Publications

tln-4601, a novel anticancer agent, inhibits ras signaling post ras prenylation and before mek activation.	tln-4601 is a structurally novel farnesylated dibenzodiazepinone discovered through decipher, thallion's proprietary drug discovery platform. the compound was shown to have a broad cytotoxic activity (low micromol/l) when tested in the nci 60 tumor cell line panel and has shown in-vivo antitumor activity in several xenograft models. related to its farnesylated moiety, the effect of tln-4601 on ras mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was assessed. downstream ras signaling events, raf-1, me ...	2010	20220516
characterization of the activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, z polypeptide 1 (ptprz1) by hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha.	hypoxia inducible factors (hifs) are the principal means by which cells upregulate genes in response to hypoxia and certain other stresses. there are two major hifs, hif-1 and hif-2. we previously found that certain genes are preferentially activated by hif-2. one was protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, z polypeptide 1 (ptprz1). ptprz1 is overexpressed in a number of tumors and has been implicated in glioblastoma pathogenesis.	2010	20224786
ets-1/elk-1 is a critical mediator of dipeptidyl-peptidase iii transcription in human glioblastoma cells.	dipetidyl-peptidase iii is a metallopeptidase involved in a number of physiological processes and its expression has been reported to increase with the histological aggressiveness of human ovarian primary carcinomas. because no information regarding the regulation of its expression was available, experiments were designed to clone, define and characterize the promoter region of the human dipeptidyl-peptidase iii (dpp-iii) gene. in this study, we cloned a 1038 bp 5'-flanking dna fragment of the h ...	2010	20236318
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae?	sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ...	2010	21236577
cgmp-dependent protein kinase and the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell gene expression: possible involvement of elk-1 sumoylation.	although the regulation of smooth muscle cell (smc) gene expression by cgmp-dependent protein kinase (pkg) is now recognized, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. in this study, we report that pkg-i stimulates myocardin/serum response factor (srf)-dependent gene expression in vascular smcs. the expression of pkg in pkg-deficient cells enhanced myocardin-induced sm22 promoter activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. however, neither srf nor myocardin expression ...	2010	20802137
allele-specific transcription of the pai-1 gene in human astrocytes.	the 4g allele of the pai-1 -675(4g/5g) insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism has been associated with elevated plasma levels of pai-1 and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. however, this allele has also been associated with a reduced risk of ischaemic stroke. in the brain, pai-1 is mainly produced by astrocytes, and can reduce the neurotoxic effects exerted by tissue-type plasminogen activator during pathophysiologic conditions. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ...	2010	20806116
a cervid vocal fold model suggests greater glottal efficiency in calling at high frequencies.	male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male european red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. a critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element mod ...	2010	20808882
map kinase: sumo pathway interactions.	the convergence and coordinated cross talk of different signalling pathways forms a regulatory network which determines the biological outcome to environmental cues. the mapk pathways are one of the important routes by which extracellular signals are transduced into intracellular responses. through protein phosphorylation mechanisms, they can play a pivotal role in regulating other posttranslational modifications such as protein acetylation and ubiquitination. in addition, protein sumoylation ha ...	2010	20811994
mutational and functional analysis in human ras/map kinase genetic syndromes.	the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is essential in regulation of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, growth, and cell senescence, each of which are critical to normal development. a class of developmental disorders, the "rasopathies," is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the ras/mapk pathway which result in dysregulation of the pathway and profound deleterious effects on development. one of these syndromes, cardiofaciocutaneous (cfc) s ...	2010	20812000
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the pas domains of eag and elk potassium channels.	per-arnt-sim (pas) domains are ubiquitous in nature; they are approximately 130-amino-acid protein domains that adopt a fairly conserved three-dimensional structure despite their low degree of sequence homology. these domains constitute the n-terminus or, less frequently, the c-terminus of a number of proteins, where they exert regulatory functions. pas-containing proteins generally display two or more copies of this motif. in this work, the crystallization and preliminary analysis of the pas do ...	2010	20823525
transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk, scrapie in sheep and goats, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. an abnormally folded form of the prion protein (designated prp(tse)) is typically associated with tse infectivity and may constitute the major, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. transmission of cwd and scrapie is mediated ...	2010	20830901
cck1 and cck2 receptors are expressed on pancreatic stellate cells and induce collagen production.	the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (cck) can induce acute pancreatitis in rodents through its action on acinar cells. treatment with cck, in combination with other agents, represents the most commonly used model to induce experimental chronic pancreatitis. pancreatic stellate cells (psc) are responsible for pancreatic fibrosis and therefore play a predominant role in the genesis of chronic pancreatitis. however, it is not known whether psc express cck receptors. using real time pcr tec ...	2010	20843811
atp induces synaptic gene expressions in cortical neurons: transduction and transcription control via p2y1 receptors.	studies in vertebrate neuromuscular synapses have revealed previously that atp, via p2y receptors, plays a critical role in regulating postsynaptic gene expressions. an equivalent regulatory role of atp and its p2y receptors would not necessarily be expected for the very different situation of the brain synapses, but we provide evidence here for a brain version of that role. in cultured cortical neurons, the expression of p2y(1) receptors increased sharply during neuronal differentiation. those ...	2010	20847060
identification of important regulatory region of th-pok.	cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells develop from cd4(+)cd8(+) thymocytes. although it has been reported that expression of the transcription factor th-pok is important for cd4(+) t cell development, the detailed mechanism regulating th-pok expression is still obscure. by comparing the promoter regions of the th-pok gene between human and mouse, i found that the region 3600 base pairs (bps) upstream from the transcription initiation site of the th-pok gene was highly conserved. to identify the important el ...	2010	20847520
molecular biogeography of red deer cervus elaphus from eastern europe: insights from mitochondrial dna sequences.	european red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtdna lineages (western, eastern and north-african/sardinian). the western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in iberia and southern france, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the british isles, scandinavia and parts of central europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central europe, the carpathians and the balkans. however, l ...	2010	21350595
ontogenesis of the rumen: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.	the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and fetuses of merino sheep and 50 of iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. for the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% ges ...	2010	21269368
lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008.	to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ...	2010	21302758
selected beetle assemblages captured in pitfall traps baited with deer dung or meat in balsam fir and sugar maple forests of central quebec.	vertebrate dung and carrion are rich and strongly attractive resources for numerous beetles that are often closely linked to them. the presence and abundance of beetles exploiting such resources are influenced by various ecological factors including climate and forest cover vegetation. we studied selected assemblages of coprophilous and necrophagous beetles in quebec along a 115-km north-south transect in three balsam fir (abies balsamea (l.) miller) forest sites and in a fourth forest site dom ...	2010	22127165
a new way to integrate selection when both demography and selection gradients vary over time.	when both selection and demography vary over time, how can the long-run expected strength of selection on quantitative traits be measured? there are two basic steps in the proposed new analysis: one relates trait values to fitness components and the other relates fitness components to total fitness. we used one population projection matrix for each state of the environment together with a model of environmental dynamics, defining total fitness as the stochastic growth rate. we multiplied environ ...	2010	25089083
zygomycetes from herbivore dung in the ecological reserve of dois irmãos, northeast brazil.	thirty-eight taxa of zygomycetes distributed in 15 genera were recorded from tapir (tapirus terrestris), camel (camelus bactrianus), horse (equus caballus), deer (cervus elaphus), agouti (dasyprocta aguti), donkey (equus asinus), llama (llama glama) and waterbuck (kobus ellipsiprymnus) dung collected at the reserva ecológica de dois irmãos located in recife, state of pernambuco, northeast brazil. the samples were collected on a monthly basis from june 2005 to may 2006, taken to the laboratory an ...	2011	24031609
Polymorphic integrations of an endogenous gammaretrovirus in the mule deer genome.	Endogenous retroviruses constitute a significant genomic fraction in all mammalian species. Typically they are evolutionarily old and fixed in the host species population. Here we report on a novel endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV? for cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus) in the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus that is insertionally polymorphic among individuals from the same geographical location, suggesting that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Using PCR-based methods, we identified seve ...	2011	22190723
