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research and characterization of pathogenic vibrios from bathing water along the conero riviera (central italy).the occurrence and pathogenicity of vibrios in bathing water were investigated along the conero riviera (adriatic sea, central italy). vibrio spp. enumeration was performed on thiosulfate-citrate-bile-salts-sucrose-agar by the membrane filter method, and identification was done through a biochemical protocol. all isolates were tested for the presence of cytotoxicity, protease, lipase, elastase, gelatinase, urease, haemolytic activity, ctx, tdh and trh genes by conventional methods. in all, 200 v ...200717619048
seaweeds as a reservoir for diverse vibrio parahaemolyticus populations in japan.gastroenteritis caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus has recently been associated with foods prepared with seaweeds, but little is known about the bacterium's abundance and diversity among seaweeds in coastal environment. therefore, we determined its phenotypic and genotypic diversity in relation to its seasonal abundance in seawater and seaweed samples from three areas of kii channel, japan during june 2003 to may 2004. isolates were obtained by selective enrichment of samples and detection of v. ...200717629976
development of a multiplex real-time pcr assay with an internal amplification control for the detection of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria in oysters.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an estuarine bacterium that is the leading cause of shellfish-associated cases of bacterial gastroenteritis in the united states. our laboratory developed a real-time multiplex pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh), thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), and thermostable-related hemolysin (trh) genes of v. parahaemolyticus. the tlh gene is a species-specific marker, while the tdh and trh genes are pathogenicity markers. an internal ...200717644647
identification and characterization of vopt, a novel adp-ribosyltransferase effector protein secreted via the vibrio parahaemolyticus type iii secretion system 2.vibrio parahaemolyticus strain rimd2210633 has two sets of genes encoding two separate type iii secretion systems (t3sss), called t3ss1 and t3ss2. t3ss2 has a role in enterotoxicity and is present only in kanagawa phenomenon-positive strains, which are pathogenic to humans. accordingly, t3ss2 is considered to be closely related to v. parahaemolyticus human pathogenicity. despite this, the biological actions of t3ss2 and the identity of the effector protein(s) secreted by this system have not bee ...200717645751
[pathogenic vibrios in oysters (crassostrea rhizophorae) served at restaurants in rio de janeiro: a public health warning].forty oyster samples (crassostrea rhizophorae) served raw in 15 restaurants in the city of rio de janeiro were evaluated in order to investigate the presence of vibrio spp. the oyster samples were analyzed and subjected to enrichment in alkaline peptone water with the addition of 1 and 3% nacl and incubated at 37 degrees c for 24 hours. following this, the cultures were seeded onto thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar (tcbs) and the suspected colonies were subjected to biochemical characterizat ...200717653465
intragenomic heterogeneity and intergenomic recombination among vibrio parahaemolyticus 16s rrna genes.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium bearing 11 copies of ribosomal operons. in some strains, such as rimd2210633, the genome includes identical copies of 16s rrna genes (rrs). however, it is known that other strains of the species, such as strains atcc 17802 and rimd2210856, show conspicuous intragenomic rrs heterogeneity. the extent and diversity of the rrs heterogeneity in v. parahaemolyticus were studied in further detail by characterization of the rrs copies in environmental isolat ...200717660428
analysis of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks in china between 1994 and 2005.to gain an understanding of the outbreaks of bacterial foodborne diseases and the subsequent health impact, we reviewed 2447 papers from journals published in china that reported 1082 bacterial foodborne disease cases occurring between 1994 and 2005. among the 1082 outbreaks of bacterial foodborne disease for which the etiology was determined, vibrio parahaemolyticus caused the most outbreaks, followed by salmonella, and clostridium botulinum led to the most deaths. most of the outbreaks occurre ...200717666075
[analysis of major phenotypes and hemolysin-related genotypes of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical and seafood samples].vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative, halophilic bacterium that inhabits the marine and estuarine environments. it is an important human pathogen causing gastroenteritis when raw or partially-cooked seafoods are consumed. its pathogenicity is believed to be related to hemolysins such as thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), tdh-related hemolysin (trh) and thermolabile hemolysin (tlh). pcr method was used to examine three different hemolysin genes in isolates from clinical and seafood sample ...200717672315
nitrogen fixation by vibrio parahaemolyticus and its implications for a new ecological niche.a vibrio parahaemolyticus strain isolated from the rhizosphere of the ecosystem dominant estuarine grass, spartina alterniflora, was characterized and shown to carry nifh, the gene encoding the nitrogenase iron protein, and to fix n(2). nitrogen fixation may contribute substantially to the adaptability, niche breadth, and ecological significance of v. parahaemolyticus.200717675440
inhibitory effect of melastoma candidum d. don acetone extract on foodborne pathogenic bacteria survival in food products.melastoma candidum d. don, a taiwanese folk medicinal plant, has high levels of antibacterial and bactericidal activity. our aim was to determine whether and to what extent an acetone extract of this plant inhibits the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. m. candidum acetone extract had marked inhibitory effect on test bacteria introduced into sliced pork, which was then stored at 4 degrees c. at the end of storage (day 12), the bacterial concentrations dropped by 1.59 to 2.91 log cfu/g comp ...200717685331
a novel multiplex pcr assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of five pathogenic bacteria: escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, and vibrio parahaemolyticus.rapid and sensitive detection techniques for foodborne pathogens are important to the food industry. however, traditional detection methods rely on bacterial culture in combination with biochemical tests, a process that typically takes 4 to 7 days to complete. thus, this study was conducted to address the issue of time lag inherent in traditional methods by developing a novel pcr assay for each of five foodborne pathogenic bacteria. this new system consists of a simultaneous screening method usi ...200717685339
