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acceptance and palatability for domestic and wildlife hosts of baits designed to deliver a tuberculosis vaccine to wild boar piglets.tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is an important health problem worldwide. the control of tb through vaccination of wildlife reservoirs may potentially have advantages over other management strategies. the most practical approach to deliver vaccines to wildlife is using oral baits that are stable under field conditions and effective in reaching the target species. baits were developed in our laboratory to deliver oral vaccines t ...201021093082
hplc-ms/ms shotgun proteomic research of deer antlers with multiparallel protein extraction methods.deer antlers mature rapidly in 60 days, and subsequently shed in 5 days with rapid ossification. during this procedure, the function of deer antlers changes significantly. therefore, the profiling of antler proteome is helpful to discover important growing and shedding regulation proteins, which might be of great significance for studying development and regeneration. in this study, a parallel protein extraction strategy was developed to extract proteins from antlers of red deer with five differ ...201021093389
tec protein tyrosine kinase is involved in the erk signaling pathway induced by hgf.tec, a member of the tec family of non-receptor type protein tyrosine kinases, has recently been suggested to play a role in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. this study aims to investigate the putative mechanisms of tec kinase regulation of hepatocyte differentiation, i.e. to explore which signaling pathway tec is involved in, and how tec is activated in hepatocyte after hepatectomy and hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) stimulation.201021094130
quantitative analysis of erk2 interactions with substrate proteins: roles for kinase docking domains and activity in determining binding affinity.extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (erk1/2) proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, by interacting with and phosphorylating substrate proteins. two docking sites, common docking (cd/ed) domain and f-site recruitment site (frs), on erk proteins have been identified. specific interactions with the cd/ed domain and the frs occur with substrates containing a docking site for erk and jnk, lxl (dejl) motif (d-domain) and a dockin ...201021098038
alterations in mglur5 expression and signaling in lewy body disease and in transgenic models of alpha-synucleinopathy--implications for excitotoxicity.dementia with lewy bodies (dlb) and parkinson's disease (pd) are neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). previous studies have suggested that excitotoxicity may contribute to neurodegeneration in these disorders, however the underlying mechanisms and their relationship to alpha-syn remain unclear. for this study we proposed that accumulation of alpha-syn might result in alterations in metabotropic glutamate re ...201021103359
the effects of a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone on proinflammatory signaling pathways and clp-induced lethal sepsis in mice.we previously showed that 2,6-bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine)cyclohexanone (bhmc), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study we explain the mechanism of action of bhmc in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced u937 monocytes and further show that bhmc prevents lethality of clp-induced sepsis. bhmc showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on p38, jnk and erk 1/2 activity as determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors atf-2, c- ...201021114991
increasing contact with hepatitis e virus in red deer, spain.to describe the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) in red deer in mainland spain, we tested red deer for hev rna and antibodies. overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by elisa and reverse transcription-pcr, respectively. the increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans.201021122241
management practices and their association with mycobacterium tuberculosis complex prevalence in red deer populations in southwestern spain.intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (tb) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. in this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in southwestern spain. five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. prevalence, as determine ...201021131079
a large survey of croatian wild mammals for giardia duodenalis reveals a low prevalence and limited zoonotic potential.abstract wild mammals are considered an important source of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis parasites, yet surprisingly little information is available on the actual prevalence and the genetic identity of the species they harbor. a large survey was conducted in croatia by collecting 832 fecal samples from red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 374), roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 21), wild boars (sus scrofa, n = 144), foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 66), bears (ursus arctos, n = 19), wolves (canis ...201021142957
individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods.1. trade-offs among life-history traits are common because individuals have to partition limited resources between multiple traits. reproductive costs are generally assumed to be high, resulting in reduced survival and fecundity in the following year. however, it is common to find positive rather than negative correlations between life-history traits. 2. here, we use a data set from the individual-based study of red deer on the isle of rum to examine how these costs vary between individuals and ...201021182522
barbituric acid derivative bas 02104951 inhibits pkcε, pkcη, pkcε/rack2 interaction, elk-1 phosphorylation in hela and pkcε and η translocation in pc3 cells following tpa-induction.protein kinase c (pkc) is a family of at least 10 isozymes involved in the activation of different signal transduction pathways. the exact function of these isozymes is not known at present. isozyme-selective inhibitors would be important to explain the function of the different pkcs and are anticipated to have pharmaceutical potential. here we report that the small organic molecule bas 02104951 [5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)-1-(phenylmethyl)-2,4,6(1h,3h,5h)-pyrimidinetrion], a barbituric ac ...201021186251
gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler.the annual regeneration cycle of deer (cervidae, artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (cervus elaphus). several axon growth promoters like nt-3, ngf or igf-1 have been described in the antler. to increase ...201021187928
a regional inventory and monitoring setup to evaluate bark peeling damage by red deer (cervus elaphus) in coniferous plantations in southern belgium.bark peeling by red deer (cervus elaphus l.) has become a serious issue for productive forests in western europe. the damage is particularly severe on species such as spruce, as these become vulnerable to fungus attacks that result in considerably depreciated timber. this article presents a monitoring setup for recent bark peeling damage in spruce plantings in wallonia (southern part of belgium). this setup implies to collect data annually from a survey involving cluster sampling. it has been em ...201021188508
