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transcriptome analysis of hepg2 cells expressing orf3 from swine hepatitis e virus to determine the effects of orf3 on host cells.hepatitis e virus- (hev-) mediated hepatitis has become a global public health problem. an important regulatory protein of hev, orf3, influences multiple signal pathways in host cells. in this study, to investigate the function of orf3 from the swine form of hev (shev), high-throughput rna-seq-based screening was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in orf3-expressing hepg2 cells. the results were validated with quantitative real-time pcr and gene ontology was employed to ass ...201627648443
detection of hepatitis e virus (hev) in goats.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 also occur in animals and are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. in this study, by screening goat faecal samples collected from six small farms located in the province of teramo (abruzzo region, italy), hev rna was found with an overall prevalence of 9.2% (11/119). upon sequence analysis of a 0.8kb portion of the orf2 gene, four strains were grouped with ani ...201627647265
production of monoclonal antibodies against the orf3 protein of rat hepatitis e virus (hev) and demonstration of the incorporation of the orf3 protein into enveloped rat hev particles.eight murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the c-terminal 15-amino-acid portion of the orf3 protein of rat hepatitis e virus (rathev) were produced and characterized. immunofluorescence assays using the anti-rathev orf3 mabs revealed the accumulation of orf3 protein in the cytoplasm of plc/prf/5 cells transfected with orf3-expressing plasmids or inoculated with cell-culture-generated rathev strains. anti-orf3 mabs could capture rathev particles in cult ...201627638774
first directly sequenced genome of hepatitis e virus from the serum of a patient from the united kingdom.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 is endemic in the united kingdom but the complete sequence of hev, generated directly from a clinical sample, is lacking. we report a near full-length genome sequence of genotype 3 hev from the serum of a patient with acute hepatitis.201627634993
detection of hepatitis e virus genotype 1 among blood donors from southwest of iran.infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in developing countries and reveals significant regional differences. several studies have reported virus transmission via blood transfusion. to date, however, no cases of hev rna detection in blood donors have been reported from iran.201627630719
extended microbiological characterization of göttingen minipigs: porcine cytomegalovirus and other viruses.to prevent transmission of zoonotic microorganisms from pig transplants to human recipients when performing xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, or organs, donor pigs have to be carefully characterized. göttingen minipigs (gömp) are often used for various biomedical investigations and are well characterized concerning the presence of numerous bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. recently, we studied the prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses and the prevalence ...201627615035
surface modulatable nanocapsids for targeting and tracking toward nanotheranostic delivery.nanoparticle diagnostics and therapeutics (nanotheranostics) have significantly advanced cancer detection and treatment. however, many nanotheranostics are ineffective due to defects in tumor localization and bioavailability. an engineered hepatitis e virus (hev) nanocapsid is a proposed platform for targeted cancer-cell delivery. self-assembling from hev capsid subunits, nanocapsids retain the capacity to enter cells and resist proteolytic/acidic conditions, but lack infectious viral elements. ...201627610752
hepatitis e: discovery, global impact, control and cure.hepatitis e was identified as an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis from kashmir, india in 1978. hepatitis e virus (hev), the etiological agent is the sole member of family hepeviridae. the virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. hepatitis e is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. hepatitis e is an imperative health issue in developing nations, t ...201627610014
hepatitis e in blood donors: investigation of the natural course of asymptomatic infection, germany, 2011.asymptomatic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been found in blood donors from various european countries, but the natural course is rarely specified. here, we compared the progression of hev viraemia, serostatus and liver-specific enzymes in 10 blood donors with clinically asymptomatic genotype 3 hev infection, measuring hev rna concentrations, plasma concentrations of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin and anti-hev iga, igm and igg antibodies. rna c ...201627608433
acute, recent and past hev infection among voluntary blood donors in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis.hepatitis e virus is one of new threats to blood safety which was usually considered to be transmitted via fecal-oral route. china is one of the hyperendemic regions where frequent outbreaks of hepatitis e are noted. however, the overall prevalence of hev infection among mainland chinese blood donors is not clear until now.201627597991
no evidence of rat hepatitis e virus excretion into urine of rats.to investigate whether rat hepatitis e virus (rat hev) is excreted into the urine of rats, we infected three wistar and six nude rats with rat hev and examined the rat hev rna in serum, fecal and urine samples. we detected rat hev rna in the serum and fecal samples of all rats but not in the urine. our results suggest that in rats, rat hev is not transmitted via urine.201627580584
a korean patient with guillain-barré syndrome following acute hepatitis e whose cholestasis resolved with steroid therapy.autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging pathogen in developed countries, and several cases of acute hev infection have been reported in south korea. however, there have been no reports on hev-associated guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in korea. we recently experienced the case of a 58-year-old korean male with acute hev infection after ingesting raw deer meat. persistent cholestasis was resolved by the administration of prednisolone. at 2.5 months after the clinical presentation of he ...201627572076