identification of a novel endochitinase from a marine bacterium vibrio proteolyticus strain no. 442.chitin binding proteins prepared from vibrio proteolyticus were purified and the n-terminal amino-acid sequence of a protein from a 110-kda band on sds-page was found to be 85-90% identical to the 22nd-41st residues of the n-termini of chitinase a precursor proteins from other vibrios. we cloned the corresponding gene, which encodes a putative protein of 850 amino acids containing a 26-residue signal sequence. the chitinase precursor from v. proteolyticus was 78-80% identical to those from vibri ...200717690022
antimicrobial susceptibilities of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus isolates from louisiana gulf and retail raw oysters.the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 168 vibrio parahaemolyticus and 151 vibrio vulnificus isolates recovered from 82 louisiana gulf and retail oysters in 2005 and 2006 were determined. overall, the two vibrios remained susceptible to the majority of antimicrobials tested; reduced susceptibility was detected only in v. parahaemolyticus for ampicillin (81%; mic > or = 16 microg/ml). additionally, v. parahaemolyticus displayed significantly higher mics for cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycl ...200717827331
rumphellolides a-f, six new caryophyllane-related derivatives from the formosan gorgonian coral rumphella antipathies.six new caryophyllane-related natural products, including two carboxylated sesquiterpenoids, rumphellolides a (1) and b (2), and four norsesquiterpene alcohols, rumphellolides c-f (3-6), were isolated from the formosan gorgonian coral rumphella antipathies. the structures of the above new natural products were established on the basis of extensive spectral data analysis. rumphellolides a (1), d (4), e (5), and f (6) showed weak antibacterial activity.200717827751
molecular characterization of goose-type lysozyme homologue of large yellow croaker and its involvement in immune response induced by trivalent bacterial vaccine as an acute-phase protein.lysozyme acts as an innate immunity molecule against the invasion of bacterial pathogens. here, the cdna of a goose-type lysozyme (g-lysozyme) was cloned from large yellow croaker (pseudosciana crocea) by expressed sequence tags (est) and race-pcr techniques. the full-length cdna of large yellow croaker g-lysozyme (lycgl) is 716 nucleotides (nt) encoding a protein of 193 amino acids (aa), with a theoretical molecular weight of 21.3kda. the deduced lycgl possessed the typical structural features ...200717850883
[acute vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in dakar].the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological features of gastroenteritis due to vibrio parahaemolyticus diagnosed during the 2004 and 2005 cholera outbreak in senegal.200717855034
[distribution, serotype and virulent genotype of vibrio parahaemolyticus in commercial seafood in zhoushan]. 200717877188
vopa inhibits atp binding by acetylating the catalytic loop of mapk kinases.the bacterial pathogen vibrio parahemeolyticus manipulates host signaling pathways during infections by injecting type iii effectors. one of these effectors, vibrio outer protein a (vopa), inhibits mapk signaling via a novel mechanism, distinct from those described for other bacterial toxins, that disrupts this signaling pathway. vopa is an acetyltransferase that potently inhibits mapk signaling pathways not only by preventing the activation of mapk kinases (mkks) but also by inhibiting the acti ...200717881352
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens isolated from food products in china.this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and escherichia coli o157:h7 in chinese food products. the prevalence of these pathogens was 3.46%, 5.79%, 7%, 0.24%, and 0%, respectively. raw meats were mainly contaminated with salmonella (39/365, 10.7%), l. monocytogenes (26/365, 7.1%), and s. aureus (40/365, 11%), while cooked food products were mainly contaminated with l. monocytogenes (45/384, 11.7 ...200717883311
pulsenet usa standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of vibrio parahaemolyticus.pulsenet is a national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance composed of public health and food regulatory agencies. participants employ molecular subtyping of foodborne pathogens using a standardized method of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) for conducting laboratory-based surveillance of foodborne pathogens. the pulsenet standardized pfge protocols are developed through a comprehensive testing process. the reproducibility of the protocol undergoes an internal e ...200717883312
a novel multiplex pcr for the identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus.to establish a simple multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that will identify vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus.200717897378
effect of natural preservatives on the growth of histamine producing bacteria.present study deals with the hampering of the growth of histamine producing bacteria (hpb), by using nacl and spices which are easily available and cheaper cost wise. for this experiment, four strains of hpb viz. vibrio parahaemolyticus, bacillus cereus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus mirabilis were tested against 1 to 10% concentrations of nacl and 1 to 5% concentrations of natural preservatives (turmeric, ginger and garlic) in a basal medium. hpb showed different growth rates at different ...200717915763
variability of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in northern gulf of mexico water and oysters.vibrio parahaemolyticus is indigenous to coastal environments and a frequent cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis in the united states, primarily due to raw-oyster consumption. previous seasonal-cycle studies of v. parahaemolyticus have identified water temperature as the strongest environmental predictor. salinity has also been identified, although it is evident that its effect on annual variation is not as pronounced. the effects of other environmental factors, both with respect to the seaso ...200717921270
expression and immunogenicity analysis of two iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of vibrio parahaemolyticus.genes of two iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of vibrio parahaemolyticus zj2003, a pathogenic strain isolated from large yellow croaker (pseudosciaena crocea), psua and pvua, were cloned and expressed as n-terminal his(6)-tagged proteins in escherichia coli bl(21)(de(3)). the recombinant fusion proteins were purified with nickel chelate affinity chromatography. to analyze the immunogenicity of the proteins, groups of large yellow croaker were immunized with the purified recombinant psua, p ...200717928925
arp2/3-independent assembly of actin by vibrio type iii effector vopl.microbial pathogens use a variety of mechanisms to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton during infection. vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. para) is a gram-negative bacterium that causes gastroenteritis, and new pandemic strains are emerging throughout the world. analysis of the v. para genome revealed a type iii secretion system effector, vopl, encoding three wiskott-aldrich homology 2 domains that are interspersed with three proline-rich motifs. infection of hela cells with v. para induces the formation o ...200717942696