effect of melatonin implants on the incidence and timing of puberty in female red deer (cervus elaphus).a study was conducted to test the hypotheses that exogenous melatonin treatment of 11-13 month-old red deer hinds: (1) advances the timing of first ovulation, (2) increases the proportion of individuals attaining puberty at ∼16 months of age, and (3) reduces the live-weight threshold for attainment of first pregnancy. a total of 3901 rising-2-year-old (r₂) hinds within two herds (a and b) across two years either received single melatonin implants on two occasions in summer (n=1399) or were untre ...201021190800
no difference between the sexes in fine-scale spatial genetic structure of roe deer.data on spatial genetic patterns may provide information about the ecological and behavioural mechanisms underlying population structure. indeed, social organization and dispersal patterns of species may be reflected by the pattern of genetic structure within a population.201021203388
evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dutch farmed red deer.paratuberculosis is a chronic disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). most economic losses due to map occur in the dairy industry. however, the infection is not restricted to cattle, but also occurs in other ruminants, such as sheep, goat, and deer. although deer are of minimal economic importance in the netherlands, they may constitute a source of infection for the dairy industry. this pilot study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of johne's dise ...201021207913
molecular biogeography of red deer cervus elaphus from eastern europe: insights from mitochondrial dna sequences.european red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtdna lineages (western, eastern and north-african/sardinian). the western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in iberia and southern france, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the british isles, scandinavia and parts of central europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central europe, the carpathians and the balkans. however, l ...201021350595
selected beetle assemblages captured in pitfall traps baited with deer dung or meat in balsam fir and sugar maple forests of central quebec.vertebrate dung and carrion are rich and strongly attractive resources for numerous beetles that are often closely linked to them. the presence and abundance of beetles exploiting such resources are influenced by various ecological factors including climate and forest cover vegetation. we studied selected assemblages of coprophilous and necrophagous beetles in quebec along a 115-km north-south transect in three balsam fir (abies balsamea (l.) miller) forest sites and in a fourth forest site dom ...201022127165
a new way to integrate selection when both demography and selection gradients vary over time.when both selection and demography vary over time, how can the long-run expected strength of selection on quantitative traits be measured? there are two basic steps in the proposed new analysis: one relates trait values to fitness components and the other relates fitness components to total fitness. we used one population projection matrix for each state of the environment together with a model of environmental dynamics, defining total fitness as the stochastic growth rate. we multiplied environ ...201025089083
zygomycetes from herbivore dung in the ecological reserve of dois irmãos, northeast brazil.thirty-eight taxa of zygomycetes distributed in 15 genera were recorded from tapir (tapirus terrestris), camel (camelus bactrianus), horse (equus caballus), deer (cervus elaphus), agouti (dasyprocta aguti), donkey (equus asinus), llama (llama glama) and waterbuck (kobus ellipsiprymnus) dung collected at the reserva ecológica de dois irmãos located in recife, state of pernambuco, northeast brazil. the samples were collected on a monthly basis from june 2005 to may 2006, taken to the laboratory an ...201124031609
a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos.zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ...201122946369
Polymorphic integrations of an endogenous gammaretrovirus in the mule deer genome.Endogenous retroviruses constitute a significant genomic fraction in all mammalian species. Typically they are evolutionarily old and fixed in the host species population. Here we report on a novel endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV? for cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus) in the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus that is insertionally polymorphic among individuals from the same geographical location, suggesting that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Using PCR-based methods, we identified seve ...201122190723
molecular dynamics simulations and in silico peptide ligand screening of the elk-1 ets domain.abstract:201122044511
Relationships between in vivo microdamage and the remarkable regional material and strain heterogeneity of cortical bone of adult deer, elk, sheep and horse calcanei.Natural loading of the calcanei of deer, elk, sheep and horses produces marked regional differences in prevalent/predominant strain modes: compression in the dorsal cortex, shear in medial-lateral cortices, and tension/shear in the plantar cortex. This consistent non-uniform strain distribution is useful for investigating mechanisms that mediate the development of the remarkable regional material variations of these bones (e.g. collagen orientation, mineralization, remodeling rates and secondary ...201121951210
antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (cervus elaphus) as influenced by molecular weight and enzymes.the crude protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (aeva) were prepared by simulated gastrointestinal digestion (sgi, pepsin-pancreatin) using pancreatin-pepsin, alcalase and neutrase. the resulting hydrolysates were separated by sequential ultrafiltration into four fractions. the antioxidant activities of peptide fractions were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 ...201122224289
rapid detection of cwd prp: comparison of tests designed for the detection of bse or scrapie.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) mainly affecting cervids in north america. the accumulation of an abnormal form of host-encoded prion protein (prp(cwd) ) in the cns and lymphoid tissues is characteristic of the disease and known to be caused by pathogenic prion proteins (prp(res) ), which are thought to be transmitted mainly by contact with body fluids, such like saliva. species known to be naturally infected by cwd include rocky mountain elk (cer ...201122212828
unexpected high responses to tuberculin skin-test in farmed red deer: implications for tuberculosis control.tuberculosis (tb) in deer is a serious zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. detection of infected animals is usually performed using single or comparative skin-testing (sst/cst), although false responses due to sensitization to other mycobacteria may occur, hampering diagnostic specificity. we describe the evolution of the responses to the sst, cst and to an in-house serological assay in a red deer farm subjected to regular tb testing in southern spain in an attempt to understand the dyna ...201122197268
