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nontypeable haemophilus influenzae induces cox-2 and pge2 expression in lung epithelial cells via activation of p38 mapk and nf-kappa b.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an important respiratory pathogen implicated as an infectious trigger in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but its molecular interaction with human lung epithelial cells remains unclear. herein, we tested that the hypothesis that nthi induces the expression of cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 and prostaglandin e2 (pge2) via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and nuclear factor (nf)-kappa b in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells.200818237405
purification of alpha1-antichymotrypsin from human plasma with recombinant m. catarrhalis ubiquitous surface protein a1.alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (act) inhibits chymotrypsin-like enzymes, particularly neutrophil cathepsin g. moreover, act in its native form suppresses chemotaxis of neutrophils and decreases neutrophil production of superoxide radicals. we recently showed that moraxella catarrhalis ubiquitous surface protein (usp) a1 is able to specifically bind act in the context of a novel virulence mechanism. in this study, we report that recombinant uspa1(557-704) coupled to cnbr-sepharose can be used in a simp ...200818242635
population-based survey of invasive bacterial diseases, greenland, 1995-2004.invasive bacterial disease occurs frequently among native populations in the arctic. although a variety of bacteria are involved in invasive bacterial disease in greenland, streptococcus pneumoniae, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, and other staphylococci are responsible for most cases (69%); incidence varies according to region and ethnicity.200818258083
pneumocystis: a novel pathogen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) results in significant morbidity and mortality. smoking has long been recognized as the primary risk factor for development of copd, but factors determining the severity or pattern of disease in smokers are largely unknown. recent interest has focused on the potential role of infectious agents and the associated host response in accelerating progression of airway obstruction or in perpetuating its progression following discontinuation of tobacco expos ...200818259974
mouse models for the study of mucosal vaccination against otitis media.otitis media (om) is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. the pathogenesis of om involves nasopharyngeal (np) colonization and retrograde ascension of the pathogen up the eustachian tube into the middle ear (me). due to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for vaccines to prevent infections caused by the most common causes of bacterial om, including nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. current vacci ...200818295938
functional mapping of an oligomeric autotransporter adhesin of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.extracellular matrix protein adhesin a (emaa) is a 202-kda nonfimbrial adhesin, which mediates the adhesion of the oral pathogen aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to collagen. emaa oligomers form surface antenna-like protrusions consisting of a long helical rod with an ellipsoidal ending. the functional analysis of in-frame emaa deletion mutants has located the collagen binding activity to the amino terminus of the protein corresponding to amino acids 70 to 386. the level of collagen binding ...200818310342
acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and otitis media: changes in pathogenicity following widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media are two of the most common respiratory tract infections. the common pathogenic bacteria associated with these infections are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus. with the recent widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, there is evidence that there is a shift of both the pneumococcal serotypes and the distribution of pathogenic bacteria. the purpose of this article was to ...200818312870
use of pharmacodynamic endpoints for the evaluation of levofloxacin for the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis.sinusitis remains 1 of the most common reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions in the united states, with health care costs approaching $4 billion annually. we utilized the serial sinus aspirate sampling (ssas) technique to obtain daily specimens to evaluate the time course of drug effect in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis. eighteen patients with a radiologically confirmed acute maxillary sinusitis were enrolled into a study evaluating the relationship between levofloxacin exposure and t ...200818313879
in vitro activities of the rx-01 oxazolidinones against hospital and community pathogens.rx-01_423 and rx-01_667 are two members of the family of oxazolidinones that were designed using a combination of computational and medicinal chemistry and conventional biological techniques. the compounds have a two- to eightfold-improved potency over linezolid against serious gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), multidrug-resistant streptococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. this enhanced potency extends to the coverage of linezolid-res ...200818316525
antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolates in eight central, east and baltic european countries in 2005-06: results of the cefditoren surveillance study. 200818316820
use of cethromycin, a new ketolide, for treatment of community-acquired respiratory infections.the ketolides are a subclass of macrolides, which were designed specifically to overcome macrolide-resistant respiratory pathogens. ketolides lack the cladinose sugar, which is replaced with a 3-ketone group. ketolides bind to a secondary region on domain ii of the 23s rrna subunit. telithromycin was the first ketolide to be approved by the fda in 2004 for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap), acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) and sinusitis. however, in 2006, after repo ...200818321237
impact of infections and normal flora in nonhuman primates on drug development.preclinical safety studies that are required for the marketing approval of a pharmaceutical include single and repeat dose studies in rodent and nonrodent species. the use of nonhuman primates (nhps), primarily macaques, as the nonrodent species has increased in recent years, in part due to the increase in development of biopharmaceuticals and immunomodulatory agents. depending on the source of the macaques, they may vary in genetic background, normal flora, and/or the incidence of preexisting p ...200818323580
