Publications

parapoxvirus infections of red deer, italy.	to characterize parapoxviruses causing severe disease in wild ruminants in stelvio park, italy, we sequenced and compared the dna of several isolates. results demonstrated that the red deer isolates are closely related to the parapox of red deer in new zealand virus.	2011	21470460
calcium input potentiates the transforming growth factor (tgf)-{beta}1-dependent signaling to promote the export of inorganic pyrophosphate by articular chondrocyte.	transforming growth factor (tgf)-β1 stimulates extracellular pp(i) (epp(i)) generation and promotes chondrocalcinosis, which also occurs secondary to hyperparathyroidism-induced hypercalcemia. we previously demonstrated that ank was up-regulated by tgf-β1 activation of erk1/2 and ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase c (pkcα). thus, we investigated mechanisms by which calcium could affect epp(i) metabolism, especially its main regulating proteins ank and pc-1 (plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1). we ...	2011	21471198
srf-dependent micrornas regulate gastrointestinal smooth muscle cell phenotypes.	background & aims:: smooth muscle cells (smcs) change phenotypes under various pathophysiological conditions. such change is controlled by the serum response factor (srf), a transcription factor that binds to carg boxes in sm contractile genes. micrornas (mirna) regulate transitions among smc phenotypes. the smc mirna transcriptome (smc mirnaome) and the regulation of the smc mirnaome by srf have not been determined. methods:: we performed massively parallel sequencing to identify gastrointestin ...	2011	21473868
presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (prp(tse)) in skeletal muscles of white-tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, rapidly spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), or prion disease, occurring in cervids such as white tailed-deer (wtd), mule deer or elk in north america. despite efficient horizontal transmission of cwd among cervids natural transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. here, we report for the first time a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein prp(tse) and of prp(tse)-associated se ...	2011	21483771
differential expression of ets family members in prostate cancer tissues and androgen-sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cell lines.	the ets family of transcription factors plays important roles in both normal and neoplastic cells for different biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. the 27 ets factors are probably a part of complex regulatory networks including interactions among family members. in human prostate cancer, rearrangements have been found in several genes of the ets family resulting in chimeric oncoproteins. in a p ...	2011	21491078
a model of a mapk•substrate complex in an active conformation: a computational and experimental approach.	the mechanisms by which map kinases recognize and phosphorylate substrates are not completely understood. efforts to understand the mechanisms have been compromised by the lack of mapk-substrate structures. while mapk-substrate docking is well established as a viable mechanism for bringing mapks and substrates into close proximity the molecular details of how such docking promotes phosphorylation is an unresolved issue. in the present study computer modeling approaches, with restraints derived f ...	2011	21494553
seasonal luteal cyclicity of pubertal and adult red deer (cervus elaphus).	reproductive failure of rising-two-year-old (r(2)) hinds and seasonal misalignment between calving and pastoral feed production are two factors limiting reproductive productivity of farmed red deer hinds in new zealand. this study aimed to better understand processes around female puberty and breeding seasonality by describing the potential breeding season (i.e., oestrous cyclicity) of three red deer genotypes. a total of 27 hinds born in december 2005, representing eastern european (cervus elap ...	2011	21497465
mek-erk pathway regulates ezh2 overexpression in association with aggressive breast cancer subtypes.	ezh2 overexpression occurs in various malignancies and is associated with a poor outcome. we have so far demonstrated that ezh2 downregulates the important genes such as e-cadherin and runx3 by increasing histone h3k27 trimethylation. however, the mechanism of ezh2 overexpression in various cancer cells remains unclear. in this study we carried out a promoter analysis of the ezh2 gene and investigated whether a survival signal that is upregulated in cancer cells is related to overexpression at t ...	2011	21499305
adaptation of a species-specific multiplex pcr assay for the identification of blood meal source in culicoides (ceratopogonidae: diptera): applications on palaearctic biting midge species, vectors of orbiviruses.	culicoides are small biting midges involved worldwide in the transmission of bluetongue and african horse sickness viruses. feeding behaviours of palaearctic biting midge species and their spatio-temporal dynamics remain unclear at the specific level. three multiplex species-specific pcr-based assays were developed and used to identify blood meal source of engorged females of palaearctic midge species of veterinary interest. species-specific primers of potential hosts from livestock, domestic an ...	2011	21511056
body condition and pregnancy in northern yellowstone elk: evidence for predation risk effects?	s. creel et al. reported a negative correlation between fecal progesterone concentrations and elk:wolf ratios in greater yellowstone elk (cervus elaphus) herds and interpreted this correlation as evidence that pregnancy rates of elk decreased substantially in the presence of wolves (canis lupus). apparently, the hypothesized mechanism is that decreased forage intake reduces body condition and either results in elk failing to conceive during the autumn rut or elk losing the fetus during winter. w ...	2011	21516883
fate of prions in soil: a review.	prions are the etiological agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tsses), a class of fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and other mammals. the pathogenic prion protein is a misfolded form of the host-encoded prion protein and represents the predominant, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. environmental routes of tse transmission areimplicated in epizootics of sheep scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer, elk, and moose. soil represents a plausi ...	2011	21520752
dimer formation and conformational flexibility ensure cytoplasmic stability and nuclear accumulation of elk-1.	the ets (e26) protein elk-1 serves as a paradigm for mitogen-responsive transcription factors. it is multiply phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), which it recruits into pre-initiation complexes on target gene promoters. however, events preparatory to elk-1 phosphorylation are less well understood. here, we identify two novel, functional elements in elk-1 that determine its stability and nuclear accumulation. one element corresponds to a dimerization interface in the ets ...	2011	21543455
