Publications

role of trehalose transport and utilization in sinorhizobium meliloti--alfalfa interactions.	genes thua and thub in sinorhizobium meliloti rm1021 code for a major pathway for trehalose catabolism and are induced by trehalose but not by related structurally similar disaccharides like sucrose or maltose. s. meliloti strains mutated in either of these two genes were severely impaired in their ability to grow on trehalose as the sole source of carbon. thua and thub show no homology to any known enzymes in trehalose utilization. thua has similarity to proteins of unknown function in mesorhiz ...	2005	16042015
guab activity is required in rhizobium tropici during the early stages of nodulation of determinate nodules but is dispensable for the sinorhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiotic interaction.	the guab mutant strain rhizobium tropici ciat8999-10t is defective in symbiosis with common bean, forming nodules that lack rhizobial content. in order to investigate the timing of the guab requirement during the nodule formation on the host common bean by the strain ciat899-10.t, we constructed gene fusions in which the guab gene is expressed under the control of the symbiotic promoters noda, baca, and nifh. our data indicated that the guab is required from the early stages of nodulation becaus ...	2005	16042020
relationships between body condition score, body weight, and some nutritional parameters in plasma and resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum during pre-service period in high-producing dairy cows in a subtropical region in japan.	the objective of this study was to investigate the relationships among body condition score (bcs), body weight and plasma metabolite concentrations, and resumption of ovarian cycles postpartum in high-producing dairy cows in a subtropical region in japan. the study was conducted between may 2001 and january 2003 in a commercial dairy farm in hiroshima. cows were kept in free-stall barns with sawdust and wood shavings for bedding, and fed a total mixed ration consisting of alfalfa, timothy and oa ...	2005	16054491
advances in alfalfa mosaic virus-mediated expression of anthrax antigen in planta.	plant viruses show great potential for production of pharmaceuticals in plants. such viruses can harbor a small antigenic peptide(s) as a part of their coat proteins (cp) and elicit an antigen-specific immune response. here, we report the high yield and consistency in production of recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) particles for specific presentation of the small loop 15 amino acid epitope from domain-4 of the bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa-d4s). the epitope was inserted immedia ...	2005	16236249
alfalfa mob 1-like genes are expressed in reproductive organs during meiosis and gametogenesis.	mps-one-binder (mob) proteins play an important role in chromosome separation and cell plate formation in yeast. we cloned two mob 1-like genes from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) and show that one gene is constitutively expressed while the other is expressed only in flower buds during sporogenesis and gametogenesis. for the analysis of gene expression during reproduction in alfalfa wild-types and apomeiotic mutants, a specific antisense riboprobe was designed for msmob 1 transcripts and a polyclo ...	2005	16240174
plant-derived transfer dnas.	the transfer of dna from agrobacterium to plant cell nuclei is initiated by a cleavage reaction within the 25-bp right border of ti plasmids. in an effort to develop all-native dna transformation vectors, 50 putative right border alternatives were identified in both plant expressed sequence tags and genomic dna. efficacy tests in a tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) model system demonstrated that 14 of these elements displayed at least 50% of the activity of conventional agrobacterium transfer dna bord ...	2005	16244143
effect of plant maturity and germplasm on in situ rumen degradability and rate of passage of alfalfa hay.		2005	16244995
optimization of acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (e1) production in transgenic tobacco plants by transcriptional, post-transcription and post-translational modification.	an attempt was made to obtain a high-level production of intact acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (e1) in transgenic tobacco plants. the e1 expression was examined under the control of the constitutive and strong mac promoter or light-inducible tomato rubisco small sub-unit (rbcs-3c) promoter with its original or alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) rna4 5'-untranslated leader (utl) and targeted to different sub-cellular compartments via transit peptides. the transit peptides included native e1, e ...	2005	16245154
evaluation of oviposition substrates and organic infusions on collection of culex in florida.	gravid mosquito traps are commonly used for both arbovirus surveillance and population surveillance of mosquitoes of the genus culex. oviposition substrates, used as baits in these traps, were tested against culex under laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory all substrates tested as 1% and 10% dilutions in 2-choice bioassays against female cx. quinquefasciatus were significantly more effective than well water controls in eliciting oviposition. strongest responses were to dilutions of ...	2005	16252516
the herbal alternatives for menopause (halt) study: background and study design.	we designed a randomized double-blind randomized trial to examine the short and long-term effects of alternative approaches commonly used to manage menopause symptoms. women were randomly assigned to: (1) black cohosh 160 mg daily; (2) multibotanical (50 mg black cohosh, alfalfa, chaste tree, dong quai, false unicorn, licorice, oats, pomegranate, siberian ginseng, boron) four capsules daily; (3) multibotanical plus telephone counseling to increase dietary soy; (4) conjugated equine estrogen 0.62 ...	2005	16186076
salmonella enterica virulence genes are required for bacterial attachment to plant tissue.	numerous salmonella enterica food-borne illness outbreaks have been associated with contaminated vegetables, in particular sprouted seeds, and the incidence of reported contamination has steadily risen. in order to understand the physiology of s. enterica serovar newport on plants, a screen was developed to identify transposon mutants that were defective in attachment to alfalfa sprouts. twenty independent mutants from a pool of 6,000 were selected for reduced adherence to alfalfa sprouts. sixty ...	2005	16204476
development of a functional genomics platform for sinorhizobium meliloti: construction of an orfeome.	the nitrogen-fixing, symbiotic bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti reduces molecular dinitrogen to ammonia in a specific symbiotic context, supporting the nitrogen requirements of various forage legumes, including alfalfa. determining the dna sequence of the s. meliloti genome was an important step in plant-microbe interaction research, adding to the considerable information already available about this bacterium by suggesting possible functions for many of the >6,200 annotated open reading frames ...	2005	16204497
effect of sunflower, linseed and fish oils on the production of trans fatty acids in vitro.	in vitro anaerobic incubations were used to determine the effect of different oils (lo-linseed, so-sunflower, fo-fish oil) on trans fatty acid production in rumen fluid and to test if combining of monensin (mon) with the oils affects the interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms. two different sources of rumen fluid were used; the inoculum from the sheep fed hay and barley (80:20%)--the inoculum a and the inoculum from the sheep fed alfalfa and b ...	2005	16206933
