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a mutant of infectious asia 1 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus with the deletion of 10-amino-acid in the 3a protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1 is one of the most predominant endemic serotypes in china. our previous study has generated a full-length cdna clone (pbsas) of an asia 1 serotype fmdv (as1/cha/05) isolated from bovine. to further study the properties of this virus, a mutant in the 3a region of the cdna clone (pbsas-3a10d), containing the deletion at position 93-102 of the 3a protein of as1/cha/05, was generated by pcr and cloning. after synthesis of rna in vitro and transfect ...201020844943
evaluation of infectivity and transmission of different asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in swine.most isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) display a broad host range. since the late 1990s, the genetic lineage of panasia topotype fmdv serotype o has caused epidemics in the far east, africa, the united kingdom, france, the netherlands, and numerous other countries throughout europe and asia. in contrast, there are several fmdv isolates that exhibit a more restricted host range. a cathay topotype isolate of fmdv serotype o from the 1997 epizootic in taiwan (o/taw/97) demonstrated re ...201020458154
hsv-1 amplicon vectors that direct the in situ production of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens in mammalian cells can be used for genetic immunization.hsv-1 amplicon vectors encoding heterologous antigens were capable to mediate in situ generation of protein synthesis and to generate a specific immune response to the corresponding antigens. in this study, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus antigens were used to generate a genetic vaccine prototype. the amplicons were designed to provide a high safety profile as they do not express any hsv-1 genes when packaged using a helper virus-free system, and they are able to encapsidate several copies of ...201020851082
development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous identification of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there have been several large outbreaks of hfmd in vietnam and the asia-pacific region. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed in order to detect simultaneously hev71, cva16 and other human enteroviruses. enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of three pairs of oligonucleotide primers: one pair of published primers f ...201020863857
expression of the major epitope regions of 2c integrated with the 3ab non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its potential for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.in recent years, the potential value of the non-structural proteins (nsp) 2c and 3abc has been well documented for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated animals (diva). in order to develop a more sensitive approach to detect animals infected naturally in herds of fmdv-vaccinated animals, a 47.6kd fusion protein named 2c3ab was expressed in bacteria which incorporated two major b-cell epitope regions of 2c and the whole 3ab within the nsp of ...201020863858
chitosan can stop or postpone the death of the suckling mice challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus.in the study, a method called "hardening in liquid phase" for preparing chitosan granules with glutaraldehyde as crosslinker and tween 80 as surfactant and paraffin liquid as dispersant was established. the chitosan granules were light yellow and insoluble in water or oil, but they swelled in acid solution and narrowed in neutral or alkaline solution. furthermore, some of characteristics of the chitosan granules were revealed. (a) stability: their shapes were stable at ph 7.0 and ph 8.0 and -30 ...201020540780
antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in selected national parks in uganda (2001-2003).in east africa, the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) isolates have over time included serotypes o, a, c, southern african territories (sat) 1 and sat 2, mainly from livestock. sat 3 has only been isolated in a few cases and only in african buffalos (syncerus caffer). to investigate the presence of antibodies against fmdv serotypes in wildlife in uganda, serological studies were performed on buffalo serum samples collected between 2001 and 2003. thirty-eight samples from african buffalos ...201020561289
improved immune response by id-pvac: a secretory dna vaccine construct delivered by plg micro particles against foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs.foot and mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks usually have devastating effects on the economy of countries were disease is endemic due to direct and indirect cost; most of them related to international trade embargoes of animals and animal products. although currently used inactivated vaccine provides protection, it has several drawbacks like short duration of immunity, and the requirement for containment facilities. a dna vaccine construct which expresses the secretary antigens, delivered through micr ...201020884037
status of foot-and-mouth disease in pakistan.the present study reports the distribution of different serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in pakistan during the period 1952-2007. during this time, a total of 1,543 epithelial samples out of 2,484 tested were found positive for various serotypes of fmdv. serotype o was found to be the most prevalent (p < 0.001) followed by serotype asia-1 and a. serotype c was detected only in 1954, 1963 and 1995. the disease was found to be more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in cattle than buffaloes. t ...201020571838
development and validation of a lateral flow immunoassay using colloidal gold for the identification of serotype-specific foot-and-mouth disease virus o, a and asia 1.a lateral flow immunoassay (lfi) was developed to identify and diagnose foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes o, a and asia 1. antibodies obtained from rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with cell-culture-adapted virus strains (o/cha/99, a/gs/lx/66, asia 1/chn/05) and suckling-mouse adapted virus strains (o/av99(l), a/av88(l), asia 1/ynbs/58) were used as capture antibodies. the diagnostic kit included three immunochromatographic strips of types o, a and asia 1, and the type-specific resu ...201020951743
b cell epitopes within vp1 of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus for detection of viral antibodies.in this study, the coding region of type o fmdv capsid protein vp1 and a series of codon optimized dna sequences coding for vp1 amino acid residues 141-160 (epitope1), tandem repeat 200-213 (epitope2 (+2)) and the combination of two epitopes (epitope1-2) was genetically cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pp(ro)exhtb and pgex4t-1, respectively. vp1 and the fused epitopes gst-e1, gst-e2 (+2) and gst-e1-2 were successfully solubly expressed in the cytoplasm of escherichia coli and wester ...201020960280
the early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after aerosol inoculation. identification of the nasopharynx as the primary site of infection.to characterize the early events of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in cattle subsequent to simulated natural exposure, 16 steers were aerosol inoculated with fmdv and euthanized at various times. samples were collected from each steer antemortem (serum, nasal swabs, and oral swabs) and postmortem (up to 40 tissues per animal) and screened for fmdv by virus isolation and for fmdv rna by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. tissues that tested positive for fmdv ...201020587691