paleozoological data suggest euroamerican settlement did not displace ursids and north american elk from lowlands to highlands.	the hypothesis that euroamerican settlement displaced some populations of large mammal taxa from lowland plains habitats to previously unoccupied highland mountain habitats was commonly believed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. by the middle twentieth century biologists had come to favor the hypothesis that euroamerican colonization resulted in the extirpation of populations of large mammal in lowland habitats and those taxa survived in pre-existing relict populations in the ...	2011	21544707
morphological characteristics of pelves of estonian holstein and estonian native breed cows from the perspective of calving.	with 4 figures and 1 table summary: dystocia is more common in holstein-friesian (hf) breed cows than in other dairy breeds. this is often caused by a disproportion between the birth canal of a female animal and the fetus. it is thought that the main determiners of unsuitability are the birth mass of the calf and the shape of the female pelvis. from the perspective of calving the cranial and caudal pelvic apertures are of great significance. this study focuses on pluriparous pelves of the estoni ...	2011	21545644
bovine tuberculosis in a nebraska herd of farmed elk and fallow deer: a failure of the tuberculin skin test and opportunities for serodiagnosis.	in 2009, mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in a herd of 60 elk (cervus elaphus) and 50 fallow deer (dama dama) in nebraska, usa. upon depopulation of the herd, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (tb) was estimated at ∼71-75%, based upon histopathology and culture results. particularly with elk, gross lesions were often severe and extensive. one year ago, the majority of the elk had been tested for tb by single cervical test (sct), and all were negative. after initial detection of a t ...	2011	21547234
interactions between endogenous and dietary antioxidants against pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ungulates from a pb polluted mining area.	certain physiologic disorders, attributed to lead (pb) exposure are related to the generation of oxidative stress. organisms rely on a complex antioxidant system, composed of endogenously produced compounds such as glutathione (gsh), superoxide dismutase (sod) and gsh peroxidase (gpx); and dietary antioxidants such as vitamins a and e. the aim of this work was to study the interactions between both groups of antioxidants and to evaluate their role in fighting pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ...	2011	21550099
antiangiogenic antitumor activities of igfbp-3 are mediated by igf-independent suppression of erk1/2 activation and egr-1-mediated transcriptional events.	most antiangiogenic therapies currently being evaluated in clinical trials target the vegf pathway; however, the tumor vasculature can acquire resistance to vegf-targeted therapy by shifting to other angiogenesis mechanisms. insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) has been reported to suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis by both igf-dependent and igf-independent mechanisms; however, our understanding of its igf-independent mechanisms is limited. we observed that igfbp-3 blocked ...	2011	21551235
neuronal nitric oxide contributes to neuroplasticity-associated protein expression through cgmp, protein kinase g, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase.	nitric oxide (no) synthesized by neuronal no synthase (nnos) has long been implicated in brain plasticity. however, it is unclear how this short-lived mediator contributes to the long-term molecular changes underlying neuroplasticity, which typically require activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway and gene expression. to address this issue, we used a neuroplasticity model based on treatment of neuronal cultures with bicucul ...	2011	21562256
the effect of amplitude modulation on the spectrum structure of the red deer sound signal.		2011	21562958
assessment of levels of bacterial contamination of large wild game meat in europe.	the variations in prevalence and levels of pathogens and fecal contamination indicators in large wild game meat were studied to assess their potential impact on consumers. this analysis was based on hazard analysis, data generation and statistical analysis. a total of 2919 meat samples from three species (red deer, roe deer, wild boar) were collected at french game meat traders' facilities using two sampling protocols. information was gathered on the types of meat cuts (forequarter or haunch; fi ...	2011	21569954
[investigate of dna extraction of os cervi].	to establish a convenient, practical and high efficient method of dna extraction of os cervi, and lay the foundation of identification of animal bones.	2011	21585046
chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of free-ranging and farmed ungulates (deer, elk, and moose) in north america and south korea. first described by the late e.s. williams and colleagues in northern colorado and southern wyoming in the 1970s, cwd has increased tremendously both in numerical and geographical distribution, reaching prevalence rates as high as 50% in free-ranging and >90% in captive deer herds in certain areas of usa and canada. cwd is certainly the most contagious pri ...	2011	21598099
modeling routes of chronic wasting disease transmission: environmental prion persistence promotes deer population decline and extinction.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal disease of deer, elk, and moose transmitted through direct, animal-to-animal contact, and indirectly, via environmental contamination. considerable attention has been paid to modeling direct transmission, but despite the fact that cwd prions can remain infectious in the environment for years, relatively little information exists about the potential effects of indirect transmission on cwd dynamics. in the present study, we use simulation models to demonstr ...	2011	21603638
trypanosoma spp. in swedish game animals.	serum and blood samples from 36 game animals, shot during the hunting seasons 2007-2009, were collected and analyzed for the presence of trypanosoma spp. by three methods: isolation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and serology. only fissiped animals were included, four different ruminants and wild boar. trypanosomes could be isolated from two of the animals, and eight had detectable parasite dna. seven animals had high titers of anti-trypanosoma igg antibodies. the two isolated strains, one fr ...	2011	21614542
neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition.	1. understanding the interaction among predators and between predation and climate is critical to understanding the mechanisms for compensatory mortality. we used data from 1999 radio-marked neonatal elk (cervus elaphus) calves from 12 populations in the north-western united states to test for effects of predation on neonatal survival, and whether predation interacted with climate to render mortality compensatory. 2. weibull survival models with a random effect for each population were fit as a ...	2011	21615401