molecular evidence of genetic modification of sinorhizobium meliloti: enhanced pcb bioremediation.	the genome of the nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti does not possess genes for bioremediation of aromatic pollutants. it has the well-known ability to interact specifically with the leguminous alfalfa plant, medicago sativa. our previous work has shown enhanced degradation of the nitroaromatic compound 2,4-dinitrotoluene (dnt) when a plasmid containing degradative genes was introduced in it. in this study we report molecular evidence of the transfer of a polychlorinated biphe ...	2005	16208462
short communication: prediction of mean particle size and proportion of very long fiber particles from simplified sieving results.	mean particle size of alfalfa silage and corn silage can be predicted based on material retained above a screen with square-hole diagonal of 9 mm. the regression equation is mean particle length (mm) = 1.16 + 13.00 x cumulative fraction of as-fed mass trapped on or above the 9-mm screen; r2 = 0.89. for mixed rations, the intercept was 0.54 and the slope 11.84, with r2 = 0.78. using data from the screen with a 5.6-mm diagonal also provided reasonable estimates of mean particle size.	2005	16230704
lactational response of cows fed condensed corn distillers solubles.	fifteen holstein cows (6 multiparous and 9 primiparous) in early lactation were used in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design with 5-wk periods to evaluate the use of condensed corn distillers solubles (ccds) in the total mixed ration. diets were control (0%), low (5%), or high (10% of dry matter) ccds. all diets contained alfalfa hay, corn silage, rolled corn, and a concentrate supplement formulated to yield isonitrogenous diets. condensed corn distillers solubles replaced a portion of the rol ...	2005	16230706
effect of dietary level of rumen-degraded protein on production and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows.	twenty-eight (8 with ruminal cannulas) lactating holstein cows were assigned to 4 x 4 latin squares and fed diets with different levels of rumen-degraded protein (rdp) to study the effect of rdp on production and n metabolism. diets contained [dry matter (dm) basis] 37% corn silage, 13% alfalfa silage, and 50% concentrate. the concentrate contained solvent and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal and urea, and was adjusted to provide rdp at: 13.2, 12.3, 11.7, and 10.6% of dm in diets a to d, resp ...	2005	16230710
characterization of the binding of diarrheagenic strains of e. coli to plant surfaces and the role of curli in the interaction of the bacteria with alfalfa sprouts.	diarrheagenic escherichia coli were able to bind to plant surfaces, including alfalfa sprouts and open seed coats, and tomato and arabidopsis thaliana seedlings incubated in water. the characteristics of the binding differed with the bacterial strain examined. laboratory k12 strains of e. coli failed to show significant binding to any of the plant surfaces examined, suggesting that some of the genes present and expressed in pathogenic strains and absent or unexpressed in k12 strains may be requi ...	2005	16353558
inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of some herbs on human platelet aggregation in vitro.	effect of aqueous extract of several herbs on human platelet aggregation in vitro was investigated. out of 28 herbs/nutriceuticals investigated, camomile, nettle alfalfa, garlic and onion exhibited most significant anti-platelet activity (>or=45% inhibition). aqueous extracts of alfalfa, fresh nettle, and camomile inhibited adp induced-platelet aggregation by 73, 65 and 60%, respectively, compared with control (p < 0.05). camomile and alfalfa inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation by 84 ...	2005	16287614
processing whole cottonseed moderates fatty acid metabolism and improves performance by dairy cows.	pelleting cottonseed (cs) improves handling characteristics. our objectives were to determine whether increasing the particle size of the cs pellet or dilution of a smaller pellet with delinted cs would limit the rate of cs oil release to optimize digestibility of fatty acids (fa) and fiber while maintaining milk fat production. in a 5 x 5 latin square design with 3-wk periods, 5 rumen-cannulated cows were fed 1) control with cs hulls (csh) and cs meal plus tallow and ca soaps of fa, 2) whole cs ...	2005	16291626
a simple method for the direct detection of salmonella and escherichia coli o157:h7 from raw alfalfa sprouts and spent irrigation water using pcr.	the u.s. food and drug administration recognizes that raw seed sprouts are an important cause of foodborne disease and is now recommending that either spent irrigation water or final product be screened for salmonella and escherichia coli o157:h7 as a means of assuring the safety of product intended for consumption. in an effort to streamline such testing efforts, a simple method to preconcentrate pathogens from sprouts and spent irrigation water was investigated to facilitate the direct (withou ...	2005	16300060
introduction of grapes and alfalfa into china: a reflection on the role of zhang qian.	there is a prevailing legend that grapes and alfalfa were introduced to china from west asia by zhang qian in 126 bc. this paper intends to show the legend to be a misconception. the three crucial documents were thoroughly examined, and the author believes he can demonstrate that it was a later traveler who actually brought these two plants to china following the trade route pioneered by zhang qian.	2005	16272811
rhizobium daejeonense sp. nov. isolated from a cyanide treatment bioreactor.	a polyphasic study was carried out to determine the taxonomic position of two aerobic, cyanide-degrading bacterial strains, designated l61t and l22, which had been isolated from a bioreactor for the treatment of nickel-complexed cyanide. the two isolates exhibited almost identical taxonomic characteristics. phylogenetic analysis inferred from comparative 16s rrna gene sequences indicated that the isolates fall in a sublineage of the genus rhizobium comprising the type strains of rhizobium giardi ...	2005	16280524
effects of pasteurization of potato slurry by-product fed in corn-or barley-based beef finishing diets.	pasteurization of vegetable by-products such as potato slurry (ps) before feeding may be necessary to prevent the spread of pathogens and beef carcass blemishes. we hypothesized that pasteurization would increase ruminal fermentability of ps starch. four ruminally cannulated crossbred beef steers (initial bw = 432) were used in a 4 x 4 latin square experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to examine the main effects and interactions of pasteurization (54.4 degrees c for 2 h) o ...	2005	16282619
large-scale genetic variation of the symbiosis-required megaplasmid psyma revealed by comparative genomic analysis of sinorhizobium meliloti natural strains.	sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of leguminous plants such as alfalfa (medicago sativa). this species occupies different ecological niches, being present as a free-living soil bacterium and as a symbiont of plant root nodules. the genome of the type strain rm 1021 contains one chromosome and two megaplasmids for a total genome size of 6 mb. we applied comparative genomic hybridisation (cgh) on an oligonucleotide microarrays to estimate ge ...	2005	16283928
l-canavanine made by medicago sativa interferes with quorum sensing in sinorhizobium meliloti.	sinorhizobium meliloti is a gram-negative soil bacterium, capable of establishing a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with its legume host, alfalfa (medicago sativa). quorum sensing plays a crucial role in this symbiosis, where it influences the nodulation process and the synthesis of the symbiotically important exopolysaccharide ii (eps ii). s. meliloti has three quorum-sensing systems (sin, tra, and mel) that use n-acyl homoserine lactones as their quorum-sensing signal molecule. increasing evidence i ...	2005	16321947
