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serum vitamin a and e, copper, zinc and selenium concentrations and their relationship with health outcomes in dromedary hospitalized camels (camelus dromedarius).the goals of this study were to measure serum vitamin a (retinol) and e (α-tocopherol) and trace elements concentrations (copper, zinc and selenium) during diseases condition and to determine their association with hematological parameters and immune status of hospitalized camels. a total of 95 dromedary camels [healthy (n=65); hospitalized camels (n=30)] were included in this study. vitamin a and e concentrations were significantly lower in hospitalized camels than apparently healthy ones (p<0. ...201830425962
azoospermia in male dromedary: clinical findings, testicular biopsy, serum follicle stimulating hormone and seminal biomarkers.azoospermia is not an uncommon infertility problem in the male dromedary (camelus dromedarius). azoospermia was investigated via clinical findings, testicular biopsy as well as the evaluation of follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), concentration of camel testis protein (tex101) and camel epididymis-specific extracellular matrix protein (ecm1) in seminal fluids. azoospermic male camels (azoo group, n = 28) that had been detected to be infertile as a result of lack of resulting pregnancies after re ...201830340855
ciliated protozoan fauna in the forestomach of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in libya.species composition and distribution of ciliated protozoa obtained from the forestomach of 20 dromedary camels living in zawiya, libya were examined. nineteen species and 10 morphotypes belonging to eight genera were identified. the mean number of ciliates was 54.2 ± 32.9 × 104 cells ml-1 in the forestomach contents, and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 6.5 ± 2.9. entodinium and epidinium were the main genera, as these ciliates were found consistently at higher proportions than th ...201830313172
the current perspectives of dromedary camel stem cells research.camels have cultural value in the arab society and are considered one of the most important animals in the arabian peninsula and arid environments, due to the distinct characteristics of their meat and milk. moreover, there is a great interest in camel racing and beauty shows. therefore, treatment of elite animals, increasing the number of camels as well as genetic improvement is an essential demand. because there are unique camels for milk production, meat, or in racing, the need to propagate g ...201830761317
first molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in dromedaries ( camelus dromedarius).anaplasma phagocytophilum infects a wide variety of wild and domestic animals and causes an emerging zoonotic tick-borne disease. there are no available data regarding the presence of a. phagocytophilum in camels ( camelus dromedarius). therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of a. pagocytophilum in iranian camels. whole blood of 207 camels from five geographical regions of iran was tested for a. phagocytophilum using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), nested pcr, ...201830592905
autophagy in normal tissues of camel (camelus dromedarius) with focus on immunoexpression of lc3 and lc3b.autophagy is a highly regulated intracellular pathway for degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic protein aggregates and entire organelles. the autophagic pathway is stimulated by nutrient starvation, which prompted us to study the desert camel. various organs of the camel undergo ecological and physiological stress due to food and water deprivation, dehydration and long exposure to solar radiation. we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of specific biomarkers of autophagy under nor ...201829969923
shortened daily photoperiod during the non-breeding season can improve the reproductive performance of camel bulls (camelus dromedarius).the effects of a shortened photoperiod on the reproductive performance and hormones of mature dromedary camel bulls (camelus dromedarius) were evaluated. a group of 6 bulls were blindfolded to induce a daily photoperiod that was ∼2.55 h shorter than the natural day length (10.83l:13.17d), whereas 6 others served as the control group. the trial started in june and continued for 10 weeks during the non-breeding season. the reproductive performance of all animals was evaluated weekly during this ti ...201829960658
effects of melatonin implants on the reproductive performance and endocrine function of camel (camelus dromedarius) bulls during the non-breeding and subsequent breeding seasons.this study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin implants on the reproductive performances and hormone levels of dromedary (camelus dromedarius) bulls during the non-breeding and subsequent breeding seasons. fourteen mature dromedary bulls were divided into a control group (n = 7) and a group that was implanted with melatonin (n = 7) twice, at the beginning of the study and 35 days later. the trial started on the 17th june and continued for 10 weeks during the non-breeding season. reproduct ...201829960163
experimental infection of dromedaries with middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus is accompanied by massive ciliary loss and depletion of the cell surface receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) represents an important respiratory disease accompanied by lethal outcome in one-third of human patients. recent data indicate that dromedaries represent an important source of infection, although information regarding viral cell tropism and pathogenesis is sparse. in the current study, tissues of eight dromedaries receiving inoculation of mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) after recombinant modified-vaccinia-virus-ankara (mva-s)-vaccination (n = 4), mva-vaccinat ...201829950581
efficient follicular wave synchronization using a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (pridδ) in camelus dromedarius.the reproductive efficiency of camels can be improved using artificial insemination and embryo transfer programs that require a dependable method for synchronization of follicular waves. this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (pridδ®) to induce synchronization for the follicular wave in camelus dromedarius during the rutting season, by ovarian monitoring, assessing sexual receptivity and fertility, and quantifying progesterone (p4) and estradiol ...201829933174
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus specific antibodies in naturally exposed israeli llamas, alpacas and camels.thus far, no human mers-cov infections have been reported from israel. evidence for the circulation of mers-cov in dromedaries has been reported from almost all the countries of the middle east, except israel. therefore, we aimed to analyze mers-cov infection in israeli camelids, sampled between 2012 and 2017. a total of 411 camels, 102 alpacas and 19 llamas' sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to mers-cov. our findings indicate a lower mers-cov seropositivity among israeli dromedari ...201829911167
cytoplast source influences development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) embryos in vitro but not their development to term after transfer to synchronized recipients in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).studies were conducted to evaluate the adequate time for exposure of donor nucleus to oocyte cytoplast before its activation and the effect of oocyte source on the development of scnt embryos in camels. a higher number of embryos cleaved and developed to blastocyst stage (p < 0.05) when couplets were activated between 1 and 2 h-than that of those activated at 0.5 h or more than 2 h post-fusion. a reduced number of reconstructed embryos cleaved (55.2 ± 7.6%) and developed to the blastocyst stage ...201829906663