a unique glycosyltransferase involved in the initial assembly of moraxella catarrhalis lipooligosaccharides.moraxella catarrhalis express three predominant forms of lipooligosaccharide (los) molecules on the bacterial surface. these major glycolipids contain specific carbohydrate epitopes that distinguish each glycoform into serotype a, b, or c los. all three serotypes, however, share a common glucose containing inner-core structure, consisting of an alpha-glucose attached to 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (kdo), which is unique among gram-negative bacteria. many of the los glycosyltransferase genes ( ...200818337458
moraxella-dependent alpha 1-antichymotrypsin neutralization: a unique virulence mechanism.the acute phase reactant and protease inhibitor alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin is considered to play a protective role in the airways, but whether it interacts with respiratory bacteria is not known. we analyzed whether the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and other bacterial species interact with antichymotrypsin. m. catarrhalis was the only species that bound antichymotrypsin among 25 bacterial species tested by flow cytometry and ...200818096871
moraxella catarrhalis synthesizes an autotransporter that is an acid phosphatase.moraxella catarrhalis o35e was shown to synthesize a 105-kda protein that has similarity to both acid phosphatases and autotransporters. the n-terminal portion of the m. catarrhalis acid phosphatase a (mapa) was most similar (the blast probability score was 10(-10)) to bacterial class a nonspecific acid phosphatases. the central region of the mapa protein had similarity to passenger domains of other autotransporter proteins, whereas the c-terminal portion of mapa resembled the translocation doma ...200818065547
outer membrane protein uspa1 and lipooligosaccharide are involved in invasion of human epithelial cells by moraxella catarrhalis.invasion of non-professional phagocytes is a strategy employed by several mucosal pathogens, but has not been investigated in detail for moraxella catarrhalis, a major cause of human respiratory tract infections. we investigated the role of outer membrane protein (omp) uspa1 and lipooligosaccharide (los) in m. catarrhalis invasion into epithelial cells. an isogenic mutant of strain o35e, which lacked expression of the uspa1 adhesin, demonstrated not only severely impaired adherence (86%) to but ...200818069032
a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot hybridization (mpcr/rlb) assay for detection of bacterial respiratory pathogens in children with pneumonia.to develop and evaluate a novel method for simultaneous identification of 12 potential bacterial pathogens in children with community-acquired pneumonia.200818085683
binding of dr adhesins of escherichia coli to carcinoembryonic antigen triggers receptor dissociation.carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) are host receptors for the dr family of adhesins of escherichia coli. to define the mechanism for binding of dr adhesins to ceacam receptors, we carried out structural studies on the n-terminal domain of cea and its complex with the dr adhesin. the crystal structure of cea reveals a dimer similar to other dimers formed by receptors with igv-like domains. the structure of the cea/dr adhesin complex is proposed based on nmr s ...200818086185
binding of dr adhesins of escherichia coli to carcinoembryonic antigen triggers receptor dissociation.carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) are host receptors for the dr family of adhesins of escherichia coli. to define the mechanism for binding of dr adhesins to ceacam receptors, we carried out structural studies on the n-terminal domain of cea and its complex with the dr adhesin. the crystal structure of cea reveals a dimer similar to other dimers formed by receptors with igv-like domains. the structure of the cea/dr adhesin complex is proposed based on nmr s ...200818086185
sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant? 200818086818
sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant? 200818086818
effects of escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats: inhibition of metabolism via cyp3a.it has been reported that telithromycin is metabolized primarily via hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 (cyp) 3a1/2 in rats and that the expression of hepatic and intestinal cyp3a decreases in rats pretreated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (eclps rats; an animal model of inflammation). thus, it is possible that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (auc 0-infinity) of intravenous and oral telithromycin is greater for eclps rats than for the controls. t ...200818160519
effects of escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats: inhibition of metabolism via cyp3a.it has been reported that telithromycin is metabolized primarily via hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 (cyp) 3a1/2 in rats and that the expression of hepatic and intestinal cyp3a decreases in rats pretreated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (eclps rats; an animal model of inflammation). thus, it is possible that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (auc 0-infinity) of intravenous and oral telithromycin is greater for eclps rats than for the controls. t ...200818160519
symptom profile of common colds in school-aged children.signs and symptoms of a common cold reported in young children are those perceived by caretakers. objective signs include cough, fever, and sneezing. subjective symptoms include nasal congestion, feverishness, headache, and sore throat. school-aged children may provide a more accurate picture of the symptom profile during colds because they can self-report.200818162930
seasonal distribution of otitis media pathogens among costa rican children.otitis media is an important cause of pediatric consultation, and knowledge of yearly pathogen distribution might improve antimicrobial selection.200818162931
bacterial extracts for the prevention of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a point of view.given the high prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), the impact of exacerbations on quality of life, and the costs incurred, effective ways for the prevention of exacerbations, and for reductions in the severity and duration of copd symptoms are needed. bacterial immunostimulation has been advocated as a management strategy in copd for the purposes of preventing acute exacerbations. in particular, it suggests that the use of oral multicomponent vaccines may reduce the sever ...200818164190
effects of the in vivo supply of butyrate on histone acetylation of cecum in piglets.in vitro, butyrate inhibits histone deacetylase and down-regulates expression of cyclin d1. we hypothesized that an increased entry rate of butyrate into the cecal lumen would have similar effects in vivo.200818165447