Comparative analysis of essential collective dynamics and NMR-derived flexibility profiles in evolutionarily diverse prion proteins.	Collective motions on ns-µs time scales are known to have a major impact on protein folding, stability, binding and enzymatic efficiency. It is also believed that these motions may have an important role in the early stages of prion protein misfolding and prion disease. In an effort to accurately characterize these motions and their potential influence on the misfolding and prion disease transmissibility we have conducted a combined analysis of molecular dynamic simulations and NMR-derived flexi ...	2011	21869604
molecular dynamics simulations and in silico peptide ligand screening of the elk-1 ets domain.	abstract:	2011	22044511
Relationships between in vivo microdamage and the remarkable regional material and strain heterogeneity of cortical bone of adult deer, elk, sheep and horse calcanei.	Natural loading of the calcanei of deer, elk, sheep and horses produces marked regional differences in prevalent/predominant strain modes: compression in the dorsal cortex, shear in medial-lateral cortices, and tension/shear in the plantar cortex. This consistent non-uniform strain distribution is useful for investigating mechanisms that mediate the development of the remarkable regional material variations of these bones (e.g. collagen orientation, mineralization, remodeling rates and secondary ...	2011	21951210
rapid detection of cwd prp: comparison of tests designed for the detection of bse or scrapie.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) mainly affecting cervids in north america. the accumulation of an abnormal form of host-encoded prion protein (prp(cwd) ) in the cns and lymphoid tissues is characteristic of the disease and known to be caused by pathogenic prion proteins (prp(res) ), which are thought to be transmitted mainly by contact with body fluids, such like saliva. species known to be naturally infected by cwd include rocky mountain elk (cer ...	2011	22212828
unexpected high responses to tuberculin skin-test in farmed red deer: implications for tuberculosis control.	tuberculosis (tb) in deer is a serious zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. detection of infected animals is usually performed using single or comparative skin-testing (sst/cst), although false responses due to sensitization to other mycobacteria may occur, hampering diagnostic specificity. we describe the evolution of the responses to the sst, cst and to an in-house serological assay in a red deer farm subjected to regular tb testing in southern spain in an attempt to understand the dyna ...	2011	22197268
Elk-1 Interacts with Dynein upon Serum Stimulation but Independent of Serine 383 Phosphorylation.	Elk-1 belongs to the Ternary Complex Factor (TCF) subfamily of the ETS (from E26 viral oncogene) domain superfamily of transcription factors, and has been known as a regulator of mitogen-induced immediate early gene transcription upon Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation. Elk-1 has been previously shown to interact with neuronal microtubules, and here we show that P-S383-Elk-1, in addition to co-localizing with motor proteins kinesin, Eg5 and Mitotik Kinesin-Like Protein (MKLP) at ...	2011	21935709
sdf-1α induces pdgf-b expression and the differentiation of bone marrow cells into pericytes.	platelet-derived growth factor b (pdgf-b) and its receptor, pdgfr-β, play a critical role in pericyte maturation; however, the mechanisms by which pdgf-b is upregulated in the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. we previously showed that upregulating stromal-derived factor, sdf-1α, in vegf(165)-inhibited ewing's sarcoma tumors (tc/sivegf(7-1)) induced pdgf-b mrna expression, increased infiltration and differentiation of bone marrow cells (bmc) into pericytes and, rescued tumor growth. the pur ...	2011	21911740
mycobacterial infections in free-living cervids in germany (2002-2006).	we examined 1,022 free-living roe deer, red deer, and fallow deer for mycobacteria in germany, 2002-2006. retropharyngeal lymph nodes and other tissues were processed for culture and isolates were identified with the use of polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. mycobacteria were found in 18.3% of deer, with mycobacterium avium in 14.8%. other atypical mycobacteria were detected in 5.3%. members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were not detected.	2011	22102674
Mercury exposure and mechanism of response in large game using the Almadén mercury mining area (Spain) as a case study.	Mercury (Hg) accumulation, transfer, defense mechanism and adverse effects were studied in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the Almadén mining district (Spain), the largest (285,000t of Hg) and the oldest (more than 2000 years) Hg mine/refining operation site in the world. Red deer (n=168) and wild boar (n=58) liver, kidney, bones (metacarpus), testis and muscle were analyzed for total Hg and selenium (Se) within a range of distances to the Almadén mining district. The h ...	2011	22019248