the acute-phase and hemostatic response in dromedary camels ( camelus dromedarius).acute-phase reactants indicate inflammation and are increasingly used in veterinary medicine to indicate and to monitor progression of disease. hemostasis and inflammation have interconnected pathophysiologic pathways and influence each other on different levels. this study established observed normal ranges for acute-phase reactants and for coagulation and thromboelastographic (teg) parameters in 49 dromedary camels ( camelus dromedarius) and assessed the response to chronic and acute inflammat ...201829900796
polymorphisms in mc1r and asip genes are associated with coat color variation in the arabian camel.pigmentation in mammals is primarily determined by the distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin, the ratio of which is mostly controlled by the activity of melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r) and agouti signaling protein (asip) genes. using 91 animals from 10 arabian camel populations, that included the 4 predominant coat color phenotypes observed in the dromedary (light brown, dark brown, black, and white), we investigated the effects of the mc1r and asip sequence variants and identified candidate ...201829893870
an update on sarcocystosis in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).sarcocystis spp. are intracellular coccidian parasites which infect domestic and wild animals and birds, resulting in considerable economic losses in production animals, and public health concerns worldwide. sarcocystis spp. have an indirect life cycle where wild and/or domestic canine species primarily serve as definitive hosts and several domestic and wild animals (such as camels) act as intermediate hosts. in northern africa, the middle east, central asia and china, camel meat is preferred du ...201829866208
the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) antibodies in dromedary camels in israel.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, mers-cov, was identified in saudi arabia in 2012, and as of january 29, 2018, there were 2,123 laboratory-confirmed mers-cov cases reported to who (who, 2018, https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/). multiple studies suggest that dromedary camels are a source for human mers-cov infection. mers-cov-specific antibodies have been detected in the serum of dromedary camels across northern africa and across the arabian peninsula. israel's geographic ...201829855166
molecular cloning, cellular expression and characterization of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) endoplasmin.endoplasmin, or grp94, is an er-located stress inducible molecular chaperone implicated in the folding and assembly of many proteins. the arabian one-humped camel lives in an environment of thermal stress, nevertheless is able to encounter the risk of misfolded proteins. here, the cdna encoding camel grp94 was isolated by rapid amplification of cdna ends. the isolated cdna contained an open reading frame of 2412 bp encoding a protein of 803 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 92.5 kda. ...201829847784
differences between the tolerance of camel oocytes and cumulus cells to acute and chronic hyperthermia.the dromedary camel (camel dromedarius) is physiologically well adapted to life in hot, dry and barren land. in the present study, we report the tolerance of camel oocytes and cumulus cells to acute and chronic heat shock. camel oocytes and cumulus cells were exposed to acute (45 °c for 2 h) and chronic (45 °c for 20 h) heat shock. our results demonstrated that acute and chronic heat shock altered malondialdehyde concentration, which is a marker for oxidative stress. furthermore, the heat shock ...201829801649
appraisal of interpretation criteria for the single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in dromedary camels in ethiopia.dromedary camels are the main sources of milk, meat and income for the ethiopian pastoralists as they withstand the harsh environments of the regions of the country. tuberculosis (tb) affects dromedary camels causing morbidity and mortality in these animals. hence, early diagnosis and identification of infected camels play a significant role in reducing the transmission of tb in camels. this study was conducted on 168 camels between october 2014 and july 2015 to evaluate the performance of singl ...201829721803
temperature dependency of whole blood viscosity and red cell properties in desert ungulates: studies on scimitar-horned oryx and dromedary camel.the dromedary camel and the oryx antelope are exposed to excessive heat and solar radiation in theirdesert habitat. desertification of areas with by now little rainfall may occur eventually. well-adapted large animal speciesshow us what is needed to survive in scorching regions.201829710697
viscoelasticity and structure of blood clots generated in-vitro by rheometry: a comparison between human, horse, rat, and camel.although the coagulation system is evolutionary well preserved, profound species differences exist in viscoelastic as well as in common laboratory tests of coagulation.201829710696
immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis-related biomarkers in normal tissues of camel (camelus dromedarius): a survey in a desert-dwelling mammalian model.programmed cell death is a fundamental event that takes place during organ development and plays an important role in cellular homeostasis. since various body organs of the camel are under high ecological and physiological stress during food and water deprivation, desiccation, and the long exposure to solar radiation in these desert nomads, we aimed to examine the immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis-related biomarkers in some of its normal body organs to illustrate a basic track for furt ...201829685720
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonosis that causes death in 35·7% of cases. as of feb 28, 2018, 2182 cases of mers-cov infection (with 779 deaths) in 27 countries were reported to who worldwide, with most being reported in saudi arabia (1807 cases with 705 deaths). mers-cov features prominently in the who blueprint list of priority pathogens that threaten global health security. although primary transmission of mers-cov to human beings is linked to exposure ...201829680581
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in dromedary camels, bangladesh, 2015.dromedary camels are bred domestically and imported into bangladesh. in 2015, of 55 camels tested for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dhaka, 17 (31%) were seropositive, including 1 bred locally. none were pcr positive. the potential for infected camels in urban markets could have public health implications and warrants further investigation.201829664373
sero-prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in tabuk, saudi arabia.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel coronavirus which was responsible of the first case of human acute respiratory syndrome in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa), 2012. dromedary camels are considered as potential reservoirs for the virus and seem to be the only animal host which may transmit the infection to human. further studies are required to better understand the animal sources of zoonotic transmission route and the risks of this infection. a primary sero- ...201829663439