interventions for prevention of otitis media may be most effective if implemented in the first weeks of life.for indigenous australian children living in remote communities, onset of otitis media commences within weeks of birth and is associated with early nasopharyngeal colonisation with multiple respiratory bacterial pathogens: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. the high prevalence of eardrum perforation and the failure of standard therapies to cure or prevent om in this population require urgent attention. the objective of this study was to measure the chang ...200818006084
increasing penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from guatemalan children, 2001--2006.we aimed to determine nasopharyngeal colonization rates and antibiotic resistance patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from guatemalan children, and to determine risk factors for colonization and antibiotic nonsusceptibility.200818035570
increasing penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from guatemalan children, 2001--2006.we aimed to determine nasopharyngeal colonization rates and antibiotic resistance patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from guatemalan children, and to determine risk factors for colonization and antibiotic nonsusceptibility.200818035570
moraxella catarrhalis binding to host cellular receptors is mediated by sequence-specific determinants not conserved among all uspa1 protein variants.the moraxella catarrhalis ubiquitous surface proteins (uspas) are autotransporter molecules reported to interact with a variety of different host proteins and to affect processes ranging from serum resistance to cellular adhesion. the role of uspa1 as an adhesin has been confirmed with a number of different human cell types and is mediated by binding to eukaryotic proteins including carcinoembryonic antigen-related cellular adhesion molecules (ceacams), fibronectin, and laminin. a distinct diffe ...200818678656
two-partner secretion systems of neisseria meningitidis associated with invasive clonal complexes.the two-partner secretion (tps) pathway is widespread among gram-negative bacteria and facilitates the secretion of very large and often virulence-related proteins. tps systems consist of a secreted tpsa protein and a tpsb protein involved in tpsa transport across the outer membrane. sequenced neisseria meningitidis genomes contain up to five tpsa- and two tpsb-encoding genes. here, we investigated the distribution of tps-related open reading frames in a collection of disease isolates. three dis ...200818678657
modular arrangement of allelic variants explains the divergence in moraxella catarrhalis uspa protein function.ubiquitous surface protein a molecules (uspas) of moraxella catarrhalis are large, nonfimbrial, autotransporter proteins that can be visualized as a "fuzzy" layer on the bacterial surface by transmission electron microscopy. previous studies attributed a wide array of functions and binding activities to the closely related uspa1, uspa2, and/or uspa2h protein, yet the molecular and phylogenetic relationships among these activities remain largely unexplored. to address this issue, we determined th ...200818678659
molecular detection of multiple emerging pathogens in sputa from cystic fibrosis patients.there is strong evidence that culture-based methods detect only a small proportion of bacteria present in the respiratory tracts of cystic fibrosis (cf) patients.200818682840
structure of the head of the bartonella adhesin bada.trimeric autotransporter adhesins (taas) are a major class of proteins by which pathogenic proteobacteria adhere to their hosts. prominent examples include yersinia yada, haemophilus hia and hsf, moraxella uspa1 and a2, and neisseria nada. taas also occur in symbiotic and environmental species and presumably represent a general solution to the problem of adhesion in proteobacteria. the general structure of taas follows a head-stalk-anchor architecture, where the heads are the primary mediators o ...200818688279
the first nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the japanese society of chemotherapy. part 1: a general view of antibacterial susceptibility.the japanese society of chemotherapy (jsc) conducted the first nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens during the period from january to august 2006. with the cooperation of 32 medical institutions throughout japan, a total of 924 strains belonging to seven clinically relevant bacterial species were collected from adult patients with well-diagnosed respiratory tract infections (rtis). antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the 887 evaluable strains (205 staphylococcus aureus, ...200818709531
predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness.despite the availability of published data on 4 pandemics that have occurred over the past 120 years, there is little modern information on the causes of death associated with influenza pandemics.200818710327
the guinea pig as a model of infectious diseases.the words 'guinea pig' are synonymous with scientific experimentation, but much less is known about this species than many other laboratory animals. this animal model has been used for approximately 200 y and was the first to be used in the study of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria. today the guinea pig is used as a model for a number of infectious bacterial diseases, including pulmonary, sexually transmitted, ocular and aural, gastrointestinal, and other infections that t ...200818724774
plastic polymers for efficient dna microarray hybridization: application to microbiological diagnostics.fabrication of microarray devices using traditional glass slides is not easily adaptable to integration into microfluidic systems. there is thus a need for the development of polymeric materials showing a high hybridization signal-to-background ratio, enabling sensitive detection of microbial pathogens. we have developed such plastic supports suitable for highly sensitive dna microarray hybridizations. the proof of concept of this microarray technology was done through the detection of four huma ...200818784318
rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells.secondary bacterial infection following rhinovirus (rv) infection has been recognized in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.200818787220
clinical studies of garenoxacin.garenoxacin mesylate hydrate (grn) is a novel oral des-fluoro(6) quinolone with potent antimicrobial activity against common respiratory pathogens, including resistant strains. it has favourable pharmacokinetic profiles for maximum plasma concentration (cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (auc), with good penetration into sputum and otorhinolaryngological tissues. in clinical studies, the efficacy of grn ranged from 92% to 96% in patients with bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma ...200818790608