effect of immersion solutions containing enterocin as-48 on listeria monocytogenes in vegetable foods.	the effect of immersion solutions containing enterocin as-48 alone or in combination with chemical preservatives on survival and proliferation of listeria monocytogenes cect 4032 inoculated on fresh alfalfa sprouts, soybean sprouts, and green asparagus was tested. immersion treatments (5 min at room temperature) with as-48 solutions (25 microg/ml) reduced listeria counts of artificially contaminated alfalfa and soybean sprouts by approximately 2.0 to 2.4 log cfu/g compared to a control immersion ...	2005	16332751
differential binding of escherichia coli o157:h7 to alfalfa, human epithelial cells, and plastic is mediated by a variety of surface structures.	escherichia coli o157:h7 carried on plant surfaces, including alfalfa sprouts, has been implicated in food poisoning and outbreaks of disease in the united states. adhesion to cell surfaces is a key component for bacterial establishment and colonization on many types of surfaces. several e. coli o157:h7 surface proteins are thought to be important for adhesion and/or biofilm formation. therefore, we examined whether mutations in several genes encoding potential adhesins and regulators of adheren ...	2005	16332780
digestible energy requirements of mexican donkeys fed oat straw and maize stover.	the limited availability of food, together with the constraints that traditional management systems impose on the natural foraging behaviour of donkeys, often results in severe under-nutrition. few studies have been conducted into the digestibility of different forages and little information exists on nutritional requirements of donkeys. in order to measure digestible energy requirements of donkeys under tropical conditions, an experiment was carried out at the centre for research in agricultura ...	2005	16335075
the de novo designed nutritive protein mb-1trp does not resist proteolytic degradation in alfalfa leaves.	we previously reported on a de novo designed protein "milk bundle-1trp" (mb-1trp) as a source of selected essential amino acids (eaa) for ruminant feeding. here, we attempt to express this de novo designed protein in alfalfa. the microbial version of the gene encoding the protein was modified in order to achieve two expression strategies in transgenic alfalfa plants. chimeric mb-1trp genes alone or fused to a signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence were introduced into alf ...	2005	16386425
[identification of sinorhizobium meliloti genes influencing synthesis of surface polysaccharides and competitiveness].	a new approach to isolating mutants with altered composition of capsular polysaccharides (cps) and lipopolysaccharides (lps) in nodule bacteria of alfalfa sinorhizobium meliloti based on analysis of their respiratory activity was proposed. random tn5-mob mutants of symbiotically effective strain skhm1-105 were tested for slime-production ability and coloration on diagnostic media containing the indicator of reducing equivalents, triphenyltetrasolium chloride (ttc), the inhibitor of respiratory a ...	2005	16396447
effect of water addition on selective consumption (sorting) of dry diets by dairy cattle.	the objective of this study was to determine whether adding water to a dry diet would reduce sorting and improve cow performance. eighteen multiparous lactating holstein cows were used in a cross-over design with 21-d periods. treatments had the same dietary composition and differed only by adding water (wet) or not (dry). diets consisted of 10% alfalfa silage, 30% hay (approximately 80% grass and 20% alfalfa), and 60% concentrate [dry matter (dm) basis]. dietary dm was 80.8% for dry and 64.4% f ...	2005	15738239
reduction of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization and invasion by an alfalfa diet during molt in leghorn hens.	the standard method for molting to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in laying hens is feed deprivation. however, the physiological changes within hens caused by feed deprivation increase susceptibility of the hens to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) infection. in an effort to develop an alternative method to induce molting without increasing susceptibility to se, an alfalfa diet was compared with the standard molting method for the level of ovary regression and se colonization. h ...	2005	15742953
occupational exposure to carbofuran and the incidence of cancer in the agricultural health study.	carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide registered for use on a variety of food crops including corn, alfalfa, rice, and tobacco. an estimated 5 million pounds of carbofuran is used annually in the united states, and 45% of urban african-american women have detectable levels of carbofuran in their plasma. nitrosated carbofuran has demonstrated mutagenic properties. we examined exposure to carbofuran and several tumor sites among 49,877 licensed pesticide applicators from iowa and north carolina en ...	2005	15743716
the effect of milk intake on forage intake and growth of nursing calves.	thirty-nine holstein steer calves were assigned to one of five treatments at birth and individually fed for 200 d with milk replacer reconstituted to equal the fat and protein concentration of beef cow milk. treatment levels were the quantities of reconstituted milk fed per day based on lactation curves, which were based on peak milk levels (pml) of 2.72, 5.44, 8.16, 10.88, and 13.6 kg/d, respectively. in addition to reconstituted milk, chopped alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum to allow for max ...	2005	15753351
peptide-based candidate vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus.	we engineered a 21-mer peptide representing amino acids 170-190 of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein as a fusion with the alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein (cp), produced recombinant almv particles presenting this peptide (vmr-rsv) on their surfaces and tested the immunogenicity in vitro in human dendritic cells and in vivo in non-human primates. significant pathogen-specific immune responses were generated in both systems: (i) human dendritic cells armed with vmr-rsv genera ...	2005	15755607
host effects of glandular-haired alfalfa on alfalfa weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) and potato leafhopper (homoptera: cicadellidae) populations in virginia.	cultivars of glandular-haired alfalfa, medicago sativa l., such as '54h69', are currently available and marketed as being resistant to potato leafhopper, empoasca fabae (harris). between 2000 and 2002, studies were conducted to compare the effects of '54h69' and a standard, nonglandular-haired alfalfa cultivar, 'choice', on alfalfa weevil, hypera postica (gyllenhal), and potato leafhopper populations at campbell and montgomery counties, virginia. '54h69' had no effect on alfalfa weevil populatio ...	2005	15765667
combination of immunomagnetic separation with real-time pcr for rapid detection of salmonella in milk, ground beef, and alfalfa sprouts.	a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for detecting salmonella spp. in pasteurized milk, ground beef, and alfalfa sprouts was developed. the method combined immunomagnetic separation with a real-time pcr assay based on the double-stranded dna binding dye sybr green i. the primers used produced a product with a melting temperature of 87+/-0.5 degrees c during the pcr assay by amplifying a 284-bp sequence from the invasive gene (inva) of salmonella. the method was successful in detecting 20 salm ...	2005	15771182
