Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| incidence and importance of clostridium difficile in paediatric diarrhoea in brazil. | clostridium difficile strains were detected in 14 of 210 (6.7 %) faecal samples from children in rio de janeiro, brazil, by cultivating faeces on cycloserine/cefoxitin/fructose agar after alcohol-shock. two main groups of children were studied: inpatients (n = 96) and outpatients (n = 114). the inpatient group consisted of children on antibiotics or immunosuppressors who presented with diarrhoea and other children who did not present with diarrhoea and were not under an antibiotic or chemotherap ... | 2003 | 14614068 |
| cholera toxin protects against action by clostridium difficile toxin a. the role of antisecretory factor in intestinal secretion and inflammation in rat. | the protein antisecretory factor (af) inhibits intestinal fluid secretion induced by the cholera toxin (ct) and clostridium difficile toxin a (cda). the present work investigated whether ct-induced af protects against the enterotoxin action by cda. rats were pretreated perorally with ct or buffer as control, whereafter cda-induced fluid secretion and cytotoxicity was tested in vivo in ligated intestinal loops; the mucosal level of af was estimated using the western blot technique. rats given rep ... | 2003 | 14616550 |
| clindamycin-resistant, toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea among children hospitalized in a hematology unit. | 2003 | 14616719 | |
| a european survey of diagnostic methods and testing protocols for clostridium difficile. | to conduct a survey of the methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories in europe to diagnose infection with clostridium difficile. | 2003 | 14616740 |
| moxifloxacin-induced clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with pneumonia, urinary tract infection, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. after receiving moxifloxacin for 5 days, she experienced diarrhea with cramping and abdominal pain. she was diagnosed with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after c. difficile toxin was identified in a stool specimen. metronidazole was begun, and the cdad resolved with continued moxifloxacin administration. virtually any antibiotic can lead to devel ... | 2003 | 14620398 |
| cyclic phosphatidic acid elicits neurotrophin-like actions in embryonic hippocampal neurons. | cyclic phosphatidic acid (cpa; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-2,3-cyclic phosphate) is an analog of the growth factor-like phospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). as brain tissue is the richest source of cpa we tested its effects on hippocampal neurons from day 16/17 embryonic rat cultured in a serum-free medium. nanomolar concentrations of cpa elicited a neurotrophic effect and promoted neurite outgrowth that exceeded that of 50 ng/ml nerve growth factor (ngf). pertussis toxin, the lpa1/lpa3 rec ... | 2003 | 14622107 |
| activation of nf-kappab and il-8 by yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein is conferred by engagement of rac1 and map kinase cascades. | yersinia enterocolitica triggers activation of the nuclear factor (nf)-kappab and production of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin (il)-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. this activation is due to adhesion of the bacteria via their outer membrane protein invasin to the host cells. using clostridium difficile toxins that specifically inactivate small gtpases, and transfection of inhibitory proteins of the rho-gtpases, we demonstrate that rac1, but not cdc42 or rho, is required for activatio ... | 2003 | 14641180 |
| [fungemia after oral treatment with saccharomyces boulardii in a patient with multiple comorbidities]. | a 48-year-old diabetic with multiple co-morbidities presented with generalized micro- and macroangiopathy including peripheral artery disease stage iv with necroses in several digits of both feet. he was admitted to the department of surgery for the insertion of femoropopliteal bypasses. | 2003 | 14648435 |
| evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth. | clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia of intestinal origin are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. intestinal adsorbents are available for treatment of these conditions; however, little information exists supporting their use. | 2003 | 14649353 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a and b genes from stool samples of thai diarrheal patients by polymerase chain reaction technique. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile isolated from stools of thai adult patients with suspected antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) was 18.64 per cent. the recovery rate of toxin genes (tcda and tcdb) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from stool samples yielded almost the same compared to the recovery rate of the toxin detection by enzyme immunoassay (eia), which were 44.9 per cent and 46.7 per cent, respectively. correlation of toxin gene detection by pcr and toxin detection by eia was 90. ... | 2003 | 14650710 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital. | an apparent outbreak of enteric disease occurred in dogs and cats at a veterinary teaching hospital. clostridium difficile toxin a or b or both were identified in 1 or more fecal samples from 48 of 93 (52%) dogs over a 5-month period, 30 of which were identified in the 1st 26 days, after which strict infection control measures, including closure to elective cases, were implemented. affected animals included in-patients, out-patients that were housed temporarily in the wards, and resident blood d ... | 2003 | 14658717 |
| gene transfer into clostridium difficile cd630 and characterisation of its methylase genes. | ignorance of pathogenesis in clostridium difficile may be attributable to a lack of effective genetic tools. we have now shown that orit-based shuttle vectors may be conjugated from escherichia coli donors to the c. difficile strain cd630, at frequencies of around 10(-6) transconjugants per donor cell. transfer is unaffected by either sequences present on the vector or its methylation status. whilst the genome of this strain carries five methylase genes, there is no in silico or experimental evi ... | 2003 | 14659549 |