travel history, hunting, and venison consumption related to prion disease exposure, 2006-2007 foodnet population survey.	the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) to human beings and the spread of chronic wasting disease (cwd) among cervids have prompted concerns about zoonotic transmission of prion diseases. travel to the united kingdom and other european countries, hunting for deer or elk, and venison consumption could result in the exposure of us residents to the agents that cause bse and cwd. the foodborne diseases active surveillance network 2006-2007 population survey was used to assess the ...	2011	21616198
'carg'ing for micrornas.		2011	21620846
generation of a new form of human prp(sc) in vitro by interspecies transmission from cervid prions.	prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and that result from the conversion of normal prion protein (prp(c)) into the misfolded prion protein (prp(sc)). chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disorder of increasing prevalence within the united states that affects a large population of wild and captive deer and elk. determining the risk of transmission of cwd to humans is of utmost importance, considering that people can be infected by animal pri ...	2011	21209079
development of in-situ measurement for 90 sr specific activity by ß-ray survey meter combined with sensitivity correction by monte carlo calculation.	the objective of this study was to develop an in-situ measurement technique for the instant detection of the (90)sr contamination. a numerical method to correct the detection efficiency of the ß survey meter was applied for an elk antler sample from the vicinity of the mayak facility. the estimated (90)sr specific activity of 0.21±0.04 bq/g agrees within the factor of two to the value 0.11±0.06 bq/g evaluated with the imaging plate, which was previously validated. also, the dependence of the det ...	2011	21310623
babesias of red deer (cervus elaphus) in ireland.	abstract: blood samples were obtained from 38 wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at two sites in ireland and subjected to pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene followed by sequencing. two fragments of the 18s rrna gene were generated by two different pcr protocols and subsequent sequencing suggested that at least six of the deer were infected by a babesia that, in those loci, is indistinguishable from babesia divergens, an important tick-borne pathogen of cattle and of zoonotic significance. additionall ...	2011	21314977
immunoregulatory cytokines are associated with protection from immunopathology following mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer.	although the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. we sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experi ...	2011	21321071
genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild caprine and cervid ungulates from the alps in tyrol, austria.	the occurrence of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum was studied in wild ungulates from the northern and central eastern alps in tyrol, austria. for this purpose, spleen samples collected from 53 game animals during the hunting season 2008/2009 (16 roe deer [capreolus capreolus], 10 red deer [cervus elaphus], 16 alpine chamois [rupicapra r. rupicapra], 7 alpine ibex [capra i. ibex], and 4 european mouflons [ovis orientalis musimon]) were analyzed. thirty-five animals originated from t ...	2011	21323423
iron storage disease in red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) is not associated with mutations in the hfe gene.	iron storage diseases are rare conditions of dysregulated iron metabolism in man and animals. a genetic basis has been confirmed only for human haemochromatosis. iron storage disease was diagnosed in six related, 2-year-old male red deer of the same herd. these animals presented with weight loss and rough hair coats. haematological examination was unremarkable. at necropsy examination, gross lesions were restricted to cachexia. microscopical examination revealed severe, diffuse hepatocellular ne ...	2011	21334004
effect of sitagliptin plus metformin on ß-cell function, islet integrity and islet gene expression in zucker diabetic fatty rats.	the combination of metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp-4) inhibitor has been shown to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for type 2 diabetes. we evaluated ß-cell function and morphological changes in islets in zucker diabetic fatty (zdf) rats following combined therapy with sitagliptin and metformin and investigated the expression of potentially relevant genes using cdna microarrays.	2011	21345512
regulation of heart rate and rumen temperature in red deer: effects of season and food intake.	red deer, cervus elaphus, like other temperate-zone animals, show a large seasonal fluctuation in energy intake and expenditure. many seasonal phenotypic adjustments are coordinated by endogenous signals entrained to the photoperiod. the cues determining variation in the resting metabolism of ungulates remain equivocal, however, largely because of the confounding effects of food intake and thus the heat increment of feeding. to distinguish endogenous seasonal and environmental effects on metabol ...	2011	21346124
experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer by intracerebral route: final report.	final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to fallow deer (dama dama) are reported herein. during the 5-year study, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with cwd-infected brain material from white-tailed deer (n = 7; group a) or elk (n = 6; group b), and 3 other fawns were kept as uninoculated controls (group c). as described previously, 3 cwd-inoculated deer were euthanized ...	2011	21731188
sod3 decreases ischemic injury derived apoptosis through phosphorylation of erk1/2, akt, and foxo3a.	extracellular superoxide dismutase (sod3), which dismutates superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, has been shown to reduce the free radical stress derived apoptosis in tissue injuries. since both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide have a marked impact on signal transduction pathways and could potentially explain a number of apoptosis and survival -related phenomena in different pathological conditions, we clarified the impact of sod3 on akt and erk1/2 cell survival pathways in rat hind limb ...	2011	21909393
fibroblast growth factor 21 induces glucose transporter-1 expression through activation of the serum response factor/ets-like protein-1 in adipocytes.	fibroblast growth factor 21 (fgf21) is a liver-secreted endocrine factor with multiple beneficial effects on obesity-related disorders. it enhances glucose uptake by inducing the expression of glucose transporter-1 (glut1) in adipocytes. here we investigated the signaling pathways that mediate fgf21-induced glut1 expression and glucose uptake in vitro and in animals. quantitative real-time pcr and a luciferase reporter assay showed that fgf21 induced glut1 expression through transcriptional acti ...	2011	21846717
characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection.	fatty acid (fa) and triacylglycerol (tg) composition of natural oils and fats intake in the diet has a strong influence on the human health and chronic diseases. in this work, non-aqueous reversed-phase (narp) and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (gc/fid) and mass spectrometry detection are used for the characterization of fa and tg composition in comp ...	2011	21835413
saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) in italy.	the wood tick ixodes ricinus, one of the most common arthropod-borne disease vectors, is of increasing relevance for human and animal health in europe. the aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of several abiotic and biotic factors potentially affecting questing activity and local abundance of i. ricinus in italy, considering the scale at which these factors interact with the host-seeking ticks. within eden, a large-scale eu collaborative project on eco-epidemiology of vec ...	2011	21820245
mycobacterial screening of czech red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in overwintering sites, 2004-2006.	one isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 2,212 fecal samples of wild deer assembled in overwintering sites (ows). neither m. bovis nor m. a. subsp. avium was found. therefore, congregating deer in owss does not automatically lead to the amplification of these pathogens among animals in owss.	2011	21719853
liver enzymes and blood metabolites in a population of free-ranging red deer ( cervus elaphus) naturally infected with fascioloides magna.	we investigated the effects of fascioloides magna infection on the serum biochemistry values of the naturally infected red deer population in eastern croatia. the investigation was performed on 47 red deer with f. magna infection confirmed patho-anatomically in 27 animals (57.4%). fibrous capsules and migratory lesions were found in 14 deer while only fibrous capsules without migratory lesions were found in 13 deer. in 13 deer both immature and mature flukes were found, in 5 deer only immature f ...	2011	21729388
sorbitol-fermenting, +¦-glucuronidase-positive, shiga toxin-negative escherichia coli o157:h7 in free-ranging red deer in south-central spain.	abstract we investigated the prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 in free-ranging red deer in south-central spain, to assess their potential as reservoir hosts of sorbitol-fermenting (sf) e. coli o157:h7 strains, which are emerging causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome in europe. fecal samples from 264 hunter-harvested iberian red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected in 25 different game estates and examined for e. coli o157:h7 by culture and pcr. e. coli o157:h7 was detected and isolated in 4 o ...	2011	21819212
a case of hepatic carcinoid in a red deer hind (cervus elaphus).	a carcinoid tumour in the liver of a red deer hind (cervus elaphus) is described. macroscopically, the liver was considerably enlarged with multifocal, firm, yellow and red nodular neoplastic masses, which were histopathologically diagnosed as hepatic carcinoids. the diagnosis was confirmed by modified grimelius staining, which demonstrated numerous small argyrophilic granules in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells, and by immunohistochemistry. the neoplastic cells gave a strong positive reaction ...	2011	21727064
sufentanil and xylazine immobilization of rocky mountain elk.	from october 2009 through july 2010, five captive, 3-yr-old, female rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) and nine free-ranging elk (one male, eight female) were immobilized with 0.1 mg/kg sufentanil plus 0.5 mg/kg xylazine which was antagonized with 1 mg/kg naltrexone and 2 mg/kg tolazoline. induction and recovery times averaged 4.9 -¦ 0.3 min and 3.9 -¦ 0.4 min, respectively. physiologic and blood gas parameters as well as bispectral index (bis) were measured on the captive elk every 10 min for ...	2011	21719828
secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is associated with mmp-2 and mmp-9 to promote migration and invasion in snu638 gastric cancer cells.	secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (slpi) protects tissue from proteases, and promotes cell proliferation and healing during inflammatory response. slpi is also overexpressed in gastric, lung and ovarian cancers, which accelerates the metastasis of cancer cells. matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9 (mmp-2 and mmp-9) are overexpressed in high metastatic cancers, and promote the migration of cancer cells through collagen degradation. slpi and mmp-2, -9 are critical factors in stimulating the metast ...	2011	21687932
herbal formula hmc05 prevents human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation by inhibiting the erk1/2 mapk signaling cascade.	hmc05 is a formulation derived from eight medicinal herbs, and prevents neointima formation by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway with induction of heat shock protein 27 expression. in this study, we investigated the influence of hmc05 regulation on the mapk/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/2 signaling cascade in the inhibition of the migration and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (hasmcs). the inhibitory effects of hmc05 (25, 50, and ...	2011	21833774
phylogenetic study of setaria cervi based on mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences.	the objective of the present study was to examine the phylogenetic position of setaria cervi based on sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. a fragment of the cox1 gene from two morphologically identified s. cervi collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) from italy were amplified, sequenced, and compared with corresponding sequences of other filarioid nematode species. phylogenetic studies using bayesian analysis revealed s. cervi as monophyletic with other setari ...	2011	21695569
risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in southern spain.	the presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. the main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in southern spain based on spanish data collected in the period 2003-2006. in general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (meanôçë=ôçë1291ôçë-ágôçëkg(-1)) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (meanôçë=ôç ...	2011	21728894
epigenetic mechanisms in stress and adaptation.	epigenetic mechanisms are processes at the level of the chromatin that control the expression of genes but their role in neuro-immuno-endocrine communication is poorly understood. this review focuses on epigenetic modifications induced by a range of stressors, both physical and psychological, and examines how these variations can affect the biological activity of cells. it is clear that epigenetic modifications are critical in explaining how environmental factors, which have no effect on the dna ...	2011	21704151
decreasing prevalence of brucellosis in red deer through efforts to control disease in livestock.	summary when a pathogen infects a number of different hosts, the process of determining the relative importance of each host species to the persistence of the pathogen is often complex. removal of a host species is a potential but rarely possible way of discovering the importance of that species to the dynamics of the disease. this study presents the results of a 12-year programme aimed at controlling brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats and the cascading impacts on brucellosis in a sympatric ...	2011	21676351