monitoring of anti-hepatitis e virus antibody seroconversion in asymptomatically infected blood donors: systematic comparison of nine commercial anti-hev igm and igg assays.diagnosis of hepatitis e virus (hev) is usually determined serologically by detection of the presence of immunoglobulin (ig)m antibodies or rising anti-hev igg titers. however, serological assays have demonstrated a significant variation in their sensitivities and specificities. in this study, we present the systematic comparison of different immunological anti-hev assays using complete seroconversion panels of 10 virologically confirmed hev genotype 3 infected individuals. assay sensitivities w ...201627556482
quantification of hev rna by droplet digital pcr.the sensitivity of real-time pcr for hepatitis e virus (hev) rna quantification differs greatly among techniques. standardized tools that measure the real quantity of virus are needed. we assessed the performance of a reverse transcription droplet digital pcr (rt-ddpcr) assay that gives absolute quantities of hev rna. analytical and clinical validation was done on hev genotypes 1, 3 and 4, and was based on open reading frame (orf)3 amplification. the within-run and between-run reproducibilities ...201627548205
a linear surface epitope in a proline-rich region of orf3 product of genotype 1 hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the viral pathogens causing hepatitis in humans. hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) encodes a small multifunctional protein (vp13), which is essential for hev infection. in this study, a linear epitope was identified in a polyproline (pxxp) motif from vp13 of genotype 1 hev by using a monoclonal antibody. the epitope was detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. epitope mapping showed that the epitope locat ...201627548202
role of envelopment in the hev life cycle.hepatitis e virus (hev), an enterically transmitted hepatotropic virus, was thought to be non-enveloped for decades. however, recent studies have revealed that the virus circulating in the patient's blood is completely cloaked in host membranes and resistant to neutralizing antibodies. the discovery of this novel enveloped form of hev has raised a series of questions about the fundamental biology of hev and the way this virus, which has been understudied in the past, interacts with its host. her ...201627548201
epidemiological investigation of a tap water-mediated hepatitis e virus genotype 4 outbreak in zhejiang province, china.an outbreak of acute hepatitis recently occurred in a nursing home in zhejiang province, china. the objectives of this study were to confirm the outbreak and identify the aetiology, source and transmission patterns. all residents and staff in or near the nursing home during the period from 1 october 2014 to 21 may 2015 were investigated regarding hygiene and for epidemiological information including water and food (eating meat especially pork products). serum and stool specimens were collected f ...201627546066
apolipoprotein e polymorphisms and their protective effect on hepatitis e virus replication. 201627541341
treatment of hev infection in patients with a solid-organ transplant and chronic hepatitis.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can cause hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations. treatment of hev infection has been thoroughly studied in solid-organ-transplant patients who have developed a chronic hev infection. in this review, we report on our current knowledge regarding treatment of hev infection.201627537905
quantification of hepatitis e virus in naturally-contaminated pig liver products.hepatitis e virus (hev), the cause of self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans, is widespread and endemic in many parts of the world. the foodborne transmission of hev has become of concern due to the identification of undercooked pork products as a risk factor for infection. foodborne enteric viruses are conventionally processed by quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr), which gives sensitive and quantitative detection results. recently, digital pcr (dpcr) has been described as a novel approach to genome ...201627536278
the bama miniature swine is susceptible to experimental hev infection.the hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the main causes of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide. although the mortality rates associated with hev are generally low, they can be up to 28% in hev-infected pregnant women, and the elderly are more susceptible. the reasons for this selective severity are unclear, partially because there is no suitable, easy-to-use model in which to study hev infection. non-human primates and standard swine have been identified as being sensitive to infection wit ...201627534702
hepatitis e virus mutations: functional and clinical relevance.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis and affects more than 20 million individuals, with three million symptomatic cases and 56,000 recognized hev-related deaths worldwide. hev is endemic in developing countries and is gaining importance in developed countries, due to increased number of autochthone cases. although hev replication is controlled by the host immune system, viral factors (especially specific viral genotypes and mutants) can modulate hev replication, ...201627528267
a case report about the most common yet most forgotten hepatitis e.background hepatitis e virus (hev) is the most common cause of enterically acquired acute viral hepatitis worldwide with major prevalence in the developing countries. an increasing number of sporadic cases of acute hev infection have also been found in developed countries, but there is still no role for hev testing in cases of seronegative acute hepatitis in such nonendemic regions. case report a 59-year-old male residing in the united states for seven months with a history of malaria treated on ...201627527551
hepatitis e pathogenesis.although most hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are asymptomatic, some can be severe, causing fulminant hepatitis and extra-hepatic manifestations, including neurological and kidney injuries. chronic hev infections may also occur in immunocompromised patients. this review describes how our understanding of the pathogenesis of hev infection has progressed in recent years.201627527210