| prevention of fatal clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to toxigenic strains is prevented in hamsters by colonization by nontoxigenic c. difficile after administration of clindamycin (cm). to prevent cdad during treatment with antibiotics, we gave a cm-resistant nontoxigenic c. difficile strain, m13 (minimal inhibitory concentration [mic], >256 microg/ml), and a cm-susceptible strain, m3 (mic, 0.5 microg/ml), to hamsters receiving cm daily for days 1-5. either m13 or m3 was given orogastrically (1 x ... | 2003 | 14673773 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2003 | 12687790 | |
| efficient sporulation in clostridium difficile requires disruption of the sigmak gene. | a 14.6 kb prophage-like insertion, termed skincd, was found to interrupt the sigk gene, which encodes an rna polymerase sigma factor essential for sporulation, in six strains of clostridium difficile. until now, bacillus subtilis was the only spore-former shown to carry such an insertion, and the presence of the insertion is not required for efficient sporulation in this organism. the b. subtilis and c. difficile skin elements proved to be divergent in sequence, inserted at different sites withi ... | 2003 | 12694623 |
| coordinate regulation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells by the arp2/3 complex and rho gtpases. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can infect epithelial cells via the basolateral surface after breaching the intestinal epithelium, yet little is known about this process. here, we show that actin polymerization driven by the arp2/3 complex is critical to both basolateral and apical bacterial invasion of polarized mdck cells. while there is also a dependence upon toxin b-sensitive rho gtpases, none of the four gtpases known to be activated by s. enterica serovar typhimurium sope are indiv ... | 2003 | 12704163 |
| igg antibodies against microorganisms and atopic disease in danish adults: the copenhagen allergy study. | seropositivity to food-borne and orofecal microorganisms (hepatitis a virus, helicobacter pylori, and toxoplasma gondii ), which are considered to be markers of poor hygiene, has been reported to be associated with a lower prevalence of atopy. in contrast, colonization of the gut with clostridium difficile, a potential intestinal bacterial pathogen, in early childhood may be associated with a higher prevalence of atopy. | 2003 | 12704368 |
| a 5-year study of the bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhoea on the island of crete, greece, and their resistance to antibiotics. | during a 5-year period (1995-1999) a total of 7090 stool samples obtained from patients with acute diarrhoea, mostly community-acquired, were examined for bacterial pathogens, in the greek island of crete. one or more enteric pathogens were isolated from 987 patients (14%). salmonella enterica were the most commonly isolated bacteria (6%), followed by campylobacter spp. (4.2%), and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) (1.8%). yersinia enterocolitica (0.6%), shigella spp. (0.3%), and aeromona ... | 2003 | 12705628 |
| acute gastroenteritis in children : what role for antibacterials? | the aim of this article is to define the currently accepted role of antibacterials in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. most cases of acute gastroenteritis in children are viral, self-limited, and need only supportive treatment. appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, with close attention to nutrition, remain central to therapy.antibacterial therapy serves as an adjunct, to shorten the clinical course, eradicate causative organisms, reduce transmission, and prevent invasive ... | 2003 | 12716215 |
| [pseudo-membranous colitis]. | 2003 | 12722265 | |
| colonization and infection with multiple nosocomial pathogens among patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | to test the hypothesis that patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) have a higher frequency of colonization or infection with other nosocomial pathogens than do patients who are not colonized with vre. | 2003 | 12725351 |
| safety and tolerability of linezolid. | clinical trials have shown that linezolid (600 mg twice daily in adults) is safe and generally well tolerated for up to 28 days. drug-related adverse events, which are typically mild to moderate in intensity and of limited duration, include diarrhoea, nausea and headache in adults, and diarrhoea, loose stools and vomiting in children. clostridium difficile-related complications with linezolid are uncommon. linezolid is a weak, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor: foods containing high concent ... | 2003 | 12730142 |
| enteric flora and lymphocyte-derived cytokines determine expression of heat shock proteins in mouse colonic epithelial cells. | inducible heat shock proteins (hsps), particularly hsp25 and hsp72, are expressed by surface colonocytes and may have a role in protecting intestinal epithelial cells against injury. this study is aimed at determining if enteric bacteria and/or immune signals regulate their physiologic expression. | 2003 | 12730879 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea outbreak due to clostridium difficile in a vascular surgery department]. | clostridium difficile is considered the most common cause of nosocomial-acquired diarrhea. in spain this condition is rarely reported. | 2003 | 12732113 |
| surveillance of nosocomial infections in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation. | to identify overall and site-specific rates of nosocomial infections (nis) during the neutropenic, as compared to the non-neutropenic stage of treatment in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantation (bmt) and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation (pbsct), a prospective, 54-month study was started at the haematological stem cell transplantation unit of the university hospital of freiburg, germany. ni types were identified using modified cdc definitions. a total ... | 2003 | 12732887 |