marker vaccine potential of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with a partial vp1 g-h loop deletion.previous work in cattle and pigs demonstrated that protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) could be achieved following vaccination with chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccines, in which the vp1 g-h loop had been substituted with that from another serotype. this indicated that the vp1 g-h loop may not be essential for the protection of natural hosts against fmdv. if this could be substantiated there would be potential to develop fmd marker vaccines, characterised by the abse ...201020199761
foot-and-mouth disease virus replicates only transiently in well-differentiated porcine nasal epithelial cells.three-dimensional (3d) porcine nasal mucosal and tracheal mucosal epithelial cell cultures were developed to analyze foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) interactions with mucosal epithelial cells. the cells in these cultures differentiated and polarized until they closely resemble the epithelial layers seen in vivo. fmdv infected these cultures predominantly from the apical side, primarily by binding to integrin alphav beta6, in an arg-gly-asp (rgd)-dependent manner. however, fmdv replicated onl ...201020592089
multiplex pcr for rapid detection of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus variants with amino acid deletion at position 59 of the capsid protein vp3.in india, there has been co-circulation, extinction and emergence of genotypes/lineages within serotype a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. at present an antigenically heterogeneous, unique lineage within genotype vii dominates the field outbreaks. this genetic cluster has amino acid deletion at position 59 of vp3 (vp3(59)-deletion group), considered to be critical antigenically. the emergence of this group warrants rapid and accurate detection to facilitate early planning and implementation o ...201021029752
enhancement of dna vaccine (p12a3c-pcdna) efficacy against foot-and-mouth disease by coadministration of interleukin-18-expressing (il18 pcdna) plasmid in guinea-pigs.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals causing considerable economic loss in the affected countries. the presently used tissue-cultured inactivated vaccine protects the vaccinated animals for a short duration of immunity. as one of the approaches to develop alternative vaccines, p12a3c-pcdna (containing p12a and 3c coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus) and bovine il18 pcdna plasmids were constructed and the immune response of these constr ...201021039923
diversity and transboundary mobility of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in east africa: implications for vaccination policies.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus serotype o has been responsible for most reported outbreaks of the disease in east africa. a sustained campaign for the past 40 years to control fmd mainly by vaccination, combined with quarantine and zoosanitary measures has been undertaken with limited success. we investigated the genetic relationships among serotype o strains in eastern africa using complete vp1 coding region sequences obtained from 46 fmd virus isolates collected in kenya in the years 1964- ...201020619358
confidence in indirect assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency and vaccine matching carried out by liquid phase elisa and virus neutralization tests.the necessity of avoiding the use of animals in vaccine potency testing has been widely recognized. the repeatability and reproducibility of the expected percentage of protection (epp) as a serological potency surrogate for a24 cruzeiro foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain was assessed, and compared with the results obtained with challenge in the protection against podal generalization (ppg) test. to determine the epps, the serum titers obtained by liquid phase blocking competitive elisa ( ...201020643090
genetic characterization of the cell-adapted panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/fujian/cha/5/99 isolated from swine.according to office international des epizooties (oie) bulletin, the panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was invaded into the people's republic of china in may 1999. it was confirmed that the outbreaks occurred in tibet, hainan and fujian provinces. in total, 1280 susceptible animals (68 cattle, 1212 swine) were destroyed for the epidemic control.to investigate the distinct biological properties, we performed plaque assay, estimated the pathogenicity in suckling mice and determ ...201020807416
alternative way to test the efficacy of swine fmd vaccines: measurement of pigs median infected dose (pid50) and regulation of live virus challenge dose.foot-and -mouth disease to pigs is serious recently around the world. "vaccination prevention" is still an important policy. oie specifies 10,000 tcid50(0.2 ml) of virulent virus for challenge test in pigs to test the potency of fmd vaccine by intradermal route inoculating the virus in the heel bulbs of one foot or by intramuscular route administering into one site of the neck behind the ear. convenience and speediness are available in the process of potency test of commercial fmd vaccine. we se ...201020822547
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase inhibits dsrna-induced type i interferon transcription by decreasing interferon regulatory factor 3/7 in protein levels.the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been identified as an interferon-beta (ifn-beta) antagonist that disrupts the integrity of transcription factor nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab). in this study, we showed that the reduction of double stranded rna (dsrna)-induced ifn-alpha1/beta expression caused by l(pro) was also associated with a decrease of interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (irf-3/7) in protein levels, two critical transcription factors for activation o ...201020638368
a differential elisa based on recombinant immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene of shv-1 in a baculovirus-insect cell system to discriminate between pigs infected naturally with pseudorabies and vaccinated pigs.in the present study, the fragment corresponding to the immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene (gepi) from the cl15 argentinean strain of pseudorabies virus was expressed successfully in a baculovirus-insect cell system that contained the m6 gene of bluetongue virus, which encodes the ns1 nonstructural protein. this protein has the ability to polymerize into highly immunogenic tubules inside infected cells that can be purified at large quantities by ultracentrifugation. previously, the ns1 prote ...201021168443
integrity of foot-and-mouth disease virions bound to the cells.in this study, we examined the integrity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles during their binding to the surface of bhk-21 cells under physiological condition. for monitoring of the virus integrity we used blocking of the endocytosis with dynasore and cytochalasin d followed by rt-pcr for viral protein vp1 and the resistance of fmdv to the treatment of rnase a. our results showed that integrin binding to vp1 did not cause a substantial conformational change in the viral capsid. furt ...201021175256
effect of the route of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of piglets on the course of disease.three different routes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of piglets, namely intranasal (i.n.) through drops, intradermal (i.d.) into the foot, and intramuscular (i.m.) were compared regarding the onset and severity of the disease. the results showed that the i.d. injection of the virus resulted in the fastest onset of the disease. the i.m. injection led to a delayed onset, but the final effect was identical with i.d. injection. moreover, the i.m. injection was simpler to perform a ...201021175257