the first outbreak of acute diarrhea due to a pandemic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 in kolkata, india. 200716793305
purification and characterization of a lectin from the banana shrimp fenneropenaeus merguiensis hemolymph.a lectin from the hemolymph of the banana shrimp fenneropenaeus merguiensis was purified by affinity chromatography on a fetuin-agarose column following by gel filtration on a superose-12 column. the native molecular mass of purified f. merguiensis lectin (fml) determined by gel filtration was 316.2 kda and its carbohydrate content was estimated to be 4.4%. by sds-page analysis, purified fml consisted of 32.3 kda and 30.9 kda subunits. these data suggest that this lectin is an oligomer. two-dime ...200716934939
vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus necrotising fasciitis in fishermen visiting an estuarine tropical northern australian location.three cases of severe necrotising fasciitis due to vibrio vulnificus (two cases) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (one case, fatal), have occurred in caucasian tourists while fishing at a remote tropical northern australian estuarine area. infections were acquired over a 4-year period during the tourist fishing season (april to july 2000-2003), when water temperatures range from 23 to 30 degrees c. they are notable for their geographical clustering in the remote western aspect of the gulf of carpenta ...200716890991
a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing scheme for vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from fifteen countries.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne pathogen in taiwan and many other maritime asian countries where seafood is frequently consumed. a total of 535 strains of v. parahaemolyticus were recovered mostly (97%) from clinical samples obtained in taiwan or in 14 other countries. these strains were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis following sfii digestion and a typing scheme was generated. the 115 different patterns identified were grouped into 13 types with dissimilarity values ...200717161487
rapid detection of vibrio species using liquid microsphere arrays and real-time pcr targeting the ftsz locus.the development of rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio species would be useful for the surveillance of sporadic infections and management of major outbreaks. comparative sequence analysis of the ftsz gene in the predominant vibrio species that cause human disease revealed distinct alleles for each examined species, including vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. light upon extension (lux) real-time pcr assays were developed to target the ...200717172518
comparison of different biochemical and molecular methods for the identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus.multicentre evaluation of biochemical and molecular methods for the identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus.200717184339
use of linear, weibull, and log-logistic functions to model pressure inactivation of seven foodborne pathogens in milk.survival curves of six foodborne pathogens suspended in ultra high-temperature (uht) whole milk and exposed to high hydrostatic pressure at 21.5 degrees c were obtained. vibrio parahaemolyticus was treated at 300 mpa and other pathogens, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus were treated at 600 mpa. all the survival curves showed a rapid initial drop in bacterial counts followe ...200717188197
tetrameric structure of thermostable direct hemolysin from vibrio parahaemolyticus revealed by ultracentrifugation, small-angle x-ray scattering and electron microscopy.the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) is a major virulence factor of vibrio parahaemolyticus. we have characterized the conformational properties of tdh by small-angle x-ray scattering (saxs), ultracentrifugation and transmission electron microscopy. sedimentation equilibrium and velocity studies revealed that the protein is tetrameric in aqueous solvents. the guinier plot derived from saxs data provided a radius of gyration of 29.0 a. the elongated pattern with a shoulder of a pair distance d ...200717056060
rapid separation and concentration of food-borne pathogens in food samples prior to quantification by viable-cell counting and real-time pcr.buoyant density gradient centrifugation has been used to separate bacteria from complex food matrices, as well as to remove compounds that inhibit rapid detection methods, such as pcr, and to prevent false-positive results due to dna originating from dead cells. applying a principle of buoyant density gradient centrifugation, we developed a method for rapid separation and concentration following filtration and low- and high-speed centrifugation, as well as flotation and sedimentation buoyant den ...200717056684
global dissemination of vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype o3:k6 and its serovariants.vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as a cause of food-borne gastroenteritis, particularly in the far east, where raw seafood consumption is high. an unusual increase in admissions of v. parahaemolyticus cases was observed at the infectious diseases hospital in calcutta, a city in the northeastern part of india, beginning february 1996. analysis of the strains revealed that a unique serotype, o3:k6, not previously isolated during the surveillance in calcutta accounted for 50 to 80% of the infe ...200717223622
rapid detection and enumeration of trh-carrying vibrio parahaemolyticus with the alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probe.an alkaline phosphatase (ap)-labelled oligonucleotide probe was developed to detect and enumerate trh(+)vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood. the probe was evaluated using 40 isolates of v. parahaemolyticus, 45 isolates of other vibrios and 55 non-vibrio isolates. the probe reacted specifically with v. parahaemolyticus possessing either the trh1 or trh2 variant of the trh gene and was found to be 100% specific for trh(+)v. parahaemolyticus. using the trh probe, v. parahaemolyticus carrying trh gen ...200717227431
molecular characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus strains associated with foodborne illness in florida.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of bacterial seafood-based illness in the united states. real-time pcr, pandemic group-specific pcr, ribotyping, and multilocus sequence typing were used to characterize 30 strains of v. parahaemolyticus including 11 strains associated with foodborne outbreaks in florida and 6 known pandemic strains. thirteen strains were positive for four pandemic group-specific pcr markers, including 5 strains associated with outbreaks in florida. molecular typing m ...200717969625
development of a new water sterilization device with a 365 nm uv-led.ultraviolet (uv) irradiation is an effective disinfection method. in sterilization equipment, a low-pressure mercury lamp emitting an effective germicidal uvc (254 nm) is used as the light source. however, the lamp, which contains mercury, must be disposed of at the end of its lifetime or following damage due to physical shock or vibration. we investigated the suitability of an ultraviolet light-emitting diode at an output wavelength of 365 nm (uva-led) as a sterilization device, comparing with ...200717978842