| occupational exposure to cephalosporins leading to clostridium difficile infection. | 2003 | 12733860 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis causing toxic megacolon, severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. | 2003 | 12734650 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of canine clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens isolates to commonly utilized antimicrobial drugs. | clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli that are common causes of enteritis and enterotoxemias in both domestic animals and humans. both organisms have been associated with acute and chronic large and small bowel diarrhea, and acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome in the dog. the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of canine c. difficile and c. perfringens isolates in an effort to optimize antimicrobia ... | 2003 | 12742714 |
| hepatitis associated with clostridium difficile in an ostrich chick. | a live 19-day-old male ostrich chick was euthanized and necropsied. it was one of 12 chicks in a group in which 8 had died with history of anorexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. the birds had been treated with amikacin, piperacillin and enrofloxacin. necropsy of the ostrich revealed dehydration, mild ascites and serous atrophy of fat around the heart. the liver had numerous yellow tan foci on the capsular surface as well as on the cut surface. caecal contents were watery. microscopic examination o ... | 2003 | 12745381 |
| human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells are potent producers of il-6. | interleukin-6 (il-6), a pluripotent cytokine, has traditionally been considered the product of proinflammatory cells. however, many other cell types have been shown to produce il-6. since intestinal inflammation is commonly associated with a vigorous systemic inflammatory response, we hypothesized that intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells might contribute to that response by producing il-6. we therefore studied the capacity of differentiated human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle ... | 2003 | 12745542 |
| antibiotics and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. | a systematic review of studies that investigated the association of antibiotics with hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) was undertaken to summarize the strength of the evidence for this relationship. the results from the studies identified were considered after critically reviewing the design and conduct of each study. although the majority of studies found an association with various antibiotics, antibiotic classes or components of antibiotic administration, mos ... | 2003 | 12746372 |
| recurrent colitis with different causes. | 2003 | 12752856 | |
| mutational analysis of the enzymatic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b reveals novel inhibitors of the wild-type toxin. | toxin b (tcdb), a major clostridium difficile virulence factor, glucosylates and inactivates the small gtp-binding proteins rho, rac, and cdc42. in the present study we provide evidence that enzymatically inactive fragments of the tcdb enzymatic domain are effective intracellular inhibitors of native tcdb. site-directed and deletion mutants of the tcdb enzymatic region (residues 1 to 556), lacking receptor binding and cell entry domains, were analyzed for attenuation of glucosyltransferase and g ... | 2003 | 12761111 |
| gastrointestinal disorders and the critically ill. clostridium difficile infection and pseudomembranous colitis. | clostridium difficile causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from diarrhoea to pseudomembranous colitis, primarily in the hospitalized elderly, although community-acquired infection is probably under-documented. host factors are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of disease expression. exposure to antibiotics, particularly those adversely affecting anaerobic gut flora, appears to create a niche which is exploited by c. difficile. several retrospective and intervention studies have i ... | 2003 | 12763508 |
| cdc42 and rhoa are differentially regulated during arachidonate-mediated hela cell adhesion. | cell adhesion to extracellular matrix requires stimulation of an eicosanoid signaling pathway through the metabolism of arachidonate by 5-lipoxygenase to leukotrienes and cyclooxygenase-1/2 to prostaglandins, as well as activation of the small gtpase signaling pathway involving cdc42 and rho. these signaling pathways direct remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during the adhesion process, specifically the polymerization of actin during cell spreading and the bundling of actin filaments when cell ... | 2003 | 12767056 |
| evidence to support the existence of subgroups within the uk epidemic clostridium difficile strain (pcr ribotype 1). | we used three different dna fingerprinting techniques and clindamycin susceptibility testing to confirm that clostridium difficile pcr ribotype i isolates can be divided into two subclones. this observation may permit a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of c. difficile infection. | 2003 | 12767851 |
| pseudomembranous and neutropenic enterocolitis in pediatric oncology patients. | neutropenic enterocolitis in oncological patients represents a wide spectrum of clinicopathological pictures each with its own entity. early diagnosis of enterocolitis can lead to improved supportive care and therefore better outcome. we present two cases--patient a, a child with pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile, and patient b, a child with neutropenic enterocolitis, where no organism was found. by allowing an insight into the pathology, immunology and culture results, we ... | 2003 | 12768402 |
| current indications for blow-hole colostomy:ileostomy procedure. a single center experience. | because of improved medical care and surgical techniques blow-hole colostomy with loop ileostomy is now rarely performed to reduce operative risks in patients with toxic megacolon related to inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). we reviewed patient charts to identify continuing indications for this procedure. | 2003 | 12774252 |
| effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut. | clostridium difficile is recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen. c. difficile infection (cdi) is thought to arise as a result of depletion of the normal gut flora by antimicrobial agents. cefotaxime (ctx) is well-known for its propensity to cause cdi, but the reasons behind its particular predisposition to the disease remain unclear. previous investigations have so far relied upon the hamster model of cdi or human volunteers. we have used a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut t ... | 2003 | 12775682 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following an open fracture: complications occur, even with straightforward trauma and straightforward decisions. | 2003 | 12776090 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. | the authors report the case of a 46-year-old woman who presented with vomiting and profuse bloody diarrhea. laboratory studies were significant for a hematocrit of 27% and lactate dehydrogenase of 5,394 u/l (5,394 u/l). her renal function deteriorated rapidly with a peak creatinine of 12.4 mg/dl (1,096.4 micromol/l), and platelet count dropped simultaneously to a nadir of 123,000/microl (123 x 10(9)/l]. schistocytes were observed in peripheral blood smear. stool was positive for clostridium diff ... | 2003 | 12778432 |
| fluoroquinolone use and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we performed a case-control study to evaluate the association between antibiotic use and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), matching for admission unit and time at risk for cdad. a multivariable regression model showed that treatment with fluoroquinolones (odds ratio 12.7; 95% confidence interval 2.6 to 61.6) was the strongest risk factor for cdad. | 2003 | 12781017 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. treatment and prevention of recurrence]. | 2003 | 12784510 | |
| arthritis associated with enteric infection. | reactive arthritis is classically seen following infection with enteric pathogens such as yersinia, salmonella, campylobacter and shigella. inflammatory arthritis has also been described following other enteric infection with organisms such as clostridium difficile, brucella and giardia. furthermore, arthritis is seen in whipple's disease, caused by the actinomycete tropheryma whippelii. this chapter reviews the current understanding of these conditions (with the exception of brucella, which is ... | 2003 | 12787523 |
| neonatal piglet losses associated with escherichia coli and clostridium difficile infection in a slovakian outdoor production unit. | 2003 | 12788023 | |
| hypotonicity induces membrane protrusions and actin remodeling via activation of small gtpases rac and cdc42 in rat-1 fibroblasts. | an important consequence of cell swelling is the reorganization of the f-actin cytoskeleton in different cell types. we demonstrate in this study by means of rhodamine-phalloidin labeling and fluorescence microscopy that a drastic reorganization of f-actin occurs in swollen rat-1 fibroblasts: stress fibers disappear and f-actin patches are formed in peripheral extensions at the cell border. moreover, we demonstrate that activation of both rac and cdc42, members of the family of small rho gtpases ... | 2003 | 12788692 |
| evaluation of repetitive element sequence-based pcr as a molecular typing method for clostridium difficile. | repetitive element sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) is a typing method that enables the generation of dna fingerprinting that discriminates bacterial strains. in this study, we evaluated the applicability of rep-pcr in typing clostridium difficile clinical isolates. the results obtained by rep-pcr were compared with those obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and pcr ribotyping. a high correspondence between pattern differentiations produced by rep-pcr and pfge was observed, whereas pc ... | 2003 | 12791864 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ph-027 versus linezolid and other anti-anaerobic antimicrobials against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile and other anaerobic bacteria. | ph-027 is a new 5-triazole oxazolidinone synthesized in our laboratories, which shows strong activity against gram-positive aerobic bacteria including clinical isolates. the objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of this compound in comparison with linezolid and other antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes. the in vitro activity of ph-027 in comparison with those of linezolid and other antimicrobial agents was evaluated against 201 clinical isolat ... | 2003 | 12797385 |
| rho protein inhibition blocks cyclooxygenase-2 expression by proinflammatory mediators in endothelial cells. | rho proteins participate in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells. we made use of clostridium difficile toxin b-10643 (tcdb-10463) which inhibites rhoa/rac1/cdc42 to analyze their role in expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) in endothelial cells (ec). pretreatment of ec with tcdb-10643 prevented lipopolysaccharide (lps)-or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha)-related cox-2 expression but had no effect on cox-1 protein levels. tcdb-10463 preincubat ... | 2003 | 12797548 |
| rho protein-mediated changes in the structure of the actin cytoskeleton regulate human inducible no synthase gene expression. | rho proteins (rho, rac, cdc 42) are known to control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton as well as gene expression. inhibition of rho proteins by clostridium difficile toxin b disrupted the f-actin cytoskeleton and enhanced cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression in human epithelial cells. also specific inhibition by y-27632 of p160rock, which mediates rho effects on actin fibers, caused a disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and a superinduction of cytokine-in ... | 2003 | 12799187 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a pediatric hospital. | this retrospective cohort analysis examined the risk factors, symptoms, and severity of disease associated with c. difficile in pediatric inpatients. risk factors for a c. difficile-positive test were an oncologic diagnosis, diarrhea of more than 2 days' duration, and gastrointestinal symptoms, especially abdominal pain. over a 3.5-year period, there was a total of 22 c. difficile-positive patients, and most had mild, self-limiting diarrheal illness. no cases of c. difficile diarrhea were identi ... | 2003 | 12800729 |