nanobodies and cancer: current status and new perspectives.reducing the dimension of antigen-binding proteins to an only immunoglobulin domain has been one of the objectives of antibody manufacturing. heavy chain antibodies were encountered while attempting to separate the blood serum proteins of dromedaries. later the term "nanobodies" (nbs) was introduced. the advantageous features of nbs comprise little immunogenicity, stability at low/high ph, capacity to target antigens that are less antigenic, and, lastly, easy capability to be used for therapy ag ...201829658806
epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus circulation in tunisia.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected for the first time in tunisia and in other northern african countries in 2006. the objective of the present study was to investigate whether ehdv circulated in tunisian livestock before and after the officially-reported outbreak of 2006. thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods (before and after 2006) and from different regions of tunisia were screened for the presence of ehdv antibodies. serologi ...201829631319
glycoconjugates pattern and chemosensory cells in the camel respiratory mucosa: lectin and immunohistochemical studies.the glycoconjugates pattern of acidic secretions and distribution of chemosensory cells (sccs) in the respiratory mucosa of dromedary camels were analyzed so as to identify their functional role. secretions of the goblet cells and mucous glandular cells were analyzed to evaluate the variety of sugar chains, focusing on the acidic glycoconjugates. using lectin histochemistry, wga, stl, dba, sba, vva and rca-120 intensely bound to the goblet cells. pna and ecl labeled the goblet cells with moderat ...201829622093
histological and immunohistochemical investigations of ovarian interstitial glands during non-breeding season in camels (camelus dromedarius).the aim of this was to investigate the histology and immunohistochemistry of interstitial glands during non-breeding season in camel ovaries. a total of 21 mature, non-pregnant and apparently healthy camels aged between 8 and 12 years were slaughtered. the ovaries were removed within 15 min, cleaned from adipose tissue, weighted and examined grossly. the histological preparation was made, and then, the blocks were cut at 3-5 microns thickness and stained by h&e for histological examinations. mor ...201829602226
two new gene clusters involved in the degradation of plant cell wall from the fecal microbiota of tunisian dromedary.dromedaries are capable of digesting plant cell wall with high content of lignocellulose of poor digestibility. consequently, their intestinal microbiota can be a source of novel carbohydrate-active enzymes (cazymes). to the best of our knowledge, no data are available describing the biochemical analysis of enzymes in dromedary intestinal microbiota. to investigate new hydrolytic enzymes from the dromedary gut, a fosmid library was constructed using metagenomic dna from feces of non-domestic adu ...201829601586
effect of melatonin implants during the non-breeding season on the onset of ovarian activity and the plasma prolactin in dromedary camel.to examine a possible control of reproductive seasonality by melatonin, continual-release subcutaneous melatonin implants were inserted 4.5 months before the natural breeding season (october-april) into female camels (melatonin-treated group). the animals were exposed to an artificial long photoperiod (16l:8d) for 41 days prior to implant placement to facilitate receptivity to the short-day signal that is expected with melatonin implants. the treated and control groups (untreated females) were m ...201829594158
comparative histochemical analysis of glycoconjugates in the nasal vestibule of camel and sheep.while corriedale sheep survive in a wide range of climates, which prevents them to specialize for one climatic condition only, dromedary camels strictly adapted to desert areas. this demands more adaptive mechanisms to hot, dry conditions in camels than in sheep. being the entrance of the nasal cavity, nasal vestibule is subjected to various environmental stressors. a protective way is the lining epithelium which is cornified in camel, but not in sheep. mucus nasal secretions also play a key rol ...201829582511
an update on semen collection, preservation and artificial insemination in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).artificial insemination (ai) in domestic animals is an important tool to maximise the use of genetically superior males and thereby insure rapid genetic progress. however, the application of ai in camelids has been hindered by the difficulties involved in collecting, as well as handling the semen due to the viscous nature of the seminal plasma. this review describes the challenges of semen collection and discusses the role of seminal plasma as well as the reasons for the viscosity and how to liq ...201829572045
bilateral renal abscessation and chronic active pyelonephritis in a male camel (camelus dromedarius) caused by escherichia coli.this report summarizes the clinical, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic, histopathological and bacteriological findings in a male arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) with bilateral renal abscessation and chronic active pyelonephritis. owner complaint included a decreased appetite and loss of body condition with occasionally voiding red urine. in the right kidney, ultrasonographic changes included a hypoechoic fluid surrounding the renal parenchyma. within the left kidney, a large volume of hypo ...201829563349
mapping potential amplification and transmission hotspots for mers-cov, kenya.dromedary camels have been implicated consistently as the source of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) human infections and attention to prevent and control it has focused on camels. to understanding the epidemiological role of camels in the transmission of mers-cov, we utilized an iterative empirical process in geographic information system (gis) to identify and qualify potential hotspots for maintenance and circulation of mers-cov, and produced risk-based surveillance site ...201829549589
production of blastocysts following in vitro maturation and fertilization of dromedary camel oocytes vitrified at the germinal vesicle stage.cryopreservation of oocytes would serve as an alternative to overcome the limited availability of dromedary camel oocytes and facilitate improvements in ivp techniques in this species. our goal was to develop a protocol for the vitrification of camel oocytes at the germinal vesicle (gv) stage using different cryoprotectant combinations: 20% eg and 20% dmso (vs1), 25% eg plus 25% dmso (vs2) or 25% eg and 25% glycerol (vs3) and various cryo-carriers; straws or open pulled-straw (ops) or solid surf ...201829543888
colloid centrifugation of fresh semen improves post-thaw quality of cryopreserved dromedary camel spermatozoa.colloids have been successfully used in a number of species to improve sperm populations for ivf and for cryopreservation the usefulness of single layer centrifugation (slc) for freezing dromedary camel spermatozoa in two different extenders was evaluated by examining the motility, viability, acrosome status, dna integrity, and ability of cryopreserved sperm to penetrate oocytes in vitro in a heterologus ivf system. two ejaculates from each of five males were divided into four aliquots: two were ...201829525206