dietary modulation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba)-induced adrenal toxicity in female sprague-dawley rats.	in this study, dietary modulation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba)-induced adrenal toxicity in rats was investigated. beginning at postnatal day (pnd) 21, female sprague-dawley rats were fed either soy-containing nih-31 diet or soy- and alfalfa-free 5k96 diet. on the first day of diestrus when the animals were pnd 50 +/- 5, rats received either an oral dose of 80 mg/kg dmba or sesame oil, the vehicle, and were sacrificed at 24, 36, or 48 h after treatment. apoptosis was manifested at 24 ...	2005	15778017
subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin release and triggers an inflammatory response.	subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) was induced in 3 rumen fistulated jersey steers by offering them different combinations of wheat-barley pellets and chopped alfalfa hay. steers were offered 4, 5, and 6 kg/d of pelleted concentrate and 6, 5, and 4 kg/d of chopped alfalfa hay for diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively, during 5-d treatment periods and were fed chopped alfalfa hay between treatment periods. inducing sara increased blood concentrations of haptoglobin and serum amyloid-a. dry matter intake ...	2005	15778308
utilizing different ratios of alfalfa and layer ration for molt induction and performance in commercial laying hens.	molting is a common practice used by the commercial egg industry to rejuvenate flocks for a second or third laying cycle. during this time the hens rest from production, and the reproductive organs are rejuvenated to increase production and quality during the next laying cycle. although feed withdrawal (fw) is the most popular and effective method of molt induction, it has come under scrutiny due to food safety issues and animal welfare issues. this study involved feeding alfalfa mixed with laye ...	2005	15782903
investigations on the effects of ca-soap of linseed oil on rumen fermentation in sheep and on milk composition of goats.	six rumen-cannulated wethers were fed by a diet composed of alfalfa hay and concentrate and supplemented by 75 g ca-soap of linseed oil (5.4% in dry matter, dm) daily. a model trial was performed to detect the effects of the ca-soap on rumen fermentation parameters and on fibre digestion. approximately 3 h after feeding ca-soap, ratio of c2:c3 decreased (from 4.33 to 4.02) and the production of i- and n-butyrate and i- and n-valeriate increased by 28, 5.3, 11.76% and 6.80% respectively. total vo ...	2005	15787990
insights into heme-based o2 sensing from structure-function relationships in the fixl proteins.	fixl proteins are bacterial heme-containing signal transduction proteins responsible for sensing the o(2) concentration in the organism's environment. in sinorhizobium meliloti fixl is a protein histidine kinase that, together with its response regulator fixj, constitute an oxygen-sensitive switch for regulation of the organism's nitrogen fixation and microaerobic respiration genes. the o(2) sensitivity of the switch is such that it transitions during the process of symbiosis in alfalfa roots. b ...	2005	15811514
dispersal and evolution of the sinorhizobium meliloti group ii rmint1 intron in bacteria that interact with plants.	group ii introns are both self-splicing rnas and mobile retroelements found in bacterial and archaeal genomes and in organelles of eukaryotes. they are thought to be the ancestors of eukaryote spliceosomal introns and non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons. we show here that rmint1, a bacterial group ii intron first described in the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of alfalfa (medicago sativa) sinorhizobium meliloti, is also present in other sinorhizobium and rhizobium species. the intron-homing site ...	2005	15814827
individual intake and antiparasitic efficacy of free choice mineral containing fenbendazole for grazing steers.	a 95-day study (june 25-september 27, 2001) was conducted using 120 steers (311.9+/-2.4 kg) randomly allocated to two treatments: (1) mineral containing 0.55% fenbendazole (fbz) and (2) control, no fbz in the mineral. animals in the fbz group were individually identified by an electronic tag that was read each time an animal attended the mineral feeder. the feeder was equipped with load cells that enabled individual mineral intakes to be estimated. the fbz group was provided with non-medicated m ...	2005	15817200
evaluation of the conformational switch model for alfalfa mosaic virus rna replication.	key elements of the conformational switch model describing regulation of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) replication (r. c. olsthoorn, s. mertens, f. t. brederode, and j. f. bol, embo j. 18:4856-4864, 1999) have been tested using biochemical assays and functional studies in nontransgenic protoplasts. although comparative sequence analysis suggests that the 3' untranslated regions of amv and ilarvirus rnas have the potential to fold into pseudoknots, we were unable to confirm that a proposed pseudokno ...	2005	15827189
coat protein activation of alfalfa mosaic virus replication is concentration dependent.	alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) and ilarvirus rnas are infectious only in the presence of the viral coat protein; therefore, an understanding of coat protein's function is important for defining viral replication mechanisms. based on in vitro replication experiments, the conformational switch model states that amv coat protein blocks minus-strand rna synthesis (r. c. olsthoorn, s. mertens, f. t. brederode, and j. f. bol, embo j. 18:4856-4864, 1999), while another report states that coat protein prese ...	2005	15827190
effects of short-term feed deprivation and melatonin implants on circadian patterns of leptin in the horse.	leptin is a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that influences hypothalamic mechanisms regulating appetite and energy balance. in species tested thus far, including horses, concentrations of leptin increase as animal fat mass increases. the variables and mechanisms that influence the secretion of leptin are not well known, nor is it known in equine species how the secretion of leptin is influenced by acute alterations in energy balance, circadian patterns, and/or reproductive competence. ...	2005	15827247
splanchnic metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and urinary nitrogen excretion in steers fed alfalfa under conditions of increased absorption of ammonia and l-arginine supply across the portal-drained viscera.	effects of increased ammonia and/or arginine absorption across the portal-drained viscera (pdv) on net splanchnic (pdv and liver) metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and urinary n excretion were investigated in six catheterized hereford x angus steers (501 +/- 1 kg bw) fed a 75% alfalfa:25% (as-fed basis) corn-soybean meal diet (0.523 mj of me/[kg bw(0.75).d]) every 2 h without (27.0 g of n/kg of dietary dm) and with 20 g of urea/kg of dietary dm (35.7 g of n/kg of dietary dm) in a split-plot de ...	2005	15827253
splanchnic metabolism of nutrients and hormones in steers fed alfalfa under conditions of increased absorption of ammonia and l-arginine supply across the portal-drained viscera.	effects of increased ammonia and/or arginine absorption on net splanchnic (portal-drained viscera [pdv] plus liver) metabolism of nonnitrogenous nutrients and hormones in cattle were examined. six hereford x angus steers (501 +/- 1 kg bw) prepared with vascular catheters for measurements of net flux across the splanchnic bed were fed a 75% alfalfa:25% (as-fed basis) corn and soybean meal diet (0.523 mj of me/[kg bw(0.75).d]) every 2 h without (27.0 g of n/kg of dm) and with 20 g of urea/kg of dm ...	2005	15827254