diminished icam-1 expression and impaired pulmonary clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema.the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are continually colonized with bacterial opportunists like nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), and a wealth of evidence indicates that changes in bacterial populations within the lung can influence the severity of copd. in this study, we used a murine model for copd/emphysema to test the hypothesis that copd affects pulmonary clearance. mice were treated with a pulmonary bolus of elastase, and as reported previously ...200818794286
origin, spread and demography of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.the evolutionary timing and spread of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc), one of the most successful groups of bacterial pathogens, remains largely unknown. here, using mycobacterial tandem repeat sequences as genetic markers, we show that the mtbc consists of two independent clades, one composed exclusively of m. tuberculosis lineages from humans and the other composed of both animal and human isolates. the latter also likely derived from a human pathogenic lineage, supporting the hy ...200818802459
[pk/pd breakpoints and clinical/bacteriological effects of cefcapene pivoxil fine granules for children at free drug concentrations in pediatric patients with respiratory infection].a post-marketing clinical study was previously conducted in pediatric patients with respiratory infection to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of cefcapene pivoxil (cfpn-pi) fine granules for children. based on the results from this study, we evaluated pk/pd breakpoints and clinical/bacteriological effects of cfpn-pi at free drug concentrations in pediatric patients with respiratory infection to determine an effective and safe dosage regimen of cfpn-pi. the following results wer ...200818814800
the british society for antimicrobial chemotherapy resistance surveillance project: a successful collaborative model.the british society for antimicrobial chemotherapy (bsac) resistance surveillance project was initiated in light of the need for uk-wide surveillance of antibacterial resistance in key clinical pathogens. the project comprises two defined-protocol programmes that cover a range of important pathogens and antibacterials related to community-acquired respiratory tract infection and bloodstream infection, respectively. the respiratory programme has reported quantitative susceptibility data for strep ...200818819978
non-susceptibility trends among haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis from community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the uk and ireland, 1999-2007.to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the uk and ireland from 1999/2000 to 2006/07.200818819984
microbial interactions during upper respiratory tract infections.streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus often colonize the nasopharynx. children are susceptible to bacterial infections during or soon after upper respiratory tract infection (uri). we describe colonization with these 4 bacteria species alone or in combination during uri. data were from a prospective cohort of healthy children 6 to 36 months of age followed up for 1 year. analyses of 968 swabs from 212 children indicated that s. pneumon ...200818826823
binding of complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein contributes to serum resistance of porphyromonas gingivalis.the periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis is highly resistant to the bactericidal activity of human complement, which is present in the gingival crevicular fluid at 70% of serum concentration. all thirteen clinical and laboratory p. gingivalis strains tested were able to capture the human complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein (c4bp), which may contribute to their serum resistance. accordingly, in serum deficient of c4bp, it was found that significantly more terminal complement compone ...200818832711
benefit-risk assessment of telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.the purpose of this review is to assess the benefits and risks associated with the use of the ketolide antibacterial telithromycin, currently licensed for the treatment of adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (cap). telithromycin is active against both the major (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis) and atypical/intracellular (chlamydophila pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma pneumoniae) cap pathogens. it is associated wit ...200818558790
galactose residues on the lipooligosaccharide of moraxella catarrhalis 26404 form the epitope recognized by the bactericidal antiserum from conjugate vaccination.lipooligosaccharide (los) from moraxella catarrhalis has the potential to elicit bactericidal antibodies against the pathogen. we generated los-based conjugate vaccines that elicited bactericidal antibodies in animal models. however, epitopes on the los recognized by the functional anti-los antibodies remain unidentified. in this study, a mutant strain, d4, which lost the recognition by a bactericidal anti-los rabbit serum in western blotting was generated from a serotype c strain 26404 by rando ...200818559429
antimicrobial activity of dc-159a, a new fluoroquinolone, against 1,149 recently collected clinical isolates.the activity of dc-159a, a novel orally administered fluorinated quinolone, was evaluated by reference broth microdilution or agar dilution methods against 1,149 recently collected clinical isolates from five continents. against pathogens associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections (ca-rtis), the mic(90)s were 0.12 microg/ml for streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.015 to 0.03 microg/ml for haemophilus influenzae, 0.03 microg/ml for moraxella catarrhalis, and 0.12 microg/ml for beta-h ...200818573936
clinical bacteriology and immunology in acute otitis media in children.acute otitis media (aom) is the most common disease seen in childhood. streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), and moraxella catarrhalis are the most frequent pathogens of all aom episodes. the high prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens such as penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae (prsp) and betalactamase producing or nonproducing ampicillin-resistant h. influenzae (blpar or blnar) is causing serious clinical problems worldwide. prsp and blnar have become important r ...200818574652