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) of in vitro matured oocytes with stored epididymal spermatozoa in camel (camelus dromedarius): effect of exogenous activation on in vitro embryo development.experiments were conducted to investigate the development of in vitro matured camel oocytes after their intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) with epididymal sperm collected from slaughtered male camels. ovaries and testes were collected from a local slaughterhouse in normal saline solution (nss) at 37 °c and on ice (0-1 °c), respectively. cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) aspirated from the follicles were randomly distributed to 4-well culture plates (20-25 cocs/well) containing 500 μl of matu ...201829454297
camel production systems in ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on mers-cov risk factors.camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. the same ...201832226597
monomeric camelus dromedarius gstm1 at low ph is structurally more thermostable than its native dimeric form.glutathione s‒transferases (gsts) are multifunctional enzymes that play an important role in detoxification, cellular signalling, and the stress response. camelus dromedarius is well-adapted to survive in extreme desert climate and it has gsts, for which limited information is available. this study investigated the structure-function and thermodynamic properties of a mu-class camel gst (cdgstm1) at different ph. recombinant cdgstm1 (25.7 kda) was expressed in e. coli and purified to homogeneity. ...201830303997
ignatzschineria cameli sp. nov., isolated from necrotic foot tissue of dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) and associated maggots (wohlfahrtia species) in dubai.five bacterial strains, uae-hku57t, uae-hku58, uae-hku59, uae-hku60 and uae-hku61, were isolated in dubai, uae, from necrotic foot tissue samples of four dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) and associated maggots (wohrlfartia species). they were non-sporulating, gram-negative, non-motile bacilli. they grew well under aerobic conditions at 37 °c, but not anaerobically. the ph range for growth was ph 7.0-9.0 (optimum, ph 7.5-8.0) and the strains could tolerate nacl concentrations (w/v) up to 2 % (op ...201830303475
molecular cloning and characterization of the novel cyp2j2 in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).although its economic, cultural and biological importance, many genes haven't been depicted, sequenced or analyzed to date for camelus dromedarius. in the present paper, the full-length c-dna of a novel cyp2j2 (genbank accession number mh511989) was cloned from liver, heart, and kidney mrna by race-pcr. the full-length c-dna of the cloned cyp2j2 was sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics methods. the full-length c-dna sequence was 2135 bp with no introns. the open reading frame (orf) had 13 ...201830287372
plasma disposition of cefoperazone after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations in camels (camelus dromedarius).the plasma disposition of cefoperazone was investigated after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administrations of 20 mg/kg as a single dose in six camels (camelus dromedarius) in a crossover design. blood plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). after iv administration, elimination half-life (t1/2β), volume of distribution at steady state (vdss), total body clearance (cltot) and mean residence time (mrt) of cefoperazone were 1.95 h, 0.38 l/kg, 0.17 l/ ...201830264621
molecular detection of novel genetic variants associated to anaplasma ovis among dromedary camels in iran.to the best of our knowledge, little information is available regarding the presence of anaplasma species in camels in iran. this study sought to investigate the presence of anaplasma species by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays in 100 healthy dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) arriving for slaughter. the microscopic examination of giemsa-stained blood films revealed that anaplasma like structures could be identified in the erythrocytes of two blood smears. to confirm the pres ...201830256034
correction to: variability of some milk-associated genes and proteins in several breeds of saudi arabian camels.the original version of this article contained mistakes in author names and affiliations. the last names of the authors salah korim, amro samra, and hussein a. amhedar were misspelled. the corrected spelling is saleh a. alkarim, amr a. el-hanafy, and hussein a. almehdar. the correct list of author names and affiliations are published with this erratum.201830120635
impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: fsh, lh and testosterone profiles and their association with clinical findings and semen analysis data.impotentia generandi (ig) is a major problem in male dromedary camels. the objective of this research was to characterize the fsh, lh and testosterone profiles and their association with clinical findings and semen characteristics in ig-male dromedaries. semen was collected by electroejaculation from camels with ig (n = 17) and from a fertile group (fert, n = 5) and was evaluated for motility, viability, abnormality and concentration. according to their sperm counts, the ig-camels were categoriz ...201830096621
morphological, radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the one-humped camel.the camel digits have a complex structure with tendons, joints and ligaments. the objective of the study was to determine the anatomical features of the metatarsophalangeal joint and its puncture site in dromedary camel using anatomical dissection, radiography, computed tomography (ct) bone and soft tissue window scans and 3d reconstruction render volume of ct. the study used six adult camels of both sexes (three males and three females), aged 9-15 years (mean ± sd equal 11.80 ± 2.59 years). the ...201830079580
the relationship between seminal plasma and serum trace elements and semen parameters of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).a total of 14 camels of known fertility (controls) at the camel research centre, king faisal university and 41 infertile dromedaries brought to the veterinary teaching hospital were used in this study during the breeding season. seminal plasma and serum were obtained from all males, and stored at -80°c until analysis. concentrations of six trace elements (manganese [mn], zinc [zn], iron [fe], selenium [se], copper [cu] and chromium [cr]) were estimated in the seminal plasma and serum using an at ...201830076734
restricted localization of ultimobranchial body remnants and parafollicular cells in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).parafollicular cells (c-cells) exist within the thyroid glands and display different distributions within the glands among mammalian species. in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius), localization of the c-cells remains under debate. we herein investigated appearance of c-cells and the remnants of the ultimobranchial body, origin of c-cells, in the thyroid glands of one-humped camels. macroscopically, a white mass was present at one-third the length from the cranial end of the thyroid gland ...201830068831
