of humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses.	2004	15031791
generation and characterization of p gene-deficient rabies virus.	rabies virus (rv) deficient in the p gene was generated by reverse genetics from cdna of hep-flury strain lacking the entire p gene. the defective virus was propagated and amplified by rescue of virus, using a cell line that complemented the functions of the deficient gene. the p gene-deficient (def-p) virus replicated its genome and produced progeny viruses in the cell lines that constitutively expressed the p protein, although it grew at a slightly retarded rate compared to the parental strain ...	2004	14972555
budding of ppxy-containing rhabdoviruses is not dependent on host proteins tgs101 and vps4a.	viral matrix proteins of several enveloped rna viruses play important roles in virus assembly and budding and are by themselves able to bud from the cell surface in the form of lipid-enveloped, virus-like particles (vlps). three motifs (pt/sap, ppxy, and yxxl) have been identified as late budding domains (l-domains) responsible for efficient budding. l-domains can functionally interact with cellular proteins involved in vacuolar sorting (vps4a and tsg101) and endocytic pathways (nedd4), suggesti ...	2004	14990685
evaluation of a taqman pcr assay to detect rabies virus rna: influence of sequence variation and application to quantification of viral loads.	published assays that use taqman pcr are consistently sensitive, rapid, and readily transferable. here we describe a taqman pcr-based method for the detection of rabies virus (rv) rna in tissue samples. we show that the method has an acceptable linear range, is both sensitive and specific, and, importantly, correlates with the concentration of infectious virus. in addition, the levels of rv-specific amplification are adjustable according to the levels of an endogenous control (beta-actin mrna), ...	2004	14715769
effect of age on immune parameters and the immune response of dogs to vaccines: a cross-sectional study.	the evaluation of anti-aging intervention strategies in dogs would benefit from reliable quantitative biomarkers of aging. in the present study, the expression of various immune parameters was measured in young and old dogs to identify potential biomarkers of aging. the second goal of the study was to determine the effect of age on the immune response to vaccines. the immune function, including the antibody response to vaccines, was determined in 32 young adult (3.15+/-0.8 years of age) and 33 o ...	2004	14700539
in vitro inactivation of the rabies virus by ascorbic acid.	the current recommended inactivating agent for the rabies virus, beta propiolactone (bpl) is very expensive and potentially carcinogenic. there is a need to evaluate alternative chemicals, which will inactivate the virus without affecting its antigenicity. in this study the effect of ascorbic acid on the infectivity of the rabies virus has been investigated.	2004	14690777
macro-architecture of basal ganglia loops with the cerebral cortex: use of rabies virus to reveal multisynaptic circuits.	we have used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to examine basal ganglia connections with the cerebral cortex. we injected rabies into the primary motor cortex (m1) or into area 46 of cebus monkeys. a 4-day survival time was long enough to allow transport of rabies from the injection site to 'third-order' neurons in the basal ganglia. after either m1 or area 46 injections, third-order neurons were found in the external segment of the globus pallidus (gpe), striatum and subthalami ...	2004	14653187
host-dependent type 1 cytokine responses driven by inactivated viruses may fail to default in the absence of il-12 or ifn-alpha/beta.	replicating viruses generally induce type 1 immune responses, with high interferon (ifn)-gamma levels and antibodies of the igg2a isotype. in the present study we demonstrate the intrinsic ability of non-replicating virions to induce comparable immune responses in the notable absence of any adjuvant. injection of inactivated pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus, by various routes into mice resulted in the generation of t helper (th) 1 type immune response. co-delivery of inactivated pseudorab ...	2004	15039522
[the antiviral activity of rnase bacillus intermedius in experiments with mice preinfected with street rabies virus].	rnase bacillus intermedius, when administered once and according to 11 repeated experiments, protected the preliminarily infected cba mice with street rabies virus (protection of 40-67%; p < 0.01-0.001). a reliable protection of animals was registered only when rnase was administered intramuscularly at the virus introduction spot; it was not effective, when the bacterial rnase was injected in the brain, vein, under the skin or in muscles of a non-infected extremity. neither did it produce any su ...	2004	15597960
lentivector-mediated smn replacement in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy.	spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is a frequent recessive autosomal disorder. it is caused by mutations or deletion of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (smn) gene, leading to depletion in smn protein levels. the treatment rationale for sma is to halt or delay the degeneration of motor neurons, but to date there are no effective drug treatments for this disease. we have previously demonstrated that pseudotyping of the nonprimate equine infectious anemia virus (using the lentivector gen ...	2004	15599397