application of two bicistronic systems involving 2a and ires sequences to the biosynthesis of carotenoids in rice endosperm.coordination of multiple transgenes is essential for metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways. here, we report the utilization of two bicistronic systems involving the 2a sequence from the foot-and-mouth disease virus and the internal ribosome entry site (ires) sequence from the crucifer-infecting tobamovirus to the biosynthesis of carotenoids in rice endosperm. two carotenoid biosynthetic genes, phytoene synthase (psy) from capsicum and carotene desaturase (crti) from pantoea, were linked ...201020649940
development of an in process control filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay to quantify foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-capsid proteins in vaccine-antigen batches.in many countries, foot and mouth disease (fmd) is controlled by vaccination and surveillance against non-capsid proteins (ncp); therefore vaccines are required not to induce antibodies against ncp. vaccine purity is evaluated by repeated inoculation of naïve cattle, an expensive and time consuming protocol that raises several animal welfare concerns. we have developed an in process control filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay (fal-elisa), to detect and quantify ncp in vaccine-antig ...201020685600
induction of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific cytotoxic t cell killing by vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a significant threat to the health and economic value of livestock species. this acute infection is caused by the highly contagious fmd virus (fmdv), which infects cloven-hoofed animals, including large and small ruminants and swine. current vaccine strategies are all directed toward the induction of neutralizing antibody responses. however, the role of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has not received a great deal of attention, in part because of the t ...201021177918
custom-engineered chimeric foot-and-mouth disease vaccine elicits protective immune responses in pigs.chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) of which the antigenic properties can be readily manipulated is a potentially powerful approach in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in sub-saharan africa. fmd vaccine application is complicated by the extensive variability of the south african territories (sat) type viruses, which exist as distinct genetic and antigenic variants in different geographical regions. a cross-serotype chimeric virus, vknp/sat2, was engineered by replacing the ...201021177923
the use of soluble african horse sickness viral protein 7 as an antigen delivery and presentation system.we have investigated the use of soluble chimeric trimers of the major capsid protein vp7 of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) as a vaccine delivery system by targeting some of the natural hydrophilic loops on the vp7 top domain for the insertion of foreign peptides. key to this trimer display strategy is the solubility of ahsv vp7 and how the solubility of this hydrophobic protein can be manipulated by inserting peptides into the top domain. to investigate, we generated different cloning vecto ...201021195731
a simulation model for the potential spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the castile and leon region of spain.a spatial stochastic model was used to simulate the spread of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in the castile-and-leon (cyl) region of spain. the model was fitted using information available on premises demographics and on assumptions for animal movements, indirect contacts, and airborne exposure. control measures dictated by spanish and european union regulations constituted a reference strategy to which six alternative control strategies were compared. for the reference strategy, the me ...201020579754
the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in sarpang and zhemgang districts of bhutan.this study was undertaken to compare the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two districts of sarpang and zhemgang in bhutan. zhemgang district recorded a significantly higher cumulative incidence in all species (26.9%) as well as for cattle (29.3%) compared to sarpang (6.5% and 7.4%, respectively). the case fatality for cattle in zhemgang (14.1%) was significantly higher than in sarpang (3.3%). a total of 404 cattle and 73 pigs died of fmd in zhemgang, ...201021078083
promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus type o in swine.in order to develop a completely safe immunogen to replace the traditional inactivated vaccine, a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) type o was developed. it contained three copies each of residues 141 to 160 and 200 to 213 of vp1 of the o/china/99 strain of fmdv coupled with a swine immunoglobulin g heavy-chain constant region (scigg). the data showed that the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine elicited high titers of anti-fmdv ...201021084463
development of a dot immunoblot method for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus from vaccinated animals using non-structural proteins expressed prokaryotically.five non-structural proteins (nsps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were expressed in e. coli to develop a dot immunoblot (dot blot) assay for the differentiation of fmdv infected animals from vaccinated animals (diva). the five nsps were 3a (24 kda), 3b (15 kda), major b-cell epitope regions of 2c (23 kda), partial 3d (44 kda) and 3abc (59 kda). the criteria for the dot blot were determined and are described as follows: a test sample is considered positive if four or more nsps demonstrat ...201021087638
co-circulation of two extremely divergent serotype sat 2 lineages in kenya highlights challenges to foot-and-mouth disease control.amongst the sat serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the sat 2 serotype is the most widely distributed throughout sub-saharan africa. kenyan serotype sat 2 viruses have been reported to display the highest genetic diversity for the serotype globally. this complicates diagnosis and control, and it is essential that patterns of virus circulation are known in order to overcome these difficulties. this study was undertaken to establish patterns of evolution of fmdv serotype sat 2 in ken ...201020614146
fmd subunit vaccine produced using a silkworm-baculovirus expression system: protective efficacy against two type asia1 isolates in cattle.cattle vaccinated with a single dose of subunit vaccine containing the capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia i/hnk/cha/05 strain were protected when challenged 28 days later with a homologous virus. here, the 50% bovine protective dose (pd(50)) test was performed to assess the potency of the subunit vaccine. when challenged with two chinese isolates, the subunit vaccine could achieve 6.5 pd(50) (challenged with asia i/hnk/cha/05 strain) and 5.2 pd(50 ...201021109368
foot-and-mouth disease virus utilizes an autophagic pathway during viral replication.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus within the picornaviridae family. infection of cells with positive-strand rna viruses results in a rearrangement of intracellular membranes into viral replication complexes. the origin of these membranes remains unknown; however induction of the cellular process of autophagy is beneficial for the replication of poliovirus, suggesting that it might be advantageous for other picornaviruses. by using confocal microscop ...201021112602
evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat 1 isolates from east africa suggests two independent introductions from southern africa.in east africa, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat 1 is responsible for occasional severe outbreaks in livestock and is known to be maintained within the buffalo populations. little is known about the evolutionary forces underlying its epidemiology in the region. to enhance our appreciation of the epidemiological status of serotype sat 1 virus in the region, we inferred its evolutionary and phylogeographic history by means of genealogy-based coalescent methods using 53 vp1 coding sequence ...201021118525
