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short communication: isolation and phylogenetic analysis of an avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus in dog shelter, china.a h3n2 canine influenza virus, a/canine/guangdong/3/2011 (h3n2), was isolated from roaming dogs in rural china. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of eight gene segments revealed that the a/canine/guangdong/3/2011 (h3n2) was most similar to a recent h3n2 canine influenza virus isolated in cats from south korea, which originated from an avian strain. to our knowledge, this is the first report of an avian-origin h3n2 civ which was isolated from roaming dogs in china. the epidemiologic information ...201323355070
experimental infection and natural contact exposure of ferrets with canine influenza virus (h3n2).epidemics of h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) among dogs in south korea and southern china have raised concern over the potential for zoonotic transmission of these viruses. here, we analysed the pathogenesis and transmissibility of h3n2 civ in ferret. h3n2 civ replicated efficiently in the respiratory system of inoculated ferrets and caused acute necrotizing bronchioalveolitis and non-suppurative encephalitis. transmission of h3n2 civ was detected in three of six ferrets co-housed with inocula ...201323329681
the roles of competition and mutation in shaping antigenic and genetic diversity in influenza.influenza a (h3n2) offers a well-studied, yet not fully understood, disease in terms of the interactions between pathogen population dynamics, epidemiology and genetics. a major open question is why the virus population is globally dominated by a single and very recently diverged (2-8 years) lineage. classically, this has been modeled by limiting the generation of new successful antigenic variants, such that only a small subset of progeny acquire the necessary mutations to evade host immunity. a ...201323300455
influenza epidemiology in italy two years after the 2009-2010 pandemic: need to improve vaccination coverage.since 2000, a sentinel surveillance of influenza, influnet, exists in italy. it is coordinated by the ministry of health and is divided into two parts; one of these is coordinated by the national institute of health (nih), the other by the inter-university centre for research on influenza and other transmissible infections (ciri-it). the influenza surveillance system performs its activity from the 42nd week of each year (mid-october) to the 17th week of the following year (late april). only duri ...201323292210
h3n2 homeopathic influenza virus solution modifies cellular and biochemical aspects of mdck and j774g8 cell lines.influenza viruses cause highly contagious acute respiratory illnesses with significant mortality, especially among young children, elderly people, and individuals with serious medical conditions. this encourages the development of new treatments for human flu. biotherapies are diluted solutions prepared from biological products compounded following homeopathic procedures.201323290877
[ability of the influenza viruses and their envelope proteins to stimulates endothelial cells apoptosis in vitro].the ability of the modern epidemic strains of influenza virus type a (subtypes h5n1, h3n2, h1n1pdm) and their surface proteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase to cause the activation of the cellular protein caspase-3 and stimulate the emergence of phosphatidylserine on the membrane of human endothelial cell line eahy926 has been studied. it was questioned how the viruses and their surface proteins that were studied cause the activation of caspase-3 after 0.5 h of exposure that recorded imm ...201325509110
avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus circulating in farmed dogs in guangdong, china.since 2006, more and more cases of the infectious h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) in pet dogs have been reported in southern china. however, little is known about the prevalence situation of h3n2 civ infections in farmed dogs in china. this is the first systematic epidemiological surveillance of civ in different dog populations in southern china. two virus strains a/canine/guangdong/1/2011(h3n2) and a/canine/guangdong/5/2011(h3n2) were isolated from canine nasal swabs collected at one dog farm ...201323261544
retraction. triple reassortant swine influenza a (h3n2) virus in waterfowl. 201323260489
inter- and intraspecies transmission of canine influenza virus (h3n2) in dogs, cats, and ferrets.the emergence of zoonotic viruses in domestic animals is a significant public health concern. canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 is a virus that can infect companion animals and is, therefore, a potential public health concern.201322616918
effect of receptor specificity of a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) influenza virus variants on replication and transmission in pigs.several arguments plead for an important role of pigs in human influenza ecology, including the similar receptor expression pattern in the respiratory tract of both species. how virus receptor binding specificity affects transmission in pigs, on the other hand, has not been studied so far.201322564359
neu5acα2,6gal and neu5acα2,3gal receptor specificities on influenza viruses determined by a waveguide-mode sensor.to characterize the differences in the receptor-binding specificities of human and avian influenza viruses with glycan chains, the authors performed binding analyses using an evanescent field-coupled waveguide-mode biosensor. the experiments were performed on intact viruses and hemagglutinin proteins, using gold-nanoparticle-conjugated neu5acα2,6gal and neu5acα2,3gal glycan chains. several influenza viruses belonging to subtypes h3n2 (a/udorn/307/1972, a/shandong/9/1993, a/kiev/301/1994, a/panam ...201323022889
predictability of antigenic evolution for h3n2 human influenza a virus.influenza a virus continues to pose a threat to public health. since this virus can evolve escape mutants rapidly, it is desirable to predict the antigenic evolution for developing effective vaccines. although empirical methods have been proposed and reported to predict the antigenic evolution more or less accurately, they did not provide much insight into the effects of unobserved mutations and the mechanisms of antigenic evolution. here a theoretical method was introduced to predict the antige ...201324463525
cyclic dipeptides from lactic acid bacteria inhibit proliferation of the influenza a virus.we isolated lactobacillus plantarum lbp-k10 from the traditional korean fermented food kimchi. when organic acids were removed, the culture filtrate of this isolate showed high antiviral activity (measured using a plaque-forming assay) against the influenza a (h3n2) virus. two fractions that were active against influenza a virus were purified from the culture filtrate using a c18 column with high-performance liquid chromatography. these active fractions were crystallized and identified to be the ...201324385362