| [gene-engineering approach for the production of a and b toxin fragments for diagnostic and immunotherapeutic use in clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficle is a causative agent of severe and difficult-to-diagnose human infections. toxins a and b, which modify the ras-like proteins of eukaryotic cells, are the major factor in the pathogenicity of the discussed causative agent. these very toxins are considered as the key components of the developed diagnostic and therapeutic-and-preventive preparations. the c-terminal fragments of toxins a and b as well as hybrid products, consisting of fragments of both toxins, were cloned, with ... | 2003 | 12800770 |
| toxin b of clostridium difficile activates human vip submucosal neurons, in part via an il-1beta-dependent pathway. | this study investigated whether toxin b of clostridium difficile can activate human submucosal neurons and the involved pathways. isolated segments of human colon were placed in organ culture for 3 h in the presence of toxin b or il-1beta. whole mounts of internal submucosal plexus were stained with antibodies against c-fos, neuron-specific enolase (nse), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip), and substance p (sp). the membrane potential (vm) response of submucosal neurons to local application ... | 2003 | 12801886 |
| infectious complications in patients receiving mobilization chemotherapy for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection. | the purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate infectious complications in patients receiving mobilization chemotherapy for stem cell collection prior to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. an additional goal was to evaluate risk factors associated with the development of infectious complications. at the medical college of georgia bmt center, 54 patients were administered mobilization chemotherapy for the purpose of collecting stem cells between june, 1997, and may, 2 ... | 2003 | 12804174 |
| the host cell chaperone hsp90 is essential for translocation of the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin into the cytosol. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin is the prototype of the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins and consists of the binding component c2ii and the enzyme component c2i. the activated binding component c2iia forms heptamers, which bind to carbohydrates on the cell surface and interact with the enzyme component c2i. this toxin complex is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. in acidic endosomes, heptameric c2iia forms pores and mediates the translocation of c2i into the cytosol. we report that th ... | 2003 | 12805360 |
| restriction of third generation cephalosporin use reduces the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. | third generation cephalosporin antibiotics (3gc) have become the antibiotics of choice in many hospitals in recent years for the treatment of infections such as community-acquired pneumonia. however, increased use of 3gcs has also been associated with a rise in the occurrence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile, as well as an increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistant organisms such as methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant entrococc ... | 2003 | 12807270 |
| non-antibiotic therapies for infectious diseases. | the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant organisms in the general community is a potentially serious threat to public health. the emergence of antibiotic resistance has not yet prompted a radical revision of antibiotic utilisation. instead it has prompted the development of additional antibiotics. unfortunately, this does not relieve the underlying selection pressure that drives the development of resistance. a paradigm shift in the treatment of infectious disease is necessary to prevent a ... | 2003 | 12807291 |
| clostridium difficile in a geriatric unit: a prospective epidemiological study employing a novel s-layer typing method. | clostridium difficile is the major identifiable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the uk. the aim of this study was to employ traditional culture, toxin detection and a novel typing method to determine the level of c. difficile colonization and disease in a population of elderly patients and to investigate the association between strains in the patients and their environment. three hundred and ninety patients between 62 and 101 years of age admitted to a geriatric unit in the royal vic ... | 2003 | 12808079 |
| treatment of ulcerative colitis using fecal bacteriotherapy. | although the etiology of idiopathic ulcerative colitis (uc) remains poorly understood, the intestinal flora is suspected to play an important role. specific, consistent abnormalities in flora composition peculiar to uc have not yet been described, however clostridium difficile colitis has been cured by the infusion of human fecal flora into the colon. this approach may also be applicable to the treatment of uc on the basis of restoration of flora imbalances. | 2003 | 12811208 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: predictors of severity in patients presenting to the emergency department. | experiences with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) were reviewed to determine predictors of severity in patients presenting from the community. | 2003 | 12813602 |
| prevalence of asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization in a nursing home population: a cross-sectional study. | we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic clostridium difficile in a nursing home population. | 2003 | 12813999 |
| clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. | 2003 | 12574241 | |
| six rapid tests for direct detection of clostridium difficile and its toxins in fecal samples compared with the fibroblast cytotoxicity assay. | clostridium difficile is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial gastrointestinal disease. risk factors include prior antibiotic therapy, bowel surgery, and the immunocompromised state. direct fecal analysis for c. difficile toxin b by tissue culture cytotoxin b assay (cba), while only 60 to 85% sensitive overall, is a common laboratory method. we have used 1,003 consecutive, nonduplicate fecal samples to compare six commercially available immunoassays (ia) for c. difficile detection with ... | 2003 | 12574264 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile in feces by real-time pcr. | clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis. the pathogenicity of c. difficile is closely related to the production of toxins a and b. toxigenic c. difficile detection by a tissue culture cytotoxin assay is often considered the "gold standard." however, this assay is time consuming, as it implies an incubation period of at least 24 h. we have developed a rapid real-time fluorescence-based multiplex pcr ass ... | 2003 | 12574274 |
| [antibiotic induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis]. | the spore-forming anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. oral and parenteral administration of antibiotics can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth by pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as c. difficile. c. difficile infection shows a range of clinical presentations between an asymptomatic carrier stat ... | 2003 | 12574886 |
| [hospital hygiene is important]. | 2003 | 12574887 | |
| clostridium difficile infection--an unusual cause of refractory pouchitis: report of a case. | ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice for selected patients with severe ulcerative colitis. pouchitis is a common complication of this procedure, with most cases responding to treatment with metronidazole, possibly with the addition of 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs and steroids. can frequently colonize the colon after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, giving rise to diarrhea or colitis. the aim of this report was to describe the first case of -associated diarrhe ... | 2003 | 12576902 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with inflammatory pseudotumor in a liver transplant recipient. | the aim of this report is to describe a rare complication of clostridium difficile (cd) disease, the occurrence of an inflammatory pseudotumor that caused intestinal obstruction in a liver transplant recipient. a 9-month-old girl underwent liver transplantation for biliary atresia. she was given tacrolimus as primary immunosuppressive therapy. three months after liver transplantation, she presented with febrile protracted bloody diarrhea and failure to thrive. a diagnosis of post-transplant lymp ... | 2003 | 12581333 |
| corticosteroid treatment of severe, non-responsive clostridium difficile induced colitis. | clostridium difficile can cause inflammatory diarrhoea and colitis by disrupting normal colonic flora. corticosteroids are effective against diarrhoea associated with inflammatory bowel disease, but their effectiveness in treating inflammatory diarrhoea of c difficile has not been reported. in this preliminary report, we describe the use of corticosteroids in a child with severe c difficile diarrhoea and colitis refractory to standard treatments. | 2003 | 12651766 |
| expression of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and their sigma factor tcdd is controlled by temperature. | growth temperature was found to control the expression of toxins a and b in clostridium difficile vpi 10463, with a maximum at 37 degrees c and low levels at 22 and 42 degrees c in both peptone yeast (py) and defined media. the up-regulation of toxin a and b mrna and protein levels upon temperature upshift from 22 to 37 degrees c followed the same kinetics, showing that temperature control occurred at the level of transcription. experiments with clostridium perfringens using gusa as a reporter g ... | 2003 | 12654792 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile in the community. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea and the causative agent of antibiotic-associated colitis. the involvement of c. difficile infection in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the community is poorly documented. | 2003 | 12656693 |
| identification and screening for antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus species isolated from healthy infant faeces. | the antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile of 109 lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from 32 healthy korean infants was measured. the ability to show similar activity against escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus was also looked for. twelve of the 109 lab showed activity against c. difficile and 19 strains were active against e. coli o157:h7, but none against s. aureus. four strains had antimicrobial activity against both c. difficile and e. coli o157:h7. of the 12 st ... | 2003 | 12672580 |
| sudden increase of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections in a korean tertiary care hospital: possible consequences of increased use of oral vancomycin. | a sudden increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) infections was noted in 1998 in a tertiary care hospital in korea. all of the vre isolated in 1998 in the hospital were vana type and most were multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium. the increase in vre was probably due to the increased use of oral vancomycin to treat clostridium difficile infections and clonal as well as horizontal spread. more restricted oral vancomycin use and stricter infection control measures are required to ac ... | 2003 | 12673410 |
| association of clostridium difficile infection with collagenous colitis. | 2003 | 12590248 | |
