Publications

diagnosis of rabies by use of brain tissue dried on filter paper.		2003	12594654
connecting the dots: trafficking of neurotrophins, lectins and diverse pathogens by binding to the neurotrophin receptor p75ntr.	the common receptor for neurotrophins, p75, has important roles in internalization and trafficking of neurotrophins along axons. recent studies show that an astonishing array of proteins, including lectins, pathogens and neurotoxins, bind the p75 receptor, suggesting that they can hijack and utilize this receptor for trafficking between neuronal populations within the nervous system. such pathogens include the neurologically important rabies viruses, prion proteins, beta-amyloid and possibly tet ...	2003	12603257
emerging pattern of rabies deaths and increased viral infectivity.	most human rabies deaths in the united states can be attributed to unrecognized exposures to rabies viruses associated with bats, particularly those associated with two infrequently encountered bat species (lasionycteris noctivagans and pipistrellus subflavus). these human rabies cases tend to cluster in the southeastern and northwestern united states. in these regions, most rabies deaths associated with bats in nonhuman terrestrial mammals are also associated with virus variants specific to the ...	2003	12603983
bugs in the brain.		2003	12616864
trends in national surveillance for rabies among bats in the united states (1993-2000).	to describe surveillance trends and epidemiologic features of rabies in bats in the united states, focusing on 3 bat species primarily associated with variants of the rabies virus that affect humans.	2003	12619845
inactivated rabies vaccine control and release: use of an elisa method.	quality control of human rabies vaccines performed by national control laboratories (ncls) prior to marketing vaccines batches requires in vivo and in vitro potency assays as requested by the relevant european pharmacopoeia monographs, omcls guidelines and who technical recommendations. the aim of the present study was to check the suitability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody, directed to the rabies virus glycoprotein, to monitor the ...	2003	12623055
the importance of a high index of suspicion in rabies.		2003	12630728
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--iowa, 2002.		2003	12633196
epidemiological situation of rabies in lithuania from 1990 to 2000.	the epidemiological situation of rabies was investigated in lithuania. over the last decade, 2277 cases of rabies were registered among wild and domestic animals (mean number of cases per districts was 44). the highest distribution of rabies was found in the districts of lazdijai and utena (116 and 81 cases, respectively), and the lowest in the svencioniai and zarasai districts (one and eight cases, respectively). it was found that rabies among wildlife comprised 54% with the majority of cases b ...	2003	12636997
discrimination between dog-related and vampire bat-related rabies viruses in brazil by strain-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.	there is a geographical overlap between the two main rabies epidemiological cycles maintained by dogs and vampire bats in latin america. the geographical and temporal coincidence of rabies outbreaks of respective origins is not unusual in rural areas of latin america. these circumstances make it difficult to discriminate the intraspecies and interspecies transmission pathways of rabies.	2003	12637081
rabies in sri lanka: splendid isolation.	rabies virus exists in dogs on sri lanka as a single, minimally divergent lineage only distantly related to other rabies virus lineages in asia. stable, geographically isolated virus populations are susceptible to local extinction. a fully implemented rabies-control campaign could make sri lanka the first asian country in >30 years to become free of rabies virus.	2003	12643834
evaluation of lumpy skin disease virus, a capripoxvirus, as a replication-deficient vaccine vector.	lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a capripoxvirus with a host range limited to ruminants, was evaluated as a replication-deficient vaccine vector for use in non-ruminant hosts. by using the rabies virus glycoprotein (rg) as a model antigen, it was demonstrated that recombinant lsdv encoding the rabies glycoprotein (rlsdv-rg) was able to express rg in both permissive (ruminant) and non-permissive (non-ruminant) cells. the recombinant lsdv, however, replicated to maturity only in permissive but not ...	2003	12867628
viral meningitis and encephalitis: traditional and emerging viral agents.	in the united states, the annual number of central nervous system (cns) infections that occur as a result of viral agents far exceeds that of infections caused by bacteria, yeast, molds, and protozoa combined. the recent incursion of west nile virus (wnv) into north america has led to a dramatic change in the incidence and epidemiology of summer-associated viral cns disease. as a result of increased testing for wnv, lesser known viral causes of cns infection have been identified. even the epidem ...	2003	12881794
cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues.	diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ...	2003	12895231
new approaches to the prevention and eradication of rabies.	despite significant progress in improving the pre- and postexposure prophylaxis of human rabies, the development of better and more cost-effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics remains a major goal for the treatment of human rabies, the control of animal rabies and particularly for the eradication of rabies virus reservoirs in terrestrial wildlife. in this review, we discuss the structural requirements for an effective rabies vaccine, as well as new strategies currently in use for the deve ...	2003	12903805
[antibodies to the rabies virus in humans working in a veterinary hospital environment at the universidade federal de mato grosso. cuiabá, mt, brazil].	a characterization of the serological profile of 102 workers in constant activities in a veterinary hospital environment at the universidade federal de mato grosso was made through epidemiological data and serological tests to the rabies virus from november 1999 to november 2000. of these, 27 had been vaccinated in a pre-exposure scheme and 75 had not received any kind of antirabies immunization. the results of the study classified the people into four groups (g1, g2, g3 and g4). in g1, 19 (18.6 ...	2003	12908036