identification of adaptive mutations in the influenza a virus non-structural 1 gene that increase cytoplasmic localization and differentially regulate host gene expression.the ns1 protein of influenza a virus (iav) is a multifunctional virulence factor. we have previously characterized gain-of-function mutations in the ns1 protein arising from the experimental adaptation of the human isolate a/hong kong/1/1968(h3n2) (hk) to the mouse. the majority of these mouse adapted ns1 mutations were demonstrated to increase virulence, viral fitness, and interferon antagonism, but differ in binding to the post-transcriptional processing factor cleavage and polyadenylation spe ...201324391972
a patient who survived primary seasonal influenza viral pneumonia: histologic findings obtained via bronchoscopy.the histological findings and clinical course of primary seasonal influenza viral pneumonia have not been fully elucidated. we herein report the case of a 65-year-old man with primary seasonal influenza viral pneumonia. the patient presented with fever, myalgia, general fatigue and dyspnea of seven days duration. chest computed tomography showed bilateral ground-glass opacity and consolidation. a rapid influenza virus antigen test was positive for influenza a virus. we diagnosed him as having co ...201324334588
influenza a(h7n9) virus gains neuraminidase inhibitor resistance without loss of in vivo virulence or transmissibility.without baseline human immunity to the emergent avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, neuraminidase inhibitors are vital for controlling viral replication in severe infections. an amino acid change in the viral neuraminidase associated with drug resistance, na-r292k (n2 numbering), has been found in some h7n9 clinical isolates. here we assess the impact of the na-r292k substitution on antiviral sensitivity and viral replication, pathogenicity and transmissibility of h7n9 viruses. our data indicate that ...201324326875
[selection pressure analysis of h3n2 influenza virus from china between 1992 and 2012].in order to investigate the relationship between selection pressure and the prevalence of antigenic clusters, we sequenced and analyzed the h3n2 influenza virus from china between 1992 and 2012.201324319949
homosecoiridoid alkaloids with amino acid units from the flower buds of lonicera japonica.nine new homosecoiridoid alkaloids, named lonijaposides o-w (1-9), along with 19 known compounds, were isolated from an aqueous extract of the flower buds of lonicera japonica. their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic data analysis and chemical methods. lonijaposides o-w have structural features that involve amino acid units sharing the n atom with a pyridinium (1-5) or nicotinic acid (6-9) moiety. the absolute configurations of the amino acid units were dete ...201324279769
genetic mutations in influenza h3n2 viruses from a 2012 epidemic in southern china.an influenza h3n2 epidemic occurred throughout southern china in 2012.201324279698
swine influenza: clinical, serological, pathological, and virological cross-sectional studies in nine farms in argentina.influenza a viruses (iav) are important pathogens responsible for economic losses in the swine industry and represent a threat to public health. in argentina, clinical, pathological, and virological findings suggest that iav infection is widespread among pig farms. in addition, several subtypes of iav, such as ph1n1, h3n2, δ1h1n1, and δ2h1n2, have been reported.201324224814
comparison of influenza a virus infection in high- and low-birth-weight pigs using morphometric analysis.epigenetic studies have shown that low-birth-weight (lbw) and growth restriction has been associated with reduced immune function in humans and reduced passive immunity in pigs. to examine the immune responses of high-birth-weight (hbw) and lbw groups of pigs, influenza a virus infection was used as an exemplifier of neonatal respiratory disease.201324224813
seroprevalence of a novel influenza a (h3n2) variant virus in the japanese population.antibody distribution to a novel swine-origin influenza a (h3n2) variant virus among different age groups in japan was determined by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. japanese children in the age group 1-14 years were at a higher risk than those in older age groups.201324270150
protease-dependent hemagglutinin cleavage contributes to alteration in chicken hemagglutination by the h3n2 influenza a virus.the human influenza a virus (h3n2) has been the predominant influenza strain since 1992, and one property of this virus is non-agglutination of chicken erythrocytes [ch(-) virus]. the ch(-) virus in our study was able to acquire chicken hemagglutination [ch(+)] by trypsin passage but not by chymotrypsin passage. moreover, the trypsin-passaged ch(+) viruses reacquired the ch(-) property after a further chymotrypsin passage. in particular, genetic analysis showed no evidence of mutations in the he ...201324270143
avian influenza virus h3 hemagglutinin may enable high fitness of novel human virus reassortants.reassortment of influenza a virus genes enables antigenic shift resulting in the emergence of pandemic viruses with novel hemagglutinins (ha) acquired from avian strains. here, we investigated whether historic and contemporary avian strains with different replication capacity in human cells can donate their hemagglutinin to a pandemic human virus. we performed double-infections with two avian h3 strains as ha donors and a human acceptor strain, and determined gene compositions and replication of ...201324265752
avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus circulating in farmed dogs in guangdong, china.since 2006, more and more cases of the infectious h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) in pet dogs have been reported in southern china. however, little is known about the prevalence situation of h3n2 civ infections in farmed dogs in china. this is the first systematic epidemiological surveillance of civ in different dog populations in southern china. two virus strains a/canine/guangdong/1/2011(h3n2) and a/canine/guangdong/5/2011(h3n2) were isolated from canine nasal swabs collected at one dog farm ...201324298574
immunization of rabbits with synthetic peptides derived from a highly conserved β-sheet epitope region underneath the receptor binding site of influenza a virus.there is increasing concern about the speed with which health care providers can administer prophylaxis and treatment in an influenza pandemic. generally, it takes several months to manufacture an influenza vaccine by propagation of the virus in chicken eggs or cultured cells. newer, faster protocols for the production of vaccines that induce broad-spectrum immunity are therefore highly desirable. we previously developed human monoclonal antibody b-1 that shows broadly neutralizing activity agai ...201324235814
assessment for possible healthcare-associated transmission of a new variant influenza virus--pennsylvania, august 2011.in august 2011, one of the earliest cases of influenza a(h3n2) variant [a(h3n2)v] virus infection was hospitalized with severe illness. to investigate the potential for healthcare-associated transmission of influenza a(h3n2)v, we evaluated both healthcare providers and patient contacts of the case. we found that healthcare-associated transmission was unlikely.201324225616