an induced hypersensitive-like response limits expression of foreign peptides via a recombinant tmv-based vector in a susceptible tobacco.by using tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors, foreign epitopes of the vp1 protein from food-and-month disease virus (fmdv) could be fused near to the c-terminus of the tmv coat protein (cp) and expressed at high levels in susceptible tobacco plants. previously, we have shown that the recombinant tmv vaccines displaying fmdv vp1 epitopes could generate protection in guinea pigs and swine against the fmdv challenge. recently, some recombinant tmv, such as tmvfn20 that contains an epitope fn20 ...201021124743
immune responses to the oral administration of recombinant bacillus subtilis expressing multi-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus and a cholera toxin b subunit.bacillus subtilis has been engineered successfully to express heterologous antigens for use as a vaccine vehicle that can elicit mucosal and systemic immunity response. in this study, a recombinant b. subtilis expressing the b subunit of cholera toxin (ct-b) and an epitope box constituted with antigen sites from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia 1 was constructed and named 1a751/ctb-tepias. its capability to induce mucosal, humoral, and cellular responses in mice and guinea pigs was ...201021129406
high-resolution in vivo imaging of breast cancer by targeting the pro-invasive integrin alphavbeta6.the integrin alphavbeta6 is expressed only on epithelia and then usually only during processes of tissue remodelling including cancer, where its high expression correlates with reduced survival. thus, alphavbeta6 represents an important target for imaging and therapy of cancer and new molecular-specific targeting agents are required. we have developed a20fmdv2, a peptide derived from the vp1 coat protein of foot-and-mouth-disease virus that binds specifically and stably to alphavbeta6. using a n ...201020629113
the role of african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda.to study the role of african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda, serum samples were collected from 207 african buffalos, 21 impalas (aepyceros melampus), 1 giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), 1 common eland (taurotragus oryx), 7 hartebeests (alcelaphus buselaphus) and 5 waterbucks (kobus ellipsiprymnus) from four major national parks in uganda between 2005 and 2008. serum samples were screened to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus ...201021143994
characterisation and epitope mapping of neutralising monoclonal antibodies to a24 cruzeiro strain of fmdv.characterisation of seven neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mabs) produced against foot-and-mouth disease virus a(24) cruzeiro revealed three reactivity groups. gr-i recognised linear epitopes where as gr-ii was conformation-dependent and trypsin-insensitive. the gr-iii was also conformation-dependent, but trypsin-sensitive. mar (mab neutralisation resistant)-mutants could only be produced against gr-i and gr-iii mabs. capsid sequence comparison of gr-i mar-mutants with parent virus revealed c ...201021144677
efficient and stable expression of gfp through wheat streak mosaic virus-based vectors in cereal hosts using a range of cleavage sites: formation of dense fluorescent aggregates for sensitive virus tracking.a series of wheat streak mosaic virus (wsmv)-based expression vectors were developed by engineering a cycle 3 gfp (gfp) cistron between p1 and hc-pro cistrons with several catalytic/cleavage peptides at the c-terminus of gfp. wsmv-gfp vectors with the foot-and-mouth disease virus 1d/2a or 2a catalytic peptides cleaved gfp from hc-pro but expressed gfp inefficiently. wsmv-gfp vectors with homologous nia-pro heptapeptide cleavage sites did not release gfp from hc-pro, but efficiently expressed gfp ...201021145088
adjuvant effect of cliptox on the protective immune response induced by an inactivated vaccine against foot and mouth disease virus in mice.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an acute disease caused by foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) which causes important economy losses, this is why it is necessary to obtain a vaccine that stimulates a rapid and long-lasting protective immune response. cliptox is a mineral microparticle that in earlier studies has shown adjuvant activity against different antigens. in this study we have examined the effects of cliptox on the magnitude and type of immunity elicited in response to inactivated fmdv ( ...201020637310
mapping of amino acid residues responsible for adhesion of cell culture-adapted foot-and-mouth disease sat type viruses.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infects host cells by adhering to the alpha(v) subgroup of the integrin family of cellular receptors in a arg-gly-asp (rgd) dependent manner. fmd viruses, propagated in non-host cell cultures are reported to acquire the ability to enter cells via alternative cell surface molecules. sequencing analysis of sat1 and sat2 cell culture-adapted variants showed acquisition of positively charged amino acid residues within surface-exposed loops of the outer capsid stru ...201020637812
preparation and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against fmdv serotype o with synthetic peptide antigen.a short linear peptide was designed according to the antigenic site analysis of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) serotype o and synthesized as the peptide immunogen. the peptide, which covers the region from amino acid 133 to 160 of vp1 of fmdv, was linked to the n-terminal cysteine and conjugated with the carrier protein of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). normal 6- to 8-week-old balb/c mice were immunized with the 20 μg dose conjugated peptide antigen four times. the splenocytes from ...201021050041
development of a foot-and-mouth disease infection model in severe combined immunodeficient mice for the preliminary evaluation of antiviral drugs.recent european guidelines facilitate the use of emergency vaccines during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease. antiviral drugs could be used as a complementary measure. this study aimed at developing a small animal model to assess the in vivo activity of early antiviral lead molecules with anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) activity in vitro. in a first attempt, several fmdv strains were titrated in balb/c mice. inoculations with o₁ manisa or c₁ noville did not induce clinical disease, wh ...201021029400
regulation of iga responses in cattle, humans and mice.secretory iga (siga) constitutes the largest component of the humoral immune system of the body with gram quantities of this isotype produced by mammals on a daily basis. secretory iga (siga) antibodies function by both blocking pathogen/commensal entry at mucosal surfaces and virus neutralization. several pathways of induction of iga responses have been described which depend on t cells (t cell dependent or td) pathways or are independent of t cells (t-independent or ti) and are mediated by den ...201021074276
structures of ev71 rna-dependent rna polymerase in complex with substrate and analogue provide a drug target against the hand-foot-and-mouth disease pandemic in china.enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), has caused more than 100 deaths among chinese children since march 2008. the ev71 genome encodes an rnadependent rna polymerase (rdrp), denoted 3d(pol), which is central for viral genome replication and is a key target for the discovery of specific antiviral therapeutics. here we report the crystal structures of ev71 rdrp (3d(pol)) and in complex with substrate guanosine-5'-triphosphate and analog 5- ...201021203964