rabies among infrequently reported mammalian carnivores in the united states, 1960-2000.	most cases of rabies reported annually in the united states occur among three groups of carnivores--raccoons (procyon lotor), skunks (mephitis, spilogale, and putorius), foxes (vulpes, urocyon, and alopex)--and among bats (numerous species). however, between 1960 and 2000, a total of 2,851 cases of rabies in 17 other carnivore taxa were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, georgia (usa), from 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico. three species of t ...	2003	12910751
rabies emergence among foxes in turkey.	sixteen rabies isolates recently collected from mainland turkey and two isolates held within a british archive were used to form a representative cohort from a range of vectors, and were analyzed to identify potential causes for an increase of rabies within the fox (vulpes vulpes) population in turkey. each isolate was characterized by sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene and compared phylogenetically to the cohort, to isolates from neighboring countries and to isolates from continental e ...	2003	12910752
the persistence of rabies virus antibodies in the sera of fox cubs.	the persistence of maternal antibodies transfer from rabies-immune vixens to their fox cubs was studied. eight vixens (vulpes vulpes) were vaccinated 1 month before pregnancy with lysvulpen vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes. twenty-one were foxes born at the first half of april. the geometrical mean titre of rabies neutralizing antibodies of fox cubs sampled in may was 1.31 iu/ml and has dropped successively to 0.54 iu/ml in june samples and to 0.18 iu/ml in july samples. it has been proven ...	2003	12916696
canine rabies dna vaccination: a single-dose intradermal injection into ear pinnae elicits elevated and persistent levels of neutralizing antibody.	rabid dog exposures cause >99% of human rabies deaths world-wide. in developing countries, where dogs are the viral reservoir, the 30-50% vaccination coverage of dog populations is insufficient to break the disease transmission cycle. in addition, many vaccines currently used in developing countries fail to maintain detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. the poor vaccination coverage with inadequate vaccines, in addition to the difficulty in locating dogs for booster vaccinations, suggest t ...	2003	12922136
study of lyssaviruses of bat origin as a source of rabies for other animal species in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.	an epidemic-geographic rabies study was carried out in which 72 animal and human brain samples were analyzed for lyssaviruses by a direct immunofluorescent technique (dift) and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay. fifty-two samples were also tested by a mouse inoculation test. lyssavirus rna was detected in 60 of 72 samples. five dift-negative bat samples tested by a nested pcr assay showed evidence of the presence of rabies virus rna. sequencing of amplified rabies ...	2003	12932103
in vitro and in vivo gene delivery by recombinant baculoviruses.	although recombinant baculovirus vectors can be an efficient tool for gene transfer into mammalian cells in vitro, gene transduction in vivo has been hampered by the inactivation of baculoviruses by serum complement. recombinant baculoviruses possessing excess envelope protein gp64 or other viral envelope proteins on the virion surface deliver foreign genes into a variety of mammalian cell lines more efficiently than the unmodified baculovirus. in this study, we examined the efficiency of gene t ...	2003	12941888
[the antiviral activity of the peptide immunomodulator "gepon" in experimental models of street rabies virus].	intracerebral injections of the gepon drug were shown to be non-toxic when administered to outbred white mice, 0.01-0.1 micrograms. the drug protects 30-40% of mice (p < 95-99%) in contamination by street rables virus. the animals' protection depends on a dose and drug application scheme. the most pronounced protection was observed in its intramuscular administration, 0.1 microgram in the virus locus (infection opening). it should be necessarily pointed out that such pronounced protection (40%; ...	2003	12945207
molecular and antigenic characterization of rabies viruses from iran identifies variants with distinct epidemiological origins.	a molecular epidemiological study of 48 recent rabies isolates recovered from cases reported throughout iran identified three distinct viral variants, the evolutionary origins of which were identified by phylogenetic comparison with rabies viruses originating from europe and asia. members of group 1 (15 isolates) were recovered from the northern half of the country only, while those of group 2 (31 isolates) were widely dispersed; both groups clustered within the widely disseminated cosmopolitan ...	2003	12948379
mapping of the low ph-sensitive conformational epitope of rabies virus glycoprotein recognized by a monoclonal antibody #1-30-44.	monoclonal antibody (mab) #1-30-44 recognized an acid-sensitive conformational epitope of rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the antigenicity of g protein exposed on the cell surface was lost when the infected cells were exposed to ph 5.8. by comparing the deduced amino acid sequence of g protein between the hep-flury strain and the epitope-negative cvs strain as well as the mab-resistant escape mutants, two distant sites that contained lys-202 and asn-336 were shown to be involved in the epitope fo ...	2003	12953844
use of discriminatory probes for strain typing of formalin-fixed, rabies virus-infected tissues by in situ hybridization.	an in situ hybridization (ish) method has been developed to overcome difficulties encountered in the viral typing of formalin-fixed rabies virus-infected brain tissue. rabies viruses representative of all strains normally encountered in diagnostic submissions throughout canada, including 3 strains of terrestrial hosts (arctic fox, western skunk, mid-atlantic raccoon), 10 strains circulating in several bat reservoirs (bbcan1 to bbcan7, lacan, shcan, and mycan), and the evelyn-rokitniki-abelseth ( ...	2003	12958267
incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with distemper or rabies vaccine: 143 cases (1995-2001).	to determine the incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with a modified-live avian cell culture canine distemper virus vaccine licensed for use in ferrets, an inactivated rabies vaccine licensed for use in ferrets, or both.	2003	12959385