clinical practice. prophylaxis against rabies.		2004	15602023
[human rabies in france in 2004: update and management].	twenty people died of rabies in france between 1970 and 2003 (compared to 55,000 yearly worldwide), 80% on returning from africa. dogs were the contaminating animals in 90% of the cases and children were the most common victims. the last instance of rabies in a native french animal was reported in 1998. however the illegal importation of animals still poses a risk. the disease is transmitted by saliva, even before the appearance of clinical symptoms, through a bite, scratch, or licks of mucous m ...	2004	15603930
efficacy of oral vaccination in the final stage of fox rabies elimination in switzerland.	subsequent to rabies vaccination campaigns, two well-established methods for the determination of the proportion of vaccinated foxes--the detection of tetracycline (tc) in bones and the detection of virus neutralizing antibodies (vna) in thoracic fluids--were used and compared. special emphasis was given to the effect of a new method of bait distribution at the den, which is primarily targeted at young foxes. the overall proportion of vaccinated animals estimated by tc was 60% as compared to 50% ...	2004	15606866
detection and characterization of rabies virus in southern brazil by pcr amplification and sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene.	due to the medical and socio-economical importance of both human and animal rabies infection, several studies have suggested the use of molecular techniques such as rt-pcr and dna sequencing for diagnosis and phylogenetic studies of the rabies virus. considering the conservancy of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of the virus, we herein describe a rt-pcr assay for rabies diagnosis and characterization. a total of 75 samples obtained from a variety of animal species in the state of santa catarina (sc), ...	2004	15614435
[the survey of 21 cases of human rabies in anlong county in guizhou province].	to analyze 21 cases of rabies from february 8 to may 1 in 2004 in anlong county in guizhou province, and to explore the possible factors causing the epidemics.	2004	15631744
epidemiology of rabid bats in france, 1989 to 2002.		2004	15638002
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
molecular epidemiology of terrestrial rabies in the former soviet union.	fifty-five rabies virus isolates originating from different regions of the former soviet union (fsu) were compared with isolates originating from eurasia, africa, and north america according to complete or partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences. the fsu isolates formed five distinct groups. group a represented viruses originating from the arctic, which were similar to viruses from alaska and canada. group b consisted of "arctic-like" viruses, originating from the south of east siberia and the ...	2004	15650080
serologic evidence of nonfatal rabies exposure in a free-ranging oncilla (leopardus tigrinus) in cotapata national park, bolivia.	a clinically healthy free-ranging oncilla (leopardus tigrinus) was live-trapped in boliva in 2000. based on serology, we concluded that this animal was exposed to feline panleukopenia virus, toxoplasma gondii, and rabies virus. the rabies virus-neutralizing antibody titer (>70 iu/ml) in this oncilla was unusual for an asymptomatic animal exposed to street virus and at a level expected in animals exposed to a large amount of virus, clinically affected, or vaccinated. based on a subsequent 18 mo o ...	2004	15650107
[biological characteristics of the adapted rabies virus 3ag-v in vero cell].	to study the biological features of the adapted rabies virus 3ag-v in vero cell.	2004	15650786
rabies in endangered ethiopian wolves.	with rabies emerging as a particular threat to wild canids, we report on a rabies outbreak in a subpopulation of endangered ethiopian wolves in the bale mountains, ethiopia, in 2003 and 2004. parenteral vaccination of wolves was used to manage the outbreak.	2004	15663865
the heminested rt-pcr for the study of rabies virus pathogenesis.	the aim of the present trial was to evaluate the heminested rt-pcr for the study of rabies virus distribution in mice inoculated experimentally. inoculation was by the intramuscular route in 150 mice, using the dog street rabies virus. groups of five animals were killed at different times. fragments of different organs were collected and the material was tested by fluorescent antibody test (fat) and heminested rt-pcr (hn rt-pcr). positive results were obtained beginning on the 10th day after ino ...	2004	15664054
rabies and rabies-related viruses: a modern perspective on an ancient disease.	rabies is a worldwide zoonosis caused by a lyssavirus, with many host species acting as reservoirs for infection. the epidemiology of rabies has changed over recent years, as this disease has been brought under control or eliminated in many terrestrial animal species in europe and north america. a large number of lyssavirus variants have now been characterised, and their distribution and animal hosts have become known. however, new lyssaviruses have been isolated from bats, prompting scientists ...	2004	15702724
oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control.	rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ...	2004	15742629
[rabies and other lyssaviruses].	since rabies has not been reported in japan for nearly the past 50 years, it has been relegated to the status of a forgotten infectious disease in this country. however,in the neighboring asian countries, africa, america, the number fo rabies cases had not decrease but on the contrary, seen an increasing trend. in russia and the former soviet union countries (cis countries), the number of information. between 30,000 approximately 20,000 fatal cases of rabies in both humans and animals had been r ...	2004	15745159
elimination of terrestrial rabies in western european countries.	since the late 1930s, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has been the main vector of rabies in europe. practically, decimation of fox population did not prevent the spread of the disease. the only efficient method to control wildlife rabies consisted in using oral vaccination by depositing vaccine baits containing a capsule or a plastic sachet filled with an attenuated anti-rabies liquid vaccine throughout fox habitats. several live virus vaccines have been and are currently being used: the sad b19 and ...	2004	15747421
rabies cell culture vaccines reconstituted and stored at 4 degrees c for 1 year prior to use protect mice against rabies virus.	human exposure to rabid dogs in developing countries is an ongoing problem that continues to demand effective, safe, and affordable post-exposure rabies vaccinations. sheep and suckling mouse brain rabies vaccines used in developing countries are being replaced by expensive inactivated-virus cell culture vaccines. human studies using cell culture vaccines have determined that cost is reduced and protection is maintained by injecting the unused portion of vaccines that have been reconstituted and ...	2004	15308344
live vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants, but not an inactivated rabies virus cell culture vaccine, protect b-lymphocyte-deficient a/wysnj mice against rabies: considerations of recombinant defective poxviruses for rabies immunization of immunocompromised individuals.	presently, commercially available cell culture rabies vaccines for humans and animals consist of the five inactivated rabies virus proteins. the vaccines elicit a cd4+ helper t-cell response and a humoral b-cell response against the viral glycoprotein (g) resulting in the production of virus neutralizing antibody. antibody against the viral nucleoprotein (n) is also present, but the mechanism(s) of its protection is unclear. hiv-infected individuals with low cd4+ t-lymphocyte counts and individu ...	2004	15308356
rabies virus stimulates nitric oxide production and cxc chemokine ligand 10 expression in macrophages through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2.	macrophages represent an essential part of innate immunity, and the viral infection of macrophages results in the release of multiple proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (no), cytokines, and chemokines. this study was undertaken to define the molecular mechanism of macrophage activation in response to rabies virus (rv) infection. in raw264 murine macrophage cells, a well-characterized macrophage model, rv replication was strictly restricted, whereas cell proliferation was significant ...	2004	15308732
increased interleukin-10 associated with low il-6 concentration correlated with greater survival rates in mice infected by rabies virus vaccinated against it and immunomodulated with p. acnes.	macrophage activity, cytokines serum concentration, serum neutralizing antibodies and lethality by rabies were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus and submitted or not to antirabies vaccination and immunomodulation with p. acnes. animals were killed at different times and serum was collected in order to evaluate cytokines concentration; peritonial and splenic macrophages were collected for macrophage activity evaluation. greater survival rates higher il-10 an ...	2004	15325513
rabies transmission from organ transplants in the usa.		2004	15325815
transduction patterns of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors in the nervous system.	we have developed a non-primate-based lentiviral vector based on the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) for efficient gene transfer to the central and peripheral nervous systems. previously we have demonstrated that pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the rabies virus glycoprotein confers retrograde axonal transport to these vectors. in the present study we have successfully produced high-titer eiav vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus ( ...	2004	14741783
phox2a gene, a6 neurons, and noradrenaline are essential for development of normal respiratory rhythm in mice.	although respiration is vital to the survival of all mammals from the moment of birth, little is known about the genetic factors controlling the prenatal maturation of this physiological process. here we investigated the role of the phox2a gene that encodes for a homeodomain protein involved in the generation of noradrenergic a6 neurons in the maturation of the respiratory network. first, comparisons of the respiratory activity of fetuses delivered surgically from heterozygous phox2a pregnant mi ...	2004	14749437