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by high glucose by inhibition of pkc and erk1/2 signalings.proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetes-related vascular complications. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the major catechin derived from green tea, is able to exert antidiabetes effects in animal models. however, it is not known whether or not egcg inhibits vsmc proliferation induced by high glucose. this study tested the hypothesis that egcg might have an inhibitory effect on vsmc proliferation induced by h ...201121973165
Elk-1 Interacts with Dynein upon Serum Stimulation but Independent of Serine 383 Phosphorylation.Elk-1 belongs to the Ternary Complex Factor (TCF) subfamily of the ETS (from E26 viral oncogene) domain superfamily of transcription factors, and has been known as a regulator of mitogen-induced immediate early gene transcription upon Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation. Elk-1 has been previously shown to interact with neuronal microtubules, and here we show that P-S383-Elk-1, in addition to co-localizing with motor proteins kinesin, Eg5 and Mitotik Kinesin-Like Protein (MKLP) at ...201121935709
Comparative analysis of essential collective dynamics and NMR-derived flexibility profiles in evolutionarily diverse prion proteins.Collective motions on ns-µs time scales are known to have a major impact on protein folding, stability, binding and enzymatic efficiency. It is also believed that these motions may have an important role in the early stages of prion protein misfolding and prion disease. In an effort to accurately characterize these motions and their potential influence on the misfolding and prion disease transmissibility we have conducted a combined analysis of molecular dynamic simulations and NMR-derived flexi ...201121869604
Inbreeding depression in red deer calves.ABSTRACT:201122039837
med23 mutation links intellectual disability to dysregulation of immediate early gene expression.med23 is a subunit of the mediator complex, a key regulator of protein-coding gene expression. here, we report a missense mutation (p. r617q) in med23 that cosegregates with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability. this mutation specifically impaired the response of jun and fos immediate early genes (iegs) to serum mitogens by altering the interaction between enhancer-bound transcription factors (tcf4 and elk1, respectively) and mediator. transcriptional dysregulation of these g ...201121868677
climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment.altered species interactions are difficult to predict and yet may drive the response of ecological communities to climate change. we show that declining snowpack strengthens the impacts of a generalist herbivore, elk (cervus elaphus), on a common tree species. thick snowpack substantially reduces elk visitation to sites; aspen (populus tremuloides) shoots in these areas experience lower browsing rates, higher survival and enhanced recruitment. aspen inside herbivore exclosures have greatly incre ...201121976686
sdf-1α induces pdgf-b expression and the differentiation of bone marrow cells into pericytes.platelet-derived growth factor b (pdgf-b) and its receptor, pdgfr-β, play a critical role in pericyte maturation; however, the mechanisms by which pdgf-b is upregulated in the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. we previously showed that upregulating stromal-derived factor, sdf-1α, in vegf(165)-inhibited ewing's sarcoma tumors (tc/sivegf(7-1)) induced pdgf-b mrna expression, increased infiltration and differentiation of bone marrow cells (bmc) into pericytes and, rescued tumor growth. the pur ...201121911740
mycobacterial infections in free-living cervids in germany (2002-2006).we examined 1,022 free-living roe deer, red deer, and fallow deer for mycobacteria in germany, 2002-2006. retropharyngeal lymph nodes and other tissues were processed for culture and isolates were identified with the use of polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. mycobacteria were found in 18.3% of deer, with mycobacterium avium in 14.8%. other atypical mycobacteria were detected in 5.3%. members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were not detected.201122102674
Mercury exposure and mechanism of response in large game using the Almadén mercury mining area (Spain) as a case study.Mercury (Hg) accumulation, transfer, defense mechanism and adverse effects were studied in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the Almadén mining district (Spain), the largest (285,000t of Hg) and the oldest (more than 2000 years) Hg mine/refining operation site in the world. Red deer (n=168) and wild boar (n=58) liver, kidney, bones (metacarpus), testis and muscle were analyzed for total Hg and selenium (Se) within a range of distances to the Almadén mining district. The h ...201122019248
early growth response 1--a transcription factor in the crossfire of signal transduction cascades.early growth response-1 (egr-1) is a cys2-his2-type zinc-finger transcription factor. a broad range of extracellular stimuli is capable of activating egr-1, thus mediating growth, proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. egr-1 is, therefore, participating in the progression of a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis or cancer. functional response elements connect egr-1 to signal transduction cascades targeting egr-1. five serum response elements (sre) have been identified in the promot ...201122053691
campylobacter spp. distribution in biofilms on different surfaces in an agricultural watershed (elk creek, british columbia): using biofilms to monitor for campylobacter.despite its relevance to public health, presence and concentrations of campylobacter spp. in biofilms in natural aquatic environments has not been investigated. this study examined the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in biofilms on a variety of surfaces (river rock, slate rock, wood, lexan™, sandpaper, and sediment) and in water from december 2005 to december 2006 to find a substratum that facilitated campylobacters detection in natural aquatic environments. samples were collected at four sites ...201122204983
prostaglandin e(2) production in mice is reduced by consumption of range-fed sources of red meat.many view bison as a healthful alternative to other red meat sources, and as a way to decrease health risks, they associate it with meat consumption. using mice as a model for immune function, we hypothesized that consumption of meat from range-fed bison would decrease prostaglandin (pg) e(2) and alter prostacyclin (pgi(2)) release upon immune challenge when compared with mice fed meat from grain-finished bison, range-fed beef, feedlot steers, free-ranging elk, or chicken breast. after 2 weeks o ...201122153516
the inhibitory effects of nkx3.1 on igf-1r expression and its signalling pathway in human prostatic carcinoma pc3 cells.nkx3.1, which is a prostate-specific homeobox gene, plays an important role in prostate cancer and usually functions as a tumour suppressor gene. in this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of nkx3.1 on insulin-like growth factor (igf)-1r expression and its downstream signalling pathway in pc3 cells. pc3 cells were stably transfected with nkx3.1 expression plasmid (pcdna3.1-nkx3.1) or vector plasmid (pcdna3.1+). the igf-ir mrna and protein expression levels were assessed in pc3-nkx3.1 t ...201122179513