transactivation of egfr/pi3k/akt involved in atp-induced inflammatory protein expression and cell motility.	phenotype transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) is important in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. once released, atp may promote activation of vsmcs by stimulating cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), cytosolic phospholipase a(2) (cpla(2) ) expression and prostaglandin (pg)e(2) synthesis via activation of mapks and nf-+¦b. however, whether alternative signaling pathways participated in regulating cox-2 and cpla(2) expression associated with cell migration were investig ...	2011	21678415
erk pathway mediates p2x7 expression and cell death in renal interstitial fibroblasts exposed to necrotic renal epithelial cells.	we recently reported that necrotic renal proximal epithelial cells (rptc) stimulate the expression of p2x7 receptor in renal fibroblasts and that p2x7 receptor mediates deleterious epithelial-fibroblast cross talk. the present study was carried out to investigate the signaling mechanism of necrotic rptc-induced p2x7 expression in cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts (nrk-49f). exposure of nrk-49f to necrotic rptc supernatant (rptc-sup) induced a time- and dose-dependent phosphorylation of sev ...	2011	21677150
wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum.	the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ...	2011	21739932
identification of functional ccaat/enhancer-binding protein and ets protein binding sites in the human chorionic somatomammotropin enhancer sequences.	the human chorionic somatomammotropin (cs) a and b genes (listed as csh1 and csh2 in the hugo database) are highly expressed in placenta. a 241ôçèbp potent enhancer, nucleotides (nts) 1-241, located at the 3' end of the cs-b gene (cs-benh) stimulates promoter activity specifically in placental trophoblast cells in vitro. strong activity is exerted by a 23ôçèbp element within the cs-benh (nts 117-139), shown to interact with transcription enhancer factor (tef) members of the transcription enhance ...	2011	21737519
tubular frameworks guiding orderly bone formation in the antler of the red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antler is a bony tissue which re-grows every year after shedding. growth speed and material properties of this tissue are truly remarkable, making it an interesting model for bone regeneration. surprisingly, not much is known about the ultrastructure of the calcified tissues and the temporal sequence of their development during antler growth. we use a combination of imaging tools based on light and electron microscopy to characterize antler tissue at various stages of development. we observ ...	2011	21704707
decomposing variation in population growth into contributions from environment and phenotypes in an age-structured population.	evaluating the relative importance of ecological drivers responsible for natural population fluctuations in size is challenging. longitudinal studies where most individuals are monitored from birth to death and where environmental conditions are known provide a valuable resource to characterize complex ecological interactions. we used a recently developed approach to decompose the observed fluctuation in population growth of the red deer population on the isle of rum into contributions from clim ...	2011	21715404
dna vaccination of bison to brucellar antigens elicits elevated antibody and ifn-+¦ responses.	brucella abortus remains a threat to the health and well-being of livestock in states bordering the greater yellowstone area. during the past several years, cohabitation of infected wildlife with cattle has jeopardized the brucellosis-free status of idaho, usa; wyoming, usa; and montana, usa. current livestock b. abortus vaccines have not proven to be efficacious in bison (bison bison) or elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). one problem with the lack of vaccine efficacy may stem from the failure to und ...	2011	21719815
spatial and temporal patterns of intraspecific morphological variation in dactylogyrus simplexus from fathead minnows in nebraska.	abstract dactylogyrus simplexus monaco and mizelle, 1955, occurs on the gills of fathead minnows (pimephales promelas). previous research on parasites of fathead minnows from 3 converging nebraska streams, elk creek, oak creek, and west oak creek, shows that fish in each stream constitute distinct populations. to determine whether their parasites had diverged structurally in response to such isolation, or in response to seasonal change, we searched for patterns of intraspecific morphometric vari ...	2011	21721902
evaluation of the efficacy of commercial vaccines against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in experimentally infected red deer (cervus elaphus).	red deer (cervus elaphus) is a widespread and abundant species susceptible to bluetongue virus (btv) infection. inclusion of red deer vaccination among btv control measures should be considered. four out of twelve btv antibody negative deer were vaccinated against serotype 1 (btv-1), and four against serotype 8 (btv-8). the remaining four deer acted as unvaccinated controls. forty-two days after vaccination (dpv), all deer were inoculated with a low cell passage of the corresponding btv strains. ...	2011	21824733
neuron-glial cell communication in the traumatic stress-induced immunomodulation.	we have previously reported that neuron and glia could collaboratively govern the immunomodulation in traumatic rats. herein, we characterized the sequential involvement of cortical neuron, microglia, and astrocytes in the traumatic stress-mediated neuroimmune modulation. at day 1 of trauma, transient extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) activation was initiated in neuron and microglia, which was accompanied by rsk-1 expression in the cytosol. at day 3 of trauma, persistent erk1/2 ac ...	2011	20853446
alterations in vitamin a and e levels in liver and testis of wild ungulates from a lead mining area.	in animals, exposure to metal pollution can induce oxidative stress via several mechanisms. this stress might then cause adverse effects on functions such as male reproductive capacity. antioxidant vitamins a and e play an important role in maintaining organism functions under stressed conditions. this study assessed the effect of different metals and metalloids on levels of vitamins a and e in livers and testis (n = 67 and 36) of red deer and in livers (n = 22) of wild boar. the study compared ...	2011	20857095
sparse prp(sc) accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie.	domestic goats (capra hircus) are a natural and experimental host of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) of sheep and cattle. goats are also susceptible to experimental infection with the agents of tses of deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) and humans (creutzfeldt jakob disease). distribution of prpsc, the abnormal prion protein, is similar in the tissues of scrapie-infected sheep and goats but no data are available on the potenti ...	2011	21284878