diverse patterns of cumulus cell expansion during in vitro maturation reveal heterogeneous cellular and molecular features of oocyte competence in dromedary camel.during in vitro maturation (ivm), the degree and pattern of cumulus cells expansion vary between cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs). this study investigated the relationship between expansion morphology of cumulus cells with the oocyte maturation quality in dromedary camel. following ivm for 30-32 h, cocs were classified into four distinct groups according to the morphological features of cocs (adherent vs. non-adherent to the bottom of culture dish) and cumulus cells (compact vs. expanded vs. diss ...201830064073
survey of nuclear progesterone receptor expression in the uterus of the cyclic and pregnant camel (camelus dromedarius).progesterone receptors (pr) are necessary to mediate the biological effects of progesterone and are integral to the regulation of a number of different aspects of reproduction in mammals including ovulation of the oocyte, implantation of the conceptus and maintenance of pregnancy. this study investigated the expression and localization of progesterone receptors in the uterine wall of both pregnant and cyclic (nonpregnant) camels. uterine tissue samples were collected from healthy animals and pro ...201830058209
mers: progress on the global response, remaining challenges and the way forward.this article summarizes progress in research on middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) since a fao-oie-who global technical meeting held at who headquarters in geneva on 25-27 september 2017. the meeting reviewed the latest scientific findings and identified and prioritized the global activities necessary to prevent, manage and control the disease. critical needs for research and technical guidance identified during the meeting have been used to update the who r&d mers-cov roadmap for diagnosti ...201830236531
genetic variants analysis of three dromedary camels using whole genome sequencing data.whole genome wide identification and annotation of genetic variations in camels is in its first steps. the aim of this study was the identification of genome wide variants, functional annotations of them and enrichment analysis of affected genes using whole genome sequencing data of three dromedary camels. the genomes of two iranian female dromedary camels that mostly used to produce meat and milk were sequenced to 41.9-fold and 38.6-fold coverage. a total of 4,727,238 single-nucleotide polymorp ...201830235280
morphological and molecular characterization of onchocerca fasciata (nematoda, onchocercidae) from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in iran.skin nodules of onchocerca fasciata railliet and henry, 1910 (spirurida, onchocercidae) are a common finding in dromedary camels, though with a minimal clinical impact. there is little information about the morphology, molecular make-up and pathological impact of this parasite. onchocerca fasciata nodules (1.3-2.1 cm in diameter and 509-841 mg in weight) were detected on the neck region in 31.5% of dromedary camels examined in kerman province, southeastern iran. of 38 isolated nodules, only 23 ( ...201830234481
coxiella burnetii in tunisian dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius): seroprevalence, associated risk factors and seasonal dynamics.q fever, caused by coxiella burnetii, is a zoonotic disease responsible of abortion in ruminants. few studies have investigated the prevalence of this infection in camels (camelus dromedarius). the present report aimed to highlight the epidemiological status and identify the risk factors associated with c. burnetii infection in one-humped dromedary that is the most productive livestock species in arid areas. a total of 534 sera of healthy camels were collected in eight governorates from southern ...201830219555
morphometric and genetic variation in 8 breeds of ethiopian camels (camelus dromedarius).dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) are a domesticated and closely guarded economic staple of indigenous people located throughout ethiopian territorial states. seventeen morphometric variables were examined to determine intraspecific variation among 8 pastoralist-designated breeds of camels. additionally, dna sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene and genotyping of 6 nuclear microsatellite loci were examined to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of ethiopian camel ...201830189034
effect of semen collection frequency on the semen characteristics of dromedary camels.the effect of semen collection frequency (once or twice per week) on the sexual behaviour, libido and semen characteristics (volume, colour, gross activity, viscosity, sperm concentration, morphology, motion characteristics and membrane viability and acrosome integrity) of dromedary camels (n = 7) was investigated over the course of 8 weeks. results showed that frequency of collection influenced male camel libido (p < 0.05) but not sexual behaviour. once per week collection frequency resulted in ...201830170879
resynchronization of synchronized follicular wave in dromedary camels of unknown pregnancy status (camelus dromedarius).this study was designed to evaluate the use of resynchronization (resynch) protocol in dromedary camels. in experiment 1, the effect of initiation of resynch protocol with gnrh treatment on day 14 ± 2 after timed breeding (tb) in camels of unknown pregnancy status on pre-established pregnancy and resynchronized fertility, was examined. the camels (n = 201) were divided into two groups after synchronized tb. control (n = 98) group camels were examined for early pregnancy on day 21 ± 2 after tb an ...201830031367
variability of some milk-associated genes and proteins in several breeds of saudi arabian camels.to gain knowledge on the molecular basis of diversity of several clans of saudi camel (camelus dromedarius) characterization of these animals was conducted at both genetic and protein levels. to this end, blood and milk samples were collected from several camel breeds at different saudi arabia locations (northern jeddah, riyadh, and alwagh governorates). genomic dna was extracted from blood of four saudi camel breeds (majahem, safra, wadha, and hamara), and dna fragments of the casein and α-lact ...201830006756
epidemiological study of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia, april-may 2015.a cross-sectional study was conducted in five regions in saudi arabia to investigate the epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) during april and may2015. serum and nasal swab samples were tested for mers-cov antibodies andribonucleic acid (rna) using a recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (relisa) and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr), respectively. the overall mers-cov ...201830964454
identification of a novel betacoronavirus (merbecovirus) in amur hedgehogs from china.while dromedaries are the immediate animal source of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) epidemic, viruses related to mers coronavirus (mers-cov) have also been found in bats as well as hedgehogs. to elucidate the evolution of mers-cov-related viruses and their interspecies transmission pathway, samples were collected from different mammals in china. a novel coronavirus related to mers-cov, erinaceus amurensis hedgehog coronavirus hku31 (ea-hedcov hku31), was identified from two amur hedgeho ...201931653070