food chain model based on field data to predict westslope cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) ovary selenium concentrations from water selenium concentrations in the elk valley, british columbia.previous studies conducted in the elk river watershed showed that selenium concentrations are higher in aquatic biota in lentic compared to lotic habitats of the system having similar water selenium concentrations. studies have also shown that water selenium concentrations have increased over time (∼10% per year) and recent annual average concentrations have ranged up to 0.044 mg/l in areas downstream from mine discharges. for the present study, trophic transfer of selenium was characterized in ...201122189838
bilateral microphthalmia and aphakia associated with multiple eye abnormalities in a free-living european red deer calf (cervus elaphus).a free-living european red deer calf (cervus elaphus) was euthanized due to bilateral microphthalmia. lens was missing, replaced by proliferating squamous epithelial cells; hyperplastic squamous cells, sebaceous and mucinous glands were observed within the cornea with the characteristics of inclusion cyst. findings were consistent with congenital microphthalmia/aphakia, with multiple eye abnormalities.201122134109
taenia arctos n. sp. (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: taeniidae) from its definitive (brown bear ursus arctos linnaeus) and intermediate (moose/elk alces spp.) hosts.taenia arctos n. sp. (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: taeniidae) is described from the brown bear ursus arctos linnaeus (definitive host) and moose/elk alces spp. (intermediate hosts) from finland (type-locality) and alaska, usa. the independent status of the new species and the conspecificity of its adults and metacestodes have been recently confirmed by the mtdna sequence data of lavikainen et al. (2011; parasitology international, 60, 289-295). special reference is given to morphological differences ...201122002024
dpp activates integrin-mediated anchorage-dependent signals in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.dpp, a major noncollagenous protein of the dentin matrix is a highly acidic protein and binds ca2+ avidly and thus linked to matrix mineralization. here, we demonstrate that the rgd domain in dpp can bind to integrins on the cell surface of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells and pulp cells. this coupling generates intracellular signals that are channeled along cytoskeletal filaments and activates the non-receptor tyrosine kinase fak, which plays a key role in signaling at sites of cellular ...201122134916
historic, pre-european settlement, and present-day contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the united states.the objectives of this analysis were to estimated historic (pre-european settlement) enteric methane (ch(4)) emissions from wild ruminants in the contiguous united states and compare these to present-day ch(4) emissions from farmed ruminants. the analysis included bison, elk (wapiti), and deer (white-tailed and mule). wild ruminants such as moose, antelope (pronghorn), caribou, and mountain sheep and goat were not included in the analysis due to their natural range being mostly outside of the co ...201122178852
Effect of ruminally protected methionine on body weight gain and growth of antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the humid tropics.Sixteen male red deer (Cervus elaphus), with an initial weight of 93.83?±?4.38 kg were used to study the effect of the dietary level of ruminally protected methionine (RPM) on growth, antler morphometry and serum metabolites. The deer were allowed to graze and were individually supplemented with concentrate to provide 0, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5 g/day of RPM for 65 days. There was a quadratic effect on daily weight gain (0.163, 0.098, 0.147 and 0.172 kg/day; P?<?0.005) and antler beam length (59.7, 63.6, ...201121847713
activation of the intracellular metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in striatal neurons leads to upregulation of genes associated with sustained synaptic transmission including arc/arg3.1.the g-protein coupled receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5), is expressed on both cell surface and intracellular membranes in striatal neurons. using pharmacological tools to differentiate membrane responses, we previously demonstrated that cell surface mglur5 triggers rapid, transient cytoplasmic ca2+ rises resulting in c-jun n-terminal kinase, ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (camk), and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein (creb) phos ...201122179607
first molecular evidence of anaplasma ovis and rickettsia spp. in keds (diptera: hippoboscidae) of sheep and wild ruminants.to evaluate the presence of rickettsial agents in hippoboscid flies with molecular methods, 81 sheep keds (melophagus ovinus) were collected from 23 sheep, 144 deer keds (lipoptena cervi) were caught in the environment, and a further 463 and 59 individuals of the latter species were obtained from fresh carcasses of 29 red deer and 17 roe deer, respectively. dna was extracted individually or in pools. anaplasma ovis was demonstrated in all examined sheep keds, and from one pool of free-living dee ...201121923269
dwarfism associated with chondrodysplasia in a red deer (cervus elaphus). 201122016513
variability of female responses to conspecific vs. heterospecific male mating calls in polygynous deer: an open door to hybridization?males of all polygynous deer species (cervinae) give conspicuous calls during the reproductive season. the extreme interspecific diversity that characterizes these vocalizations suggests that they play a strong role in species discrimination. however, interbreeding between several species of cervinae indicates permeable interspecific reproductive barriers. this study examines the contribution of vocal behavior to female species discrimination and mating preferences in two closely related polygyn ...201121887242
both mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (erk) 1/2 and phosphatidylinositide-3-oh kinase (pi3k)/akt pathways regulate activation of e-twenty-six (ets)-like transcription factor 1 (elk-1) in u138 glioblastoma cells.epidermal growth factor (egf) and its receptor (egfr) have been shown to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. in our study, the egfr was stimulated with egf in human u138 glioblastoma cells. we show that the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (erk) 1/2 pathway phosphorylated the e twenty-six (ets)-like transcription factor 1 (elk-1) mainly at serine 383 residue. mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek) 1/2 inhibit ...201122085529
experimental interspecies transmission studies of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies to cattle: comparison to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle.prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) of animals include scrapie of sheep and goats; transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme); chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer, elk and moose; and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) of cattle. the emergence of bse and its spread to human beings in the form of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted in interest in susceptibility of cattle to cwd, tme and scrapie. experimental cross-species transmission of tse agents p ...201121908269