detection and isolation of airborne influenza a h3n2 virus using a sioutas personal cascade impactor sampler.the air we breathe contains microorganisms that can cause infectious respiratory diseases. after two occupants of an apartment were diagnosed with influenza in february of 2013, efforts were made to detect and isolate airborne influenza virus using two different types of active air samplers: a sioutas personal cascade impactor sampler (pcis) and an skc biosampler. the pcis collects size-fractionated particles by impaction on polytetrafluoroethylene filters, whereas the skc biosampler collects ai ...201324224087
comparison of mutation patterns in full-genome a/h3n2 influenza sequences obtained directly from clinical samples and the same samples after a single mdck passage.human influenza viruses can be isolated efficiently from clinical samples using madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. however, this process is known to induce mutations in the virus as it adapts to this non-human cell-line. we performed a systematic study to record the pattern of mdck-induced mutations observed across the whole influenza a/h3n2 genome. seventy-seven clinical samples collected from 2009-2011 were included in the study. two full influenza genomes were obtained for each sample: o ...201324223916
inhibition of a/human/hubei/3/2005 (h3n2) influenza virus infection by silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo.silver nanoparticles (agnps) have attracted much attention as antimicrobial agents and have demonstrated efficient inhibitory activity against various viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis b virus, and tacaribe virus. in this study, we investigated if agnps could have antiviral and preventive effects in a/human/hubei/3/2005 (h3n2) influenza virus infection. madin-darby canine kidney cells infected with agnp-treated h3n2 influenza virus showed better viability (p<0.05 versus ...201324204140
efficacy of a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-based sanitizer on inactivation of influenza a virus on eggshells.influenza a virus poses a major public health concern and is associated with annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. influenza a h3n2 viruses, which are an important cause of human influenza, can infect birds and mammals. contaminated undercooked poultry products including eggs with avian influenza virus constitute a possible risk of transmission to humans. in this study, a novel levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) sanitizer was evaluated for eggshell decontamination. influenza a ...201324132876
epidemiology of seasonal influenza in bangkok between 2009 and 2012.this study investigated influenza activity in bangkok, thailand between june 2009 and july 2012.201324129626
subcellular proteomic analysis of human host cells infected with h3n2 swine influenza virus.cross-species transmissions of swine influenza viruses (sivs) raise great public health concerns. in this study, subcellular proteomic profiles of human a549 cells inoculated with h3n2 subtype siv were used to characterize dynamic cellular responses to infection. by 2de and ms, 27 differentially expressed (13 upregulated, 14 downregulated) cytoplasmic proteins and 20 differentially expressed (13 upregulated, 7 downregulated) nuclear proteins were identified. gene ontology analysis suggested that ...201324115376
the kinase mtor modulates the antibody response to provide cross-protective immunity to lethal infection with influenza virus.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses pose a continuing global threat. current vaccines will not protect against newly evolved pandemic viruses. the creation of 'universal' vaccines has been unsuccessful because the immunological mechanisms that promote heterosubtypic immunity are incompletely defined. we found here that rapamycin, an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the kinase mtor, promoted cross-strain protection against lethal infection with influenza virus of various subtypes when a ...201324141387
longitudinal analysis of leukocyte differentials in peripheral blood of patients with acute respiratory viral infections.leukocyte counts and differentials are commonly acquired in patients with suspected respiratory viral infections and may contribute diagnostic information. however, most published work is limited to a single timepoint at initial presentation to a medical provider, which may correspond to widely varying points in the course of disease.201324140015
seasonal h3n2 influenza a virus fails to enhance staphylococcus aureus co-infection in a non-human primate respiratory tract infection model.staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia is often associated with influenza or an influenza-like syndrome. morbidity and mortality due to methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) or influenza and pneumonia, which includes bacterial co-infection, are among the top causes of death by infectious diseases in the united states. we developed a non-lethal influenza a virus (iav) (h3n2)/s. aureus co-infection model in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) to test the hypothesis that seasonal ...201324104465
h3n2 canine influenza virus causes severe morbidity in dogs with induction of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis.dogs are companion animals that live in close proximity with humans. canine h3n2 influenza virus has been isolated from pet dogs that showed severe respiratory signs and other clinical symptoms such as fever, reduced body weight, and interstitial pneumonia. the canine h3n2 influenza virus can be highly transmissible among dogs via aerosols. when we analyzed global gene expression in the lungs of infected dogs, the genes associated with the immune response and cell death were greatly elevated. ta ...201324090140
impact of prior seasonal h3n2 influenza vaccination or infection on protection and transmission of emerging variants of influenza a(h3n2)v virus in ferrets.influenza h3n2 a viruses continue to circulate in swine and occasionally infect humans, resulting in outbreaks of variant influenza h3n2 [a(h3n2)v] virus. it has been previously demonstrated in ferrets that a(h3n2)v viruses transmit as efficiently as seasonal influenza viruses, raising concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. however, a(h3n2)v viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, which may be due in part to existing cross-reactive immunity to a ...201324089569
emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus in an elderly patient receiving a suboptimal dose of antiviral prophylaxis.we report the emergence of an influenza virus a/h3n2-e119v neuraminidase variant from an elderly patient with renal dysfunction who received a suboptimal dose of oseltamivir prophylaxis. in neuraminidase inhibition assays, the e119v variant showed a 413-fold increase in the 50% inhibitory oseltamivir concentration and grew at titers comparable to those of the wild type in vitro.201324088848