isolation and growth characterization of novel full length and deletion mutant human mers-cov strains from clinical specimens collected during 2015.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a viral respiratory illness first reported in saudi arabia in september 2012 caused by the human coronavirus (cov), mers-cov. using full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, scientists have identified three clades and multiple lineages of mers-cov in humans and the zoonotic host, dromedary camels. in this study, we have characterized eight mers-cov isolates collected from patients in saudi arabia in 2015. we have performed full-genome sequencing ...201931592752
'candidatus bartonella dromedarii' in the dromedary camels of iran: molecular investigation, phylogenetic analysis, hematological findings, and acute-phase proteins quantitation.the genus bartonella is comprised of gram-negative coccobacilli, aerobic, and facultative intracellular bacteria which are transmitted by hematophagous vectors (e.g., fleas, lice, sandflies, and ticks). each species of bartonella infects one or few related mammals as reservoir host(s). if a bartonella spp. infects a nonspecific host like humans, it can lead to a more acute disease. bartonella spp. has been detected more recently for the first time in camels in israel by rasis and colleagues. how ...201931585657
old world camels in a modern world - a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement.old world camels have served humans in cross-continental caravans, transporting people and goods, connecting different cultures and providing milk, meat, wool and draught since their domestication around 3000-6000 years ago. in a world of modern transport and fast connectivity, these beasts of burden seem to be out-dated. however, a growing demand for sustainable milk and meat production, especially in countries affected by climate change and increasing desertification, brings dromedaries (camel ...201931532019
structural insights into coronavirus entry.coronaviruses (covs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). the middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in the arabian peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in hu ...201931522710
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the one health concept.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries, especially in the arabian peninsula. mers-cov is considered an ideal example of the one health concept. this is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. however, there is some debate regarding the ...201931497405
the arabian camel, camelus dromedarius interferon epsilon: functional expression, in vitro refolding, purification and cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines.the current study highlights, for the first time, cloning, overexpression and purification of the novel interferon epsilon (ifnɛ), from the arabian camel camelus dromedaries. the study then assesses the cytotoxicity of ifnε against two human breast cancer cell lines mda-mb-231 and mcf-7. full-length cdna encoding interferon epsilon (ifnε) was isolated and cloned from the liver of the arabian camel, c. dromedarius using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the sequence analysis of the ...201931490936
first isolation and rapid identification of newcastle disease virus from aborted fetus of dromedary camel using next-generation sequencing.newcastle disease virus (ndv) causes morbidities and mortalities in wild and domestic birds globally. for humans, exposure to infected birds can cause conjunctivitis and influenza-like symptoms. ndv infections in mammals are rarely reported. in this study, using next-generation sequencing, an ndv was identified and isolated from vero cells inoculated with the nasal swab of an aborted dromedary fetus in dubai, during the time when an ndv outbreak occurred in a pigeon farm located in close proximi ...201931480604
comparison of serologic assays for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was detected in humans in 2012. since then, sporadic outbreaks with primary transmission through dromedary camels to humans and outbreaks in healthcare settings have shown that mers-cov continues to pose a threat to human health. several serologic assays for mers-cov have been developed globally. we describe a collaborative study to investigate the comparability of serologic assays for mers-cov and assess any benefit associated with the int ...201931423969
molecular detection and genetic characterization of the potentially pathogenic coxiella burnetii and the endosymbiotic candidatus midichloria mitochondrii in ticks infesting camels (camelus dromedarius) from tunisia.tick-borne bacteria are considered to be emerging in camels, but data about their occurrence in tunisian dromedaries and their infesting ticks remain scarce. in this study, 412 camel blood samples and 327 partially engorged ticks were collected and tested for the presence of coxiella burnetii and/or related strains, and rickettsiales bacteria. coxiella burnetii was detected in 9 hyalomma impeltatum and 3 h. dromedarii with an overall prevalence rate of 3.6% (12/327). candidatus midichloria mitoc ...201931398530
spike proteins of novel mers-coronavirus isolates from north- and west-african dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells.the highly pathogenic middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-related coronavirus (cov) is transmitted from dromedary camels, the natural reservoir, to humans. for at present unclear reasons, mers cases have so far only been observed in the arabian peninsula, although mers-cov also circulates in african dromedary camels. a recent study showed that mers-cov found in north/west- (morocco) and west-african (burkina faso and nigeria) dromedary camels are genetically distinct from arabian viruses and ...201931357164
vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in iran: new data and literature review.despite close association between camels and humans, molecular based studies on vector-borne pathogens infecting camels are scarce compared to other animals in iran. the current study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of vector-borne bacteria in the blood of dromedaries by molecular tools. a total of 200 peripheral blood samples were collected from apparently healthy animals. microscopic examination was performed on giemsa-stained blood smears, and drops of blood were spotted on what ...201931300125
beyond the big five: investigating myostatin structure, polymorphism and expression in camelus dromedarius.myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass in animals, has been shown to play a role in determining muscular hypertrophy in several livestock species, and a high degree of polymorphism has been previously reported for this gene in humans and cattle. in this study, we provide a characterization of the myostatin gene in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) at the genomic, transcript and protein level. the gene was found to share high structural and sequence similarity with other mammal ...201931231423
species-specific colocalization of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus attachment and entry receptors.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) uses the s1b domain of its spike protein to bind to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4), its functional receptor, and its s1a domain to bind to sialic acids. the tissue localization of dpp4 in humans, bats, camelids, pigs, and rabbits generally correlates with mers-cov tropism, highlighting the role of dpp4 in virus pathogenesis and transmission. however, mers-cov s1a does not indiscriminately bind to all α2,3-sialic acids, and the species-specif ...201931167913