the role of vanadium in the chemical defense of the solitary tunicate, phallusia nigra.ascidians (sea squirts) may defend themselves from predators, biofouling competitors, and bacterial infection by producing secondary metabolites or sequestering acid, but many species also accumulate heavy metals, most notably vanadium. the defensive functions of heavy metals in ascidians remain unclear, and to this end, the solitary caribbean tunicate, phallusia nigra, was studied to localize vanadium in its tissues and to assess the defensive properties of vanadium-containing compounds. as det ...200717265174
sodium-independent low-affinity d-glucose transport by human sodium/d-glucose cotransporter 1: critical role of tryptophan 561.although there is no evidence of significant na-independent glucose flux in tissues naturally expressing sglt1, previous kinetic and biophysical studies suggest that sodium/d-glucose cotransporter 1 (hsglt1) can facilitate sodium-independent d-glucose transport and may contain more than one sugar binding site. in this work, we analyze the kinetic properties and conformational states of isolated hsglt1 reconstituted in liposomes by transport and fluorescence studies in the absence of sodium. in t ...200717288452
virulence gene- and pandemic group-specific marker profiling of clinical vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic bacterium capable of causing food- and waterborne gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia in humans. the organism has recently received increasing attention, as the emergence of a new clone, v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6, has resulted in the first documented pandemic spread of v. parahaemolyticus. we used microarray analyses to explore the presence of known virulence factors and genetic markers thought to be specific for v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 and ...200717301274
intussusception in a young female with vibrio gastroenteritis and diabetic ketoacidosis.the incidence of functional intussusception is extremely rare in adults. a 23-year-old woman, previously diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (dm), complained of colicky abdominal pain associated with vomiting of 1-day duration. currant jelly stool was observed. irrespective of hydration and intravenous insulin injection under the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (dka), her abdominal pain and laboratory parameters did not improve. abdominal computerized tomography (ct) revealed a jejunojeju ...200717301511
identification of vibrio isolates by a multiplex pcr assay and rpob sequence determination.vibrio, a diverse genus of aquatic bacteria, currently includes 72 species, 12 of which occur in human clinical samples. of these 12, three species--vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus-account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. rapid and accurate identification of vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species and biochemical identification requires 2 or more days to complete. to facilitate the identifi ...200717093013
inhibitory activity of thai condiments on pandemic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus.antibacterial activity of 13 condiments used in thai cooking was investigated with a pandemic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus. using a disk diffusion technique, freshly squeezed extracts from galangal, garlic and lemon, at a concentration of 10 microl/disk produced a clear zone of 13.6+/-0.5, 11.6+/-0.5 and 8.6+/-1.2mm, respectively. the inhibitory activity of these 3 condiments on pandemic strains was not significantly different from that on non-pandemic strains of v. parahaemolyticus. becaus ...200717189767
descriptive epidemiology of vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrio species infections in british columbia: 2001-2006. 200718161203
contamination of community water sources by potentially pathogenic vibrios following sea water inundation.potentially pathogenic members of the vibrionaceae family including vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahemolyticus were isolated from domestic sources of drinking water in coastal villages following sea water inundation during the tsunami in southern india. phenotypic and genotypic studies were done to confirm the identity and detection of toxins. vibrio-gyr (gyrase b gene) was detected in all sixteen vibrio isolates. toxin regulating genes i.e.: ctx gene, tdh gene, and trh gene, however were not de ...200718697592
production and secretion of a recombinant vibrio parahaemolyticus chitinase by escherichia coli and its purification from the culture medium.an open reading frame encoding the chitinase gene and its signal sequence was cloned from the vibrio parahaemolyticus kn1699 genome. an expression plasmid containing the gene was introduced into escherichia coli cells, and recombinant chitinase (pa-rchi) was produced and secreted into the culture medium with the aid of the signal peptide. pa-rchi was purified and its substrate specificity was determined.200717986788
vibrio infections in louisiana: twenty-five years of surveillance 1980-2005.a total of 1,007 vibrio infections were reported to the infectious disease epidemiology department at the louisiana office of public heath, between 1980 and 2005. the most common were vibrio vulnificus (257 infections), vibrio parahemolyticus (249 infections), and vibrio cholerae non o1 (200 cases). other species were much less common. vibrio vulnificus infections, which are associated with consumption of raw seafood (particularly oysters) or contact with sea water, and severe immuno-suppression ...200717987958
sterilization using 365 nm uv-led.there are several methods used for sterilization. in those methods chlorine, heat and uv rays are traditionally used. in recent years, the uv sterilization is taken notice as a sterilization method that the sterilized object does not change in quality and is environment-friendly. in this paper, an uv-led is focused because it does not contain harmful substance and has longer operating life. the results have showed that complete germicidal effects for e. coli and vibrio parahaemolyticus by uv-led ...200718003342
expression and characterization of a metalloprotease from a vibrio parahaemolyticus isolate.the extracellular zinc metalloprotease from vibrio parahaemolyticus (vpm) is a putative virulence factor for host infection. it is synthesized from the vpm gene of v. parahaemolyticus as a polypeptide of 814 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 89,833 da, containing a zinc metalloprotease hexxh consensus motif. to investigate the enzymatic properties of v. parahaemolyticus metalloprotease, the mature vpm gene was overexpressed in escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein (rvpm) wa ...200718026209