induction of beta defensin 2 by nthi requires tlr2 mediated myd88 and irak-traf6-p38mapk signaling pathway in human middle ear epithelial cells.all mucosal epithelia, including those of the tubotympanium, are secreting a variety of antimicrobial innate immune molecules (aiims). in our previous study, we showed the bactericidal/bacteriostatic functions of aiims against various otitis media pathogens. among the aiims, human beta-defensin 2 is the most potent molecule and is inducible by exposure to inflammatory stimuli such as bacterial components or proinflammatory cytokines. even though the beta-defensin 2 is an important aiim, the indu ...200818578886
multicenter evaluation of the new vitek 2 neisseria-haemophilus identification card.the new neisseria-haemophilus identification (nh) card for vitek 2 was compared with 16s rrna gene sequencing (16s) as the reference method for accurate identification of neisseria spp., haemophilus spp., and other fastidious gram-negative bacteria. testing was performed on the vitek 2 xl system with modified software at three clinical trial laboratories. reproducibility was determined with nine atcc quality control strains tested 20 times over a minimum of 10 days at all three sites. a challeng ...200818579712
improved pulsed field gel electrophoresis method for moraxella catarrhalis.an improved pfge method for the molecular typing of moraxella catarrhalis is described. a modified pulsenet method using higher concentrations of edta and proteinase k, together with increased reagent volumes and incubation temperatures resulted in improved results and a more rapid turnaround time compared to pfge methods currently used.200818586342
contribution of trimeric autotransporter c-terminal domains of oligomeric coiled-coil adhesin (oca) family members yada, uspa1, eiba, and hia to translocation of the yada passenger domain and virulence of yersinia enterocolitica.the oca family is a novel class of autotransporter-adhesins with highest structural similarity in their c-terminal transmembrane region, which supposedly builds a beta-barrel pore in the outer membrane (om). the prototype of the oca family is yada, an adhesin of yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis. yada forms a homotrimeric lollipop-like structure on the bacterial surface. the c-terminal regions of three yada monomers form a barrel in the om and translocate the trimeric n-ter ...200818487327
the moraxella adhesin uspa1 binds to its human ceacam1 receptor by a deformable trimeric coiled-coil.moraxella catarrhalis is a ubiquitous human-specific bacterium commonly associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, sinusitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the bacterium uses an autotransporter protein uspa1 to target an important human cellular receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (ceacam1). using x-ray crystallography, we show that the ceacam1 receptor-binding region of uspa1 unusually consists of an extended, ...200818497748
[experience with bronchomunal used in the combined treatment of patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].the paper presents the results of treatment in 30 patients aged 16-59 years who have bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, by using a bacterial vaccine (bronchomunal) containing antigens of opportunistic bacteria: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus viridans, streptococcus piogenes, moraxella catarrhalis. immunotherapy with the vaccine had good and excellent effects in 73.33 of cases; the mean duratio ...200818509908
the antibacterial and antifungal properties of trappin-2 (pre-elafin) do not depend on its protease inhibitory function.trappin-2 (also known as pre-elafin) is an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases and is involved in the control of excess proteolysis, especially in inflammatory events, along with the structurally related secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor. secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, whereas recent data indicate that trappin-2 has antimicrobial activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus. in t ...200818341586
antimicrobial activity of cefditoren tested against contemporary (2004-2006) isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the united states.among orally administered cephalosporins, aminopenicillins (+/- clavulanate), and macrolides, cefditoren was the most potent agent against haemophilus influenzae (mic(50/90), < or =0.008/0.03 microg/ml; 316 isolates including 100 beta-lactamase-positive and 10 beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant [blnar]) and was 32-, 64-, and 512-fold more potent than cefdinir, cefuroxime, and cefprozil, respectively. cefditoren (mic(50), 0.03 microg/ml) was also > or =32-fold more active against blnar ...200818353594
clinical and laboratory aspects of moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia in children.moraxella catarrhalis is an uncommon cause of bacteremia in children. we present 17 children with m. catarrhalis bacteremia. most patients were <2 years old (76.4%), immunocompetent (82.3%), and had concomitant lower respiratory symptoms (76.5%). moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia occurs in young immunocompetent children and is frequently associated with lower respiratory tract symptomatology.200818360302
moraxella catarrhalis expresses an unusual hfq protein.the hfq protein is recognized as a global regulatory molecule that facilitates certain rna-rna interactions in bacteria. blast analysis identified a 630-nucleotide open reading frame in the genome of moraxella catarrhalis atcc 43617 that was highly conserved among m. catarrhalis strains and which encoded a predicted protein with significant homology to the hfq protein of escherichia coli. this protein, containing 210 amino acids, was more than twice as large as the hfq proteins previously descri ...200818362134
moraxella catarrhalis lipooligosaccharide selectively upregulates icam-1 expression on human monocytes and stimulates adjacent naïve monocytes to produce tnf-alpha through cellular cross-talk.to elucidate the role of moraxella catarrhalis lipooligosaccharide (los) in otitis media with effusion (ome), the effects of los on adhesion antigens of human monocytes were investigated. m. catarrhalis los selectively enhanced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (icam-1 or cd54) expression on human monocytes by significantly increasing both the surface expression intensity and the percentage of icam-1(+) cells. icam-1 upregulation on human monocytes by the los required surface cd14, tlr4, nf-kapp ...200818363879
tracking resistance among bacterial respiratory tract pathogens: summary of findings of the trust surveillance initiative, 2001-2005.antimicrobial resistance observed among common respiratory tract pathogens--streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis--may complicate empiric therapeutic selection to treat community-acquired respiratory tract infections. the tracking resistance in the united states today (trust) study determined the in vitro activities of frequently prescribed antimicrobial agents against isolates collected from all 50 states from 2001 to 2005. for s pneumoniae (n = 27,781), su ...200818931466
antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among common respiratory tract pathogens: a global perspective.antimicrobial resistance by common respiratory tract pathogens remains a global concern, but surveillance programs allow us to recognize trends in susceptibility that may help guide empiric antimicrobial selection. during 2003 to 2004, the global landscape on the bactericidal activity of levofloxacin (global) surveillance program collected 9323 isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, 5828 isolates of haemophilus influenzae, and 1878 isolates of moraxella catarrhalis from 15 countries worldwide, an ...200818931467
in vitro study to compare sensitivity of amoxicillin+clavulanic acid and cefpodoxime+clavulanic acid among beta-lactamase positive clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.the present study was carried out to compare the in vitro sensitivity of cefpodoxime + clavulanic acid and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid against 55 gram-positive and 123 gram-negative beta-lactamase positive clinical isolates. micro-organisms isolated from different clinical specimens were tested for beta-lactamase/esbl by using nitrocefin disc test and for metallo beta-lactamase by using double disc synergy test. a total of 299 (93 gram-positive and 206 gram-negative) clinical isolates were tes ...200818975519
use of the probiotic lactobacillus plantarum 299 to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the oropharynx of intubated patients: a randomised controlled open pilot study.ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is usually caused by aspiration of pathogenic bacteria from the oropharynx. oral decontamination with antiseptics, such as chlorhexidine (chx) or antibiotics, has been used as prophylaxis against this complication. we hypothesised that the probiotic bacteria lactobacillus plantarum 299 (lp299) would be as efficient as chx in reducing the pathogenic bacterial load in the oropharynx of tracheally intubated, mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients.200818990201
role of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.infections are major causes of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) which result in significant mortality and morbidity. the primary aim of the study was to determine the microbiological spectrum including atypical agents in acute exacerbations. the secondary aim was to evaluate resistance patterns in the microorganisms.200818990975
laboratory maintenance of moraxella catarrhalis.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative bacterium that has recently emerged as the third leading cause of bacterial ear infections in children. this organism is also responsible for a variety of upper respiratory tract illnesses in adults, including approximately 10% of all cases of respiratory exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). there is interest in studying m. catarrhalis for vaccine development, and this unit provides guidelines for the laboratory mai ...200819016443
zinc modifies the association between nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and risk of acute lower respiratory infection among young children in rural nepal.nasopharyngeal (np) carriage is necessary for streptococcus pneumoniae (spn) transmission and invasive infection. this study evaluated the effect of zinc prophylaxis on the association between np colonization with spn and acute lower respiratory infection (alri) in children aged 1-35 mo living in a rural district in southern nepal. we compared carriage prevalence of spn in 550 alri cases with that of healthy age- and season-matched controls. this study, conducted from december 2003 to july 2005, ...200819022973
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2005)].from october 2005 to september 2006, we collected the specimen from 366 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 12 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 411 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 406 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 70, streptococcus pneumoniae 85, ...200819024644
[nationwide susceptibility surveillance of ciprofloxacin and various parenteral antimicrobials against bacteria isolated from patients with severe infections--third ciproxan injection special survey (2005)].we conducted 3 nationwide surveillance studies between 2001 and 2005 at 39 participating institutions throughout japan according to the special survey plan to investigate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (cpfx) and various parenteral antimicrobials using clinical isolates from patients with severe infection during the reexamination period of parenteral cpfx. results of the first special survey (2001) were already reported in this journal. the current third special survey (2005) was conducted at 3 ...200819024645
antibacterial activity of cefditoren against major community-acquired respiratory pathogens recently isolated in italy.in this study we evaluated the in vitro activities of cefditoren--a broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin--and other comparator agents against 2,396 fresh isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections, collected from 6 clinical italian microbiology laboratories. on penicillin-susceptible pneumococci and streptococcus pyogenes, cefditoren demonstrated to be the most active antibiotic (mic(90)values of 0.03 and 0.06 mg/l respectively), showing only a slight decrease in potency on penic ...200819028617
ceacam3: an innate immune receptor directed against human-restricted bacterial pathogens.carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 3 (ceacam3) is an immunoglobulin-related glycoprotein exclusively expressed on granulocytes. in contrast to other members of the ceacam family, ceacam3 does not support cell-cell adhesion, but rather mediates the opsonin-independent recognition and elimination of a restricted set of human-specific gram-negative bacterial pathogens including neisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. within the last 4 years, mo ...200818606569
molecular characterization of a cryptic plasmid from the psychrotrophic antarctic bacterium pseudoalteromonas sp. 643a.we report the identification and nucleotide sequence analysis of pkw1, a plasmid of the psychrotrophic bacterium pseudoalteromonas sp. 643a isolated from the stomach of antarctic krill euphasia superba. pkw1 consists of 4583 bp, has a g+c content of 43% and seven putative open reading frames (orfs). the deduced amino acid sequence from orf-1 shared significant similarity with the plasmid replicase protein of psychrobacter cryohalolentis, strain k5. the dna region immediately downstream of the or ...200818611409