hepatitis e virus infection in the irish blood donor population.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 (g3) infection is a zoonosis that may be transmitted during the acute phase by transfusion. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of hev and seroprevalence among irish blood donors.201627522065
chronic hepatitis e - an emerging disease in an immunocompromised host.chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is increasingly being reported in immunosuppressed individuals with hiv, patients with haematological malignancy and transplant recipients. the diagnosis of cirrhosis and liver failure post chronic hev is controversial due to lack of standard diagnostic criteria. the treatment benefits of ribavirin in chronic hev of genotype 1 are not well reported. we report a case of chronic hev infection of genotype 1 leading to chronic liver disease in a child cured ...201627516529
serological evidence of infection with rodent-borne hepatitis e virus hev-c1 or antigenically related virus in humans.zoonotic potential of a rat-derived hepatitis e virus (hev), designated as hev-c1, remains unknown. to evaluate the risk for hev-c1 infection in humans, paired sera of 208 hospitalized febrile patients collected from 2001 to 2003 in hanoi, vietnam, were examined for igg antibodies to hev-c1 and genotype 1 hev (hev-1), which is common in humans. igg antibodies to virus-like particles (vlps) of hev-c1 and/or hev-1 were detected from 99 of the 208 convalescent sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent as ...201627499185
[acute hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus after raw meat consumption]. 201627496809
hepatitis e virus in acute liver failure: an unusual suspect? 201627496198
high prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies among blood donors in central italy, february to march 2014.prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies is highly variable in developed countries, which seems partly due to differences in assay sensitivity. using validated sensitive assays, we tested 313 blood donors attending a hospital transfusion unit in central italy in january and february 2014 for anti-hev igg and igm and hev rna. data on hev exposure were collected from all donors. overall anti-hev igg prevalence was 49% (153/313). eating raw dried pig-liver sausage was the only independ ...201627494608
expanding host range and cross-species infection of hepatitis e virus. 201627490119
hepatitis e virus derived from different sources exhibits different behaviour in virus inactivation and/or removal studies with plasma derivatives.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes viral hepatitis, and is considered a risk factor for blood products. although some hev inactivation/removal studies have been reported, detailed investigations of different manufacturing steps as heat treatment, partitioning during cold ethanol fractionation, low ph treatment, and virus filtration have yet to be reported for plasma-derived medicinal products. in this study, human serum- and swine faeces-derived hevs, with and without detergent treatment, were used. ...201627461242
[new viral risks in blood transfusion by 2016].viral safety remains a major concern in transfusion of blood products. over years, the control measures applied to blood products were made more and more sophisticated; however, the number of infectious agents, and notably of viruses, that can be transmitted by transfusion is increasing continuously. the aim of this review paper is to actualize that published in the same journal by the same authors in 2011 with more details on some of actual vs virtual viral threats that were identified recently ...201626781857
designing, construction and expression of a recombinant fusion protein comprising the hepatitis e virus orf2 and rotavirus nsp4 in the baculovirus expression system.the hepatitis e virus (hev) accounts for hepatitis e infection with relatively high mortality rate in pregnant women that can lead to fulminant hepatitis. the baculovirus expression system (bes) has the capability to produce high-level recombinant proteins and could be useful for vaccine designing.201628138375
factors affecting detection of hepatitis e virus on canadian retail pork chops and pork livers assayed using real-time rt-pcr.we collected 599 canadian retail pork chops and 283 pork livers routinely (usually weekly) from april 2011 to march 2012 using the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) retail sampling platform. samples were assayed using validated real-time (q) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested classical rt-pcr for the detection of hepatitis e virus (hev), porcine enteric calicivirus (pec) and rotavirus (rv). the presence of escherichia ...201626192650
preparation and evaluation of ms2 bacteriophage-like particles packaging hepatitis e virus rna.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the pathogen causing hepatitis e (he). it arouses global public health concern since it is a zoonotic disease. the objective of this letter is to report a cost-effective internal control prepared for monitoring procedures of hev reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr detection. a selected conserved hev rna fragment was integrated into the downstream of the truncated ms2 bacteriophage genome based on armored rna technology. the resulting ms2-hev gene harbored by the pet-28b-ms2 ...201627664054
evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system.the use of lagooning as a complementary natural method of treating secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants has been employed as an affordable and easy means of producing reclaimed water. however, using reclaimed water for some purposes, for example, for food irrigation, presents some risks if the effluents contain microbial pathogens. classical bacterial indicators that are used to assess faecal contamination in water do not always properly indicate the presence of bacterial or viral ...201627194016