cell culture-selected substitutions in influenza a(h3n2) neuraminidase affect drug susceptibility assessment.assessment of drug susceptibility has become an integral part of influenza virus surveillance. in this study, we describe the drug resistance profile of influenza a(h3n2) virus, a/mississippi/05/2011, collected from a patient treated with oseltamivir and detected via surveillance. an mdck cell-grown isolate of this virus exhibited highly reduced inhibition by the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) oseltamivir (8,005-fold), zanamivir (813-fold), peramivir (116-fold), and laninamivir (257-fold) ...201324080660
mutation from arginine to lysine at the position 189 of hemagglutinin contributes to the antigenic drift in h3n2 swine influenza viruses.two distinct antigenic clusters were previously identified among the h3n2 swine influenza a viruses (iavs) and were designated h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta (feng et al., 2013. journal of virology 87 (13), 7655-7667). a consistent mutation was observed at the position 189 of hemagglutinin (r189k) between h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta fair isolates. to evaluate the contribution of r189k mutation to the antigenic drift from h3n2siv-alpha to h3n2siv-beta, four reassortant viruses with 189r or 189 ...201324074585
editorial commentary: variant influenza a(h3n2) virus: looking through a glass, darkly. 201324065323
outbreak of variant influenza a(h3n2) virus in the united states.variant influenza virus infections are rare but may have pandemic potential if person-to-person transmission is efficient. we describe the epidemiology of a multistate outbreak of an influenza a(h3n2) variant virus (h3n2v) first identified in 2011.201324065322
glyconanoparticles for the plasmonic detection and discrimination between human and avian influenza virus.a plasmonic bioassay for the specific detection of human influenza virus has been developed based on gold nanoparticles functionalised with a designed and synthesised thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative. the glyconanoparticles consist of the thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative and a thiolated polyethylene glycol (peg) derivative self-assembled onto the gold surface. varying ratios of the trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid ligand and the peg lig ...201324057694
effectiveness of influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza, in the late 2011-2012 season in spain, among population targeted for vaccination.in spain, the influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) was estimated in the last three seasons using the observational study cyceva conducted in the frame of the existing spanish influenza sentinel surveillance system. the objective of the study was to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ili) among the target groups for vaccination in spain in the 2011-2012 season. we also studied influenza ve in the early (weeks 52/2 ...201324053661
dynamically correlated mutations drive human influenza a evolution.human influenza a virus undergoes recurrent changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) surface protein, primarily involved in the human antibody recognition. relevant antigenic changes, enabling the virus to evade host immune response, have been recognized to occur in parallel to multiple mutations at antigenic sites in ha. yet, the role of correlated mutations (epistasis) in driving the molecular evolution of the virus still represents a challenging puzzle. further, though circulation at a global geogra ...201324048220
critical role of segment-specific packaging signals in genetic reassortment of influenza a viruses.the fragmented nature of the influenza a genome allows the exchange of gene segments when two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell, but little is known about the rules underlying this process. here, we studied genetic reassortment between the a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2, mo) virus originally isolated from human and the avian a/finch/england/2051/91 (h5n2, en) virus and found that this process is strongly biased. importantly, the avian ha segment never entered the mo genetic background alone b ...201324043788
mutation tryptophan to leucine at position 222 of haemagglutinin could facilitate h3n2 influenza a virus infection in dogs.an avian-like h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) has recently caused sporadic canine influenza outbreaks in china and korea, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the interspecies transmission of h3n2 iav from avian to canine species are not well understood. sequence analysis showed that residue 222 in haemagglutinin (ha) is predominantly tryptophan (w) in the closely related avian h3n2 iav, but was leucine (l) in canine h3n2 iav. in this study, reassortant viruses rh3n2-222l (canine-like) and rh3n ...201323994833
design, synthesis and antiviral activity studies of schizonepetin derivatives.a series of schizonepetin derivatives have been designed and synthesized in order to obtain potent antivirus agents. the antiviral activity against hsv-1 and influenza virus h3n2 as well as the cytotoxicity of these derivatives was evaluated by using cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibition assay in vitro. compounds m2, m4, m5 and m34 showed higher inhibitory activity against hsv-1 virus with the tc50 values being in micromole. compounds m28, m33, and m35 showed higher inhibitory activity against infl ...201323965980
[development of a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay for detection of e119v amino acid change in neuraminidase of influenza a (h3n2) using the taqman-mgb probe].to develop a rapid duplex real-time reverse transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) method to detect e119v mutation on neuraminidase (na) of influenza a(h3n2) subtype with drug resistance to oseltamivir.201323958130
study of immunogenicity of recombinant proteins based on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase conservative epitopes of influenza a virus.recombinant hemagglutinin (rha) and neurominidase (rna) developed in our investigation are amino acid sequence consensus variants of h1n1 2009 subtype influenza virus strain, also including immunogenic epitopes typical for other influenza virus subtypes (h3n1 and h5n1). substitutions were made: typical for russian virus isolates (in ha - s220t, na - d248n) and in active centers of molecules - r118l, r293l, r368l; c92s, c417s to increase recombinant proteins stability in e. coli. the aim of the p ...201323969554
prokaryote-expressed m2e protein improves h9n2 influenza vaccine efficacy and protection against lethal influenza a virus in mice.influenza vaccines are prepared annually based on global epidemiological surveillance data. however, since there is no method by which to predict the influenza strain that will cause the next pandemic, the demand to develop new vaccination strategies with broad cross-reactivity against influenza viruses are clearly important. the ectodomain of the influenza m2 protein (m2e) is an attractive target for developing a vaccine with broad cross-reactivity. for these reasons, we investigated the effica ...201323551908
complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant avian influenza h1n2 virus isolated from a domestic sparrow in 2012.we report here the complete genome sequence of a novel h1n2 avian influenza virus strain, a/sparrow /guangxi/gxs-1/2012 (h1n2), isolated from a sparrow in the guangxi province of southern china in 2012. all of the 8 gene segments (hemagglutinin [ha], nucleoprotein [np], matrix [m], polymerase basic 2 [pb2], neuraminidase [na], polymerase acidic [pa], polymerase basic 1 [pb1], and nonstructural [ns] genes) of this natural recombinant virus are attributed to the eurasian lineage, and phylogenetic ...201323868121
genome sequence of a novel reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus from domestic mallard ducks in eastern china.the h3 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) can provide genes for human influenza virus through gene reassortment, which raises great concerns in terms of its potential threat to human health. here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel h3n2 aiv isolated from domestic ducks in the jiangsu province of eastern china in 2004, which is a natural recombinant virus whose genes are derived from h3n8, h5n1, h5n2, h11n2, h4n6, and h1n1 aivs. this genome will help to understand the epidemiology ...201323580713
inactivation of pathogenic viruses by plant-derived tannins: strong effects of extracts from persimmon (diospyros kaki) on a broad range of viruses.tannins, plant-derived polyphenols and other related compounds, have been utilized for a long time in many fields such as the food industry and manufacturing. in this study, we investigated the anti-viral effects of tannins on 12 different viruses including both enveloped viruses (influenza virus h3n2, h5n3, herpes simplex virus-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus and newcastle disease virus) and non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus, coxsachievirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, feline calicivirus ...201323372851
iridoid and bis-iridoid glucosides from the fruit of gardenia jasminoides.three new iridoid glucosides, 6″-o-trans-feruloylgenipin gentiobioside (1), 2'-o-trans-caffeoylgardoside (2), jasmigeniposide a (3), and one new bis-iridoid glucoside, jasmigeniposide b (4), along with six known analogues (5-10), were isolated from the fruit of gardenia jasminoides. their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. anti-virus activity of isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro and only compound 9 showed moderate inhibitory activity ...201323567862
antiviral activity of isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin b against human and avian influenza a and b viruses in vitro.clemastanin b, 7s,8r,8'r-(-)-lariciresinol-4,4'-bis-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, is one of the major lignans extracted from isatis indigotica root (iir). in this study, the anti-influenza activities of clemastanin b were evaluated in vitro. clemastanin b was found to inhibit different subtypes of human (h1n1, including swine-origin h1n1; h3n2 and influenza b) and avian influenza viruses (h6n2, h7n3, h9n2) at different magnitudes of activity (ic50 0.087-0.72 mg/ml) while this compound was inactive agai ...201323403777
evidence for a crucial role of a host non-coding rna in influenza a virus replication.a growing body of evidence suggests the non-protein coding human genome is of vital importance for human cell function. besides small rnas, the diverse class of long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) recently came into focus. however, their relevance for infection, a major evolutionary driving force, remains elusive. using two commercially available microarray systems, namely ncode™ and sureprint™ g3, we identified differential expression of 42 ncrnas during influenza a virus (iav) infection in human lu ...201324440876
phylodynamics of the emergence of influenza viruses after cross-species transmission.human populations are constantly exposed to emerging pathogens such as influenza a viruses that result from cross-species transmissions. generally these sporadic events are evolutionary dead-ends, but occasionally, viruses establish themselves in a new host that offers a novel genomic context to which the virus must adjust to avoid attenuation. however, the dynamics of this process are unknown. here we present a novel method to characterize the time it takes to g+c composition at third codon pos ...201324358190
inhibitory influence of enterococcus faecium on the propagation of swine influenza a virus in vitro.the control of infectious diseases such as swine influenza viruses (swiv) plays an important role in food production both from the animal health and from the public health point of view. probiotic microorganisms and other health improving food supplements have been given increasing attention in recent years, but, no information on the effects of probiotics on swine influenza virus is available. here we address this question by assessing the inhibitory potential of the probiotic enterococcus faec ...201323308134
antiviral responses by swine primary bronchoepithelial cells are limited compared to human bronchoepithelial cells following influenza virus infection.swine generate reassortant influenza viruses because they can be simultaneously infected with avian and human influenza; however, the features that restrict influenza reassortment in swine and human hosts are not fully understood. type i and iii interferons (ifns) act as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection of respiratory epithelium. to determine if human and swine have different capacities to mount an antiviral response the expression of ifn and ifn-stimulated genes (isg) ...201323875024
asperterrestide a, a cytotoxic cyclic tetrapeptide from the marine-derived fungus aspergillus terreus scsgaf0162.a new cytotoxic and antiviral cyclic tetrapeptide, asperterrestide a (1), a new alkaloid, terremide c (2), and a new aromatic butenolide, aspernolide e (3), together with 10 known compounds were isolated from the fermentation broth of the marine-derived fungus aspergillus terreus scsgaf0162. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the mosher ester technique and analysis of the acid hydrolysates using a chiral-phase hplc co ...201323806112
immunomodulatory properties of subcellular fractions of a g+ bacterium, bacillus firmus.mucosal immunization with non-living antigens usually requires the use of an adjuvant. the adjuvant activity of bacillus firmus in the mucosal immunization of mice was described by our laboratory previously. in the present study, subcellular localization of b. firmus activities was followed. after mechanical disintegration, subcellular components of bacterium were fractionated by differential centrifugation and salting out. bacterial cell walls, cytoplasmic membrane fraction, soluble cytoplasmic ...201322875593
inflammatory response of mast cells during influenza a virus infection is mediated by active infection and rig-i signaling.influenza a virus (iav) is a major respiratory pathogen of both humans and animals. the lung is protected from pathogens by alveolar epithelial cells, tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. the role of alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and alveolar macrophages during iav infection has been studied previously. in this study, we address the role of mast cells during iav infection. respiratory infection with a/wsn/33 causes significant disease and immunop ...201323526820