rhabdoviruses and apoptosis.	viral-induced apoptosis is recognized as a common method utilized by viruses to overcome the host. recent evidence indicates that infection by rhabdoviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), spring viremia of carp virus (svcv), and rabies virus results in apoptotic cell death. similar morphological changes and host cell proteins are induced in cells infected with these different viruses; however, the viral proteins responsible for these changes vary. in addition, the molecular mechanism( ...	2003	12959754
cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate.	we used transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses to examine the topographic organization of circuits linking the cerebellar cortex with the arm area of the primary motor cortex (m1) and with area 46 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys. retrograde transneuronal transport of the cvs-11 (challenge virus strain 11) strain of rabies virus in cerebello-thalamocortical pathways revealed that the arm area of m1 receives input from purkinje cells located primarily in lobules iv-vi of the c ...	2003	12968006
glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a key determinant of human cell apoptosis.	we showed that, unlike pathogenic rabies virus (rv) strain cvs, attenuated rv strain era triggers the caspase-dependent apoptosis of human cells. furthermore, we observed that the induction of apoptosis is correlated with a particular virus antigen distribution: the overexpression of the viral g protein on the cell surface, with continuous localization on the cytoplasmic membrane, and large cytoplasmic inclusions of the n protein. to determine whether one of these two major rv proteins (g and n ...	2003	12970438
update on appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis.		2003	12971069
an improved method for recovering rabies virus from cloned cdna.	a new system for recovery of rabies virus from cdna plasmid, the transcription of which was driven by cellular rna polymerase ii, was developed. the plasmid contains full-length viral cdna flanked by hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta ribozyme sequences, arranged downstream of the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promotor. transfection with the full-length cdna plasmid together with helper plasmids encoding viral n, p, and l proteins without supply of t7 rna polymerase produced a recombinant rabies vi ...	2003	12505638
a molecular epidemiological study of australian bat lyssavirus.	the genetic diversity of australian bat lyssavirus (abl) was investigated by comparing 24 abl isolate glycoprotein (g) gene nucleotide sequences with those of 37 lyssaviruses representing lyssavirus genotypes 1-6. phylogenetic analyses indicated that abl forms a monophyletic group separate from other lyssaviruses. this group differentiates into two clades: one associated with pteropus (flying fox) species, the other with the insectivorous bat saccolaimus flaviventris. calculation of percentage n ...	2003	12560583
molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in colombia: evidence for human and dog rabies associated with bats.	three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in colombia during the last two decades, one of these is occurring in the caribbean region (northern colombia), while the other two occurred almost simultaneously in arauca (eastern colombia) and in the central region and ended in 1997. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in these three areas, 902 nt cdna fragments encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt- ...	2003	12655080
immunogenicity of a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-canarypox vaccine in hiv-seronegative ugandan volunteers: results of the hiv network for prevention trials 007 vaccine study.	in the first preventative human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccine study to be carried out in africa, 40 hiv-seronegative ugandan volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a canarypox vector containing hiv-1 clade b (env and gag-pro) antigens (alvac-hiv; n = 20), control vector containing the rabies virus glycoprotein g gene (n = 10), or saline placebo (n = 10). cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity against target cells expressing clade a, b, and d antigens was assessed using standard chromium-re ...	2003	12660934
appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis.		2003	12666375
immune response to japanese rabies vaccine in domestic dogs.	to evaluate the immune response induced by japanese rabies vaccine for veterinary use as international units (iu), we measured levels of rabies antibody in serum samples from dogs by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). in dogs immunized with a reference vaccine (potency level of 3.1 iu/ml), prepared by the same method as that used to produce commercial vaccine, and its dilutions (1 : 2 or 1 : 4), neutralizing-antibody levels increased to 1.0-2.0 iu/ml over a period of 1 month an ...	2003	12675902
risk factors associated with travel to rabies endemic countries.	increased travel to exotic destinations around the world is escalating the risk that an emerging virus may be imported into the uk. rabies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any encephalitic illness presenting in an appropriate epidemiological context. molecular diagnostic tests that can rapidly discriminate rabies from other suspected infections will influence the use of anti-rabies prophylaxis for potential contacts with the victim. in 2001, the uk had two confirmed human ra ...	2003	12675934
effects of vaccine route and dosage on protection from rabies after intracerebral challenge in mice.	to evaluate the effect of various routes of administration and number of doses of 3 commercially produced rabies vaccines on serum antibody responses and protection in mice challenged by intracerebral injection with fixed-strain rabies virus.	2003	12693542
effect of heterogeneity of rabies virus strain and challenge route on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice.	to determine effect of route of challenge and strain of rabies virus on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice.	2003	12693543
[molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in colombia, 1994-2002: evidence of human and canine rabies associated with chiroptera].	three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in colombia during the last two decades, one of which is ongoing in the caribbean region (northern colombia). the earlier outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in arauca (eastern colombia) and in the central region, ending in 1997. phylogenetic relationships among rabies viruses isolated from the three areas were based on a comparison of cdna fragments coding for the endodomain of protein g and a fragment of l protein obtained by rt-pcr. the seq ...	2003	12696396
isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom.	european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) has been isolated once previously from a bat in the uk in june 1996. in september 2002, a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) found in lancashire developed abnormal behaviour, including unprovoked aggression, while it was in captivity. brain samples from the bat were tested for virus of the lyssavirus genus, which includes eblv-2 (genotype 6), and classical rabies virus (genotype 1). a positive fluorescent antibody test confirmed that it was infected with ...	2003	12696703
rabies virus infection: an update.	there are still many unanswered questions in the pathogenesis of rabies, but recent progress has been made. during most of the long incubation period of rabies, the virus likely remains close the site of viral entry. centripetal spread to the central nervous system and spread within the central nervous system occur by fast axonal transport. neuronal dysfunction, rather than neuronal death, is responsible for the clinical features and fatal outcome in natural rabies. recent work has changed our p ...	2003	12707856
rabies virus nucleoprotein is phosphorylated by cellular casein kinase ii.	it has been reported that phosphorylation of rabies virus n plays an important role in the process of viral transcription and replication. rabies virus n is phosphorylated when expressed alone, indicating that cellular kinase phosphorylates rabies virus n. to identify what cellular kinase phosphorylates rabies virus n, the n was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by metal affinity chromatography. the recombinant n was phosphorylated by bhk cellular extracts and by purified ck-ii. in addi ...	2003	12711319
[rabies virus].		2003	12718023
[rabies].		2003	12722232
differential expression of growth factors at the cellular level in virus-infected brain.	the contribution of host factors to rabies virus (rv) transcription/replication and axonal/transsynaptic spread is largely unknown. we previously identified several host genes that are up-regulated in the mouse brain during rv infection, including neuroleukin, which is involved in neuronal growth and survival, cell motility, and differentiation, and fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 4 (fhf4), which has been implicated in limb and nervous system development. in this study, we used real-t ...	2003	12736376
a comparison of dna vaccines for the rabies-related virus, mokola.	mokola virus, a rabies-related virus, has been reported to date from the african continent only. like rabies virus, it is highly pathogenic, causes acute encephalitis, and zoonotic events have been documented. although believed to be rare, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of isolations of the virus in south africa in recent years. we have cloned and sequenced the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes from a south african mokola virus, and used these in the construction ...	2003	12744896
a novel process for the production of a veterinary rabies vaccine in bhk-21 cells grown on microcarriers in a 20-l bioreactor.	we studied bhk-21 cells growth in a 2-l bioreactor and investigated the effects of microcarrier concentration, type of growth medium, culture mode and serum concentration. the highest cell density reached was equal to 4x10(6) cells/ml and was achieved in minimum essential medium supplemented with hanks' salts, non-essential amino acids and 5% fetal calf serum, using a perfusion culture mode and a microcarrier concentration of 4 g cytodex 3/l. we studied rabies virus production (pv/bhk-21 strain) ...	2003	12764557
rabies virus matrix protein regulates the balance of virus transcription and replication.	rna synthesis by negative-strand rna viruses (nsvs) involves transcription of subgenomic mrnas and replication of ribonucleoprotein complexes. in this study, the envelope matrix (m) protein of rabies virus (rv) was identified as a factor which inhibits transcription and stimulates replication. transcription, but not replication, of rv minigenomes or of full-length rv was decreased by expression of heterologous m. since rv assembly involving m and the glycoprotein g renders virus synthetically qu ...	2003	12771432
human rabies: a reemerging disease in costa rica?	two human rabies cases caused by a bat-associated virus variant were identified in september 2001 in costa rica, after a 31-year absence of the disease in humans. both patients lived in a rural area where cattle had a high risk for bat bites, but neither person had a definitive history of being bitten by a rabid animal. characterization of the rabies viruses from the patients showed that the reservoir was the hematophagous vampire bat, desmodus rotundus, and that a sick cat was the vector.	2003	12781014
spectroscopic characterization of two peptides derived from the stem of rabies virus glycoprotein.	rabies virus glycoprotein (g) is a trimeric type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates both receptor recognition and low ph-induced membrane fusion. electron microscopy has indicated that the ectodomain of protein g is made of a globular head and a stem. in order to characterize the putative stem region at the molecular level, we designed two peptides, p(s) and p(l), which were produced as gst fusion proteins in bacteria. peptide p(s) extends from amino acid (aa) 374 to aa 428 whereas pepti ...	2003	12782363
function and glycosylation of plant-derived antiviral monoclonal antibody.	plant genetic engineering led to the production of plant-derived mab (mabp), which provides a safe and economically feasible alternative to the current methods of antibody production in animal systems. in this study, the heavy and light chains of human anti-rabies mab were expressed and assembled in planta under the control of two strong constitutive promoters. an alfalfa mosaic virus untranslated leader sequence and lys-asp-glu-leu (kdel) endoplasmic reticulum retention signal were linked at th ...	2003	12799460