a phospholipase c?1-activated pathway regulates transcription in human vascular smooth muscle cells.	growth factor-induced repression of smooth muscle (sm) cell marker genes is an integral part of vascular sm (vsm) cell proliferation. this is partly regulated via translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) to the nucleus which activates the transcription factor elk-1. the mediators involved in erk1/2 nuclear translocation in vsm cells are unknown. the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms which regulate growth factor-induced nuclear translocation of erk1/2 and g ...	2011	21285289
indirect genetics effects and evolutionary constraint: an analysis of social dominance in red deer, cervus elaphus.	by determining access to limited resources, social dominance is often an important determinant of fitness. thus, if heritable, standard theory predicts mean dominance should evolve. however, dominance is usually inferred from the tendency to win contests, and given one winner and one loser in any dyadic contest, the mean proportion won will always equal 0.5. here, we argue that the apparent conflict between quantitative genetic theory and common sense is resolved by recognition of indirect genet ...	2011	21288272
fine-tuning the space, time, and host distribution of mycobacteria in wildlife.	we describe the diversity of two kinds of mycobacteria isolates, environmental mycobacteria and mycobacterium bovis collected from wild boar, fallow deer, red deer and cattle in doñana national park (dnp, spain), analyzing their association with temporal, spatial and environmental factors.	2011	21288321
gnrh induces the c-fos gene via phosphorylation of srf by the calcium/calmodulin kinase ii pathway.	despite extensive studies on gnrh regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes, very little is known about mechanism of induction of intermediary immediate early genes, such as c-fos, that are direct targets of gnrh signaling and that upon induction, activate transcription of gonadotropin genes. although c-fos is induced by a variety of stimuli in other cell types, in the gonadotropes, only gnrh induces c-fos and through it fshß. thus, understanding the specificity of c-fos induction by gnrh wil ...	2011	21292826
prioritizing conservation of ungulate calving resources in multiple-use landscapes.	conserving animal populations in places where human activity is increasing is an ongoing challenge in many parts of the world. we investigated how human activity interacted with maternal status and individual variation in behavior to affect reliability of spatially-explicit models intended to guide conservation of critical ungulate calving resources. we studied rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that occupy a region where 2900 natural gas wells have been drilled.	2011	21297866
methanogen community structure in the rumens of farmed sheep, cattle and red deer fed different diets.	development of inhibitors and vaccines that mitigate rumen-derived methane by targeting methanogens relies on knowledge of the methanogens present. we investigated the composition of archaeal communities in the rumens of farmed sheep (ovis aries), cattle (bos taurus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) to generate fingerprints of archaeal 16s rrna genes. the total archaeal communities were relatively constant across species and diets, and were less ...	2011	21255054
antlers of cervus elaphus as biomonitors of ⁹⁰sr in the environment.	adequate radioprotection of the environment requires the identification of biomonitors sensitive to the variation of its radionuclide content. due to the chemical similarities between calcium and strontium, calcified tissues of mammals are considered to be good ⁹⁰sr biomonitors. this work considered cervus elaphus antlers which, being shed annually, can give information about the importance of radiostrontium contamination in an ecosystem in the time period required for the growth of the antler. ...	2011	21255884
signal transduction of pregnenolone sulfate in insulinoma cells: activation of egr-1 expression involving trpm3, voltage-gated calcium channels, erk, and ternary complex factors.	the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate acts on the nervous system by modifying neurotransmission and receptor functions, thus influencing synaptic strength, neuronal survival, and neurogenesis. here we show that pregnenolone sulfate induces a signaling cascade in insulinoma cells leading to enhanced expression of the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 and egr-1-responsive target genes. pharmacological and genetic experiments revealed that influx of ca(2+) ions via transient receptor potential ...	2011	21257751
epidermal growth factor regulates mcl-1 expression through the mapk-elk-1 signalling pathway contributing to cell survival in breast cancer.	myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (mcl-1) is an anti-apoptotic member of the bcl-2 family that is elevated in a variety of tumour types including breast cancer. in breast tumours, increased mcl-1 expression correlates with high tumour grade and poor patient survival. we have previously demonstrated that her-2 levels correspond to increased mcl-1 expression in breast tumours. epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor signalling is frequently deregulated in breast cancer and leads to increased proliferation a ...	2011	21258408
the ets family transcription factor elk-1 regulates induction of the cell cycle regulatory gene p21waf1/cip1 and the bax gene in sodium arsenite-exposed human keratinocyte hacat cells.	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (cdkn1a), often referred to as p21(waf1/cip1) (p21), is induced by a variety of environmental stresses. transcription factor elk-1 is a member of the ets oncogene superfamily. here, we show that elk-1 directly trans-activates the p21 gene, independently of p53 and egr-1, in sodium arsenite (naaso(2))-exposed hacat cells. promoter-deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis identified the presence of an elk-1-binding core motif between -190 and -170 bp of the ...	2011	21642427
genome-wide analysis reveals padi4 cooperates with elk-1 to activate c-fos expression in breast cancer cells.	peptidylarginine deiminase iv (padi4) catalyzes the conversion of positively charged arginine and methylarginine residues to neutrally charged citrulline, and this activity has been linked to the repression of a limited number of target genes. to broaden our knowledge of the regulatory potential of padi4, we utilized chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with promoter tiling array (chip-chip) analysis to more comprehensively investigate the range of padi4 target genes across the genome in mcf-7 ...	2011	21655091
vaccination for leptospirosis improved the weaning percentage of 2-year-old farmed red deer hinds in new zealand.	to investigate the effect of leptospiral vaccination against serovars hardjo-bovis and pomona on fetal loss and weaning percentage in rising 2-year-old farmed red deer hinds.	2011	21660849
possible subclinical hepatopathy after copper supplementation in farmed red deer.	to determine the effect of parenteral supplementation with cu on the activities of hepatic enzymes in deer with adequate concentration(s) of cu in liver and serum.	2011	21660850