identification of a conformational epitope on the vp1 g-h loop of type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by a protective monoclonal antibody.although neutralizing antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be defined by selection of monoclonal antibody (mab) escape mutants, no conformational neutralizing epitope on the major antigenic site located on the g-h loop of type asia1 fmdv has been precisely mapped. in this study, we generated a potent neutralizing mab 3e11, which recognized a conformation-dependent epitope and neutralized fmdv asia1/ys/cha/05 in vitro. importantly, a dose of 5.5 nt(50) of the mab 3e11 comple ...201020961714
identification of a conserved linear epitope on the vp1 protein of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus by neutralising monoclonal antibody 8e8.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o remains an important threat to animal husbandry worldwide, and the variability of the virus presents a major problem for fmdv vaccine design. high-affinity neutralising antibodies against a conserved epitope could provide protective immunity against diverse subtypes of fmdv serotype o and protect against future pandemics. we generated a novel monoclonal antibody (mab) 8e8 that potently neutralised infection of fmdv o/ys/cha/05 both in vitro and in v ...201020974198
phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein coding sequences of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses in east africa: evidence for interserotypic recombination.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in east africa with the majority of the reported outbreaks attributed to serotype o virus. in this study, phylogenetic analyses of the polyprotein coding region of serotype o fmd viruses from kenya and uganda has been undertaken to infer evolutionary relationships and processes responsible for the generation and maintenance of diversity within this serotype. fmd virus rna was obtained from six samples following virus isolation in cell culture and in one ca ...201020731826
induction of a cross-reactive cd8(+) t cell response following foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. current inactivated fmdv vaccines generate short-term, serotype-specific protection, mainly through neutralizing antibody. an improved understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity would aid design of more effective vaccines. we have previously reported the presence of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells in fmdv-vaccinated and -infected cattle. in the current study, we aimed to identify cd8(+) t ...201020861264
a multi-step process of viral adaptation to a mutagenic nucleoside analogue by modulation of transition types leads to extinction-escape.resistance of viruses to mutagenic agents is an important problem for the development of lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy. previous studies with rna viruses have documented that resistance to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1-h-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is mediated by amino acid substitutions in the viral polymerase that either increase the general template copying fidelity of the enzyme or decrease the incorporation of ribavirin into rna. here we ...201020865120
short-lived carriage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in human nasal cavities after exposure to infected animals.a quarantine period for potentially contaminated personnel can be used to reduce the risk of transfer of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from infected to susceptible premises. this is set at 72 hours in the uk, on the basis of results from laboratory studies and field observations. previous analysis of fmdv carriage within human nasal cavities has relied upon virus isolation by culture in susceptible cells. this study, involving 51 people, evaluated a pcr method, which detected viral genomic ...201021262692
porcine type i interferon rapidly protects swine against challenge with multiple serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. current inactivated vaccines require approximately 7 days to induce protection, but before this time vaccinated animals remain susceptible to disease. previously, we demonstrated that intramuscular (im) inoculation of a replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vector containing a porcine interferon α gene (pifnα) can protect swine challenged 1 day later by intradermal (id) injection with f ...201020874428
recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing p12a and 3c of fmdv can partially protect piglets against fmdv challenge.one of the crucial factors for evaluation of an effective genetically engineered vaccine is whether susceptible animals are protected from virus challenge after vaccination. in this study, a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv-p12a3c) that expressed capsid precursor polypeptide p12a and nonstructural protein 3c of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was used as a vaccine. the expression of p12a3c and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against fmdv challenge were measured. humoral and cel ...201020947111
risk evaluation of nonvaccinated, weaned calves transported through areas under systematic foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccination.the recurrence and persistence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) could be the consequence of cyclic and massive transportation of calves. for this reason, in south america, vaccination strategies related to livestock dynamic are being promoted. in order to aid the evaluation of such strategies, a method for predicting the risk of transportation of nonvaccinated weaned calves was developed; this method combines expert opinion and empirical evidence using bayesian estimators. it was applied through ...201021071104
quantitative trait loci for variation in immune response to a foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide.infectious disease of livestock continues to be a cause of substantial economic loss and has adverse welfare consequences in both the developing and developed world. new solutions to control disease are needed and research focused on the genetic loci determining variation in immune-related traits has the potential to deliver solutions. however, identifying selectable markers and the causal genes involved in disease resistance and vaccine response is not straightforward. the aims of this study we ...201021138580
structural analysis provides insights into the modular organization of picornavirus ires.picornavirus rna translation is driven by the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element. the impact of rna structure on the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires activity has been analyzed using selective 2'hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (shape) and high throughput analysis of rna conformation by antisense oligonucleotides printed on microarrays. shape reactivity revealed the self-folding capacity of domain 3 and evidenced a change of rna structure in a defective gnra mutan ...201021056890
sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus.identifying when past exposure to an infectious disease will protect against newly emerging strains is central to understanding the spread and the severity of epidemics, but the prediction of viral cross-protection remains an important unsolved problem. for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) research in particular, improved methods for predicting this cross-protection are critical for predicting the severity of outbreaks within endemic settings where multiple serotypes and subtypes commonly co- ...201021151576