common host genes are activated in mouse brain by japanese encephalitis and rabies viruses.	this study identified nine genes whose expression is upregulated in the central nervous system (cns) of mice during japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection. these include: cathepsin s, oligoadenylate synthetase (oas), garg49/irg2, lymphocyte antigen-6a (ly-6a), macrophage activation gene-2 (mpa2), early growth response gene1 (egr1), pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (p5n), apolipoprotein d (apod) and stat1. activation of all nine genes during jev infection was confirmed by northern blot analysis. j ...	2003	12810866
development of a cocktail of recombinant-expressed human rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for postexposure prophylaxis of rabies.	to provide a cost-effective and safe replacement for human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig), we used dna recombinant technology to express 3 human rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) in a rhabdovirus vector (rhv). infection of either baby hamster kidney cells or cho cells, with the resulting rhv-humab recombinant viruses, yielded high-level production (< or =40 micro g/ml/48 h) of rhv recombinant-expressed humabs (rhumabs) that differ in both isotype and epitope-recognitio ...	2003	12825170
seroconversion in captive african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) following administration of a chicken head bait/sag-2 oral rabies vaccine combination.	this study determined the proportion of captive juvenile and adult african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) that developed protective titres of rabies neutralising antibodies following ingestion of a chicken head bait/sag-2 oral rabies vaccine combination. a single chicken head containing 1.8 ml of sag-2 vaccine (10(8.0) tcid50/ml) in a plastic blister was fed to each of eight adult and three juvenile wild dogs. bait ingestion resulted in a significant rise in serum neutralising antibody titres. overal ...	2003	12825684
further characterization of the rabies virus glycoproteins produced by virus-infected and g cdna-transfected cells using a monoclonal antibody, #1-30-44, which recognizes an acid-sensitive epitope.	expression of rabies virus glycoprotein (g) by g cdna-transfected mammalian cells resulted in the production of only a fusion-negative form. low ph-dependent fusion activity, however, was seen when the expression was done under control of the t7 promoter with the help of recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv-t7) that provided t7 rna polymerase. fusion-inactive g proteins were transported to the cell surface as being detected by a conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibody (mab; #1-46-12). the ...	2003	12825895
in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: a novel technique for detection of rabies virus rna in murine neuroblastoma cells.		2003	12828347
development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test for rabies antibodies.	the presently recommended tests for estimation of rabies neutralising antibodies like rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and mouse neutralisation test (mnt) are laborious, time consuming and not cost-effective for routine use. simple, rapid and economical tests need to be developed for routine use.	2003	12829034
rabies update for travel medicine advisors.	rabies is a neglected disease in many developing countries. it is preventable, and the tools to prevent it are known. there is urgent need for more funding, for study of innovative dog population-control measures, and for sustainable canine immunization. safe and effective tissue-culture rabies vaccines and human and equine rabies immunoglobulins (hrig and erig) are not readily available in many regions where rabies is endemic. this and the continuing presence and spread of rabies have increased ...	2003	12830414
haematophagous bats in brazil, their role in rabies transmission, impact on public health, livestock industry and alternatives to an indiscriminate reduction of bat population.	haematophagous bats exist only in latin america, from méxico to the northern provinces of argentina. they are represented by three species, desmodus rotundus, diphylla ecaudata and diaemus youngii. while two species feed only on blood of wild birds, one species, d. rotundus, causes losses feeding on livestock and could be a vector for rabies virus. the cases in which humans were bitten by the bat have increased in brazil. bats became a target of control activities by farming communities and loca ...	2003	14720182
environmental and human demographic features associated with epizootic raccoon rabies in maryland, pennsylvania, and virginia.	we assessed land use and demographic data as predictors discriminating between counties experiencing large or small first epizootics of rabies among raccoons (procyon lotor). monthly county reports of raccoons testing positive for rabies were obtained from rabies surveillance databases from maryland, pennsylvania, and virginia (usa). environmental and demographic data for the three states were obtained from public sources. on the basis of total reports of raccoon rabies during the first defined ...	2003	14733282
clinical evaluation of rabies virus meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog.	a 6-month-old, female, mixed-breed dog presented for acute, progressive, flaccid paraplegia and bilateral pelvic-limb hyperesthesia. a lymphocytic pleocytosis with 366 mg/dl protein was found on cerebral spinal fluid (csf) evaluation. electromyography (emg) demonstrated positive sharp waves and fibrillations in the left pelvic limb; the m wave of the left sciatic nerve was not obtainable by nerve stimulation. seizures and dementia began during recovery from anesthesia. six days after onset of pa ...	2003	14736720
preservation of rabies virus rna from brain tissue using glycerine.	the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain and a wild isolate from a mexican child who died of hematophagous bat (desmodus rotundus)-transmitted rabies were injected intracerebrally into balb/c mice. brains obtained from infected mice were immersed in 80%, 50%, and 40% glycerine/phosphate-buffered saline (pbs). rna was extracted from brains on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 21, and 60, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rt-pcr-rflp) tests were performe ...	2003	15307422
glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a major inducer of apoptosis in human jurkat t cells.	this study sought to identify the rv protein that causes apoptosis. for this purpose, we first compared the ability of g and n proteins of a pathogenic and a nonpathogenic strain to trigger apoptosis of jurkat rtta by using an inducible tet-on expression system. then we analyzed apoptosis induced by a reverse genetic-engineered recombinant rabies virus in which the g gene from a nonpathogenic strain was replaced by its pathogenic strain counterpart. no other virus proteins than g of nonpathogeni ...	2003	15033795
apoptosis inversely correlates with rabies virus neurotropism.	we report that non-neurotropic rabies virus (rv) strains, currently used to immunize wildlife against rabies, induces not only a caspase-dependent apoptosis in the human lymphoblastoid jurkat t cell line (jurkat-vect), but also a caspase-independent pathway. cell redistribution of the apoptosis-inducing factor (aif) was observed in jurkat-vect infected with rv vaccine strain. bcl-2 overproduction in jurkat t cells (jurkat-bcl-2) abolished both caspase activation and aif distribution. in contrast ...	2003	15033799
unusual manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy in two irish wolfhound siblings.	in hepatic encephalopathy the brain lesions are usually characterised by polymicrocavitation, preferentially in the white matter, and the occurrence of alzheimer type ii cells. this paper describes an unusual manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy in two irish wolfhound siblings in which the white matter was not involved predominantly. both puppies had developed progressive neurological disturbances and signs of blindness. histologically, there were widespread spongiform changes in the neuropil ...	2003	14682542
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.	during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...	2003	14690203
characterization of a slow-migrating component of the rabies virus matrix protein strongly associated with the viral glycoprotein.	we investigated multiple forms of rabies virus matrix (m) protein. under non-reducing electrophoretic conditions, we detected, in addition to major bands of monomer forms (23- and 24-kda) of m protein, an m antigen-positive slow-migrating minor band (about 54 kda) in both the virion and infected cells. relative contents of the 54-kda and monomer components in the virion were about 20-30% and 70-80% of the whole m protein, respectively, while the content of the 54-kda component was smaller (about ...	2003	14695448
prevalence of rabies virus and hantaan virus infections in commensal rodents and shrews trapped in bangkok.	five hundred rodents and shrews (rattus norvegicus: 458, rattus rattus: 28, rattus exulans: 5, mus musculus: 4 and suncus murine: 5) trapped from the fresh food markets around bangkok area were investigated for rabies virus and hantaan virus infections. no rabies viral antigens in the animals' brains were detected by direct immunofluorescence. on the other hand, antibodies to hantaan virus were demonstrated in the sera of 7 (1.53%) r. norvegicus caught in various markets using a particle aggluti ...	2003	14696782
[recombinant replication-defective adenovirus based rabies vaccine].	to construct and characterize recombinant adenoviruses containing glycoprotein (gp) gene from rabies virus cvs-n2c strain.	2003	14714304
[human cases of hydrophobia in the russian federation].	the analysis of 29 human cases of hydrophobia registered in the russian federation in 2000-2001 is presented. dogs appeared to be the main infection source (50% of cases). an increased proportion of cats (17.3%) in the spread of the disease was noted. among wild animals, the leading role of foxes in the spread of rabies virus was determined. a number of serious drawbacks in the organization of antirable service to the population, in particular, insufficient qualification of medical personnel, a ...	2003	14565138
population monitoring in support of a rabies vaccination program for skunks in arizona.	three population monitoring methods were evaluated in support of a trap/vaccinate/release program for controlling a bat variant of rabies virus in skunks (mephitis mephitis) in flagstaff, arizona (usa). skunks were the primary species targeted for population monitoring during the program, but feral cats were also monitored as they represented an abundant secondary vector species capable of rabies transmission. skunks were vaccinated and released, except for a subset tested for rabies. all captur ...	2003	14567243
european bat lyssaviruses: an emerging zoonosis.	in europe, two bat lyssaviruses referred to as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) types 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 and 6 respectively) which are closely related to classical rabies virus are responsible for an emerging zoonosis. eblvs are host restricted to bats, and have been known to infect not only their primary hosts but also in rare circumstances, induce spillover infections to terrestrial mammals including domestic livestock, wildlife and man. although spillover infections have occurred, there ha ...	2003	14959767
neutralising antibody titration in 25,000 sera of dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in france, in the framework of the new regulations that offer an alternative to quarantine.	regulations governing international movements of domestic carnivores from rabies-infected to rabies-free countries have recently been loosened, with the adoption of a system that combines vaccination against rabies and serological surveillance (neutralising antibody titration test with a threshold of 0.5 ui/ml). since 1993, the research laboratory for rabies and wild animal pathology in nancy, france, has analysed over 25,000 sera from dogs and cats using a viral seroneutralisation technique. th ...	2003	15005543
[a case of bat rabies in a cat in the province of buenos aires, argentina].	in the central laboratory of public health in buenos aires, rabies was detected in a cat that was brought in for diagnosis by its owners. the animal, which was displaying symptoms of the furious form of the disease, had attacked three people in the rural area of chascomús, near the rio de la plata. all three of the people who had been bitten received the necessary treatment. the diagnosis was made using the fluorescent antibody test and the inoculation of mice and the results were communicated t ...	2003	15005558