vibrio parahaemolyticus elevates interferon alpha production in intestinal-like epithelial caco-2 cells.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis from seafood consumption. we tried to determine how the gene expression levels of intestinal-like epithelial cells (caco-2 cells) and mouse intestinal loop mucosal cells change upon infection with this bacterium. since we found the robust production of interferon alpha (ifn-alpha) by the v. parahaemolyticus infection, we also assessed the upregulation of a number of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). the expressions of ifn protein were de ...200718026229
a decrease in the proportion of infections by pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus in hat yai hospital, southern thailand.infection by the pandemic clone of vibrio parahaemolyticus is prevalent in southern thailand. this study actively surveyed the incidence of v. parahaemolyticus infection in this area. a total of 865 isolates of v. parahaemolyticus was obtained from patients at hat yai hospital, the main public hospital in songkhla province, thailand, from 2000 to 2005. the isolates were examined by group-specific pcr (gs-pcr) specific for the pandemic clone, and for the presence of two major virulence genes, tdh ...200718033832
antibacterial activity of guava (psidium guajava l.) and neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) extracts against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria.the antibacterial activity of guava (psidium guajava) and neem (azadirachta indica) extracts against 21 strains of foodborne pathogens were determined--listeria monocytogenes (five strains), staphylococcus aureus (four strains), escherichia coli o157:h7 (six strains), salmonella enteritidis (four strains), vibrio parahaemolyticus, and bacillus cereus, and five food spoilage bacteria: pseudomonas aeroginosa, p. putida, alcaligenes faecalis, and aeromonas hydrophila (two strains). guava and neem e ...200718041957
recovery in culture of viable but nonculturable vibrio parahaemolyticus: regrowth or resuscitation?the objective of this study was to explore the recovery of culturability of viable but nonculturable (vbnc) vibrio parahaemolyticus after temperature upshift and to determine whether regrowth or resuscitation occurred. a clinical strain of v. parahaemolyticus vp5 was rendered vbnc by exposure to artificial seawater (asw) at 4 degrees c. aliquots of the asw suspension of cells (0.1, 1 and 10 ml) were subjected to increased temperatures of 20 degrees c and 37 degrees c. culturability of the cells ...200718043621
new water disinfection system using uva light-emitting diodes.to evaluate the ability of high-energy ultraviolet a (uva) light-emitting diode (led) to inactivate bacteria in water and investigate the inactivating mechanism of uva irradiation.200718045413
bactericidal effect of tio2 on the selected vibrio parahaemolyticus and optimization using response surface methodology.in this work, the bactericidal effect of tio2 on selected typical food pathogenic bacteria, vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied. v parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen of humans and aqua-cultured animals. we established the response surface methodology (box-behnken design) to investigate the effect of principal parameters on the cell sterilization such as tio2 concentration, uv illumination time, temperature, and ph. the sterilization rate reached maximum value at the tio2 concentration of ...200718047042
vmeab, an rnd-type multidrug efflux transporter in vibrio parahaemolyticus.genes vmea and vmeb, encoding a multidrug efflux transporter in the halophilic bacterium vibrio parahaemolyticus, have been cloned using a drug-hypersusceptible escherichia coli strain as the host. cells of e. coli kam33 (deltaacrab deltaydhe) carrying the vmeab region from v. parahaemolyticus conferred much higher mics for a variety of antimicrobial agents than did control cells. cells possessing vmeab under energized conditions maintained very low intracellular concentrations of ethidium. this ...200718048926
evaluation of different polymerase chain reaction methods for the identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated by cultural methods.control of contamination by vibrio parahaemolyticus in fishery products is often hampered by the lack of standardized methods and by the uncertainty associated with biochemical identification of the isolates. in this study, 5 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for the identification of v. parahaemolyticus to the species level were evaluated by using 25 vibrio reference strains and 163 isolates from fishery products, environmental sources, and clinical samples. sequence targets of the method ...200718193736
comparative genomic analysis using microarray demonstrates a strong correlation between the presence of the 80-kilobase pathogenicity island and pathogenicity in kanagawa phenomenon-positive vibrio parahaemolyticus strains.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative marine bacterium. a limited population of the organisms causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. almost all of the clinical v. parahaemolyticus isolates exhibit beta-type hemolysis on wagatsuma agar, known as the kanagawa phenomenon (kp). kp is induced by the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by the organism and has been considered a crucial marker to distinguish pathogenic strains from nonpathogenic ones. since 1996, so-called "pandemic clones," th ...200818195030
ethanol shock changes the fatty acid profile and survival behavior of vibrio parahaemolyticus in various stress conditions.vibrio parahaemolyticus 690, a clinical strain, was subjected to ethanol shock in the presence of 5% ethanol for a period of 30 and 60 min. survival behaviors of the ethanol shocked and control cells of v. parahaemolyticus in the presence of h(2)o(2) (20 ppm), crystal violet (3 ppm), nacl (20%), and low ph solution (ph 4.4) containing various organic acids including lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid (25 mm) were compared. in addition, the effects of ethanol shock on the fat ...200818206778
translocation of vp1686 upregulates rhob and accelerates phagocytic activity of macrophage through actin remodeling.here, we report that vibrio parahaemolyticus induces a rapid remodeling of macrophage actin and activates rhob gtpase. mutational analysis revealed that the effects depend on type iii secretion system 1 regulated translocation of a v. parahaemolyticus effector protein, vp1686, into the macrophages. remodeling of actin is shown to be necessary for increased bacterial uptake followed by initiation of apoptosis in macrophages. this provides evidence for functional association of the vp1686 in trigg ...200818239436
vibrios in association with sedimentary crustaceans in three beaches of the northern adriatic sea (italy).in the marine environment, vibrios adhere to a number of substrates including chitin-rich organisms such as crustaceans. their wide diffusion in coastal waters and pathogenic potential require knowledge of the lifestyle and environmental reservoirs of these bacteria. to test the presence of culturable vibrios in coastal areas and their association with benthic crustaceans, vibrios were isolated from water, sediments and crustaceans (copepods and anphipods) at three stations placed in front of he ...200818243247