no evidence that wild red deer (cervus elaphus) on the iberian peninsula are a reservoir of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.the potential role of red deer (cervus elaphus) as a reservoir of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection is largely unknown. a total of 332 wild red deer were investigated using post-mortem examination, bacteriology and serology. only three animals (1.12%) were found to have lesions on histopathological examination and no map bacteria were recovered on culture. the results suggest it is unlikely that wild red deer make a significant contribution to the maintenance of map ...201121930401
alterations of molecular and behavioral responses to cocaine by selective inhibition of elk-1 phosphorylation.activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway in the striatum is crucial for molecular adaptations and long-term behavioral alterations induced by cocaine. in response to cocaine, erk controls the phosphorylation levels of both mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (msk-1), a nuclear kinase involved in histone h3 (ser10) and camp response element binding protein phosphorylation, and elk-1, a transcription factor involved in serum response element (sre)-d ...201121976515
blocking egfr activation suppresses ovarian tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.genetic alterations including overexpression of egfr (in approximately 70% of ovarian tumors) play a crucial role in the signal transduction pathways that regulate key cellular functions such as cell survival and proliferation and are responsible for compromising traditional chemotherapy. 3,3'-diindolylmethane (dim) is an indole compound present in brassica vegetables. in our previous studies, we demonstrated that br-dim, a formulated version of dim, suppressed the growth of ovarian cancer cells ...201122205686
an nmr metabolomics study of elk inoculated with chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both farmed and wild cervids, specifically deer and elk, and is a member of the larger family of prion diseases. prion disease transmission is believed to occur through exposure to infectious prion material-a misfolded and infectious form of the prion protein that is normally present in the host. chronic wasting disease is endemic to regions of central north america and infectious material can persist for long periods i ...201122043909
seroprevalence study in forestry workers from eastern germany using novel genotype 3- and rat hepatitis e virus-specific immunoglobulin g elisas.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of an acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans. in industrialized countries, autochthonous cases are linked to zoonotic transmission from domestic pigs, wild boar and red deer. the main route of human infection presumably is consumption of contaminated meat. farmers, slaughterers and veterinarians are expected to be risk groups as they work close to potentially infected animals. in this study, we tested four escherichia coli-expressed segments of the ...201122179131
Attention grabbing in red deer sexual calls.Identifying the respective functions of distinct call types is an important step towards understanding the diversification of mammal vocal repertoires. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags give two distinct types of roars during the rut, termed 'common roars' and 'harsh roars'. This study tests the hypothesis that harsh roars function to raise and maintain female attention to calling males. To this end, we examined the response of female red deer to playback sequences of common roar bouts including a ...201121927848
Modification to histopathological lesion severity score in red deer (Cervus elaphus) affected by Johne's disease. 201121851306
t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) is recurrent in marginal zone lymphoma and upregulates GPR34.Genetic events underlying pathogenesis of nodal and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) are incompletely understood. We report here a novel t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) identified in 4 lymphoma cases: 2 with a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 1 with a nodal MZL and 1 with gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In all cases lymphoma evolved from a previous auto-immune disorder. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies showed that t(X;14) which is mediated by ...201122058210
pronounced reduction of fluoride exposure in free-ranging deer in north bohemia (czech republic) as indicated by the biomarkers skeletal fluoride content and dental fluorosis.wild deer have been recommended as bioindicators of fluoride pollution. we compared bone fluoride concentrations and prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in free-ranging european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from five counties in the northwestern part of the czech republic that had been collected by hunters and whose mandibles were presented at trophy exhibitions in the years 1996/1997 ("early period") and 2009 ("late period"). data on atmospheric fluoride ...201122137477
effect of vaccination and natural infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on specificity of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).to assess the effect of vaccination against paratuberculosis (johne's disease) on reactivity to diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb) in deer exposed to natural challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and to investigate map infection as a factor in tb test cross-reactivity at the herd level.201121851298
nitrogen metabolism of four raw meat diets in domestic cats.little nutritional information has been collected from domestic cats fed raw meat diets. the objective of the present study was to evaluate differences in n metabolism of domestic cats fed raw beef-based diet (66 % crude protein (cp) and 20 % fat), bison-based diet (49 % cp and 39 % fat), elk-based diet (79 % cp and 6 % fat) and horse-based diet (60 % cp and 26 % fat). a total of eight intact adult female cats were fed to maintain body weight in a cross-over design. daily food intake, faecal and ...201122005421
organochlorine compounds in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from inland and coastal croatia.polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) and organochlorine pesticide (ocp) levels in fat tissue of red and fallow deer (cervus elaphus l. and dama dama l.) from two inland and an adriatic area were established. of 17 analysed pcbs, pcb-28, pcb-138, pcb-153, pcb-180 and pcb-118 were found in all samples, whilst pcb-101 and pcb-170 were found in more than 50% of samples. they ranged between 0.03 and 5.98 ng g(-1) fat weight. of seven analysed ocps, hcb, γ-hch and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene ...201121904863