differential responses of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores to traits of new zealand subalpine shrubs.	plant traits are influenced by herbivore diet selection, but little is known about how traits are affected by different types of herbivores. we related eight traits of 27 subalpine shrub species in south island, new zealand, to damage of these shrubs by introduced red deer (cervus elaphus) and native invertebrate herbivores using phylogenetically explicit modeling. deer preferentially consumed species that grew quickly, were low in foliar tannins, or had high leaf area per unit mass. however, th ...	2011	21661560
embryo transfer and sex determination following superovulated hinds inseminated with frozen-thawed sex-sorted y sperm or unsorted semen in wapiti (cervus elaphus songaricus).	the aim of this study was to evaluate embryo production in superovulated wapiti hinds inseminated with either y-sorted or unsorted semen. eighteen hinds were allocated to three treatment groups: ai following multiple ovulation (cidr/fsh) with 10├ù10(6) y-sorted frozen-thawed semen (y group, n=6), or 10├ù10(6) and 100├ù10(6) unsorted frozen-thawed semen for the unsorted (n=6) and the control group (n=6). the embryos from the sixth day following insemination were collected and classified. fifteen ...	2011	21664079
bis(12)-hupyridone, a novel multifunctional dimer, promotes neuronal differentiation more potently than its monomeric natural analog huperzine a possibly through alpha7 nachr.	the cause of many neurodegenerative disorders can be ascribed to the loss of functional neurons, and thus agents capable of promoting neuronal differentiation may have therapeutic benefits to patients of these disorders. in this study, the effects and underlying mechanisms of bis(12)-hupyridone (b12h), a novel dimeric acetylcholinesterase inhibitor modified from huperzine a (ha), on neuronal differentiation were investigated using both the rat pc12 pheochromocytoma cell line and adult rat hippoc ...	2011	21665194
cox-2 gene expression in colon cancer tissue related to regulating factors and promoter methylation status.	increased cyclooxygenase activity promotes progression of colorectal cancer, but the mechanisms behind cox-2 induction remain elusive. this study was therefore aimed to define external cell signaling and transcription factors relating to high cox-2 expression in colon cancer tissue.	2011	21668942
analysis of the effect of osteon diameter on the potential relationship of osteocyte lacuna density and osteon wall thickness.	an important hypothesis is that the degree of infilling of secondary osteons (haversian systems) is controlled by the inhibitory effect of osteocytes on osteoblasts, which might be mediated by sclerostin (a glycoprotein produced by osteocytes). consequently, this inhibition could be proportional to cell number: relatively greater repression is exerted by progressively greater osteocyte density (increased osteocytes correlate with thinner osteon walls). this hypothesis has been examined, but only ...	2011	21809466
long-lasting behavioral responses to stress involve a direct interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with erk1/2-msk1-elk-1 signaling.	stressful events are known to have a long-term impact on future behavioral stress responses. previous studies suggested that both glucocorticoid hormones and glutamate acting via glucocorticoid receptors (grs) and n-methyl d-aspartate (nmda) receptors, respectively, are of critical importance for the consolidation of these long-lasting behavioral responses at the dentate gyrus, the gateway of the hippocampal formation. we found that an acute psychologically stressful event resulted in erk1/2 pho ...	2011	21808001
biochemical and molecular analysis of the interaction between erk2 map kinase and hypoxia inducible factor-1a	the mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways play significant roles in fundamental cellular processes, such as cell growth and differentiation. it has been shown that the specificity and efficacy of phosphorylation by map kinases rely upon distinct mapk-docking domains (d-domains) found in a wide range of mapk substrates including the ets-transcription factor elk-1. importantly, the mapk signaling cascade converges with the hypoxia-induced signaling pathway. the key regulator o ...	2011	21807114
dj-1 modulates the expression of cu/zn-superoxide dismutase-1 through the erk1/2-elk1 pathway in neuroprotection.	objective: loss of function mutations of park7/dj-1 gene increase the susceptibility of dopaminergic cells to reactive oxygen species and cause early onset familial parkinson disease (pd). however, the mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuron loss related to dj-1 mutation remain undefined. therefore, it is important to find the new mechanisms underlying the antioxidative functions of dj-1. methods: dj-1 knockdown cells and dj-1 knockout mice were used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the ...	2011	21796667
temporal stability in the genetic structure of sarcoptes scabiei under the host-taxon law: empirical evidences from wildlife-derived sarcoptes mite in asturias, spain.	abstract: background: implicitly, parasite molecular studies assume temporal genetic stability. in this study we tested, for the first time to our knowledge, the extent of changes in genetic diversity and structure of sarcoptes mite populations from pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in asturias (spain), using one multiplex of 9 microsatellite markers and sarcoptes samples from sympatric pyrenean chamois, red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red fox (vulpes vulpes). ...	2011	21794141
analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of red deer subspecies in xinjiang, china.	polymorphisms for seven microsatellite loci in three red deer subspecies (9 populations) found in xinjiang were detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), 12% nondenaturation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the sanguinetti silver staining method. numbers of alleles, average effective numbers of alleles (e) and the average rate of homozygosity, allelic frequencies of seven microsatellite loci, polymorphism information content (pic), mean heterozygosity (h) and genetic distances among the ...	2011	21794008
p300-dependent atf5 acetylation is essential for egr-1 gene activation and cell proliferation and survival.	atf5 has been shown to be a critical regulator of cell proliferation and survival; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. we demonstrate here that atf5 interacts with transcriptional coactivator p300, which acetylates atf5 at lysine-29 (k29), which in turn enhances the interaction between atf5 and p300 and binding of the atf5/p300 complex to the are region of the egr-1 promoter. are-bound atf5/p300 acetylates lysine-14 (k14) of nucleosomal histone h3 at both the are and sre o ...	2011	21791614
compressive mechanical properties of demineralized and deproteinized cancellous bone.	a method to completely demineralize and deproteinize bone was used to investigate the mechanical properties of either the mineral or protein phase in cancellous bone and compared to an untreated one. compression tests on cancellous bovine femur and elk antler (cervus elaphus canadensis) were performed on demineralized, deproteinized, and untreated samples in an air-dry condition. results showed that the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the demineralized (protein only) and deproteinize ...	2011	21783106