development and evaluation of two subunit vaccine candidates containing antigens of hepatitis e virus, rotavirus, and astrovirus.hepatitis e virus (hev), rotavirus (rv), and astrovirus (astv) are important pathogens that transmit through a common fecal-oral route, causing hepatitis (hev) and gastroenteritis (rv and astv) respectively in humans. in this study, we developed and evaluated two subunit vaccine candidates that consisted of the same protruding or spike protein antigens of the three viruses in two formats, a fusion of the three antigens into one molecule (fused vaccine) vs. a mixture of the three free antigens to ...201627194006
production and characterization of a brazilian candidate antigen for hepatitis e virus genotype 3 diagnosis.hepatitis e, caused by hepatitis e virus (hev), is a viral infectious pathology of great importance in the public health. hepatitis e outbreaks were registered in developing countries with poor or no sanitation, where drinking water was contaminated with fecal material, but also in many industrialized countries probably due to consumption of hev-positive swine meat. in this study, we present the development and characterization of a recombinant antigen from orf2 hev genotype 3. viral rna was ext ...201626832642
prevalence of hepatitis viruses in patients with acute hepatitis and characterization of the detected genotype 4 hepatitis e virus sequences in mongolia.hepatitis e is considered to be a worldwide public health problem. although the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies in healthy individuals is noted to be 11%, no patients with acute hepatitis e have previously been identified in mongolia. three hundred two consecutive patients (183 males and 119 females; median age of 22.0 [interquartile range: 18.3-25.0] years) who were clinically diagnosed with sporadic acute hepatitis during 2012-2013 in ulaanbaatar, mongolia, were studied. by se ...201626147664
hepatitis e virus infection and acute-on-chronic liver failure in west africa: a case-control study from the gambia.in sub-saharan africa, it is unknown whether hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a common precipitating event of acute-on-chronic liver failure (aclf).201626623967
which is safer source plasma for manufacturing in china: apheresis plasma or recovered plasma?in most countries, the plasma for derivative production includes two types of plasma, apheresis plasma (ap) and recovered plasma (rp). however, the plasma recovered from whole blood is not permitted for manufacture in china. because of the lack of source plasma and the surplus of rp, the chinese government is considering allowing rp as an equivalent source for the production of plasma derivatives. it is known that human blood can be contaminated by various infectious agents. the objective of the ...201627167358
the honolulu liver disease cluster at the medical center: its mysteries and challenges.in 2013, physicians at the honolulu queen's medical center (qmc) noticed that seven liver disease patients reported the use of oxyelite pro (oep), a widely consumed dietary supplement (ds). assuming a temporal association between oep use and disease, they argued that oep was the cause of this mysterious cluster. subsequent reexamination, however, has revealed that this qmc cohort is heterogeneous and not a cluster with a single agent causing a single disease. it is heterogeneous because patients ...201627043544
viral hepatitis: indian scenario.viral hepatitis is a cause for major health care burden in india and is now equated as a threat comparable to the "big three" communicable diseases - hiv/aids, malaria and tuberculosis. hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus are predominantly enterically transmitted pathogens and are responsible to cause both sporadic infections and epidemics of acute viral hepatitis. hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus are predominantly spread via parenteral route and are notorious to cause chronic hepatit ...201627546957
incidence and seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in pregnant women infected with hepatitis b virus and antibody placental transfer in infants.hepatitis e has poor outcomes in pregnant women. superinfection of hepatitis e virus (hev) in patients infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv) may worsen liver disease.201627467017
liver failure due to acute viral hepatitis (a-e).viral hepatitis is still one of the key causes of acute liver failure (alf) in the world.201627413724
multiplex qpcr for serodetection and serotyping of hepatitis viruses: a brief review.the present review describes the current status of multiplex quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays developed and used globally for detection and subtyping of hepatitis viruses in body fluids. several studies have reported the use of multiplex qpcr for the detection of hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis d virus (hdv), and hepatitis e virus (hev). in addition, multiplex qpcr has also been develo ...201627239109
the role of hepatitis e virus infection in adult americans with acute liver failure.acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a leading cause of acute liver failure (alf) in many developing countries, yet rarely identified in western countries. given that antibody testing for hev infection is not routinely obtained, we hypothesized that hev-related alf might be present and unrecognized in north american alf patients. serum samples of 681 adults enrolled in the u.s. acute liver failure study group were tested for anti-hev immunoglobulin (ig) m and anti-hev igg levels. subjects ...201627215797
multiplex reverse transcriptase-pcr for simultaneous detection of hepatitis b, c, and e virus.the hepatitis b virus (hbv), hcv, and hev may occur as singly or concurrently in patients of different kind of liver disease. the rapid, reliable, and cost-effective screening of these pathogens is required for the large epidemiological studies. therefore, a study has been planned to develop a multiplex reverse transcriptase-pcr assay which can be used for the screening of maximum number of pathogens at a time.201627194894
acute-on-chronic liver failure (aclf) in coastal eastern india: "a single-center experience".acute-on-chronic liver failure (aclf) is an emerging entity. the present study was undertaken to analyze the clinical profile and natural course of aclf patients.201627194893