improving the nutritional value of oat hulls for ruminant animals with pretreatment of a multienzyme cocktail: in vitro studies.	relatively high amounts of hydroxycinnamic acid in oat hulls, mainly ferulic acid, are believed to be inhibitory to digestion by ruminal microorganisms. ferulic acid is produced via the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin, mainly by ether bonds. ferulic acid also forms dimers or trimers. as a result, polysaccharides become extensively cross-linked by ferulate dimerization or trimerization and incorporation ...	2005	15827258
ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of dry matter and fiber in growing steers for common crabgrass forages sampled on seven dates in northern arkansas.	southern crabgrass (digitaria ciliaris [retz.] koel.) is often viewed as an undesirable weed, largely because it encroaches upon field and forage crops, gardens, and lawns. however, visual observations of livestock grazing mixed-species pastures suggest that cattle seem to prefer crabgrass to many other summer forages. the objectives of this study were to assess the nutritive value of crabgrass sampled weekly between july 11, and august 22, 2001, and then to determine ruminal in situ disappearan ...	2005	15827259
dietary manipulation in dairy cattle: laboratory experiments to assess the influence on ammonia emissions.	improvements to the efficiency of dietary nitrogen use by lactating dairy cattle can be made by altering the concentration and form of protein in the diet. this study collected urine and feces from dairy cows from selected crude protein (cp) treatments of 2 lactation studies. in the first trial, collections were made from cattle fed a diet with high (19.4%) or low (13.6%) cp content (hcp and lcp, respectively). in the second trial, collections were made from cattle fed diets in which the forage ...	2005	15829670
digestion of feed amino acids in the rumen and intestine of steers measured using a mobile nylon bag technique.	the disappearance of dry matter (dm), crude protein (cp), and amino acids (aa) in steers after rumen incubation and intestinal passage of alfalfa hay, barley hay, corn silage, barley grain, corn grain, wheat bran, meat meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean meal were measured in 3 steers using a mobile nylon bag technique. ruminal degradation of individual aa differed between feedstuffs. for barley hay and corn silage, the ruminal disappearance of total aa was higher and lower than the ot ...	2005	15829674
consumer acceptability of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched milk and cheddar cheese from cows grazing on pasture.	two experiments were conducted to study the consumer acceptability attributes of conjugated linoleic acid (cla)-enriched milk and cheese from cows grazing on pasture. in experiment 1, 15 cows were fed either a diet containing 51% alfalfa hay plus corn silage and 49% concentrate [total mixed ration (tmr)], were grazed on pasture, or were grazed on pasture and received 3.2 kg/d of a grain mix. the grain mix contained 75% full-fat extruded soybeans (ffes), 10% corn, 10% beet pulp, and 5% molasses. ...	2005	15829677
foraging in chemically diverse environments: energy, protein, and alternative foods influence ingestion of plant secondary metabolites by lambs.	interactions among nutrients and plant secondary metabolites (psm) may influence how herbivores mix their diets and use food resources. we determined intake of a food containing a mix of terpenoids identified in sagebrush (artemisia tridentata) when present in isoenergetic diets of increasing concentrations of protein (6, 9, 15, or 21% cp) or in isonitrogenous diets of increasing concentrations of energy (2.17, 2.55, 3.30, or 3.53 mcal/kg). lambs were offered choices between those diets with or ...	2005	15839485
comparisons of molting diets on skeletal quality and eggshell parameters in hens at the end of the second egg-laying cycle.	a study was conducted to evaluate skeletal quality and eggshell parameters of molted hens at the end of the second laying cycle. sixty single comb white leghorn hens were used for this study. there were 2 controls and 4 molting treatments: full-fed control 1 (82 wk old; ff1), full-fed control 2 (122 wk old; ff2), feed withdrawal (fw), 100% alfalfa (a100), 90% alfalfa/10% layer ration (a90), and 70% alfalfa/30% layer ration (a70). at the end of the second laying cycle (approximately 122 wk of age ...	2005	15844806
molecular cloning and characterisation of a rab-binding gdp-dissociation inhibitor from medicago truncatula.	we have isolated and sequenced the full-length cdna of a gdp-dissociation inhibitor (gdi) from the model legume medicago truncatula l. the cdna (mtgdi) contains an open reading frame of 1335 bp, coding for a protein of 444 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 49,785 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence shows significant homology to other plant gdis, the highest homology being found to gdi from the legume cicer arietinum (96% identity). the mtgdi was expressed as a n-terminal flag-fusi ...	2005	15854828
polychlorinated biphenyl rhizoremediation by pseudomonas fluorescens f113 derivatives, using a sinorhizobium meliloti nod system to drive bph gene expression.	rhizoremediation of organic chemicals requires high-level expression of biodegradation genes in bacterial strains that are excellent rhizosphere colonizers. pseudomonas fluorescens f113 is a biocontrol strain that was shown to be an excellent colonizer of numerous plant rhizospheres, including alfalfa. although a derivative of f113 expressing polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) biodegradation genes (f113pcb) has been reported previously, this strain shows a low level of bph gene expression, limiting ...	2005	15870360
transgenic plants for the production of veterinary vaccines.	the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has been increasingly used in the development of experimental vaccines, particularly oriented to the development of edible vaccines. hence, this technology becomes highly suitable to express immunogenic proteins from pathogens. foot and mouth disease virus, bovine rotavirus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus are considered to be the most important causative agents of economic loss of cattle production in argentina, and they are thus optimal candidate ...	2005	15877600
new features in the genus ilarvirus revealed by the nucleotide sequence of fragaria chiloensis latent virus.	fragaria chiloensis latent virus (fcllv), a member of the genus ilarvirus was first identified in the early 1990s. double-stranded rna was extracted from fcllv infected plants and cloned. the complete nucleotide sequence of the virus has been elucidated. rna 1 encodes a protein with methyltransferase and helicase enzymatic motifs while rna 2 encodes the viral rna dependent rna polymerase and an orf, that shares no homology with other ilarvirus genes. rna 3 codes for movement and coat proteins an ...	2005	15878214
embryonic development within carotenoid-enriched eggs influences the post-hatch carotenoid status of the chicken.	carotenoids in the diet of the laying hen are incorporated into the egg yolk and subsequently into the liver and other tissues of the chicken embryo. since these pigments are known to provide a range of health benefits to a variety of animals, it is of interest to know whether the effects of maternally derived carotenoids are strictly limited to the embryonic period or if they persist in the progeny after hatching. the aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of pre-hatch (from the hen' ...	2005	15886038
effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on feed intake, metabolism, and indices of athletic performance of exercised horses.	an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins to mature, exercised horses, and to test the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent (gm polymer) in preventing fusarium mycotoxicoses. six mature, mixed-breed mares with an average bw of 530 kg were assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 21 d in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design. feed consumed each day was a combination of up to 3.5 kg of ...	2005	15890804