a review of zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels.dromedary, or one-humped, camels camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in africa and the middle east. the hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans ...201931140075
single intranasal immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccine induces sustained and protective immunity against mers-cov infection.the recently identified middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe and fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. however, no approved prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are currently available. the mers-cov envelope spike protein serves as a crucial target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development, as it plays a critical role in mediating viral entry through interactions with the cellular receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). here, we constructed ...201931130102
lack of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission in rabbits.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the middle east. although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to mers-cov, it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field. in this study, we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of mers-cov. in line with the presence of mers-cov receptor in ...201931022948
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) isolated from fecal samples of african dromedary camels.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) cause gastrointestinal illnesses including non-bloody or bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (hc), and the haemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). to investigate the occurrence of stec among grazing dromedaries from kenya, e. coli isolated from fecal matter collected from 163 dromedaries on a large ranch were screened for the presence of stx1 and stx2. stec strains were isolated and serotyped. isolates were subjected to pcr for the subtyping of stx gene ...201930911597
host determinants of mers-cov transmission and pathogenesis.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. in dromedary camels, the virus only causes a mild infection but it spreads efficiently between animals. differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in mers-cov pathogenesis and transmission. one of these host factors, t ...201930893947
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in dromedary camels, bedouins, muslim arabs and jews in israel, 2009-2017.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. recently, hev-7 has been shown to infect camels and humans. we studied hev seroprevalence in dromedary camels and among bedouins, arabs (muslims, none-bedouins) and jews and assessed factors associated with anti-hev seropositivity. serum samples from dromedary camels (n = 86) were used to determine camel anti-hev igg and hev rna positivity. human samples collected between 2009 and 2016 from &gt;20 years old bedouins (n = ...201930869027
efficacy of an adjuvanted middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein vaccine in dromedary camels and alpacas.mers-cov is present in dromedary camels throughout the middle east and africa. dromedary camels are the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infections. interruption of the zoonotic transmission chain from camels to humans, therefore, may be an effective strategy to control the ongoing mers-cov outbreak. here we show that vaccination with an adjuvanted mers-cov spike protein subunit vaccine confers complete protection from mers-cov disease in alpaca and results in reduced and delayed viral shedd ...201930832356
the major histocompatibility complex of old world camelids: class i and class i-related genes.the genomic structure of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) region and variation in selected mhc class i related genes in old world camels, camelus bactrianus and camelus dromedaries were studied. the overall genomic organization of the camel mhc region follows a general pattern observed in other mammalian species and individual mhc loci appear to be well conserved. selected mhc class i genes b-67 and bl3-7 exhibited unexpectedly low variability, even when compared to other camel mhc cla ...201930828986
a near chromosome assembly of the dromedary camel genome.the dromedary camel is an economically and socially important species of livestock in many parts of the world, being used for transport and the production of milk and meat. much like cattle and horses, the camel may be found in industrial farming conditions as well as used in sporting. camel racing is a multi-million dollar industry, with some specimens being valued at upward of 9.5 million usd. despite its apparent value to humans, the dromedary camel is a neglected species in genomics. while c ...201930804979
a case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of middle east respiratory syndrome.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is endemic in dromedary camels in the arabian peninsula, and zoonotic transmission to people is a sporadic event. in the absence of epidemiological data on the reservoir species, patterns of zoonotic transmission have largely been approximated from primary human cases. this study aimed to identify meteorological factors that may increase the risk of primary mers infections in humans.201930717685
rapid and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin b by recombinant nanobody using phage display technology.staphylococcal enterotoxin b, from staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), is one of the most potent bacterial superantigens with profound toxic effects on the immune system. it is associated with food poisoning, toxic shock, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and nasal polyps in humans. the current diagnostic methods for staphylococcal enterotoxin are mainly based on traditional monoclonal antibodies which hardly meet the requirements for clinical applications, and hybridoma clones lose their ability to sec ...201929984392
modulation of the immune response by middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.coronavirus (cov) infections are commonly associated with respiratory and enteric disease in humans and animals. in 2012, a new human disease called middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) emerged in the middle east. mers was caused by a virus that was originally called human coronavirus-erasmus medical center/2012 but was later renamed as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). mers-cov causes high fever, cough, acute respiratory tract infection, and multiorgan dysfunction that ...201930146782
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of thal and cholistan deserts, punjab, pakistan.toxoplasma (t.) gondii is an important zoonotic protozoan infecting humans and a wide range of animals. in this study, we determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of t. gondii in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in pakistan. camels are still an important mean of transportation in some desert areas in pakistan. in addition, they are the main source of meat and milk for people in those regions; therefore, they have the potential to transmit t. gondii ...201930413878