prolonged shedding of the canine influenza h3n2 virus in nasal swabs of experimentally immunocompromised dogs.the avian origin canine influenza virus h3n2 has been recently isolated and found to be currently in dog population in south korea and china. the purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between immunosuppressive glucocorticoids used in veterinary clinical practice and viral shedding pattern of influenza in dogs.201323596593
h1n1, but not h3n2, influenza a virus infection protects ferrets from h5n1 encephalitis.seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality because of efficient human-to-human spread. rarely, zoonotic strains of influenza virus spread to humans, where they have the potential to mediate new pandemics with high mortality. we studied systemic viral spread after intranasal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1 [a/viet nam/1203/2004]) in ferrets with or without prior pandemic h1n1pdm09 (a/mexico/4108/2009) or h3n2 (a/victoria/361/2011) infection. after i ...201324371072
interleukin-22 reduces lung inflammation during influenza a virus infection and protects against secondary bacterial infection.interleukin-22 (il-22) has redundant, protective, or pathogenic functions during autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. here, we addressed the potential role of il-22 in host defense and pathogenesis during lethal and sublethal respiratory h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) infection. we show that il-22, as well as factors associated with its production, are expressed in the lung tissue during the early phases of iav infection. our data indicate that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan r ...201323596287
unique gangliosides synthesized in vitro by sialyltransferases from marine bacteria and their characterization: ganglioside synthesis by bacterial sialyltransferases.on the basis of the results outlined in our previous report, bacterial sialyltransferases (st) from marine sources were further characterized using glycosphingolipids (gsl), especially ganglio-series gsls, based on the enzymatic characteristics and kinetic parameters obtained by line weaver-burk plots. among them, ga1 and ga2 were found to be good substrates for these unique sts. thus, new gangliosides synthesized by α2-3 and α2-6sts were structurally characterized by several analytical procedur ...201323220479
reassortment ability of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus with circulating human and avian influenza viruses: public health risk implications.exploring the reassortment ability of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (a/h1n1pdm09) influenza virus with other circulating human or avian influenza viruses is the main concern related to the generation of more virulent or new variants having implications for public health. after different coinfection experiments in human a549 cells, by using the a/h1n1pdm09 virus plus one of human seasonal influenza viruses of h1n1 and h3n2 subtype or one of h11, h10, h9, h7 and h1 avian influenza viruses, several reasso ...201323639426
swine influenza virus vaccines: to change or not to change-that's the question.commercial vaccines currently available against swine influenza virus (siv) are inactivated, adjuvanted, whole virus vaccines, based on h1n1 and/or h3n2 and/or h1n2 sivs. in keeping with the antigenic and genetic differences between sivs circulating in europe and the us, the vaccines for each region are produced locally and contain different strains. even within a continent, there is no standardization of vaccine strains, and the antigen mass and adjuvants can also differ between different comme ...201322976350
a meta-analysis of intradermal versus intramuscular influenza vaccines: immunogenicity and adverse events.to determine immunogenicity and safety of intradermal (id) influenza vaccines compared with intramuscular (im) administration and effect of dose and age.201322974174
"trivalent influenza vaccination of healthy adults 3 years after the onset of swine-origin h1n1 pandemic: restricted immunogenicity of the new a/h1n1v constituent?".influenza vaccination is advised annually to reduce the burden of influenza disease. for sufficient vaccine campaigns also a continuous adoption of influenza vaccines are necessary, due to particularly high genetic variability of influenza a virus. therefore, we evaluate the effectiveness of the trivalent influenza vaccine 2010/2011, against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2) and influenza b. immune response was investigated in paired sera from 92 healthcare workers with the hemagglutination inhibition as ...201322986732
analytical detection of influenza a(h3n2)v and other a variant viruses from the usa by rapid influenza diagnostic tests.the performance of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) that detect influenza viral nucleoprotein (np) antigen has been reported to be variable. recent human infections with variant influenza a viruses that are circulating in pigs prompted the investigation of the analytical reactivity of ridts with these variant viruses.201322984843
efficacy and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in hiv-infected children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.hiv-infected children are at heightened risk for severe influenza illness; however, there is no study on the efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccine in these children. we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of nonadjuvanted, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) against confirmed seasonal influenza virus illness in hiv-infected children.201323032417
genetics, evolution, and the zoonotic capacity of european swine influenza viruses.the european swine influenza virus lineage differs genetically from the classical swine influenza viruses and the triple reassortants found in north america and asia. the avian-like swine h1n1 viruses emerged in 1979 after an avian-to-swine transmission and spread to all major european pig-producing countries. reassortment of these viruses with seasonal h3n2 viruses led to human-like swine h3n2 viruses which appeared in 1984. finally, human-like swine h1n2 viruses emerged in 1994. these are trip ...201323011571
high prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a virus isolated in gyeonggi province, south korea, during 2005-2010.amantadine resistance among influenza a viruses was investigated in south korea in 2005-2010. of 308 influenza a viruses examined, 229 had the s31n substitution in the m2 protein. the frequency of amantadine resistance was 30 %, 100 %, and 76 % in influenza a/h1n1, pandemic a/h1n1 2009(a/h1n1pdm), and a/h3n2 subtypes, respectively. the amantadine-resistant influenza a/h1n1pdm and a/h3n2 viruses were circulating continuously from 2008 to 2009 and from 2005 to 2006, respectively. amantadine resist ...201323011311
a comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabbing for the detection of influenza virus by real-time pcr.we tested the hypothesis that swabs from the nasopharynx carry a higher viral load than swabs from the oropharynx in patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-confirmed influenza infection. using flocked swabs, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal samples were harvested from hospital-admitted influenza patients no later than 3 days after the initial detection of influenza virus. comparison of cycle threshold (ct) values was performed to assess differences in viral load in the specimens ...201323052986
clinical accuracy of a plex-id flu device for simultaneous detection and identification of influenza viruses a and b.respiratory tract infections caused by influenza a and b viruses often present nonspecifically, and a rapid, high-throughput laboratory technique that can identify influenza viruses is clinically and epidemiologically desirable. the plex-id flu assay (abbott molecular inc., des plaines, il) incorporates multilocus pcr and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to detect and differentiate influenza a 2009 h1n1 (h1n1-p), seasonal h1n1 (h1n1-s), influenza a h3n2, and influenza b viruses in nasop ...201323077123
influenza a viruses grow in human pancreatic cells and cause pancreatitis and diabetes in an animal model.influenza a viruses commonly cause pancreatitis in naturally and experimentally infected animals. in this study, we report the results of in vivo investigations carried out to establish whether influenza virus infection could cause metabolic disorders linked to pancreatic infection. in addition, in vitro tests in human pancreatic islets and in human pancreatic cell lines were performed to evaluate viral growth and cell damage. infection of an avian model with two low-pathogenicity avian influenz ...201323097451
the genetic match between vaccine strains and circulating seasonal influenza a viruses in vietnam, 2001-2009.vietnam is currently developing domestic capability to manufacture influenza vaccines but information on the genetic and antigenic characteristics of locally circulating seasonal influenza viruses is limited. to assess the relevance of who recommended vaccine strains to the situation in vietnam, we analyzed the genetic relatedness of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of seasonal influenza a viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2009 to who recommended vaccine strains over the same period.201323137010
protection of guinea pigs by vaccination with a recombinant swinepox virus co-expressing ha1 genes of swine h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses.swine influenza (si) is an acute respiratory infectious disease of swine caused by swine influenza virus (siv). siv is not only an important respiratory pathogen in pigs but also a potent threat to human health. here, we report the construction of a recombinant swinepox virus (rspv/h3-2a-h1) co-expressing hemagglutinin (ha1) of siv subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. immune responses and protection efficacy of the rspv/h3-2a-h1 were evaluated in guinea pigs. inoculation of rspv/h3-2a-h1 yielded neutralizing ...201323135159
anti-influenza virus activity of ginkgo biloba leaf extracts.we examined the influence of ginkgo biloba leaf extract (egb) on the infectivity of influenza viruses in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. plaque assays demonstrated that multiplication of influenza viruses after adsorption to host cells was not affected in the agarose overlay containing egb. however, when the viruses were treated with egb before exposure to cells, their infectivity was markedly reduced. in contrast, the inhibitory effect was not observed when mdck cells were treated with ...201323179317
comparative effectiveness of isolation techniques for contemporary influenza a virus strains circulating in exhibition swine.the current study sought to compare the effectiveness of 2 virus isolation methods for the recovery of contemporary influenza a virus (fluav) strains circulating in swine at agricultural exhibitions. following the emergence of the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus, increased surveillance of fluav strains among swine was recommended for early detection of emerging strains that threaten animal and human health. the increase in genetic drift and genomic reassortment among fluav strains infecting swine ...201323242667
human t-cells directed to seasonal influenza a virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses.virus-specific cd8(+) t-cells contribute to protective immunity against influenza a virus (iav) infections. as the majority of these cells are directed to conserved viral proteins, they may afford protection against iavs of various subtypes. the present study assessed the cross-reactivity of human cd8(+) t-lymphocytes, induced by infection with seasonal a (h1n1) or a (h3n2) influenza virus, with 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus [a(h1n1)pdm09] and swine-origin triple-reassortant a (h3n2) [a ...201323152369
evaluation of influenza virus antiviral susceptibility testing in europe: results from the first external quality assessment exercise.the first antiviral susceptibility testing external quality assessment (eqa) was held for european influenza reference laboratories during winter 2010/11.201323201459
influenza a virus infection dynamics in swine farms in belgium, france, italy and spain, 2006-2008.avian-like h1n1 and reassortant h3n2 and h1n2 influenza a viruses with a human-like haemagglutinin have been co-circulating in swine in europe for more than a decade. we aimed to examine the infection dynamics of the three swine influenza virus (siv) lineages at the farm level, and to identify possible regional and seasonal variations in their circulation. sera were collected from six successive generations of fattening pigs (2006-2008) in a total 80 farrow-to-finish herds in belgium, italy, fra ...201323201246
receptor characterization and susceptibility of cotton rats to avian and 2009 pandemic influenza virus strains.animal influenza viruses (aivs) are a major threat to human health and the source of pandemic influenza. a reliable small-mammal model to study the pathogenesis of infection and for testing vaccines and therapeutics against multiple strains of influenza virus is highly desirable. we show that cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) are susceptible to avian and swine influenza viruses. cotton rats express α2,3-linked sialic acid (sa) and α2,6-linked sa residues in the trachea and α2,6-linked sa residues ...201323192875
generation and characterization of a new panel of broadly reactive anti-ns1 mabs for detection of influenza a virus.influenza a virus (iav) non-structural protein 1 (ns1) has multiple functions, is essential for virus replication and may be a good target for iav diagnosis. to generate broadly cross-reactive ns1-specific mabs, mice were immunized with a/hong kong/1/1968 (h3n2) 6×his-tagged ns1 and hybridomas were screened with glutathione s-transferase-conjugated ns1 of a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1). mabs were isotyped and numerous igg-type clones were characterized further. most clones specifically recognized n ...201323223621