effect of diets containing linoleic acid- or oleic acid-rich oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and performance and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of finishing cattle.	two trials were conducted to determine the effect of linoleic acid- or oleic acid-rich safflower oil on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of beef cattle. in both trials, cattle were fed a finishing diet based on barley grain, wheat silage, and alfalfa hay. oils were fed at 5% of dietary dm. in a metabolism trial, four ruminally and duodenally cannulated angus crossbred steers were subje ...	2005	15890808
effect of cutting height and genetics on composition, intake, and digestibility of corn silage by beef heifers.	this research was conducted to determine the effect of corn genetics and cutting height on the composition and nutritive characteristics of corn silage. an in situ study involving eight commercially available corn hybrids indicated main effects and interactions (p < 0.01) of hybrid and cutting height on ndf, adf, and starch content and on in situ dm and ndf degradablility. four ruminally cannulated angus heifers (initial bw = 378 +/- 3 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 latin square digestion experiment w ...	2005	15890823
rira is the iron response regulator of the rhizobactin 1021 biosynthesis and transport genes in sinorhizobium meliloti 2011.	the genes encoding the biosynthesis and transport of rhizobactin 1021, a siderophore produced by sinorhizobium meliloti, are negatively regulated by iron. mutagenesis of rira, the rhizobial iron regulator, resulted in abolition of the iron responsive regulation of the biosynthesis and transport genes. bioassay analysis revealed that the siderophore is produced in the presence of iron in a rira mutant. rna analysis and gfp fusions supported the conclusion that rira is the mediator of iron-respons ...	2005	15899411
effects of parity and supply of rumen-degraded and undegraded protein on production and nitrogen balance in holsteins.	eight holstein cows (4 primiparous and 4 multiparous) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square design to determine milk production response and n balance when diets had no nrc-predicted excess of rumen-undegradable protein (rup) or rumen-degradable protein (rdp), 10% rup excess, 10% rdp excess, or 10% excess of both rup and rdp. diets were fed as a total mixed ration with (dry matter basis) 25% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, 19 to 21% corn grain, and varying proportions of solvent soybean ...	2005	15905440
effects of a proteolytic feed enzyme on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production.	the effects of exogenous proteolytic enzyme (epe) on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and lactational performance were determined using 8 lactating holstein cows in a double 4 x4 latin square experiment with a 2 x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. diets based on barley silage and alfalfa hay as the forage sources were formulated to maintain different forage to concentrate ratios [60:40 vs. 34:66, dry matter (dm) basis]. four dietary treatments were tested: high forage (hf) withou ...	2005	15905444
coat protein enhances translational efficiency of alfalfa mosaic virus rnas and interacts with the eif4g component of initiation factor eif4f.	the three plus-strand genomic rnas of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) and the subgenomic messenger for viral coat protein (cp) contain a 5'-cap structure, but no 3'-poly(a) tail. binding of cp to the 3' end of amv rnas is required for efficient translation of the viral rnas and to initiate infection in plant cells. to study the role of cp in translation, plant protoplasts were transfected with luciferase (luc) transcripts with 3'-terminal sequences consisting of the 3' untranslated region of amv rna ...	2005	15914864
dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides.	previous experiments from our group have demonstrated that abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) markedly decreases dry matter intake (dmi) in dairy cows. in contrast, experiments from other groups have noted smaller decreases in dmi when unsaturated triglycerides (tg) were infused postruminally. our hypothesis was that unsaturated ffa would be more potent inhibitors of dmi than an equivalent amount of unsaturated tg. four holstein cows in late lactation were used in a single r ...	2005	15653530
monensin for lactating dairy cows grazing mixed-alfalfa pasture and supplemented with partial mixed ration.	the effect of monensin on milk production was evaluated in 58 lactating holstein cows (48 multiparous; 10 primiparous) grazing a mixed-alfalfa pasture and supplemented with a partial mixed ration in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements. cows were paired by calving date, lactation number, previous lactation milk production, body weight, and body condition score and were assigned to one of 2 treatments: control or monensin. cows on the monensin treatment received 2 monensin co ...	2005	15653531
sinorhizobium meliloti dcta mutants with partial ability to transport dicarboxylic acids.	sinorhizobium meliloti dcta encodes a transport protein needed for a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between the bacteria and alfalfa. using the toxicity of the dcta substrate fluoroorotic acid as a selective agent in an iterated selection procedure, four independent s. meliloti dcta mutants were isolated that retained some ability to transport dicarboxylates. two mutations were located in a region called motif b located in a predicted transmembrane helix of the protein that has been shown ...	2005	15659691
effects of community versus single strain inoculants on the biocontrol of salmonella and microbial community dynamics in alfalfa sprouts.	potential biological control inoculants, pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and microbial communities derived from market sprouts or laboratory-grown alfalfa sprouts, were introduced into alfalfa seeds with and without a salmonella inoculum. we examined their ability to inhibit the growth of this foodborne pathogen and assess the relative effects of the inoculants on the alfalfa microbial community structure and function. alfalfa seeds contaminated with a salmonella cocktail were soaked for 2 h in bac ...	2005	15690802
management of burn injuries in the horse.	extensive thermal injuries in horses can be difficult to manage. the large surface of the burn dramatically increases the potential for loss of fluids,electrolytes, and calories. burns are classified by the depth of injury: first-degree burns involve only the most superficial layers of the epidermis;second-degree burns involve the entire epidermis and can be superficial or deep; third-degree burns are characterized by loss of the epidermal and dermal components; and fourth-degree burns involve a ...	2005	15691603
proline suppresses apoptosis in the fungal pathogen colletotrichum trifolii.	the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) in cell communication, control of gene expression, and oxygen sensing is well established. inappropriate regulation of ros levels can damage cells, resulting in a diseased state. in colletotrichum trifolii, a fungal pathogen of alfalfa, the mutationally activated oncogenic fungal ras (daras) elevates levels of ros, causing abnormal fungal growth and development and eventual apoptotic-like cell death but only when grown under nutrient-limiting conditions. ...	2005	15699356