immediate-early transcriptional response to angiotensin ii in human adrenocortical cells.angiotensin ii binds to the angiotensin ii receptors type 1 (at1 receptors) in adrenocortical cells and triggers an intracellular signaling cascade leading to changes in the gene expression pattern. here, we show that stimulation with angiotensin ii induces the expression of biologically active early growth response (egr)-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, in human h295r adrenocortical cells. expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the ternary complex factor elk-1, a key transcriptional ...201121914770
suspicion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission between cattle and wild-living red deer (cervus elaphus) by multi target genotyping.for epidemiological tracing of paratuberculosis (johne's disease), multi-target genotyping of the etiologic agent mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is necessary. the study was undertaken to assess the informative value of different typing techniques and individual genome markers by investigation of map transmission between wild-living red deer and farmed cattle with known shared habitats.53 map-type-ii-isolates were differentiated by short-sequence repeat (ssr, 4 loci)-, mycobact ...201122179249
tissue-specific expression of human calcineurin-binding protein 1 in mouse synovial tissue can suppress inflammatory arthritis.calcineurin (cn) is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase. in immune cells, cn controls the activity of a wide range of transcription factors, including nuclear factor of activated t, nuclear factor-kappa b, c-fos, and elk-1. cn plays an important role in synoviocyte activation and arthritis progression in vivo and this function is tightly linked to dysregulated intracellular ca(2+) store and ca(2+) response triggered by proinflammatory cytokines. in the present study, ...201122175542
first description of nodular onchocercosis (onchocerca jakutensis) in free-ranging italian red deer (cervus elaphus).onchocercosis is a vector-transmitted parasitic disease involving wild and domestic ungulates, humans, and dogs. red deer (cervus elaphus) host numerous onchocerca spp. which have precise anatomic sites in the host and two species, onchocerca flexuosa wedl, 1856 and onchocerca jakutensis guba-now, 1964, are found inside subcutaneous nodules. between september and november 2007, subcutaneous nodules were observed on both thighs in shot red deer of a tuscany population. we observed cystic structur ...201122102667
corrected misidentification of first instars of the bot flies cephenemyia apicata and c. jellisoni, with a review of the biology and life history of both species.first instars obtained from the uteri of host-seeking females, and compared with previously published descriptions of larvae collected from columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), revealed that larvae described as cephenemyia apicata bennett & sabrosky (diptera: oestridae) actually are c. jellisoni townsend. several new characters are added to supplement the original descriptions of the first instars of these species. collections of all larvae from deer autopsied during di ...201122168389
diet of wolves canis lupus returning to hungary.at the end of the nineteenth century, the wolf canis lupus was extinct in hungary and in recent decades has returned to the northern highland area of the country. the diet of wolves living in groups in aggteleki national park was investigated using scat analysis (n = 81 scats) and prey remains (n = 31 carcasses). throughout the year wolves (average, minimum two wolves per year) consumed mostly wild-living ungulates (mean percent of biomass consumed, b% 97.2%; relative frequency of occurrence, %o ...201122448046
toward an identification of resources influencing habitat use in a multi-specific context.interactions between animal behaviour and the environment are both shaping observed habitat use. despite the importance of inter-specific interactions on the habitat use performed by individuals, most previous analyses have focused on case studies of single species. by focusing on two sympatric populations of large herbivores with contrasting body size, we went one step beyond by studying variation in home range size and identifying the factors involved in such variation, to define how habitat f ...201122216164
seasonal variations in red deer (cervus elaphus) hematology related to antler growth and biometrics measurements.the aim of the study was to relate seasonal hematology changes with the rest of physiological variations suffered by red deer, such as antler and biometrics cycle, and to assess the relationship between hematology and the effort performed in antler development. blood samples were taken from 21 male red deer every 4 weeks during 18 months. samples were analyzed for the main hematological parameters. simultaneously, biometrics measurements were taken, such as antler length, body weight, body condi ...201121351240
expression profile analysis of the inflammatory response regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a.hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (hnf4a), a liver-specific transcription factor, plays a significant role in liver-specific functions. however, its functions are poorly understood in the regulation of the inflammatory response. in order to obtain a genomic view of hnf4a in this context, microarray analysis was used to probe the expression profile of an inflammatory response induced by cytokine stimulation in a model of hnf4a knock-down in hepg2 cells.201121352552
ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 mediates neuronal survival: smn as a potential target.elk-1 belongs to the ternary complex factors (tcfs) subfamily of the ets domain proteins, and plays a critical role in the expression of immediate-early genes (iegs) upon mitogen stimulation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade. the association of tcfs with serum response elements (sres) on ieg promoters has been widely studied and a role for elk-1 in promoting cell cycle entry has been determined. however, the presence of the ets domain transcription factor elk- ...201121362474
sprouty2 and spred1-2 proteins inhibit the activation of the erk pathway elicited by cyclopentenone prostanoids.sprouty and spred proteins have been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (erk) pathway. in considering the functional role of these proteins, we explored their effects on erk activation induced by cyclopentenone prostanoids, which bind to and activate ras proteins. we therefore found that ectopic overexpression in hela cells of human sprouty2, or human spred1 or 2, inhibits erk1/2 and elk-1 activation triggered by t ...201121364986
characteristics of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli from meat and milk products of different origins and association with food producing animals as main contamination sources.shiga toxin-producing strains of escherichia coli (stec) cause diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis in humans. most human infections are attributed to consumption of stec contaminated foodstuff. food producing animals constitute important reservoirs of stec and serve as source of food contamination. in this study, we have analyzed 593 foodborne stec strains for their serotypes and for nine virulence genes (stx1, stx1c, stx1d, stx2, stx2b, stx2e, stx2g, e-hly and eae). the 593 stec strains grouped ...201121371769