beyond the consensus: dissecting within-host viral population diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus by using next-generation genome sequencing.the diverse sequences of viral populations within individual hosts are the starting material for selection and subsequent evolution of rna viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). using next-generation sequencing (ngs) performed on a genome analyzer platform (illumina), this study compared the viral populations within two bovine epithelial samples (foot lesions) from a single animal with the inoculum used to initiate experimental infection. genomic sequences were determined in duplic ...201021159860
analysis of sat1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins: influence of receptor usage on the properties of virus particles.the three sat serotype viruses, endemic in africa, are well known for their difficulty to adapt to cell culture. the viral mechanism involved in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) tissue tropism and cell-entry is not well understood. a recombinant, small plaque-forming virus (vsat1tc), derived from a tissue culture-adapted sat1 virus (sar/9/81tc), revealed four amino acid substitutions (vp3 asp192→tyr; vp3 ser217→ile; vp1 ala69→gly and vp1 asn110→lys) in the capsid, compared to the sar/9/81wt i ...201021167231
foot-and-mouth disease virus exhibits an altered tropism in the presence of specific immunoglobulins, enabling productive infection and killing of dendritic cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute vesicular disease of farm animals. the development of successful control strategies is limited by an incomplete understanding of the immune response to fmdv. dendritic cells (dc) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their role in fmdv infection of cattle is uncharacterized. bovine monocyte-derived dc (modc) were exposed to integrin-binding and cell culture-adapted strains of fmdv in vitro. modc were not largely susceptible to inf ...201021177807
a single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid resistance.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles lose infectivity due to their disassembly at ph values slightly below neutrality. this acid-dependent disassembly process is required for viral rna release inside endosomes. to study the molecular determinants of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly, six fmdv variants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were isolated. infection by these mutants was more sensitive to drugs that raise the endosomal ph (nh(4)cl and concanamycin a) tha ...201021177816
2a to the fore - research, technology and applications.the 2a region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes a short sequence that mediates self-processing by a novel translational effect. translation elongation arrest leads to release of the nascent polypeptide and re-initiation at the next in-frame codon. in this way discrete translation products are derived from a single open reading frame. active 2a-like sequences have been found in (many) other viruses and trypanosome non-ltr retrotransposons. exponential growth of 2a technology with ...201021415883
inhibitors of foot and mouth disease virus targeting a novel pocket of the rna-dependent rna polymerase.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that infects cloven-hoofed animals and leads to severe losses in livestock production. in the case of an fmd outbreak, emergency vaccination requires at least 7 days to trigger an effective immune response. there are currently no approved inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of fmdv infections.201021203539
phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus types o and a in malaysia and surrounding countries.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in the countries of mainland southeast asia where it represents a major obstacle to the development of productive animal industries. the aim of this study was to use genetic data to determine the distribution of fmd virus (fmdv) lineages in the southeast asia region, and in particular identify possible sources of fmdv causing outbreaks in malaysia. complete vp1 sequences, obtained from 214 samples collected between 2000 and 2009, from fmd outbreaks in six ...201021093614
[current situation and future preventive measures of foot-and-mouth disease in japan].foot-and-mouth disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a severe and acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. as fmdv is highly contagious and causes productivity losses among infected animals, outbreaks of the disease are a primary animal health concern worldwide. in april, 2010, the disease reoccurred in miyazaki prefecture in 10 years. compared to the outbreak in 2000 in which no infection among pigs was observed, a total of 292 ...201021488337
transmission risks and control of foot-and-mouth disease in the netherlands: spatial patterns.in 2001 the epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in great britain, the netherlands and france have shown how fast fmdv may spread between farms. the massive socio-economic impact of these epidemics and the intervention measures taken demonstrate the need for quantitative assessments of the efficacy of candidate intervention strategies. here we use a mathematical model to describe the spatial transmission of fmdv in the netherlands and use the dutch 2001 outbreak data to estimate mode ...201021352775
estimating risk factors for farm-level transmission of disease: foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in great britain.controlling an epidemic would be aided by establishing whether particular individuals in infected populations are more likely to transmit infection. however, few analyses have characterised such individuals. such analyses require both data on who infected whom and on the likely determinants of transmission; data that are available at the farm level for the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic in great britain. using these data a putative number of daughter infected premises (ips) resulting from ...201021352781
generation of a recombinant full-length human antibody binding to botulinum neurotoxin a.in order to develop a recombinant full-length human anti-botulinum neurotoxin a (bont/a) antibody, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were collected from three healthy volunteers and induced for bont/a-specific immune response by in vitro immunization. the genes encoding human fd fragment, consisting of antibody heavy chain variable region and constant region 1 with the genes encoding antibody light chain, were cloned from the immunized pbmc. afterwards, one combinatory human antige ...201019466383
airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease--model intercomparison.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) spreads by direct contact between animals, by animal products (milk, meat and semen), by mechanical transfer on people or fomites and by the airborne route, with the relative importance of each mechanism depending on the particular outbreak characteristics. atmospheric dispersion models have been developed to assess airborne spread of fmdv in a number of countries, including the uk, denmark, australia, new zealand, usa and canada. these models were compared at ...201019138867
early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after controlled aerosol exposure.the goal of this study was to identify the primary sites of replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cattle subsequent to aerogenous inoculation. a novel aerosol inoculation method was developed to simulate natural, airborne transmission and thereby allow the identification of early replication sites. virus distribution after aerosol inoculation was compared at 24h post inoculation with simple nasal instillation. aerosol inoculation of fmdv consistently resulted in virus detection b ...201018930417