mers coronavirus outbreak: implications for emerging viral infections.in september 2012, a novel coronavirus was isolated from a patient who died in saudi arabia after presenting with acute respiratory distress and acute kidney injury. analysis revealed the disease to be due to a novel virus which was named middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov). there have been several mers-cov hospital outbreaks in ksa, continuing to the present day, and the disease has a mortality rate in excess of 35%. since 2012, the world health organization has been informed of 2220 ...201930413355
what have we learned about middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus emergence in humans? a systematic literature review.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first identified in humans in 2012. a systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize current knowledge and identify critical knowledge gaps.201930676269
blocking transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein.the ongoing middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreaks pose a worldwide public health threat. blocking mers-cov zoonotic transmission from dromedary camels, the animal reservoir, could potentially reduce the number of primary human cases. here we report mers-cov transmission from experimentally infected llamas to naïve animals. directly inoculated llamas shed virus for at least 6 days and could infect all in-contact naïve animals 4-5 days after exposure. with the aim to bl ...201931711379
seroprevalence and molecular characterization of mycobacterium bovis infection in camels (camelus dromedarius) in the delta region, egypt.this study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of mycobacterium infection in camel sera collected before slaughter and gross lesion tissue collected postmortem (pm) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), bacteriological culture, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in addition, serum samples from humans who had occupational contact with camels were tested by elisa and sputum sample by culture.201931641295
zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so important, so ignored.with a global population of about 35 million in 47 countries, dromedary camels play a crucial role in the economy of many marginal, desert areas of the world where they survive under harsh conditions. nonetheless, there is scarce knowledge regarding camels' parasite fauna which can reduce their milk and meat productions. in addition, only scattered information is available about zoonotic parasites transmitted to humans via contamination (e.g. cryptosporidium spp., giardia duodenalis, balantidium ...201931881926
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) neutralising antibodies in a high-risk human population, morocco, november 2017 to january 2018.backgroundmiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) remains a major concern for global public health. dromedaries are the source of human zoonotic infection. mers-cov is enzootic among dromedaries on the arabian peninsula, the middle east and in africa. over 70% of infected dromedaries are found in africa. however, all known zoonotic cases of mers have occurred in the arabian peninsula with none being reported in africa.aimwe aimed to investigate serological evidence of mers-cov in ...201931796154
the camel adaptive immune receptors repertoire as a singular example of structural and functional genomics.the adaptive immune receptors repertoire is highly plastic, with its ability to produce antigen-binding molecules and select those with high affinity for their antigen. species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective repertoires required for their survival in the different environments. camelids, until now, considered as a case of evolutionary innovation because of their only heavy-chain antibodies, represent a new mammalian model particularly useful f ...201931681428
natural killer cell receptor genes in camels: another mammalian model.due to production of special homodimeric heavy chain antibodies, somatic hypermutation of their t-cell receptor genes and unusually low diversity of their major histocompatibility complex genes, camels represent an important model for immunogenetic studies. here, we analyzed genes encoding selected natural killer cell receptors with a special focus on genes encoding receptors for major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i ligands in the two domestic camel species, camelus dromedarius and cam ...201931312212
comparative analysis of the trb locus in the camelus genus.t cells can be separated into two major subsets based on the heterodimer that forms their t cell receptors. αβ t cells have receptors consisting of α and β chains, while γδ t cells are composed of γ and δ chains. αβ t cells play an essential role within the adaptive immune responses against pathogens. the recent genomic characterization of the camelus dromedarius t cell receptor β (trb) locus has allowed us to infer the structure of this locus from the draft genome sequences of its wild and dome ...201931231418
bactrian camels shed large quantities of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after experimental infection.in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged. to date, more than 2300 cases have been reported, with an approximate case fatality rate of 35%. epidemiological investigations identified dromedary camels as the source of mers-cov zoonotic transmission and evidence of mers-cov circulation has been observed throughout the original range of distribution. other new-world camelids, alpacas and llamas, are also susceptible to mers-cov infection. currently, it is unknown wheth ...201931119984
molecular characterization, bioinformatic analysis, and expression profile of lin-28 gene and its protein from arabian camel (camelus dromedarius).lin-28 is an rna-binding protein that is known for its role in promoting the pluripotency of stem cells. in the present study, arabian camel lin-28 (clin-28) cdna was identified and analyzed. full length clin-28 mrna was obtained using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). it was shown to be 715 bp in length, and the open reading frame (orf) encoded 205 amino acids. the molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point (pi) of the clin-28 protein were predicted to be 22. ...201931075852
comparative fish-mapping of mc1r, asip, and tyrp1 in new and old world camelids and association analysis with coat color phenotypes in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius).melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r), the agouti signaling protein (asip), and tyrosinase related protein 1 (tyrp1) are among the major regulators of pigmentation in mammals. recently, mc1r and asip sequence variants were associated with white and black/dark brown coat colors, respectively, in the dromedary. here we confirmed this association by independent sequencing and mutation discovery of mc1r and asip coding regions and by taqman genotyping in 188 dromedaries from saudi arabia and united states, ...201931040864
comparative fatty acids composition and cholesterol content in bactrian (camelus bactrianus) and dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) meat.the present study is aimed at comparing the fatty acid profiles, cholesterol, and atherogenicity index of bactrian and dromedary camel meat by using discriminant analysis to identify the more discriminating fatty acids. six muscles were sampled from nine bactrian and nine dromedary camels and analyzed for fatty acid parameters and cholesterol content. the mean fatty acid profiles differed in higher proportion between species than between muscles. the main discriminating fatty acids between speci ...201931011922
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