cpg methylation of a plasmid vector results in extended transgene product expression by circumventing induction of immune responses.	gene therapy has the potential to cure inherited diseases if the delivered genes achieve long-term expression at therapeutic levels in the targeted tissues. expression is commonly short-lived due to induction of cell-mediated immune responses to the gene therapy vehicle and/or the transgene product, which can be perceived as "foreign" by the host's immune system. plasmid expression vectors have been used to deliver genes. bacterial dna carries immunostimulatory sequences in the form of unmethyla ...	2004	14759809
rabies virus production in high vero cell density cultures on macroporous microcarriers.	the purpose of the study was to investigate the rabies virus multiplication in vero cell cultures performed on porous microcarriers, mcs (cellulose-cytopore and gelatin-cultispher g), which provide higher available surface area compared with solid (nonporous) mcs (deae-cytodex 1). in a set of experiments performed at the same mc concentration (mcs per milliliter), cell densities regularly obtained in porous mc cultures were comparable, but almost twice as high as those in solid mc cultures. in a ...	2004	14760691
antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in canada.	antibody titres to selected pathogens (canine adenovirus [cav-2], feline herpesvirus [fhv], phocine herpesvirus [phv-1], canine distemper virus, dolphin morbillivirus [dmv], phocine distemper virus [pdv], parainfluenza virus type 3 [pi3], rabies virus, dolphin rhabdovirus [drv], canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, feline leukaemia virus, borrelia burgdorferi and toxoplasma gondii) were determined in whole blood or serum samples from selected free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mam ...	2004	15338705
cdc: rabies transmitted through organ donation. veterinarians urged to remain vigilant.		2004	15344348
ecogeographic patterns of rabies in southern ontario based on time series analysis.	we describe a method based on time series analysis that divided the rabies enzootic area of southern ontario into 13 regions using data collected at the township level, the smallest available geographical unit for ontario (canada). the intent was to discover ecogeographic patterns if such existed. for the period 1957-89, the quarterly time series of fox rabies cases for each of the 423 townships in the study area was correlated with the time series of its adjacent neighbors. townships were then ...	2004	15362820
oral vaccination of captive arctic foxes with lyophilized sag2 rabies vaccine.	arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) were immunized with lyophilized sag2 oral rabies vaccine. the effectiveness of this vaccine was determined by serologic response and survival to challenge by rabies virus isolated from a red fox from alaska (usa). no vaccine virus was found in saliva 1-72 hr after ingestion. at 2 wk after vaccination, all foxes had seroconverted, with rabies virus neutralizing antibody levels of 0.2-3.1 iu ml(-1). all vaccinated foxes survived to week 17 after challenge, and hippoca ...	2004	15362836
[cloning and immunological characteristics of canine il-18 cdna].	to clone the canine il-18 cdna and to explore the immunological effectiveness of canine il-18 as an adjuvant of genetic vaccine.	2004	15367339
detection and strain differentiation of european bat lyssaviruses using in situ hybridisation.	a protocol suitable for the detection of rabies virus and the related european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 is described. in situ hybridisation, employing digoxigenin labelled riboprobes was used for the detection of lyssavirus rna in mouse-infected brain tissue. the principal advantage of this technique, compared to routine methods used for histopathology, is that this method is robust, highly sensitive, and specific for assessing the presence of rna in different tissues. an additional advanta ...	2004	15381360
rabies in a captive colony of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus).	our research has focused on the ecology of commensal populations of big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in fort collins, colorado (usa), in relation to rabies virus (rv) transmission. we captured 35 big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) in late summer 2001 and held them captive for 4.8 mo. the bats were initially placed in an indoor cage for 1 mo then segregated into groups of two to six per cage. two of the bats succumbed to rabies virus (rv) within the first month of capture. despite group housing, ...	2004	15465706
antemortem diagnosis of human rabies.		2004	15472871
structure and function of the c-terminal domain of the polymerase cofactor of rabies virus.	the phosphoprotein (p) of rabies virus binds the viral polymerase to the nucleoprotein (n)-rna template for transcription and replication. by limited protease digestion we defined a monomeric c-terminal domain of p that can bind to n-rna. the atomic structure of this domain was determined and previously described mutations that interfere with binding of p to n-rna could now be interpreted. there appears to be two features involved in this activity situated at opposite surfaces of the molecule: a ...	2004	15476803