prevention strategies for blood-borne viruses-in the era of vaccines, direct acting antivirals and antiretroviral therapy.blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and the facultative blood-borne hepatitis e virus, are considered a major public health problem given that they are accountable for millions of deaths each year. treatment options, including effective vaccine design, development of antiviral strategies and the implementation of antiretroviral therapy have improved substantially over the last couple of years and contribute to successful treatment and ...201627185010
hepatitis e virus and the safety of plasma products: investigations into the reduction capacity of manufacturing processes.hepatitis e virus (hev) has been transmitted by transfusion of labile blood products and the occasional detection of hev rna in plasma pools indicates that hev viremic donations might enter the manufacturing process of plasma products. to verify the safety margins of plasma products with respect to hev, virus reduction steps commonly used in their manufacturing processes were investigated for their effectiveness to reduce hev.201626399175
natural infection with avian hepatitis e virus and marek's disease virus in brown layer chickens in china.in the present study, avian hepatitis e virus (hev) and serotype-1 strains of marek's disease virus (mdv-1) were detected from a flock of 27-wk-old brown layer hens in china, accompanied by an average daily mortality of 0.44%. postmortem examination of 25 sick hens and five apparently healthy hens selected randomly from the flock showed significant pathologic changes consistent with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (hss), including hepatomegaly, peritoneal fluid, and hepatic subcapsular hemorrhag ...201627610734
clinical features of acute hepatitis e super-infections on chronic hepatitis b.to examine the clinical features and risk factors for adverse outcomes in chronic hepatitis b (chb) superimposed with hepatitis e virus (hev).201628058019
incidence and characteristics of hepatitis e virus infection in children in assiut, upper egypt.objective to describe the characteristics of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in a cohort of children from upper egypt using data from a large multicentre prospective study of acute viral hepatitis (avh). methods data from subjects aged 2-18 years with avh or close contacts of those with avh found to have asymptomatic avh were included in the analysis. information concerning medical history, clinical examination, liver function tests and screening for hepatotropic viruses was recorded and analy ...201627688687
acute viral hepatitis in pediatric age groups.our clinical experience showed that there has been no decrease in pediatric cases of acute viral hepatitis in kathmandu. the objective of the study was to analyze the etiology, clinical features, laboratory parameters, sonological findings and other to determine the probable prognostic factors of acute viral hepatitis in pediatric population.201626905549
identification of critical residues in hepatitis e virus macro domain involved in its interaction with viral methyltransferase and orf3 proteins.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of hepatitis in normal and organ transplant individuals. hev open reading frame-1 encodes a polypeptide comprising of the viral nonstructural proteins as well as domains of unknown function such as the macro domain (x-domain), v, duf3729 and y. the macro domain proteins are ubiquitously present from prokaryotes to human and in many positive-strand rna viruses, playing important roles in multiple cellular processes. towards understanding the function of th ...201627113483
molecular biology and infection of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a viral pathogen transmitted primarily via fecal-oral route. in humans, hev mainly causes acute hepatitis and is responsible for large outbreaks of hepatitis across the world. the case fatality rate of hev-induced hepatitis ranges from 0.5 to 3% in young adults and up to 30% in infected pregnant women. hev strains infecting humans are classified into four genotypes. hev strains from genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic, whereas those from genotypes 1 and 2 have no known anim ...201627656178
ancient recombination events and the origins of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enteric, single-stranded, positive sense rna virus and a significant etiological agent of hepatitis, causing sporadic infections and outbreaks globally. tracing the evolutionary ancestry of hev has proved difficult since its identification in 1992, it has been reclassified several times, and confusion remains surrounding its origins and ancestry.201627733122
ancient recombination events and the origins of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enteric, single-stranded, positive sense rna virus and a significant etiological agent of hepatitis, causing sporadic infections and outbreaks globally. tracing the evolutionary ancestry of hev has proved difficult since its identification in 1992, it has been reclassified several times, and confusion remains surrounding its origins and ancestry.201627733122
convergent transcription of interferon-stimulated genes by tnf-α and ifn-α augments antiviral activity against hcv and hev.ifn-α has been used for decades to treat chronic hepatitis b and c, and as an off-label treatment for some cases of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. tnf-α is another important cytokine involved in inflammatory disease, which can interact with interferon signaling. because interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) are the ultimate antiviral effectors of the interferon signaling, this study aimed to understand the regulation of isg transcription and the antiviral activity by ifn-α and tnf-α. in this st ...201627150018
cross talk between nucleotide synthesis pathways with cellular immunity in constraining hepatitis e virus replication.viruses are solely dependent on host cells to propagate; therefore, understanding virus-host interaction is important for antiviral drug development. since de novo nucleotide biosynthesis is essentially required for both host cell metabolism and viral replication, specific catalytic enzymes of these pathways have been explored as potential antiviral targets. in this study, we investigated the role of different enzymatic cascades of nucleotide biosynthesis in hepatitis e virus (hev) replication. ...201626926637