a recombinant truncated fmdv 3ab protein used to better distinguish between infected and vaccinated cattle.to distinguish the antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection from those induced by vaccination, a recombinant n-terminal truncated fmdv non-structural protein (nsp) of 3ab, designated as r3ab, was constructed by deleting 80 amino acids displayed about 30% homology to transposase is4 family protein of escherichia coli, expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3) and then purified. the r3ab was majorly expressed in soluble fraction and presented as homogeneous monomers after purifica ...201020197135
the region between the two polyprotein initiation codons of foot-and-mouth disease virus is critical for virulence in cattle.to explore the role in viral pathogenesis of the region located between the two functional aug (inter-aug) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), we derived viruses containing transposon (tn) inserts from a mutagenized cdna infectious clone of fmdv (pa24-wt). mutant viruses containing an in-frame 57-nt transposon insertion grew at a slower rate and had a smaller plaque size phenotype than the parental virus (a24-wt). a mutant virus containing a 51-nt deletion in inter-aug had a similar phenotyp ...201019896688
the development of oral fluid-based diagnostics and applications in veterinary medicine.the purpose of this review was to discuss the history of the development and implementation of oral fluid diagnostics for infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. the use of oral fluid for the assessment of health and diagnosis of disease in humans and animals has a surprisingly long history. as early as 1909, pollaci and ceraulo reported sensitive and specific agglutination of 'micrococcus melitensis' (brucella melitensis) by oral fluid from patients diagnosed with malta fever. a 198 ...201020202287
cd40-expressing plasmid induces anti-cd40 antibody and enhances immune responses to dna vaccination.various approaches have been used to improve the efficacy of dna vaccination, including the incorporation of molecular adjuvants. because the cd40 ligand-cd40 interaction plays a major role in initiating immune responses, we sought to develop a molecular adjuvant targeting this interaction.201019950201
the 5'-untranslated region of the mouse mammary tumor virus mrna exhibits cap-independent translation initiation.in this study, we demonstrate the identification of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) within the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of the mouse mammary tumor virus (mmtv). the 5'-utr of the full-length mrna derived from the infectious, complete mmtv genome was cloned into a dual luciferase reporter construct containing an upstream renilla luciferase gene (rluc) and a downstream firefly luciferase gene (fluc). in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the mmtv 5'-utr was capable of driving translation of ...201019889724
quantitative single serum-dilution liquid phase competitive blocking elisa for the assessment of herd immunity and expected protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle.a single serum-dilution liquid phase elisa (slpelisa) was standardized to be used for serological evaluation of herd immunity against foot-and-mouth disease. the absorbance value at a dilution 1:64 of each serum sample was interpolated in a standard curve by plotting the antibody titers of six control sera determined by end point dilution liquid phase elisa (lpelisa), against the absorbance values for the same control sera at 1:64 dilutions. a straight line was obtained by linear regression anal ...201020170683
transgenic mouse model integrating sirna targeting the foot and mouth disease virus.we have constructed 2 small interfering rnas (sirnas) specifically targeting homogenous 3d and 2b1 regions of 7 serotypes of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and tested the ability of sirnas to inhibit virus replication in baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells and suckling mice. in this study, we generated transgenic mouse models integrating short hairpin rna (shrna) targeting microinfected fmdv. when examined at the 7th passage in transgenic mice, the target gene was still found by pcr to b ...201020176056
limiting the impacts of foot and mouth disease in large ruminants in northern lao people's democratic republic by vaccination: a case study.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the most important global transboundary livestock disease and is endemic in lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) with outbreaks occurring regularly. lao pdr shares borders with five countries and as a major thoroughfare for transboundary livestock movement, is vulnerable to the social and economic impacts of fmd. the fmd outbreak occurred in january 2009 in the pek district, located in the north-eastern lao pdr province of xieng khuang and involved all 111 v ...201020180923
insights into cleavage specificity from the crystal structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease complexed with a peptide substrate.picornavirus replication is critically dependent on the correct processing of a polyprotein precursor by 3c protease(s) (3c(pro)) at multiple specific sites with related but non-identical sequences. to investigate the structural basis of its cleavage specificity, we performed the first crystallographic structural analysis of non-covalent complexes of a picornavirus 3c(pro) with peptide substrates. the x-ray crystal structure of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c(pro), mutated to replace the cat ...201019883658
a bicistronic lentiviral vector based on the 1d/2a sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus expresses proteins stoichiometrically.classic ires sequences are notorious for exerting biased expression in favor of upstream coding regions when placed into polycistronic vectors. here, we report the development of a bicistronic lentiviral system based on the 1d/2a sequence from the foot-and-mouth disease virus that is able to maintain tightly balanced control of upstream and downstream protein expression for several days at a stoichiometry very closely approaching 1.0. our results suggest that the 1d/2a sequence can be optimized ...201020132845
differences in the virulence of two strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a with the same spatiotemporal distribution.during the 2000-2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina, two fmdv serotype a viruses were identified among others. since different pathogenic properties between these virus strains were noticed in cattle, we evaluated several biological properties and features of fmdv a/arg/00 and fmdv a/arg/01 in order to compare these viruses in terms of virulence and pathogenicity. our results indicate that fmdv a/arg/00 grows less efficiently than fmdv a/arg/01, exemplified by small ...201019883705
attenuated salmonella choleraesuis-mediated rnai targeted to conserved regions against foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs and swine.in this study, specific sequences within three genes (3d, vp4 and 2b) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome were determined to be effective rnai targets. these sequences are highly conserved among different serotype viruses based on sequence analysis. small interfering rna (sirna)-expressing plasmids (p3d-nt19, p3d-nt56, pvp4-nt19, pvp4-nt65 and p2b-nt25) were constructed to express sirna targeting 3d, vp4 and 2b, respectively. the antiviral potential of these sirna for various fmdv ...201020167192
degradation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during composting of infected pig carcasses.the objective of this study was to investigate the inactivation and degradation of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus during composting of infected pig carcasses as measured by virus isolation in tissue culture and by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr). three fmd-infected pig carcasses were composted in a mixture of chicken manure and wood shavings in a biocontainment level 3 facility. compost temperatures had reached 50 degrees c and 70 degrees c by days 10 and ...201020357957