| effectiveness and appropriateness of empiric metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | although clostridium difficile is the most common infectious etiology of nosocomial diarrhea, noninfectious causes are far more common. empiric initiation of therapy for all patients is of unknown value. the aim of this study was to determine benefits of empiric metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2003 | 12591054 |
| nondigestible oligosaccharides enhance bacterial colonization resistance against clostridium difficile in vitro. | clostridium difficile is the principal etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis and is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. a limited degree of success in controlling c. difficile infection has been achieved by using probiotics; however, prebiotics can also be used to change bacterial community structure and metabolism in the large gut, although the effects of these carbohydrates on suppression of clostridial pathogens have not been well characterized. the aims of this ... | 2003 | 12676665 |
| cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis following combination therapy with doxorubicin and docetaxel. | we report a case of cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) following combination therapy with docetaxel and doxorubicin. this clinical syndrome has not been previously reported with this combination. in particular, this is the first report of non-clostridium difficile-associated pmc with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. docetaxel is principally metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome p450 mixed-function oxidases, in particular by the isoform cyp3a. this patient was on long-term eryth ... | 2003 | 12679738 |
| impact of changes in antibiotic policy on clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) over a five-year period in a district general hospital. | the impact of changes in antibiotic policy on clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), over a five-year period between 1995 and 2000, were studied in the preston acute hospitals trust. in 1996 the policy was changed in the preston acute hospitals trust from cefotaxime to ceftriaxone for initial treatment of severe sepsis or pneumonia in medical patients. over the next nine months the average number of patients with c. difficile toxin-positive stools per quarter increased from 16 to 39. ... | 2003 | 12818582 |
| comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | to determine how best to decontaminate the hospital environment of clostridium difficile, we carried out a cross-over study on two elderly medicine wards to determine whether cleaning with a hypochlorite disinfectant was better than using neutral detergent in reducing the incidence of c. difficile infection (cdi). we examined 1128 environmental samples in two years, 35% of which grew c. difficile. there was a significant decrease of cdi incidence on ward x, from 8.9 to 5.3 cases per 100 admissio ... | 2003 | 12818583 |
| in vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria. | by using an agar dilution method, the in vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, and five other agents were determined against 300 gram-positive and 54 gram-negative strains of intestinal anaerobes. ramoplanin was active at <or=2 microg/ml against 287 of 300 (95.7%) gram-positive organisms, including 18 strains of clostridium difficile for which mics of ramoplanin were 0.25 to 0.5 microg/ml; for 3 of these, linezolid mics were 8 to 16 micro g/ml. nineteen clostridium ... | 2003 | 12821492 |
| involvement of enteric nerves in permeability changes due to deoxycholic acid in rat jejunum in vivo. | stress and clostridium difficile toxin a increase epithelial permeability in the small intestine via vagus and visceral afferents, in turn activating mucosal mast cells. bile acids also increase epithelial permeability but it is not known if nerves or mast cells are involved in this effect in the small intestine. | 2003 | 12823182 |
| gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of emergency and office visits. this article reviews causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. the incidence of antibiotic-associated colitis is increasing worldwide as a consequence of widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for various illnesses. the pathogenic organism, clostridium difficile, produces two enterotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, that cause colonic mucosal inflammation. c. difficile infection presents with a wide range o ... | 2003 | 12825250 |
| recurrent extraintestinal clostridium difficile infection. | 2003 | 12829209 | |
| clinical role of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. | the use of beta-lactamase inhibitors in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics is currently the most successful strategy to combat a specific resistance mechanism. their broad spectrum of activity originates from the ability of respective inhibitors to inactivate a wide range of beta-lactamases produced by gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic and even acid-fast pathogens. clinical experience confirms their effectiveness in the empirical treatment of respiratory, intra-abdominal, and skin an ... | 2003 | 12834367 |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile strains isolated from 18 cases of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) occurs in 15 to 20% of patients after discontinuation of treatment. arbitrarily primed pcr was used to investigate the epidemiology of recurrent cdad in 18 patients. reinfection with a new strain occurred in 6 of 18 patients (33.3%), while 12 patients relapsed with the original strain shortly after discontinuation of treatment. these data suggest that reinfection with exogenous c. difficile is a common problem and that not all recurr ... | 2003 | 12843107 |
| mechanism of quinolone resistance in anaerobic bacteria. | several recently developed quinolones have excellent activity against a broad range of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and are thus potential drugs for the treatment of serious anaerobic and mixed infections. resistance to quinolones is increasing worldwide, but is still relatively infrequent among anaerobes. two main mechanisms, alteration of target enzymes (gyrase and topoisomerase iv) caused by chromosomal mutations in encoding genes, or reduced intracellular accumulation due to increased effl ... | 2003 | 12848726 |