production of hepatitis e virus-like particles presenting multiple foreign epitopes by co-infection of recombinant baculoviruses.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes not only endemics via a fecal-oral route but also sporadic cases via zoonotic transmission or blood transfusion. hev-like particles (hev-lp) produced by using a baculovirus expression system are considered a candidate for mucosal vaccines for hev infection. in this study, we attempted to produce a chimeric hev-lp presenting various foreign epitopes on its surface. expression of the recombinant capsid proteins carrying a myc- or flag-tag inserted between amino acid ...201626905478
mutagenic effects of ribavirin on hepatitis e virus-viral extinction versus selection of fitness-enhancing mutations.hepatitis e virus (hev), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. to date, hev infections can only be treated with ribavirin (rbv). major drawbacks of this therapy are that rbv is not approved for administration to pregnant women and that the virus can acquire mutations, which render the intra-host population less sensitive or even resistant to rbv. one of the proposed modes of action of rbv is a direc ...201627754363
endemicity of zoonotic diseases in pigs and humans in lowland and upland lao pdr: identification of socio-cultural risk factors.in lao people's democratic republic pigs are kept in close contact with families. human risk of infection with pig zoonoses arises from direct contact and consumption of unsafe pig products. this cross-sectional study was conducted in luang prabang (north) and savannakhet (central-south) provinces. a total of 59 villages, 895 humans and 647 pigs were sampled and serologically tested for zoonotic pathogens including: hepatitis e virus (hev), japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and trichinella spira ...201627070428
travelers lowering their guard: a bacterial, viral and protozoan co-infection after a five-day journey in india.we present a case of concurrent infections by campylobacter jejuni, giardia intestinalis and hepatitis e virus acquired during a 5-days travel to india by an italian traveller : professionals responsible for pre- and post-travel care should underline food and water precautions and prescribe an adequate diagnostic work-up in symptomatic patients.201627378368
detection of hepatitis e virus and other livestock-related pathogens in iowa streams.manure application is a source of pathogens to the environment. through overland runoff and tile drainage, zoonotic pathogens can contaminate surface water and streambed sediment and could affect both wildlife and human health. this study examined the environmental occurrence of gene markers for livestock-related bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens and antibiotic resistance in surface waters within the south fork iowa river basin before and after periods of swine manure application on agri ...201627318519
hepatitis e virus as a cause of acute hepatitis in the netherlands.recent studies indicate that 27% of dutch blood donors have evidence of past infection with hev. however, the low number of diagnosed hev infections indicates either an asymptomatic course or under diagnosis.201626840767
hepatitis virus infections in poultry.viral hepatitis in poultry is a complex disease syndrome caused by several viruses belonging to different families including avian hepatitis e virus (hev), duck hepatitis b virus (dhbv), duck hepatitis a virus (dhav-1, -2, -3), duck hepatitis virus types 2 and 3, fowl adenoviruses (fadv), and turkey hepatitis virus (thv). while these hepatitis viruses share the same target organ, the liver, they each possess unique clinical and biological features. in this article, we aim to review the common an ...201627610716
[infectious and neoplasic complications after kidney transplantation].infections and malignancies are the expected complications of immunosuppressive therapy, which non-specifically impairs cellular and humoral immune responses in renal transplant recipients. infections were usually frequent and severe during the early post-transplant period (first year). recent diagnostic methods (molecular biology) and availability of new antivirals, antifungal and antibiotic drugs made rapid diagnosis and systematic preventive strategies much easier and this resulted in a signi ...201627686031
companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals.companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ...201627522300
cutthroat trout virus-towards a virus model to support hepatitis e research.cutthroat trout virus (ctv) is a non-pathogenic fish virus belonging to the hepeviridae family, and it is distantly related to hepatitis e virus (hev). here, we report the development of an efficient cell culture system where ctv can consistently replicate to titers never observed before with a hepevirus. by using the rainbow trout gill (rtgill-w1) cell line, ctv reaches 10(10) geq/ml intracellularly and 10⁸ geq/ml extracellularly within 5-6 days in culture. we additionally established a qpcr sy ...201627775612
enhanced replication of hepatitis e virus strain 47832c in an a549-derived subclonal cell line.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human pathogen with increasing importance. the lack of efficient cell culture systems hampers systematic studies on its replication cycle, virus neutralization and inactivation. here, several cell lines were inoculated with the hev genotype 3c strain 47832c, previously isolated from a chronically infected transplant patient. at 14 days after inoculation the highest hev genome copy numbers were found in a549 cells, followed by plc/prf/5 cells, whereas hepg2/c3a, huh-7 ...201627690085
hepatitis e virus in 3 types of laboratory animals, china, 2012-2015.we found seroprevalences for hepatitis e virus (hev) of 7.5%, 18.5%, and 83.3% in specific pathogen-free (spf) laboratory rabbits, monkeys, and pigs, respectively, in china. hev rna was detected in 4.8% of spf rabbits, and 11 rabbits had latent infections. screening for hev in spf animals before relevant experiments are conducted is recommended.201627314902