moraxella catarrhalis-dependent tonsillar b cell activation does not lead to apoptosis but to vigorous proliferation resulting in nonspecific igm production.the respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis has a high affinity for human igd and is mitogenic for peripheral blood b lymphocytes. moraxella igd-binding protein, which is a multifunctional outer membrane protein with adhesive properties, is responsible for the interaction. previous experiments with the ig-binding b cell superantigens protein a and protein l from staphylococcus aureus and peptostreptococcus magnus, respectively, have suggested that nonimmune bcr cross-linking induces b cell ap ...200818372337
age-related genotypic and phenotypic differences in moraxella catarrhalis isolates from children and adults presenting with respiratory disease in 2001-2002.moraxella catarrhalis is generally associated with upper respiratory tract infections in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults. however, little is known regarding the population biology of isolates infecting these two age groups. to address this, a population-screening strategy was employed to investigate 195 worldwide m. catarrhalis isolates cultured from children (<5 years of age) and adults (>20 years of age) presenting with respiratory disease in the years 2001-2002. para ...200818375810
characterization of biofilm matrix, degradation by dnase treatment and evidence of capsule downregulation in streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates.streptococcus pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen and a major causative agent of respiratory infections, including otitis media (om). pneumococcal biofilms have been demonstrated on biopsies of the middle ear mucosa in children receiving tympanostomy tubes, supporting the hypothesis that chronic om may involve biofilm development by pathogenic bacteria as part of the infectious process. to better understand pneumococcal biofilm formation six low-passage encapsulated nasopharyngeal isolat ...200818842140
cross-reaction of stenotrophomonas and xanthomonas species in a 23s rrna gene-directed pcr for detection of s. maltophilia. 200818842940
mucosal vaccination against bacterial respiratory infections.mucosal vaccination offers attractive advantages to conventional systemic vaccination, such as higher levels of antibodies and protection at the airway surface. this review gives an overview of recent experimental and clinical data on nasal, oral and sublingual vaccines against bacterial respiratory pathogens, such as streptococcus pneumoniae , haemophilus influenzae , neisseria meningitidis , moraxella catarrhalis , bordetella pertussis , pseudomonas aeruginosa and mycobacterium tuberculosis . ...200818844598
evaluation of three real-time pcr assays for detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae in an outbreak investigation.we compared the performances of three recently optimized real-time pcr assays derived from distinct genomic regions of mycoplasma pneumoniae during an outbreak. comprehensive evaluation established that a newly described toxin gene represents a superior target for detecting m. pneumoniae dna in clinical specimens, although use of multiple targets may increase testing confidence.200818614663
children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era.the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in children in the era of widespread heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination (pcv7) is unknown.200818616437
membrane morphology and leukotoxin secretion are associated with a novel membrane protein of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.gram-negative bacteria display either a flat or an irregular outer membrane. the periodontal pathogen aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans has an irregular outer membrane. we have identified a gene that is associated with the biogenesis of this morphology. the gene is part of a three-gene operon and codes for a 141-kda protein designated morphogenesis protein c (morc), which is conserved in several gram-negative bacteria including haemophilus influenzae and pasteurella multocid ...200818621903
antibacterial therapy of acute infectious exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.this article reviews the role of antibiotic therapy in the management of patients with acute infectious exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). papers relevant to the issue are included in the review. current antibiotic therapy of acute infectious exacerbation of copd is directed at the most common pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. mild to moderate exacerbations of copd are usually treated with broad-spectrum an ...200818633147
comparative in vitro activities of the investigational fluoroquinolone dc-159a and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.the in vitro susceptibilities of 151 unique clinical isolates of mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma genitalium, and ureaplasma species to dc-159a, an investigational fluoroquinolone, in comparison with those to other agents were determined. macrolides were the most active agents against m. pneumoniae and m. genitalium, whereas clindamycin was most active against m. hominis. dc-159a mics were <or=0.5 microg/ml for all mycoplasma species and <or=4 microg/m ...200818663020
trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in portugal.antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91.7% and 63.6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. the use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001-2004 (p=0.04 and p<0.0 ...200817697443
trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in portugal.antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91.7% and 63.6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. the use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001-2004 (p=0.04 and p<0.0 ...200817697443
in vitro activity of dc-159a, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, compared with that of other agents against drug-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci.dc-159a yielded mics of <or=1 mug/ml against 316 strains of both quinolone-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci (resistance was defined as a levofloxacin mic >or=4 microg/ml). although the mics for dc-159a against quinolone-susceptible pneumococci were a few dilutions higher than those of gemifloxacin, the mics of these two compounds against 28 quinolone-resistant pneumococci were identical. the dc-159a mics against quinolone-resistant strains did not appear to depend on the number or the type ...200817938189