| antecedent use of fluoroquinolones is associated with resistance to moxifloxacin in clostridium difficile. | moxifloxacin is characterized by high activity against gram-positive cocci and some gram-positive and -negative anaerobes, including clostridium difficile. this study investigates the role of prior quinolone use in relation to patterns of susceptibility of c. difficile to moxifloxacin. | 2003 | 12848728 |
| a parent as a vector of salmonella brandenburg nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. | a newborn baby was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) of st germain en laye hospital (france) because of premature birth. on day 12, he contracted gastroenteritis due to salmonella brandenbourg. the salmonellosis led to a septic shock syndrome with a brief cardiopulmonary arrest. he was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and gentamicin, and the evolution was favorable. microbiological investigations revealed that the mother was the vector for this nosocomial infection. s. bran ... | 2003 | 12848735 |
| a comparison of two feeding methods in the alleviation of diarrhoea in older tube-fed patients: a randomised controlled trial. | to compare the effect of two feeding methods on older tube-fed patients suffering from diarrhoea. | 2003 | 12851181 |
| recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibodies directed against clostridium difficile toxin b produced by use of an optimized phage display system. | recombinant antibody cloning and phage display technologies were used to produce single-chain antibodies (scfv) against clostridium difficile toxin b. the starting material was the mouse b cell hybridoma line 5a8, which generates a monoclonal antibody against the toxin. the integrated cloning, screening, and phage display system of krebber et al. (j. immunol. methods 201:35-55, 1997) allowed us to rapidly obtain toxin b-binding scfv sequences derived from the hybridoma cell line. the best candid ... | 2003 | 12853390 |
| clostridium difficile infections related to antibiotic use and infection control facilities in two university hospitals. | we investigated whether a reduction in antibiotic use at the aker university hospital (aker) led to a reduction in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). we compared the incidence of cdad in aker and tromsoe university hospitals (tromsoe) and related it to antibiotic use and facilities for infection control between 1993-2001. for this purpose we also performed point prevalence studies. total antibiotic use was the same in the two hospitals. in spite of a reduction in the use of broad ... | 2003 | 12855235 |
| proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is the main infectious cause of colitis in hospital inpatients. the incidence is increasing, and it is associated with significant mortality, morbidity, and increased length of stay. the main risk factor is use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and antibiotic restriction is the most effective control measure. we carried out a retrospective case-control study to investigate whether use of proton pump inhibitors (ppi) was an additional risk factor. ppi use within the preceding e ... | 2003 | 12855243 |
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its treament has depressed immunocompetence. | 2003 | 12866612 | |
| comparative study on apoptosis induction of smmc7721 and vero cells by clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is recognized as a frequent cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea. this study was designed to investigate whether clostridium difficile toxin a might induce apoptosis on human hepatoma cell line smmc7721 and african green monkey kidney vero cells. | 2003 | 12866963 |
| transcription and analysis of polymorphism in a cluster of genes encoding surface-associated proteins of clostridium difficile. | recent investigations of the clostridium difficile genome have revealed the presence of a cluster of 17 genes, 11 of which encode proteins with similar two-domain structures, likely to be surface-anchored proteins. two of these genes have been proven to encode proteins involved in cell adherence: slpa encodes the precursor of the two proteins of the s-layer, p36 and p47, whereas cwp66 encodes the cwp66 adhesin. to gain further insight into the function of this cluster, we further focused on slpa ... | 2003 | 12867455 |
| prevalent pcr ribotypes of clinical and environmental strains of clostridium difficile isolated from intensive-therapy unit patients in kuwait. | ninety-five isolates of clostridium difficile from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and 18 from their environment in the intensive-therapy units (itus) of four teaching hospitals in kuwait were typed by pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping). a total of 32 different ribotypes was detected among the clinical isolates. the predominant ribotypes from the clinical isolates were types 097 and 078, which accounted for approximately 40 % of all isolates in the itus in ... | 2003 | 12867566 |
| failure of intravenous linezolid to treat clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | 2003 | 12868561 | |
| [high incidence and complications of clostridium difficile diarrhea among patients with renal diseases]. | clostridium difficile is the main agent causing antimicrobial associated nosocomial diarrhea. chronic renal failure is a risk factor for this type of diarrhea. | 2003 | 12870234 |
| collagenous colitis associated with clostridium difficile: a cause effect? | 2003 | 12870798 | |
| clinical correlation of toxin and common antigen enzyme immunoassay testing in patients with clostridium difficile disease. | the aim of the present study was to assess the correlation of triage micro clostridium difficile panel and toxin b cytotoxicity assay with the clinical diagnosis of c. difficile diarrhea. | 2003 | 12873579 |