recombinant rhabdoviruses as potential vaccines for hiv-1 and other diseases.	the failure to develop vaccines to protect against important infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) or hepatitis c virus (hcv) has increased the interest in new vaccine strategies. one of these methods is immunization with an attenuated recombinant viral vector expressing a foreign antigen, which could protect individuals from later exposure to the respective pathogen. a new method to recover a non-segmented negative-stranded rna virus (nnsv) from cdna was descri ...	2003	15043205
raccoon poxvirus as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats.	in the present study, we evaluated both the immunogenicity and safety of recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. rcn is an orthopoxvirus that was isolated from healthy raccoons and has been used experimentally as a vaccine vector for rabies and other antigens in a variety of species, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, bobcats, rabbits, domestic cats, piglets, sheep and non-human primates. we evaluated the antibody response induced by a recombinant rcn va ...	2003	15203914
a passive haemagglutination test for rabies antibodies using rabies glycoprotein coupled erythrocytes.	the presently recommended tests for assaying rabies antibodies like mouse neutralization test (mint) and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) are either time consuming or expensive and are generally performed in reference laboratories. there is a need to develop a specific and rapid method for detection of rabies antibodies that can be used to monitor sero-conversion after pre-or post-exposure vaccination. in this study, we have developed a passive haemagglutination (pha) using purifi ...	2003	15239301
rabies dna vaccine in the horse: strategies to improve serological responses.	in order for dna vaccines to become a practical alternative to conventional vaccines their ability to induce antibody responses in large mammals needs to be improved. we used dna vaccination against rabies in the horse as a model to test the potential of two different strategies to enhance antibody responses in a large mammalian species. the administration of the dna vaccine in the presence of aluminum phosphate improved both the onset and the intensity of serological responses but was not poten ...	2003	14575772
dissociation of rabies virus matrix protein functions in regulation of viral rna synthesis and virus assembly.	recently, we have shown that the rabies virus (rv) matrix (m) protein regulates the balance of virus rna synthesis by shifting synthesis activity from transcription to replication (s. finke, r. mueller-waldeck, and k. k. conzelmann, j. gen. virol. 84:1613-1621, 2003). here we describe the identification of an m residue critical for regulation of rv rna synthesis. by analyzing the phenotype of heterotypic rv m proteins with respect to rna synthesis of rv sad l16, we identified the m proteins of t ...	2003	14581544
safe and easy monitoring of anti-rabies antibody in dogs using his-tagged recombinant n-protein.	the virus neutralization (vn) test is a reliable indicator of adequate vaccination in animals. however, the vn test is tedious and complicated to perform. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), though rapid and simple compared to the vn test, is complicated and hazardous during preparation of the viral antigen. in an effort to overcome the disadvantage of elisa, the recombinant his-tagged nucleoprotein (his-rnp) expressed in escherichia coli was used as a safe antigen for elisa (i.e., live v ...	2003	14583639
does contact with urine and blood from a rabid dog represent a rabies risk?		2003	14583881
monoclonal antibody #3-9-16 recognizes one of the two isoforms of rabies virus matrix protein that exposes its n-terminus on the virion surface.	we investigated behaviors of the rabies virus matrix (m) protein using a monoclonal antibody (mab), #3-9-16, that recognized a linear epitope located at the n-terminus of the protein. based on the reactivity with this mab, m proteins could be divided into at least two isoforms; an ordinary major form (malpha) whose 3-9-16 epitope is hidden, and an n-terminal-exposed epitope-positive form (mbeta). the mbeta protein accounted for about 25-30% of the total m proteins in the virion, while its conten ...	2003	14584611
genetic characterization of rabies field isolates from thailand.	we sequenced 512 nucleotides in two variable regions of the n gene of 23 rabies isolates from the northeastern part of thailand by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products. the sequencing data revealed two new lineages in these rabies isolates. based on the results of this study together with the findings of our earlier study, the rabies isolates in thailand were divided into two genogroups, designated as t1 and t2, which were predominantly localized in the northern and northeastern areas, re ...	2003	14584612
another interpretation of ferret's reaction to vaccination.		2003	14584736
apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion.	rabies virus (rv) causes a non-lytic infection of neurons leading to a fatal myeloencephalitis in mammals including humans. by comparing the infection of the nervous system of mice by a highly pathogenic neuroinvasive strain of rv (cvs) and by a strain of attenuated pathogenicity (pv) with restricted brain invasion, we showed that rv neuroinvasiveness results of three factors: not only neurotropic rv avoids induced neuron cell death but also "protective" t cells that migrate into the infected ne ...	2003	14585545
toxicity and antiviral activity of cinnabarin obtained from pycnoporus sanguineus (fr.) murr.	this work describes the cytopathic effect on cells, cytotoxic action on mice, and antiviral activity of cinnabarin. this substance had no effect on mouse neuroblastoma cells (na cell, atcc clone c-1300) at a concentration of 0.31 mg/ml, it was not able to cause toxic effects in mice at concentrations of 1000 mg/kg, and reduced by four times the titers of the rabies virus at concentrations of 0.31 mg/ml.	2003	14595589
isothermal amplification of rabies virus gene.	a sensitive and specific in situ amplification technique is needed to elucidate the dynamics of rabies virus in the body during the long incubation period after infection. to overcome the disadvantage of using the traditional reverse transcription (rt)-pcr in in situ studies, an isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) technique was developed for detection of the rabies virus gene. the nasba technique involves the use of 4 enzymatic activities to produce multiple rna copies o ...	2003	14600342