regulation of cancer cell proliferation by caveolin-2 down-regulation and re-expression.we investigated whether altering caveolin-2 (cav-2) expression affects the proliferation of cancer cells. cav-2 was not detected in hepg2, sh-sy5y and ln-cap cells, and the loss of cav-2 expression was not restored by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. in contrast, c6, hela, a549, mcf7 and pc3m cells expressed cav-2. effects of re-expression of exogenous cav-2 in hepg2, sh-sy5y and ln-cap cells, and sirna-mediated down-regulation of endogenous cav-2 in c6, hela, a549, mcf7 and pc3m cells on cance ...201121373752
prevalence, distribution, and diversity of salmonella enterica in a major produce region of california.a survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of salmonella enterica in the environment in and around monterey county, ca, a major agriculture region of the united states. trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (n = 617), water (n = 252), wildlife (n = 476), cattle feces (n = 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (n = 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic escherichia coli were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of ...201121378057
molecular dynamic simulation of wild type and mutants of the polymorphic amyloid nnqntf segments of elk prion: structural stability and thermodynamic of association.a hexapeptide with amino acid sequence nnqntf from the elk prion protein forms amyloid fibrils. here we use molecular dynamic simulations of the oligomers and their single point glycine mutants to study their stability. in an effort to probe the structural stability and association thermodynamic in a realistic environment, all wildtype of nnqntf polymorphic forms with different size and their corresponding double layer 5 strands single point glycine mutants were subjected to a total of 500 ns of ...201121384336
spg4 gene promoter regulation via elk1 transcription factor.the most common cause of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia, that is characterized with axonal degeneration in corticospinal tracts and posterior columns, is known to be caused by mutations in the spg4 gene which encodes spastin, a microtubule severing atpase belonging to aaa family. spastin promotes the formation of microtubule networks that are essential for axon growth and branching which are important for neuronal plasticity. mutations observed in spg4 gene of hereditary spasti ...201121395583
use of the intradermal tuberculin test in a herd of captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.in the united states, tuberculosis of captive cervids, caused by mycobacterium bovis, attracted attention in 1991 when investigations, prompted by the identification of a tuberculous elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of u.s. origin exported to canada, revealed tuberculosis in 10 different elk herds in 8 different states. based on methods used in cattle, official regulations pertaining to testing and eradication of tuberculosis in captive cervids were added to the u.s. department of agriculture bovine ...201121398465
a feedback loop between androgen receptor and erk signaling in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.estrogen receptor (er)-negative breast cancer is heterogeneous, and the biology of this disease has remained poorly understood. molecular apocrine is a subtype of er-negative breast cancer that is characterized by the overexpression of steroid-response genes such as ar and a high rate of erbb2 amplification. in this study, we have identified a positive feedback loop between the ar and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathways in molecular apocrine breast cancer. in this proc ...201121403841
requirement of osteopontin in the migration and protection against taxol-induced apoptosis via the atx-lpa axis in sgc7901 cells.autotaxin (atx) possesses lysophospholipase d (lyso pld) activity, which converts lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc) into lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). the atx-lpa signaling axis has been implicated in angiogenesis, chronic inflammation and tumor progression. osteopontin (opn) is an important chemokine involved in the survival, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. the focus of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the atx-lpa axis and opn.201121406114
btv infection in wild ruminants, with emphasis on red deer: a review.the distribution of bluetongue virus has changed, possibly related to climate change. vaccination of domestic ruminants is taking place throughout europe to control bt expansion. the high density of wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in some european regions has raised concerns about the potential role that unvaccinated european wild ungulates might play in maintaining or spreading the virus. most species of wild ruminants are susceptible to btv infection, although frequently asymptomatically. the r ...201121411246
vaccination with brucella abortus recombinant in vivo-induced antigens reduces bacterial load and promotes clearance in a mouse model for infection.current vaccines used for the prevention of brucellosis are ineffective in inducing protective immunity in animals that are chronically infected with brucella abortus, such as elk. using a gene discovery approach, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) on b. abortus, we previously identified ten loci that encode products up-regulated during infection in elk and consequently may play a role in virulence. in our present study, five of the loci (d15, 0187, virj, mdh, afua) were selected for fur ...201121412420
descended and mobile larynx, vocal tract elongation and rutting roars in male goitred gazelles (gazella subgutturosa güldenstaedt, 1780).similar to male humans, homo sapiens, the males of a few polygynous ruminants - red deer cervus elaphus, fallow deer dama dama and mongolian gazelle procapra gutturosa- have a more or less enlarged, low-resting larynx and are capable of additional dynamic vocal tract elongation by larynx retraction during their rutting calls. the vocal correlates of a large larynx and an elongated vocal tract, a low fundamental frequency and low vocal tract resonance frequencies, deter rival males and attract re ...201121413987
glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity in the liver of red deer in relation to hepatic selenium concentrations, sex, body weight and season of the year.the purpose of this study was to determine glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) activity in the liver of red deer in relation to selenium concentrations in the liver, as well as to evaluate changes in gshpx activity according to sex, body weight and season of the year. total selenium concentration in the liver of red deer averaged 0.095?±?0.018 µg/g of wet weight. gshpx activity in the liver of red deer ranged widely from 4.4 to 45.8 u/g of protein. females were characterized by higher gshpx activity ...201121416340
selenium and 17 other largely essential and toxic metals in muscle and organ meats of red deer (cervus elaphus)--consequences to human health.concentrations, composition and interrelationships of selenium and metallic elements (ag, ba, cd, co, cr, cs, cu, ga, mn, mo, pb, rb, sb, sr, tl, v and zn) have been examined in muscle and organ meats of red deer hunted in poland. the analytical data obtained were also discussed in terms of se supplementation and deficit to deer as well as the benefits and risk to humans associated with the essential and toxic metals intake resulting from consumption of deer meat and products. these elements wer ...201121429582