in vitro activity of dc-159a, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, compared with that of other agents against drug-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci.dc-159a yielded mics of <or=1 mug/ml against 316 strains of both quinolone-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci (resistance was defined as a levofloxacin mic >or=4 microg/ml). although the mics for dc-159a against quinolone-susceptible pneumococci were a few dilutions higher than those of gemifloxacin, the mics of these two compounds against 28 quinolone-resistant pneumococci were identical. the dc-159a mics against quinolone-resistant strains did not appear to depend on the number or the type ...200817938189
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of dc-159a, a new fluoroquinolone.dc-159a is a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone that possesses a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, with extended activity against gram-positive pathogens, especially streptococci and staphylococci from patients with community-acquired infections. dc-159a showed activity against streptococcus spp. (mic(90), 0.12 microg/ml) and inhibited the growth of 90% of levofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant strains at 1 microg/ml. the mic 90s of dc-159a against staphylococcus spp. were 0.5 microg/ml or ...200817938194
a carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 homologue plays a pivotal role in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae colonization of the chinchilla nasopharynx via the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin.in vitro studies suggest an important role for ceacam1 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1) in infection by multiple gram-negative bacteria. however, in vivo evidence supporting this role is lacking, largely because the bacterial adhesins involved in this host-microbe association do not bind to murine-derived ceacam1. one of several adhesins expressed by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin (or p5), is essential for co ...200817938212
a carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 homologue plays a pivotal role in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae colonization of the chinchilla nasopharynx via the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin.in vitro studies suggest an important role for ceacam1 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1) in infection by multiple gram-negative bacteria. however, in vivo evidence supporting this role is lacking, largely because the bacterial adhesins involved in this host-microbe association do not bind to murine-derived ceacam1. one of several adhesins expressed by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin (or p5), is essential for co ...200817938212
use of population pharmacokinetic modeling and monte carlo simulation to describe the pharmacodynamic profile of cefditoren in plasma and epithelial lining fluid.cefditoren is a broad-spectrum, oral cephalosporin that is highly active against clinically relevant respiratory tract pathogens, including multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. this study described its pharmacodynamic profile in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (elf). plasma and elf pharmacokinetic data were obtained from 24 patients under fasting conditions. cefditoren and urea concentrations were determined in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem m ...200817485507
use of population pharmacokinetic modeling and monte carlo simulation to describe the pharmacodynamic profile of cefditoren in plasma and epithelial lining fluid.cefditoren is a broad-spectrum, oral cephalosporin that is highly active against clinically relevant respiratory tract pathogens, including multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. this study described its pharmacodynamic profile in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (elf). plasma and elf pharmacokinetic data were obtained from 24 patients under fasting conditions. cefditoren and urea concentrations were determined in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem m ...200817485507
cell penetrating peptide inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappa b.the nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab) transcription factors are activated by a range of stimuli including pro-inflammatory cytokines. active nf-kappab regulates the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival and aberrant nf-kappab activity plays pathological roles in certain types of cancer and diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. nf-kappab signaling is an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drugs and we discuss here how ...200818668204
optimal sampling sites and methods for detection of pathogens possibly causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. 200819020070
optimal sampling sites and methods for detection of pathogens possibly causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. 200819020070
effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.treatment guidelines generally support that a 10-14-day antibiotic regimen should be administered to uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis patients. however, the level of evidence for such a recommendation is rather weak. treatment of such duration may have disadvantages compared with a shorter duration but equally effective regimen, including the promotion of bacterial drug resistance, poorest patient compliance, higher toxicity, and a greater overall economic burden.200819154447
effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.treatment guidelines generally support that a 10-14-day antibiotic regimen should be administered to uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis patients. however, the level of evidence for such a recommendation is rather weak. treatment of such duration may have disadvantages compared with a shorter duration but equally effective regimen, including the promotion of bacterial drug resistance, poorest patient compliance, higher toxicity, and a greater overall economic burden.200819154447
in vitro activity of lk-157, a novel tricyclic carbapenem as broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase inhibitor.lk-157 is a novel tricyclic carbapenem with potent activity against class a and class c beta-lactamases. when tested against the purified tem-1 and shv-1 enzymes, lk-157 exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)s) in the ranges of the clavulanic acid and tazobactam ic(50)s (55 nm and 151 nm, respectively). moreover, lk-157 significantly inhibited ampc beta-lactamase (ic(50), 62 nm), as lk-157 was >2,000-fold more potent than clavulanic acid and approximately 28-fold more active than tazoba ...200819075067
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