immunological and pathological responses of red deer resistant or susceptible genotypes, to experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	this study aimed to monitor the clinical, immunological and pathological changes in red deer for 49 weeks after experimental oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and to assess the heritability of resistance in the offspring of two red stags. eighteen young deer, which were bred from unselected hinds and sired by two stags resistant (r) or susceptible (s) to paratuberculosis, were challenged with map and monitored for 49 weeks. biopsy samples of the jejunal lymph ...	2011	21782254
role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8 in spain.	abstract: although the importance of wild ruminants as potential reservoirs of bluetongue virus (btv) has been suggested, the role played by these species in the epidemiology of bt in europe is still unclear. we carried out a serologic and virologic survey to assess the role of wild ruminants in the transmission and maintenance of btv in andalusia (southern spain) between 2006 and 2010. a total of 473 out of 1339 (35.3%) wild ruminants analyzed showed antibodies against btv by both elisa and ser ...	2011	21781340
chronic wasting disease prion trafficking via the autonomic nervous system.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal spongiform encephalopathy that is efficiently transmitted among members of the mammalian family cervidae, including deer, elk, and moose. typical of prion diseases, cwd is characterized by the conversion of the native protease-sensitive protein prp(c) to a protease-resistant isoform, denoted prp(res). in native species, spread of the disease likely results from the ingestion of prion-containing excreta, including urine, saliva, or feces. although cervid p ...	2011	21777560
estrogen receptor ? stimulates egr-1 transcription via mek1/erk/elk-1 cascade in c6 glioma cells.	the egr-1 is an immediate early response gene encoding a transcription factor that functions in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. estrogen has diverse physiological effects, including cellular proliferation and neuroprotection against brain injury. there are two types of estrogen receptors (ers), era and er?. era-induced egr-1 expression has been extensively studied; however, the role of er? is yet not known. in the present study, we investigated whether or not er? i ...	2011	21777515
lesion distribution and epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis in elk and white-tailed deer in south-western manitoba, canada.	surveillance for mycobacterium bovis in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from south-western manitoba was carried out from 1997 to 2010 to describe the lesions, epidemiology, and geographic distribution of disease. tissues were cultured from animals killed by hunters, culled for management, blood-tested, or found opportunistically. period prevalence in elk was approximately six times higher than deer, suggesting a significant reservoir role for elk, ...	2011	21776351
composition and some quality characteristics of the longissimus muscle of reindeer in norway compared to farmed new zealand red deer.	norwegian reindeer of finnmark county live under harsh conditions on extensive feed sources. thus the meat may have special qualities. m. longissimus lumborum from 30 animals was investigated with respect to carcass and meat quality and compositional/nutritional characteristics. meat from calves had a higher myofibrillar fragmentation index and tenderness, and had lighter, redder and more yellow colour than meat from adult reindeer. regarding nutritional compounds the meat from calves had lower ...	2011	21757298
effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunization on reproductive function and behavior in captive female rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	fertility control is a potential method for managing overabundant wildlife populations; however, current technology is limited by duration of treatment efficacy and unacceptable side-effects. the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a single immunization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) vaccine to suppress reproductive function in pregnant female elk and to evaluate potential behavioral and pathological side-effects of treatment. eighteen captive adult female elk we ...	2011	21753192
ontogenesis of the omasum: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.	the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the omasum in sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and fetuses of merino sheep and 50 iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. for the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. the appearance of the omasum from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in sheep (22% gestation, 3 ...	2011	21751145
cellular and molecular mechanism of interleukin-1β modulation of caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier.	interleukin-1β (il-1β) is a prototypical multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in intestinal inflammation of crohn's disease and other inflammatory conditions of the gut. previous studies have shown that il-1β causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (tj) permeability both in in vivo animal and in vitro cell culture model systems. the il-1β-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tj permeability has been postulated to be an important pathogenic mechanism contr ...	2011	20406328
isolation of cervid herpesvirus 1 from the genital tract of a farmed red deer in northern france.	in autumn 2008, several captive red deer in the north of france were found to be serologically positive for a ruminant alphaherpesvirus. a viral isolate obtained from the genital mucosa of a female red deer was characterised by sequencing and restriction endonuclease analyses as a cervid herpesvirus 1 closely related to scottish banffshire 82 strain.	2011	20031457
should legislation regarding maximum pb and cd levels in human food also cover large game meat?	game meat may be contaminated with metals and metalloids if animals reside in anthropogenically polluted areas, or if ammunition used to kill the game contaminates the meat. muscle tissue from red deer and wild boar shot in ciudad real province (spain) in 2005-06 was analysed for as, pb, cu, zn, se and cd. samples were collected from hunting estates within and outside an area that has been historically used for mining, smelting and refining various metals and metalloids. meat destined for human ...	2011	20621359
anaplasma spp. in wild mammals and ixodes ricinus from the north of spain.	our objectives were to investigate the presence of anaplasma spp. infection in red deer, wild boars, and ixodes ricinus removed from deer surveyed in la rioja, as well as to analyze the presence of anaplasma spp. in i. ricinus from different spanish regions--ours included. a total of 21 deer and 13 wild boar blood samples as well as 295 i. ricinus removed from deer, vegetation, or asymptomatic people were tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting anaplasma spp. 16s rrna gene and groesl heat ...	2011	20528172