cytoplasm and chloroplasts are not suitable subcellular locations for beta-zein accumulation in transgenic plants.	zeins, the main storage proteins of maize that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum of the endosperm cells, are particularly interesting because they are rich in the essential sulphur amino acids. overexpression of certain zein genes in plants such as alfalfa would be expected to improve the nutritional characteristics of this crop. recently, significant accumulation values have been reached, but still far from those considered useful for nutritional purposes. this study investigates whether ...	2005	15710628
crystallographic structure of the t=1 particle of brome mosaic virus.	t=1 icosahedral particles of amino terminally truncated brome mosaic virus (bmv) protein were created by treatment of the wild-type t=3 virus with 1m cacl2 and crystallized from sodium malonate. diffraction data were collected from frozen crystals to beyond 2.9 a resolution and the structure determined by molecular replacement and phase extension. the particles are composed of pentameric capsomeres from the wild-type virions which have reoriented with respect to the original particle pentameric ...	2005	15713465
moulds and yeasts in fresh and minimally processed vegetables, and sprouts.	a limited survey of fresh and minimally processed vegetables, and sprouts was conducted in the washington, dc area to determine if potentially toxigenic and pathogenic fungi were present in these commodities. thirty-nine ready-to-eat salads, 29 whole fresh vegetables and 116 sprout samples (bean, alfalfa, broccoli, crunchy, garlic, spicy, onion, clover, lentil and multi-seed sprouts) were purchased from 13 local supermarkets and tested for yeast and mould counts as well as the presence of toxige ...	2005	15718030
probing the sinorhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis using temperature-sensitive and impaired-function citrate synthase mutants.	to study the role of the decarboxylating leg of the bacterial tca cycle in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, we used dna shuffling and localized random polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis to construct a series of temperature-sensitive and impaired-function mutants in the sinorhizobium meliloti rm104a14 citrate synthase (glta) gene. reducing citrate synthase (cs) activity by mutation led to a corresponding decrease in the free-living growth rate; however, alfalfa plants formed fully effective nodule ...	2005	15720082
the lipid a substructure of the sinorhizobium meliloti lipopolysaccharides is sufficient to suppress the oxidative burst in host plants.	medicago sativa (alfalfa), medicago truncatula and nicotiana tabacum cell suspension cultures, responding to elicitation with the production of reactive oxygen species (ros), were used to analyse the suppressor (and elicitor) activity of lipopolysaccharides (lps) of the symbiotic soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti. in order to identify the epitopes of the lps molecule recognized by the plant, s. meliloti mutants defective in lps biosynthesis and hydrolytically obtained lipid a were analysed f ...	2005	15720666
mass spectral characterization of fatty acid amides from alfalfa trichomes and their deterrence against the potato leafhopper.	a homologous series of n-(3-methylbutyl)amides of normal saturated c14, c15, c16, c17 and c18 fatty acids were identified as major components of glandular trichome extracts from medicago sativa g98a, an alfalfa genotype resistant to the potato leafhopper, empoasca fabae. a second homologous series of n-(2-methylpropyl)amides of c14 through c18 normal fatty acids were minor components. saturated free fatty acids c12, c13, c14, c15, c16, c17 and c18 were present in trace amounts, as was the n-(3-m ...	2005	15721945
development of transgenic alfalfa plants containing the foot and mouth disease virus structural polyprotein gene p1 and its utilization as an experimental immunogen.	the use of transgenic plants as vectors for the expression of viral and bacterial antigens has been increasingly tested as an alternative methodology for the production of experimental vaccines. here, we report the production of transgenic alfalfa plants containing the genes encoding the polyprotein p1 and the protease 3c of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). the immunogenicity of the expressed products was tested using a mouse experimental model. parenterally immunized mice developed a strong ...	2005	15734052
immunoprotective properties of transgenic plants expressing e2 glycoprotein from csfv and cysteine protease from fasciola hepatica.	immune responses were elicited in laboratory animals after oral vaccination by transgenic plants (lettuce and alfalfa) expressing the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) or cysteine protease from fasciola hepatica. elisa analyses demonstrated that the oral route is effective in inducing a specific antibody response against these antigens in mice.	2005	15734053
[alfalfa growth and its relation with soil water status in loess hilly and gully region].	this paper studied the dynamics of alfalfa growth and its relation with the excessive depletion and resumption of soil water in loess hilly and gully region. the results showed that alfalfa could grow in this region for 10 years, being most flourishing at the forth and fifth year, but declined gradually because of the excessive depletion of soil water. from 0 to 35 cm above ground, the stem biomass was higher than the leaf biomass, and the ratio of stem to leaf was 1.7:1; at 40 cm above ground, ...	2005	15943352
[dynamics of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in alfalfa-crop rotated farmland in semiarid area of northwest china].	pasture-crop rotation is regarded as a key planting system in the semiarid area of china's loess plateau. this paper studied the dynamics of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter within the two years of alfalfa-crop rotation. the results showed that in comparing with continuous alfalfa planting, alfalfa-crop rotation induced a decline of soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents by 5.4% and 19.5%, and 46.8% and 28.2%, respectively, in the first and second year, but no significant di ...	2005	15943353
pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a rabbit doe (oryctolagus cuniculus).	pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (pci) is an infrequent condition of animals characterized by the existence of numerous thin-walled, gas-filled cystic structures within the intestinal wall and adjacent lymph nodes. microscopically, the cystic structures appear to be dilated lymphatics located in the lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis, subserosa, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes. this report describes a case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a rabbit doe from an organic farm wher ...	2005	15945383
effect of forage legumes and anthelmintic treatment on the performance, nutritional status and nematode parasites of grazing lambs.	recent studies in new zealand and the uk have shown that certain forages reduce parasitic infection in sheep. the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of legume forages compared to ryegrass on interactions between production, nutritional status and nematodes in grazing lambs. twenty-four male lambs per forage treatment, half of which were treated with anthelmintics on day 0, grazed monocultures of lucerne (medicago sativa), red clover (trifolium pratense) and white clover (trifo ...	2005	15946801
effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (hmb) and its isopropyl ester on milk production and composition by holstein cows.	the esterification of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (hmb) to isopropanol (hmbi) decreases the rate and extent of its ruminal breakdown. the modes of action of hmb and hmbi appear to be different. the quantification of the production response to hmbi has not been done. the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the lactation response to hmb, (2) to determine the lactation response to hmbi, and (3) to evaluate whether the response to hmbi is affected by hmb in the diet. sixty-one ...	2005	15956311
effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture.	eight continuous culture fermentors inoculated with ruminal liquor from heifers fed a 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet (17.6% crude protein, 28.0% neutral detergent fiber) were used in 3 replicated periods to study the effects of cinnamaldehyde (cin) and garlic oil (gar) on rumen microbial fermentation. treatments were no additive (negative control); 1.25 mg/l (mon) and 12.5 mg/l (mon10) of the ionophore antibiotic monensin (positive control); 31.2 mg/l cin (cin) and 312 mg/l (cin10) of cin; a ...	2005	15956313
varying protein and starch in the diet of dairy cows. i. effects on ruminal fermentation and intestinal supply of nutrients.	the main objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of the percentage and source of crude protein (cp) and the amount of starch in the diet of dairy cows on ruminal fermentation, nutrient passage to the small intestine, and nutrient digestibility. for this purpose, 6 multiparous holstein cows fistulated in the rumen and duodenum that averaged 73 d in milk were used in a 6 x 6 latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. two sources of cp [solvent-extracted s ...	2005	15956316
varying protein and starch in the diet of dairy cows. ii. effects on performance and nitrogen utilization for milk production.	the main objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of the percentage and source of crude protein (cp) and the amount of starch in the diet of dairy cows on the lactational performance and use of n for milk production. sixty multiparous holstein cows were used in a 210-d lactational trial with a completely randomized design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. two sources of cp [solvent-extracted soybean meal (sbm) and a mixture of sbm and a blend of animal-marine prote ...	2005	15956317
the effect of diets on milk production and composition, and on lactation curves in pastured dairy goats.	a 2-yr study investigated effects of different levels of concentrate supplementation on milk production, composition, and lactation curves in pastured dairy goats. for both years, 44 alpine goats (capra hircus; 55 +/- 11 kg body weight) were randomly allocated to 4 groups. animals were supplemented with 0.66 (treatments a and b), 0.33 (treatment c), or 0 kg of concentrate (treatment d) per kg of milk over 1.5 kg/d. mixed vegetative forages were rotationally grazed by the goats (treatments b, c, ...	2005	15956322
changes in ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in growing holstein heifers from 80 to 250 kg fed high-concentrate diets with different forage-to-concentrate ratios.	six holstein heifers (initial bw = 65.2 +/- 1.8 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a repeated measures trial to assess the effect of age and forage-to-concentrate ratio on ruminal fermentation end products and in situ degradation kinetics of four plant protein supplements (soybean meal, sunflower meal, peas, and lupin seeds). alfalfa hay also was incubated in situ to estimate ndf degradation. three experimental periods were conducted at 13, 27, and 41 wk of age. heifers were fed one o ...	2005	15956470
temporally distinct escherichia coli 0157 outbreaks associated with alfalfa sprouts linked to a common seed source--colorado and minnesota, 2003.	escherichia coli o157 outbreaks were identified in minnesota in february 2003 involving seven persons and in colorado in july 2003 involving 13 persons. case isolates from the two states had matching pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. independent case-control studies linked infections in each outbreak with eating alfalfa sprouts that were traced to the same seed distributor. the colorado sprouter reportedly complied with the food and drug administration (fda) sprout guidance, wher ...	2005	15962550
two new sinorhizobium meliloti lysr-type transcriptional regulators required for nodulation.	the establishment of an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between sinorhizobium meliloti and its legume host alfalfa (medicago sativa) depends on the timely expression of nodulation genes that are controlled by lysr-type regulators. ninety putative genes coding for lysr-type transcriptional regulators were identified in the recently sequenced s. meliloti genome. all 90 putative lysr genes were mutagenized using plasmid insertions as a first step toward determining their roles in symbiosis. two ...	2005	15968067
efficiency of echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs.	the aim of the present investigation was to examine the inclusion of the dried herb echinacea purpurea (l.) moench as feed additive in diets of sows, piglets, and grower/finisher pigs on growth performance, blood picture, plasma enzymes including proliferation of lymphocytes, antibody status, and protein and immune globulin content of colostrum. the control groups were supplemented with alfalfa meal. the sows (total 36) received 0%, 1.2%, or 3.6% echinacea cobs in the diet from day 85 to day 110 ...	2005	15972074
[cloning, deletion and functional analysis of noea from sinorhizobium meliloti 042bm].	042bm noea was obtained by pcr. it is identical to that of s. meliloti 1021 at 99% level, and similarity of their noea is 97%. in addition, it was found that this protein shares significant homology with the sam-dependent methyltransferase of mesorhizobium sp. bnc1 (32% similarity), and the similarity of its 303-362 region to the 160- 220 region of ll11 methyltransferases of e. coli (prma) is 41%. compared to 042bm, the noea deletion mutant 042bma-km showed different degrees of increase in numbe ...	2005	15989259
oral immunization with pbsvp6-transgenic alfalfa protects mice against rotavirus infection.	a critical factor in edible plant-derived vaccine development is adequate expression of the exogenous antigens in transgenic plants. we synthesized a codon-optimized gene (svp6) encoding the vp6 protein of human group a rotavirus and inserted it into the alfalfa genome using agrobacterium-mediated transformation. as much as 0.28% of the total soluble protein of the pbsvp6-transgenic alfalfa was svp6. female balb/c mice were gavaged weekly with 10 mg of transgenic alfalfa extract containing 24 mi ...	2005	15992851
metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in alfalfa.	the potential health benefits of dietary isoflavones have generated considerable interest in engineering the synthesis of these phytoestrogens into plants. genistein glucoside production (up to 50 nmol g(-1) fresh weight) was engineered in alfalfa (medicago sativa) leaves by constitutive expression of isoflavone synthase from medicago truncatula (mtifs1). glucosides of biochanin a (4'-o-methylgenistein) and pratensein (3'-hydroxybiochanin a) also accumulated. although mtifs1 was highly expressed ...	2005	16006598
effects of gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, alpha-copaene, and alpha-terpinene on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep.	although plant secondary chemistry influences shrub consumption by free-ranging ruminants, the effects of many specific compounds on herbivores have not been examined. we conducted four experiments to examine effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs. forty-five lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, alpha-copaene, or alpha-terpinene at one of five concentrations in an ethanol carrier. treatments (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 10x) were ...	2005	16024718