molecular cloning and responsive expression of macrophage expressed gene from small abalone haliotis diversicolor supertexta.the complete cdna sequence of macrophage expressed gene (sampeg1), a perforin-like molecule, was isolated from small abalone (haliotis diversicolor supertexta) by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the full-length cdna of sampeg1 was 2781 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (utr) of 252 bp, a 3'-terminal utr of 342 bp with a signal sequence taa and a poly (a) tail, and an open reading frame of 2184 bp. the deduced protein (sampeg1) was composed of 728 a ...200818255313
multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis distinguishes vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic o3:k6 strains.a specific serotype of vibrio parahaemolyticus, o3:k6, has recently been linked to epidemics of gastroenteritis in southeast asia, japan, and north america. these pandemic o3:k6 strains appear to have recently spread across continents from a single origin to reach global coverage, based on profiling of strains by several molecular typing methods. in this study, variable-number tandem repeats (vntr)-based fingerprinting was applied to clinical and environmental v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 strains i ...200818258320
variation of extracellular proteases produced by vibrio vulnificus clinical isolates: genetic diversity of the metalloprotease gene (vvp), and serine protease secretion by vvp-negative strains.vibrio vulnificus is a causative agent of septicemia or wound infection in human and eel; however, the genetic variation between human and eel isolates has been reported. in the present study, the difference in the vvp gene encoding a tissue-damaging metalloprotease was investigated. the gene of strain e86 from a diseased eel (type b vvp) was 95.2% identical with that of strain l-180 from human blood (type a vvp). pcr using oligonucleotide primers designed to differentiate two types of the gene ...200818262748
[epidemiology and laboratories: the missing link on the plans to study and prevent infectious diseases in chile].viral meningitis, hantavirus and vibrio parahaemolyticus infections are used as examples to demonstrate that important shortcomings and limitations exist in chile to study the epidemiology of infectious diseases with modern methods. the lack of a national network of well-connected local and national microbiology laboratories is one of these important shortcomings. the author summarizes the evolution of the systems and institutions that deal with the infectious diseases in the world and in chile.200818273517
determination of molecular phylogenetics of vibrio parahaemolyticus strains by multilocus sequence typing.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important human pathogen whose transmission is associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood. there is a growing public health concern due to the emergence of a pandemic strain causing severe outbreaks worldwide. many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolution and population structure of v. parahaemolyticus. in this work, we describe a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for v. parahaemolyticus based on the internal fragment sequences of seve ...200818281404
quorum sensing influences vibrio harveyi growth rates in a manner not fully accounted for by the marker effect of bioluminescence.the light-emitting vibrios provide excellent material for studying the interaction of cellular communication with growth rate because bioluminescence is a convenient marker for quorum sensing. however, the use of bioluminescence as a marker is complicated because bioluminescence itself may affect growth rate, e.g. by diverting energy.200818301749
rapid detection of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus by a sensitive and specific duplex pcr-hybridization probes assay using lightcycler.to develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) hybridization probe assay for rapid and specific detection of thermostable direct haemolysin-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus.200818312565
environmental vibrio spp., isolated in mozambique, contain a polymorphic group of integrative conjugative elements and class 1 integrons.circulation of mobile genetic elements linked to drug resistance spread was studied in vibrio strains isolated from surface urban water (river and sea) and shellfish samples in 2002-2003 in maputo, mozambique. class 1 integrons and integrating conjugative elements (ice) were investigated by pcr and mating experiments in strains of major health interest: 10 vibrio cholerae, six vibrio parahaemolyticus, two vibrio alginolyticus and one vibrio fluvialis. resistance to at least two antibiotics (pred ...200818318712
orf334 in vibrio phage kvp40 plays the role of gp27 in t4 phage to form a heterohexameric complex.kvp40 is a t4-related phage, composed of 386 open reading frames (orfs), that has a broad host range. here, we overexpressed, purified, and biophysically characterized two of the proteins encoded in the kvp40 genome, namely, gp5 and orf334. homology-based comparison between kvp40 and its better-characterized sister phage, t4, was used to estimate the two kvp40 proteins' functions. kvp40 gp5 shared significant homology with t4 gp5 in the n- and c-terminal domains. unlike t4 gp5, kvp40 gp5 lacked ...200818326574
vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar o3:k6 gastroenteritis in northeast brazil.to examine the virulence factors and the genetic relationship isolates of the serogroup o3 of vibrio parahaemolyticus in outbreaks of diarrhoea in the northeast region of brazil.200818341555
evaluation of restriction enzymes for standardizing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for rapid subtyping of vibrio parahaemolyticus.we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the restriction enzymes with rare-cutting sites in the genome of vibrio parahaemolyticus rimd 2210633 for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis. the evaluation indicated that pfge with both noti and sfii was discriminatory, but noti was more cost-effective. based on the results of this study, we suggest using noti and sfii as the 1st and the 2nd restriction enzyme for standardizing the pulsenet pfge protocol for molecular subtyping and global sur ...200818343074
[investigation and culture of microbial contaminants of caulerpa lentillifera (sea grape)].caulerpa lentillifera is a kind of edible seaweed, known as 'sea grape' or 'green caviar'. it is used in fresh salads. however, it is sensitive to low temperature and osmotic pressure, and is easily spoilt by storage in a refrigerator or washing with tap water. that is the reason why it is difficult to prevent food poisoning, especially due to vibrio parahaemolyticus. in this study we investigated of marine bacteria and v. parahaemolyticus in c. lentillifera and cultured them in order to develop ...200818344653