replication efficiency of soil-bound prions varies with soil type.prion sorption to soil is thought to play an important role in the transmission of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) via the environment. sorption of prp to soil and soil minerals is influenced by the strain and species of prp(sc) and by soil characteristics. however, the ability of soil-bound prions to convert prp(c) to prp(sc) under these wide-ranging conditions remains poorly understood. we developed a semiquantitative protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca) protocol to evaluat ...201121430062
quantitative ultrasound and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes.patients with type 2 diabetes (t2dm) are known to have increased risks of femoral neck and vertebral fractures, although their bone mineral density (bmd) is normal or even slightly increased compared to non-dm controls. this observation suggests that bone fragility not reflected by bmd, possibly deterioration of bone quality, may participate in their fracture risks. quantitative ultrasound (qus), unlike bmd, could possibly evaluate bone quality, especially the microarchitecture, and therefore ma ...201121437613
the testing season affects red deer skinfold increase in response to phytohaemagglutinin.red deer (cervus elaphus) have a pronounced seasonality in their physiology. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of the season on red deer responsiveness to skin testing with the phytohaemagglutinin (pha) mitogen. study subjects included 270 farmed adult red deer (19 stags and 251 hinds). the skin testing was carried out between january 2009 and august 2010. the animals were injected intradermally with a 0.1 ml volume containing 250 µg of pha diluted in phosphate buffered saline. the ...201121440317
progress in the control of bovine tuberculosis in spanish wildlife.despite the compulsory test and slaughter campaigns in cattle, bovine tuberculosis (btb) is still present in spain, and the role of wildlife reservoirs is increasingly recognized. we provide an update on recent progress made in btb control in spanish wildlife, including aspects of epidemiology, surveillance, host-pathogen interaction and wildlife vaccination. at the high densities and in the particular circumstances of mediterranean environments, wild ungulates, mainly eurasian wild boar and red ...201121440387
the wnt antagonist dkk1 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis and wound repair.dkk1 is a secreted antagonist of the wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. it is induced by inflammatory cytokines during colitis and exacerbates tissue damage by promoting apoptosis of epithelial cells. however, little is known about the physiologic role of dkk1 in normal intestinal homeostasis and during wound repair following mucosal injury. we investigated whether inhibition of dkk1 affects the morphology and function of the adult intestine.201121440550
elk-1 a transcription factor with multiple facets in the brain.the ternary complex factor (tcf) elk-1 is a transcription factor that regulates immediate early gene (ieg) expression via the serum response element (sre) dna consensus site. elk-1 is associated with a dimer of serum response factor (srf) at the sre site, and its phosphorylation occurs at specific residues in response to mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), including c-jun-n terminal kinase (jnk), p38/mapk, and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk). this phosphorylation event is crit ...201121441990
do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of scots pine monoterpenes?a central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (psms) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or non-functional. we examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene psms within a plant species (scots pine pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. we also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, ...201121444308
collagen fragments inhibit hyaluronan synthesis in skin fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet b (uvb): new insights into mechanisms of matrix remodeling.uvb irradiation causes characteristic features of skin aging including remodeling of the dermal extracellular matrix. a key feature during this process is the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and cleavage of collagen. hyaluronic acid (ha), a major component of the dermal matrix, decreases after chronic uvb exposure. however, the factors that govern the decline of ha synthesis during the course of actinic aging are largely unknown. the aim of the present study was to explore whether col ...201121454612
maintenance, spillover and spillback transmission of bovine tuberculosis in multi-host wildlife complexes: a new zealand case study.the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb; mycobacterium bovis) has a broad host range. the role of each animal species in spreading the disease depends on how transmission occurs, on the abundance of each host, and on the interactions between hosts. this paper explores differences in the roles individual host species can play in allowing m. bovis infection to persist and spread within a multi-species complex, using new zealand as a case study. in new zealand, four wild mammal species are ...201121458931
implications and challenges of tuberculosis in wildlife ungulates in portugal: a molecular epidemiology perspective.mycobacterium bovis and, more rarely, mycobacterium caprae, may cause zoonotic bovine tuberculosis (btb) in an extensive range of animal species. in portugal, during 2009, a remarkable raise of btb incidence was registered in cattle along with an increase of new cases in wildlife. in this work, we reassess and update the molecular epidemiology of btb in wild ungulates by including 83 new m. bovis and m. caprae isolates from wild boar and red deer obtained during 2008-2009. spoligotyping identifi ...201121459394
investigation of the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein in lymphoid and central nervous system tissues from elk and sheep using the western blotting method.tissues unsuitable for standard immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations for chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids and for scrapie in sheep are frequently submitted for testing. this study investigated the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein (prpsc) in lymphoid and central nervous system (cns) tissues from elk and sheep. the prpsc was detected using a western blotting (wb) test following prpsc enrichment using sodium phosphotungstic acid ...201121461199
effect of different factors on proliferation of antler cells, cultured in vitro.antlers as a potential model for bone growth and development have become an object of rising interest. to elucidate processes explaining how antler growth is regulated, in vitro cultures have been established. however, until now, there has been no standard method to cultivate antler cells and in vitro results are often opposite to those reported in vivo. in addition, many factors which are often not taken into account under in vitro conditions may play an important role in the development of ant ...201121464927
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