markers for ongoing or previous hepatitis e virus infection are as common in wild ungulates as in humans in sweden.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human pathogen with zoonotic spread, infecting both domestic and wild animals. about 17% of the swedish population is immune to hev, but few cases are reported annually, indicating that most infections are subclinical. however, clinical hepatitis e may also be overlooked. for identified cases, the source of infection is mostly unknown. in order to identify whether hev may be spread from wild game, the prevalence of markers for past and/or ongoing infection was invest ...201627657108
assessment of domestic pigs, wild boars and feral hybrid pigs as reservoirs of hepatitis e virus in corsica, france.in corsica, extensive pig breeding systems allow frequent interactions between wild boars and domestic pigs, which are suspected to act as reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases including hepatitis e virus (hev). in this context, 370 sera and 166 liver samples were collected from phenotypically characterized as pure or hybrid wild boars, between 2009 and 2012. in addition, serum and liver from 208 domestic pigs belonging to 30 farms were collected at the abattoir during the end of 2013. anti-he ...201627556478
constant hepatitis e virus (hev) circulation in wild boar and red deer in spain: an increasing concern source of hev zoonotic transmission.hepatitis e is a viral zoonosis that affects multiple hosts. the complete dynamics of infection in wildlife are still unknown, but the previous fact facilitates the maintenance and circulation of the virus, posing a risk to human health in the case of meat consumption from susceptible animals. in spain, it has been shown how domestic pigs, cattle and wildlife (i.e. wild boar and red deer) clearly interact in hunting farms, generating a complex epidemiological situation in terms of interspecies p ...201625571944
expression and characterization of hepatitis e virus-like particles and non-virus-like particles from insect cells.the hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid antigen expressed in insect cell has been proposed as a candidate subunit vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis e. however, the expression and purification of hev virus-like particles (vlps) from insect cells have not been explored. we aimed to optimize the procedure to obtain hev vlps. in this study, two conformations of the hev capsid proteins were expressed in insect cells, vlps and non-vlps, and they were purified separately. the physicochemical propertie ...201625824972
investigating the origin and global dispersal history of hepatitis e virus genotype 4 using phylogeographical analysis.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 4 has mainly been isolated from sporadic hepatitis cases and swine in asian countries. we analysed the origin and global dispersal history of genotype 4 using a bayesian phylogeographical approach.201626037061
hepatitis e virus in the countries of the middle east and north africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety.hepatitis e virus (hev) is mainly transmitted through contaminated water supplies which make the virus endemic in developing countries including countries of the middle east and north africa (mena) region. recent reports suggest potential risk of hev transmission via blood transfusion.201626112744
treatment of autochthonous acute hepatitis e with short-term ribavirin: a multicenter retrospective study.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes 3 and 4 cause sporadic cases of infection in developed countries. being elderly and having an underlying liver disease are the main risk factors for death in this population. chronic infection has been described in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin is now the antiviral treatment of choice in solid-organ-transplant recipients with chronic hev infection. we hypothesized that early short-term treatment of acute hev infection may be useful for patients with risk ...201626179015
high prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies among blood donors in southern brazil.brazil has been classified as moderately endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. however, data on the seroprevalence of hev in this region are limited. this study evaluated the prevalence of past or present hev infection among blood donors in the metropolitan area of itajai valley, southern brazil, a region of predominant german heritage, where cultural habits result in a high consumption of pork. serum samples from 300 blood donors were tested in december 2014 using serological and molec ...201626211918
the high prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in wild boars in ibaraki prefecture, japan.hepatitis e virus (hev) is known as a causative agent of zoonosis and food poisoning. pigs and some species of wild animals, including wild boar, are known to be a reservoir of hev. in this study, we investigated the situation regarding hev infection in wild boars in ibaraki prefecture, japan. serum, liver and feces samples from 68 animals were collected, and the presence or absence of hev genomic rna and hev antibodies were analyzed. the viral genome was detected in samples from 7 (10.3%) anima ...201626234737
hepatitis e seroprevalence in inflammatory bowel disease.several cases of chronic infection by hepatitis e virus (hev) in immunocompromised patients have been described recently. patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are frequently immunocompromised because of the disease itself or due to therapy. our aims were to determine hev seroprevalence in patients with ibd and to detect possible chronic forms.201626257097
mix-breeding with hev-infected swine induced inapparent hev infection in spf rabbits.studies have shown that swine hev (shev) and rabbit hev (rhev) can experimentally infect rabbits and swine, respectively. however, no published data have documented isolating shev strains from rabbits in natural environment so far. to clarify the possibility of natural cross-species transmission of shev to rabbits, the pigs with hev infection were farmed along with spf rabbits in the same enclosed space. five of 10 rabbits had seroconversion for anti-hev antibody from the third week after mix-br ...201626334930
hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...201626344932
hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...201626344932