vibrio parahaemolyticus inhibition of rho family gtpase activation requires a functional chromosome i type iii secretion system.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis; however, its virulence mechanisms are not well understood. the identification of type iii secreted proteins has provided candidate virulence factors whose functions are still being elucidated. genotypic strain variability contributes a level of complexity to understanding the role of different virulence factors. the ability of v. parahaemolyticus to inhibit rho family gtpases and cause cytoskeletal disruption was examin ...200818347050
bacteria flora and heavy metals in cultivated oysters crassostrea iredalei of setiu wetland, east coast peninsular malaysia.slipper oyster crassostrea iredalei is a species of good demand for its sweet flavor and white coloured flesh. the filter feeding nature predisposes oysters to accumulation of pathogenic and heavy metals in waters impacted by sewage pollutions and may thus render the oysters unfit for human consumption. a study was undertaken to investigate the presence of bacteria flora and heavy metal concentrations in cultivated oysters crassostrea iredalei at setiu wetland, terengganu, the only source of cul ...200818369732
occurrence of pandemic clones of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood and clinical samples in a chinese coastal province.fifty-four isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus were examined for hemolytic and urease-producing phenotypes as well as presence of virulence markers by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all clinical isolates (11/11, 100%) and one out of 42 isolates from seafood (2.4%) possessed the tdh gene and showed hemolysis. this tdh-positive seafood isolate as well as four clinical isolates belonged to the new pandemic clone o3:k6 according to serotyping and sequencing of the toxrs locus. the new o3:k6 clone, ...200818370608
increased prevalence of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in vembanadu lake: a function of salt water regulator, along south west coast of india.prevalence of faecal indicator bacteria, escherichia coli and pathogenic bacteria, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and salmonella were analysed in vembanadu lake (9 degrees 35'n 76 degrees 25'e), along south west coast of india for a period of one year from ten stations on the southern and northern sides of a salt water regulator constructed in vembanadu lake in order to prevent incursion of seawater during certain periods of the year. while the northern side of the lake has a connectio ...200818401119
quantitative modeling for risk assessment of vibrio parahaemolyticus in bloody clams in southern thailand.a risk assessment of vibrio parahaemolyticus in bloody clams (anadara granosa) consumed in southern thailand was conducted. this study estimated the prevalence and concentration of pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus in bloody clams at harvest and retail stages; and during this process, methods to detect the total and pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus were investigated. consumption of bloody clams and cooking efficiency were studied using interviews and on-site observation of consumers. a beta-poisson d ...200818405992
differential gene expression and extracellular secretion of the collagenolytic enzymes by the pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus, a causative agent of wound infections as well as food poisoning, harbors two collagenase genes: vppc and prtv. when cultivated at 26 degrees c in gelatin broth supplemented with 3.0% nacl, significant collagenolytic activity was detected in the culture supernatant at the early stationary phase. native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a 90-kda protein, and n-terminal amino acid sequencing showed that this protein was vppc, generated through truncation ...200818422626
the development of rapid real-time pcr detection system for vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oyster.to develop a new rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based detection system for vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) applicable to raw oyster samples.200818422939
first clinical report of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 infection in italy. 200818448694
state transitions of vibrio parahaemolyticus vbnc cells evaluated by flow cytometry.vibrio parahaemolyticus, in response to environmental conditions, may be present in a viable but nonculturable state (vbnc), which can still be responsible for cases of infectious diseases in humans.200818500741
on the origin and function of an insertion element vpai-1 specific to post-1995 pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus strains.since 1995, new virulent strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus have emerged and spread throughout the world. these "pandemic" strains have four strain specific genomic islands (gis), which are considered to be potential factors of the pandemicity. we investigated the origin and function of 24 genes in the so-called vpai-1, one of the four gis, by searching homologs in various species in bacteria and archaea. of these 24 genes, two are found only in vibrio vulnificus cmcp6 and shewanella sp. mr-7. t ...200818506094
[application of pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis in source-tracking of food-borne disease caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus].to apply pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis(pfge) in analysing a case of food poisoning caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus.200818512325
isolation and molecular characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh, low-temperature preserved, dried, and salted seafood products in two coastal areas of eastern china.a total of 1293 seafood samples from fishing farm, retail markets, restaurants and cooking rooms of hotels in jiangsu province and shanghai city of china were collected and analyzed for the prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus during july to october in 2007. two hundred and fifty one isolates of v. parahaemolyticus were identified, of which 8 isolates were positive for tdh and 2 were positive for trh gene. three tdh positive isolates were identified from low-temperature preserved seafood sample ...200818514344
pathogenetic characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical and seafood sources.a total of 216 vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood and clinical samples in eastern china were investigated for their hemolytic and urea-producing phenotypes, presence of putative virulence genes tdh and trh. twenty-one clinical isolates (84%, 21/25) and 3 seafood isolates (1.57%, 3/191) were tdh-positive while only 3 clinical isolates (12%) and 7 seafood isolates (3.66%) were positive for trh gene. we further examined the pathogenicity of selected v. parahaemolyticus isolates in in vit ...200818538875
a model of the effect of temperature on the growth of pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in korea.vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as the leading cause of human gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of seafood. the objective of this study was to model the growth kinetics of pathogenic and nonpathogenic v. parahaemolyticus in broth and oyster slurry. primary growth models of v. parahaemolyticus in broth and oyster slurry fit well to a modified gomperz equation (broth r(2)=0.99; oyster slurry r(2)=0.96). the lag time (lt), specific growth rate (sgr), and maximum population densi ...200818541160