an in vitro network of intermolecular interactions between viral rna segments of an avian h5n2 influenza a virus: comparison with a human h3n2 virus.the genome of influenza a viruses (iav) is split into eight viral rnas (vrnas) that are encapsidated as viral ribonucleoproteins. the existence of a segment-specific packaging mechanism is well established, but the molecular basis of this mechanism remains to be deciphered. selective packaging could be mediated by direct interaction between the vrna packaging regions, but such interactions have never been demonstrated in virions. recently, we showed that the eight vrnas of a human h3n2 iav form ...201323221636
impaired dendritic cell maturation in response to pandemic h1n109 influenza virus.infection with pandemic a/h1n1/2009 influenza virus led to hospitalisation of patients not expected to be at risk of severe disease from seasonal influenza infection.201323218952
recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2013-2014.the purpose of this statement is to update recommendations for routine use of seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. highlights for the upcoming 2013-2014 season include (1) this year's trivalent influenza vaccine contains an a/california/7/2009 (h1n1) pdm09-like virus (same as 2012-2013); an a/texas/50/2012 (h3n2) virus (antigenically like the 2012-2013 strain); and a b/massachusetts/2/2012-like virus (a b/yamagata lineage ...201323999962
reduced replication capacity of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus during the 2010-2011 winter season in tottori, japan.a novel swine-origin influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus has been circulating in humans since march-april, 2009. the 2009-2010 epidemic involved predominantly a single subtype of a(h1n1)pdm09 (at 96%, 46/48) in the sentinel sites of this study. however, a(h1n1)pdm09 started to circulate together with other type/subtype (49%, 33/68) at the first peak in the next epidemic season in 2010-2011: a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2) (9%, 6/68), a(h1n1)pdm09/b (35%, 24/68), and a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2)/b (4%, 3/68). single infec ...201323983181
clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent surface antigen seasonal influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture and administered to young and elderly adults with and without a(h1n1) pre-vaccination.vaccination against influenza is an important means of reducing morbidity and mortality in subjects at risk. the prevalent viral strains responsible for seasonal epidemics usually change annually, but the who recommendations for the 2011/2012-season in the northern hemisphere included the same antigens as for the previous season. we conducted a single-center, single-arm study involving 62 younger (18-60 years) and 64 older (>60 years) adults to test the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of ...201323976960
airborne detection and quantification of swine influenza a virus in air samples collected inside, outside and downwind from swine barns.airborne transmission of influenza a virus (iav) in swine is speculated to be an important route of virus dissemination, but data are scarce. this study attempted to detect and quantify airborne iav by virus isolation and rrt-pcr in air samples collected under field conditions. this was accomplished by collecting air samples from four acutely infected pig farms and locating air samplers inside the barns, at the external exhaust fans and downwind from the farms at distances up to 2.1 km. iav was ...201323951164
neutralizing antibodies against previously encountered influenza virus strains increase over time: a longitudinal analysis.antigenic diversity shapes immunity in distinct and unexpected ways. this is particularly true of the humoral response generated against influenza a viruses. although it is known that immunological memory developed against previously encountered influenza a virus strains affects the outcome of subsequent infections, exactly how sequential exposures to antigenically variant viruses shape the humoral immune response in humans remains poorly understood. to address this important question, we perfor ...201323946196
co-incorporation of the pb2 and pa polymerase subunits from human h3n2 influenza virus is a critical determinant of the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes.the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has a potential role in influencing genetic reassortment. recent studies on the reassortment of human h3n2 strains suggest that the co-incorporation of pb2 and pa from the same h3n2 strain appears to be important for efficient virus replication; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we reconstituted reassortant ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complexes and demonstrated that the rnp activity was severely impa ...201323939981
antiviral protein of momordica charantia l. inhibits different subtypes of influenza a.the new antiviral activity of the protein extracted from momordica charantia was determined with different subtypes of influenza a. the protein was purified from the seed of m. charantia using an anion exchanger and a fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) system. at the concentration of 1.401 mg/ml, the protein did not exhibit cytotoxicity in madin-darby canine kidney cells (mdck) but inhibited 1 × 10(5) ffu influenza a/pr/8/34 h1n1 virus at 56.50%, 65.72%, and 100% inhibition by the protein ...201323935676
molecular signature of high yield (growth) influenza a virus reassortants prepared as candidate vaccine seeds.human influenza virus isolates generally grow poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. hence, gene reassortment of influenza a wild type (wt) viruses is performed with a highly egg adapted donor virus, a/puerto rico/8/1934 (pr8), to provide the high yield reassortant (hyr) viral 'seeds' for vaccine production. hyr must contain the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of wt virus and one to six 'internal' genes from pr8. most studies of influenza wt and hyrs have focused on the ha gene. the ...201323776579
evaluation of the pan influenza detection kit utilizing the plex-id and influenza samples from the 2011 respiratory season.a comparison study was performed between the plex-id and the cdc rt-pcr method for the detection and identification of influenza a viruses using nasopharyngeal samples (n=75) collected between january and may 2011. overall agreement was 89.3% (67/75 kappa=0.57 95% ci 0.3-0.89). positive percent agreement was 92.3% (60/65); negative percent agreement was 70% (7/10). h1n1 pdm09 identified: 42.6% (32/75) and 54.7% (41/75) by plex-id and cdc rt-pcr, respectively. h3n2 identified: 29.3% (22/75) and 3 ...201323764420
virological self-sampling to monitor influenza antiviral susceptibility in a community cohort.to perform antiviral susceptibility monitoring of treated individuals in the community during the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in england.201323759670
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