a single amino acid substitution in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus can increase acid lability and confer resistance to acid-dependent uncoating inhibition.the acid-dependent disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is required for viral rna release from endosomes to initiate replication. although the fmdv capsid disassembles at acid ph, mutants escaping inhibition by nh(4)cl of endosomal acidification were found to constitute about 10% of the viruses recovered from bhk-21 cells infected with fmdv c-s8c1. for three of these mutants, the degree of nh(4)cl resistance correlated with the sensitivity of the virion to acid-induced inactivation ...201020053737
cell entry of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis a virus is dependent on endosome acidification.equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is genetically closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and both are now classified within the genus aphthovirus of the family picornaviridae. for disease security reasons, fmdv can be handled only in high-containment facilities, but these constraints do not apply to erav, making it an attractive alternative for the study of aphthovirus biology. here, we show, using immunofluorescence, pharmacological agents, and dominant negative inhibitors, that er ...201020375159
structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant polymerases with reduced sensitivity to ribavirin.passage of poliovirus (pv) or foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in the presence of ribavirin selected for viruses with decreased sensitivity to r, which included different mutations in their polymerase (3d): g64s located in the finger subdomain in the case of pv and m296i located within loop beta9-alpha11 at the active site in the case of fmdv. to investigate why disparate substitutions were selected in two closely related 3ds, we constructed fmdvs with a 3d that included either g62s (the equi ...201020392853
molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of integrins alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).bactrian camels can relatively easily be infected with fmdv, but dromedary camels remain resistant even to high doses of the virus. to understand the different susceptibility between the two camel species from the standpoint of viral receptors, this work reports the sequences of the dromedary camel integrin cdnas encoding alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta6 and compare them to those of other species, especially to bactrian camels. the complete coding sequences for the dromedary camel alphav, beta1 and b ...201020015555
a novel system for the production of high levels of functional human therapeutic proteins in stable cells with a semliki forest virus noncytopathic vector.semliki forest virus (sfv) vectors lead to high protein expression in mammalian cells, but expression is transient due to vector cytopathic effects, inhibition of host cell proteins and rna-based expression. we have used a noncytopathic sfv mutant (ncsfv) rna vector to generate stable cell lines expressing two human therapeutic proteins: insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) and cardiotrophin-1 (ct-1). therapeutic genes were fused at the carboxy-terminal end of puromycin n-acetyl-transferase gene ...201020188220
high expression level of a foot and mouth disease virus epitope in tobacco transplastomic plants.chloroplast transformation has an extraordinary potential for antigen production in plants because of the capacity to accumulate high levels of recombinant proteins and increased biosafety due to maternal plastid inheritance in most crops. in this article, we evaluate tobacco chloroplasts transformation for the production of a highly immunogenic epitope containing amino acid residues 135-160 of the structural protein vp1 of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). to increase the accumulation le ...201020041332
effect of the extract made from cochinchina momordica seeds on the humoral immune responses of mice to a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (serotypes o and asia 1).the extract from ecms was investigated for its effect on the humoral immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. fifty-six mice were randomly divided into seven groups with eight animals in each. mice in groups 5 to 7 were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 0.5 mg dex daily for 4 days to induce immunosuppression. the animals were then orally given ecms (200 microg in 250 microl saline) in groups 3 and 6 or 250 microl saline in group 2, or s.c. injected with ecms (50 microg in 100 mi ...201020055940
possible use of rna isolate from inactivated vaccine for external positive control in reverse transcription-based detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bull semen.this study has demonstrated the novel use of inactivated and purified vaccine against fmd virus for detection and analysis. rna isolate was efficiently generated from the vaccine for an external positive control for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assays. the target dna fragment sequences from the 2b region and 3d rna polymerase gene of the virus for rt-pcr and rt-lamp respectively were successful ...201020097168
foot-and-mouth disease viral loads in pigs in the early, acute stage of disease.the progress and pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was studied in infected pigs by observing the development of clinical signs in two separate experiments. viral loads were determined by real-time quantitative rt-pcr in the liver, spleen, cervical lymph node, mandibular lymph node, retropharyngeal lymph node, soft palate, pharynx, tonsil, tongue and skin (coronary band area). tissue samples were collected from both inoculated and contact-infected pigs at several time points dur ...201020045852
recent spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the far east. 201020435988
an indirect elisa for serodiagnosis of cattle footrot caused by fusobacterium necrophorum.a serodiagnostic elisa (rl-elisa) using recombinant truncated leukotoxin protein pl2 (aa 311-644) of fusobacterium necrophorum as antigen was developed for detection of antibodies against f. necrophorum from cattle footrot. in rl-elisa, the recombinant diagnostic antigen showed no cross-reaction with antisera against bovine foot and mouth disease virus, bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine rotavirus type a, bovine escherichia coli, and bovine salmonella. the rl-elisa ...201020304080
rna immunization can protect mice against foot-and-mouth disease virus.in previous work we have reported the immunization of swine using in vitro-transcribed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. with the aim of testing whether rna-induced immunization can mediate protection against viral infection, a group of swiss adult mice was inoculated with fmdv infectious transcripts. in most inoculated animals viral rna was detected in serum at 48-72h postinoculation. a group of the rna-inoculated mice (11 out of 19) developed significant titers of neutralizing antibodie ...201020005905
tailoring the switch from ires-dependent to 5'-end-dependent translation with the rnase p ribozyme.translation initiation driven by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements is dependent on the structural organization of the ires region. we have previously shown that a structural motif within the foot-and-mouth-disease virus ires is recognized in vitro as substrate for the synechocystis sp. rnase p ribozyme. here we show that this structure-dependent endonuclease recognizes the ires element in cultured cells, leading to inhibition of translation. inhibition of ires activity was dependent o ...201020194518
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