complete genome sequencing of a genotype 3 hepatitis e virus strain identified in a swine farm in italy.in this study, we investigated hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in piglets sampled in two farms in southern italy. the virus was detected in 11 out of 15 animals tested. based on sequence analysis, the 6 italian strains examined belonged to two clusters containing both swine and human strains of either genotype 3 subtype e or f from europe and japan. the two italian strain clusters shared nucleotide identity of 81.8% and 87.5% in the orf2 (capsid protein) and orf1 (rdrp) diagnostic fragments, r ...201626415753
sofosbuvir inhibits hepatitis e virus replication in vitro and results in an additive effect when combined with ribavirin.infection with hepatitis e virus genotype 3 may result in chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. reduction of immunosuppression or treatment with ribavirin or pegylated interferon-α can result in viral clearance. however, safer and more effective treatment options are needed. here, we show that sofosbuvir inhibits the replication of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 both in subgenomic replicon systems as well as a full-length infectious clone. moreover, the combination of sofosbuvir and rib ...201626408347
detection and assessment of infectivity of hepatitis e virus in urine.hepatitis e virus (hev) is known to be excreted in the stool but there has been no report of its presence in urine. this study investigated the presence of hev rna and antigen (hev-ag) in urine and its possible transmission.201626362822
extra-hepatic manifestations associated with hepatitis e virus infection: a comprehensive review of the literature.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a significant public health problem that afflicts almost 20 million individuals annually and causes acute liver injury in 3.5 million, with approximately 56 000 deaths. as with other viral hepatitides, extra-hepatic manifestations could represent an important aspect of this infection. the spectrum of these manifestations is still emerging. acute pancreatitis and neurological, musculoskeletal, hematological, renal, and other immune-mediated manifestations have ...201626358655
high proportion of asymptomatic infections in an outbreak of hepatitis e associated with a spit-roasted piglet, france, 2013.on 11 december 2013, 3 clustered cases of hepatitis e were reported on a french coastal island. individuals had taken part in a wedding meal that included a spit-roasted piglet. the piglet had been stuffed with a raw stuffing partly made from the liver. investigations were carried out to identify the vehicle of contamination and evaluate the dispersion of the hepatitis e virus (hev) in the environment.201626429341
hepatitis e virus infection activates signal regulator protein α to down-regulate type i interferon.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis worldwide. however, the mechanism of hev replication is unclear. type i interferon is the first defense line of host against viral infection. signal regulator protein α (sirp-α) plays an important role in negative regulation of innate immunity. in the present study, hev infection significantly activated the expression of sirp-α and down-regulated phosphorylation of irf3, consequently resulted in suppression of ty ...201626492885
hepatitis e virus: seroprevalence and frequency of viral rna detection among us blood donors.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a nonenveloped emerging virus of increasing worldwide interest. antibody prevalence, rna frequencies, and transfusion transmissions have been reported. we investigated the hev rna and antibody frequencies in us blood donors.201626434952
the use of human sewage screening for community surveillance of hepatitis e virus in the uk.hepatitis e virus sequences were detected by rt-pcr in 14/15 (93%) of untreated sewage samples from edinburgh, scotland, uk. phylogenetic analysis of amplicons at limiting dilution revealed the co-circulation of multiple variants of hev-3, with a pattern of diversity matching that observed in a local cohort of hev-infected hepatitis patients.201626461450
evidence of autochthonous hepatitis e in a portuguese pediatric cohort, 1992-1995.despite the growing importance of hepatitis e virus (hev) in industrialized countries, minimal attention has been given to autochthonous hev infection in children. the present study screened archived sera (n = 71) from a portuguese pediatric cohort collected in 1992-1995 for the presence of antibodies against hev, using enzyme immunoassays and immunodot. anti-hev igg was detected in two children and anti-hev igm in one, suggesting an acute hev infection. this shows that hev was circulating in th ...201626496362
hepatitis e-induced severe myositis.hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in asian and african countries but is rarely reported in western countries. although there are some prominent neurological manifestations, hev is rarely recognized by neurologists.201626514272
detection of hepatitis e virus in archived rabbit serum samples, germany 1989.we detected hepatitis e virus in serum samples of wild rabbits that were hunted in 1989 around the city of greifswald, germany. the recovery of one partial sequence and subsequent phylogenetic analysis indicates a close relationship to rabbit hev sequences from france and suggests a long-established circulation of rabbit hev in europe.201626518295
acute on chronic liver failure because of acute hepatic insults: etiologies, course, extrahepatic organ failure and predictors of mortality.acute on chronic liver failure (aclf) because of precipitating factors (variceal bleed/infections) identifies cirrhotics at risk for high short-term mortality. information on aclf because of acute hepatic insults is lacking. the aim of the study was to evaluate acute hepatic insults in aclf and their effect on the course and outcome.201626519215
epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection during pregnancy in benin.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-c hepatitis (an infection that is particularly severe during pregnancy) in tropical and subtropical countries. as there are no published data concerning the prevalence of hev antibodies in benin, their presence was investigated in pregnant women undergoing routine hiv screening in a rural area in northern benin and in pregnant women with acute non-a, non-c hepatitis.201626523476
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