characterization of rabies virus isolates in bolivia.	in latin america, rabies is still an important public health problem. canine rabies, and wild animal rabies, especially transmitted by hematofagous and insectivorous bats, has become an emerging problem in the countries of this region. we received 363 samples with a laboratory-confirmed rabies diagnosis from bolivia during l997-2001. from these, we could obtain 222 rabies virus isolates by intra-cerebral inoculation in mice. by antigenic characterization we could identify 147 isolates as variant ...	2003	14602205
further characterization of a cd99-related 21-kda transmembrane protein (vap21) expressed in syrian hamster cells and its possible involvement in vesicular stomatitis virus production.	the vap21, a cd99-related 21-kda transmembrane protein, was first detected in the enveloped virions that were grown in a syrian hamster-derived cell line, bhk-21 (sagara et al., 1997; yamamoto et al., 1999). we further tried to elucidate the nature and properties of vap21. the vap21 was detected in various organs of the syrian hamster as well as in the syrian hamster-derived cell lines (bhk-21 and hmlu-1). we could not detect the vap21 antigen in other cell lines derived from other animal specie ...	2003	14605441
chemokines and trance as genetic adjuvants for a dna vaccine to rabies virus.	an adaptive immune response is initiated by mature dendritic cells presenting processed antigen to nai;ve t cells. assuming that the magnitude of the immune response is influenced by the number and type of antigen-presenting dendritic cells and by the duration of antigen presentation, we tested if chemokines that bind to receptors expressed on immature dendritic cells or trance, a survival factor for mature dendritic cells, can serve as adjuvants. none of the immunomodulaters given as genetic ad ...	2003	14609576
covalently linked human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120/gp41 is stably anchored in rhabdovirus particles and exposes critical neutralizing epitopes.	rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors show significant promise as potential live-attenuated vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). here we describe a new rv construct that will also likely have applications as a live-attenuated or killed-particle immunogen. we have created a rv containing a chimeric hiv-1 env protein, which contains introduced cysteine residues that give rise to an intermolecular disulfide bridge between gp120 and the ectodomain of gp41. this cova ...	2003	14610200
first human death associated with raccoon rabies--virginia, 2003.	rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis, caused by the bite of an infected animal. in march 2003, a previously healthy man aged 25 years from northern virginia died from a diagnosed illness of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology after a 3-week illness. histopathologic review of central nervous system tissues at cdc revealed viral inclusions suggestive of negri bodies, and subsequent tests confirmed a diagnosis of rabies. genetic sequencing identified a rabies virus vari ...	2003	14614408
post-exposure therapy in mice against experimental rabies: a single injection of dna vaccine is as effective as five injections of cell culture-derived vaccine.	two rabies post-exposure therapies were comparatively evaluated: balb/c mice were challenged at day 0 with rabies virus and then received either a single dose of rabies dna vaccine administered at day 0, or five doses of cell culture-derived rabies vaccine administered at days 0, 3, 7, 15 and 28. both regimens, rapidly triggered protective levels of neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus in vaccinated mice. in addition, one injection of dna vaccine protected 53% of the challenged mice, com ...	2003	14615144
efficacy of rabies immunoglobulins in an experimental post-exposure prophylaxis rodent model.	in a recently published syrian hamster animal challenge study [vaccine 19 (2001) 2273], a highly purified, heat-treated equine rabies immunoglobulin (perig ht, favirab) did not elicit satisfactory protection. the efficacies of this batch, a second stage perig ht batch and reference rig preparations (imorab, imogam rage pasteurised, berna antiserum) were compared in mice challenged with either ariana canine field strain or cvs strain. survival rates against ariana challenge with the second perig ...	2003	14615152
comparative evaluation of immunogenicity, reactogenecity and safety of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine and neural tissue rabies vaccine.	1. to compare the protective antibody titres on day 14, 30 and 90 after giving intramuscular (im) injections of pcecv and subcutaneous injections of nervous tissue vaccine. 2. to compare the immunogenicity and safety of pcecv and ntv.	2003	14621031
antibody response to purified chick embryo cell vaccine in equines for production of equine rabies immune globulin.	rabies is endemic in india. the post exposure treatment of class three bite cases, as recommended by the world health organization, must involve the use of rabies immunoglobulin as soon as possible and up to the seventh day of start of anti rabies vaccination. the annual requirement in india as projected by the ministry of health, government of india is about 1500 liters of purified anti rabies serum (erig). central research institute (cri), kasauli, being the sole producer of erig in india, an ...	2003	14624792
mccoy cell line as a possible model containing cd4+ receptors for the study of hiv-1 replication.	several studies have recently shown the use of recombinant rabies virus as potential vector-viral vaccine for hiv-1. the sequence homology between gp 120 and rabies virus glycoprotein has been reported. the mccoy cell line has therefore been used to show cd4+ or cd4+ like receptors. samples of hiv-1 were isolated, when plasma of hiv-1 positive patients was inoculated in the mccoy cell line. the virus infection was then studied during successive virus passages. the proteins released in the extra ...	2003	14502348
rabies in wildlife in latvia.	in the baltic states, lyssaviruses are often detected in wildlife and presumed to constitute an important public health hazard. in order to decrease rabies incidence and eradicate wildlife reservoirs, a national rabies eradication program has been in place. since 1970 a vaccination program in dogs and cats has been executed, and in 1991 oral vaccination of foxes was started. however, due to an insufficient budget, the latter was not done regularly and nationwide before 2000. now, the program in ...	2003	14511581