identification of two translocon proteins of vibrio parahaemolyticus type iii secretion system 2.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) translocon complex is composed of several associated proteins, which form a translocation channel through the host cell plasma membrane. these proteins are key molecules that are involved in the pathogenicity of many t3ss-positive bacteria, because they are necessary to deliver effector proteins into host cells. a t3ss designated t3ss2 of vibrio parahaemolyticus is thought to be related to the enterotoxicity of this bacterium in humans, but the effector trans ...200818541652
the ecology of vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in north carolina estuaries.while numerous studies have characterized the distribution and/or ecology of various pathogenic vibrio spp., here we have simultaneously examined several estuarine sites for vibrio vulnificus, v. cholerae, and v. parahaemolyticus. for a one year period, waters and sediment were monitored for the presence of these three pathogens at six different sites on the east coast of north carolina in the united states. all three pathogens, identified using colony hybridization and pcr methods, occurred in ...200818545963
conditions for high pressure inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters.the objective of this study was to identify the high pressure processing conditions (pressure level, time, and temperature) needed to achieve a 5-log reduction of vibrio parahaemolyticus in live oysters (crassostrea virginica). ten strains of v. parahaemolyticus were separately tested for their resistances to high pressure. the two most pressure-resistant strains were then used as a cocktail to represent baro-tolerant environmental strains. to evaluate the effect of temperature on pressure inact ...200818547664
challenges associated with heterologous expression of flavobacterium psychrophilum proteins in escherichia coli.a two-parameter statistical model was used to predict the solubility of 96 putative virulence-associated proteins of flavobacterium psychrophilum (csf259-93) upon over expression in escherichia coli. this analysis indicated that 88.5% of the f. psychrophilum proteins would be expressed as insoluble aggregates (inclusion bodies). these solubility predictions were verified experimentally by colony filtration blot for six different f. psychrophilum proteins. a comprehensive analysis of codon usage ...200818551344
type iii secretion system 1 genes in vibrio parahaemolyticus are positively regulated by exsa and negatively regulated by exsd.vibrio parahaemolyticus harbours two distinct type iii secretion systems (t3ss1 and t3ss2). a subset of 10 t3ss1 genes are transcribed when v. parahaemolyticus is grown in tissue culture medium [dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (dmem)], while transcription of these genes (except exsd) is minimal upon growth in luria-bertani-salt (lb-s). transcription of t3ss1 genes and cytotoxicity towards hela cells was prevented by deletion of exsa while complementation with exsa restored these traits. overe ...200818554322
genetic analyses of the putative o and k antigen gene clusters of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus.pandemic v. parahaemolyticus strains have rapidly changed their serotypes, but its determinants, especially k antigen, and the genes involved in serotype have been an open question. the purpose of this study was to gain insights into these points. although v. parahaemolyticus is known to be lacking o-side chain on its lipopolysaccharide, and o antigens are thought to be represented by core os, the genome sequence of v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 strain rimd2210633 suggests that this bacterium potent ...200818557895
evaluation and validation of a pulsenet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping vibrio parahaemolyticus: an international multicenter collaborative study.the pandemic spread of vibrio parahaemolyticus is an international public health issue. because of the outbreak potential of the organism, it is critical to establish an internationally recognized molecular subtyping protocol for v. parahaemolyticus that is both rapid and robust as a means to monitor its further spread and to guide control measures in combination with epidemiologic data. here we describe the results of a multicenter, multicountry validation of a new pulsenet international standa ...200818579720
molecular analysis of the emergence of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is abundant in the aquatic environment particularly in warmer waters and is the leading cause of seafood borne gastroenteritis worldwide. prior to 1995, numerous v. parahaemolyticus serogroups were associated with disease, however, in that year an o3:k6 serogroup emerged in southeast asia causing large outbreaks and rapid hospitalizations. this new highly virulent strain is now globally disseminated.200818590559
detection of a functional insertion sequence responsible for deletion of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) in vibrio parahaemolyticus.the thermostable direct hemolysin coded by the tdh gene is a marker of virulent strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus. the tdh genes are flanked by insertion sequences collectively named as isvs or their remnants; but the isvs so far examined have accumulated mutations in the transposase genes and underwent structural arrangements and their transposition activity could not be expected; the tdh gene was thus considered to have been acquired by v. parahaemolyticus through horizontal transfer in the p ...200818598741
the crystal structure of a sodium galactose transporter reveals mechanistic insights into na+/sugar symport.membrane transporters that use energy stored in sodium gradients to drive nutrients into cells constitute a major class of proteins. we report the crystal structure of a member of the solute sodium symporters (sss), the vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/galactose symporter (vsglt). the approximately 3.0 angstrom structure contains 14 transmembrane (tm) helices in an inward-facing conformation with a core structure of inverted repeats of 5 tm helices (tm2 to tm6 and tm7 to tm11). galactose is bound ...200818599740
enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006.in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ...200818604503
antibacterial action of l-amino acid oxidase from the skin mucus of rockfish sebastes schlegelii.l-amino acid oxidase (lao) shows broadly antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by h(2)o(2) generated in the oxidative process of l-amino acids. however, lao (termed ssap) isolated from the rockfish sebastes schlegelii skin mucus acted selectively on gram-negative bacteria. therefore, this study was undertaken to clarify the antibacterial action of ssap as compared with h(2)o(2). ssap inhibited potently the growth of aeromonas salmonicida, photobacterium damselae ...200818055243
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