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by high glucose by inhibition of pkc and erk1/2 signalings.	proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetes-related vascular complications. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the major catechin derived from green tea, is able to exert antidiabetes effects in animal models. however, it is not known whether or not egcg inhibits vsmc proliferation induced by high glucose. this study tested the hypothesis that egcg might have an inhibitory effect on vsmc proliferation induced by h ...	2011	21973165
taenia arctos n. sp. (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: taeniidae) from its definitive (brown bear ursus arctos linnaeus) and intermediate (moose/elk alces spp.) hosts.	taenia arctos n. sp. (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: taeniidae) is described from the brown bear ursus arctos linnaeus (definitive host) and moose/elk alces spp. (intermediate hosts) from finland (type-locality) and alaska, usa. the independent status of the new species and the conspecificity of its adults and metacestodes have been recently confirmed by the mtdna sequence data of lavikainen et al. (2011; parasitology international, 60, 289-295). special reference is given to morphological differences ...	2011	22002024
dpp activates integrin-mediated anchorage-dependent signals in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.	dpp, a major noncollagenous protein of the dentin matrix is a highly acidic protein and binds ca2+ avidly and thus linked to matrix mineralization. here, we demonstrate that the rgd domain in dpp can bind to integrins on the cell surface of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells and pulp cells. this coupling generates intracellular signals that are channeled along cytoskeletal filaments and activates the non-receptor tyrosine kinase fak, which plays a key role in signaling at sites of cellular ...	2011	22134916
historic, pre-european settlement, and present-day contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the united states.	the objectives of this analysis were to estimated historic (pre-european settlement) enteric methane (ch(4)) emissions from wild ruminants in the contiguous united states and compare these to present-day ch(4) emissions from farmed ruminants. the analysis included bison, elk (wapiti), and deer (white-tailed and mule). wild ruminants such as moose, antelope (pronghorn), caribou, and mountain sheep and goat were not included in the analysis due to their natural range being mostly outside of the co ...	2011	22178852
Inbreeding depression in red deer calves.	ABSTRACT:	2011	22039837
med23 mutation links intellectual disability to dysregulation of immediate early gene expression.	med23 is a subunit of the mediator complex, a key regulator of protein-coding gene expression. here, we report a missense mutation (p. r617q) in med23 that cosegregates with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability. this mutation specifically impaired the response of jun and fos immediate early genes (iegs) to serum mitogens by altering the interaction between enhancer-bound transcription factors (tcf4 and elk1, respectively) and mediator. transcriptional dysregulation of these g ...	2011	21868677
climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment.	altered species interactions are difficult to predict and yet may drive the response of ecological communities to climate change. we show that declining snowpack strengthens the impacts of a generalist herbivore, elk (cervus elaphus), on a common tree species. thick snowpack substantially reduces elk visitation to sites; aspen (populus tremuloides) shoots in these areas experience lower browsing rates, higher survival and enhanced recruitment. aspen inside herbivore exclosures have greatly incre ...	2011	21976686
antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (cervus elaphus) as influenced by molecular weight and enzymes.	the crude protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (aeva) were prepared by simulated gastrointestinal digestion (sgi, pepsin-pancreatin) using pancreatin-pepsin, alcalase and neutrase. the resulting hydrolysates were separated by sequential ultrafiltration into four fractions. the antioxidant activities of peptide fractions were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 ...	2011	22224289
diet of wolves canis lupus returning to hungary.	at the end of the nineteenth century, the wolf canis lupus was extinct in hungary and in recent decades has returned to the northern highland area of the country. the diet of wolves living in groups in aggteleki national park was investigated using scat analysis (n = 81 scats) and prey remains (n = 31 carcasses). throughout the year wolves (average, minimum two wolves per year) consumed mostly wild-living ungulates (mean percent of biomass consumed, b% 97.2%; relative frequency of occurrence, %o ...	2011	22448046
development of in-situ measurement for 90 sr specific activity by ß-ray survey meter combined with sensitivity correction by monte carlo calculation.	the objective of this study was to develop an in-situ measurement technique for the instant detection of the (90)sr contamination. a numerical method to correct the detection efficiency of the ß survey meter was applied for an elk antler sample from the vicinity of the mayak facility. the estimated (90)sr specific activity of 0.21±0.04 bq/g agrees within the factor of two to the value 0.11±0.06 bq/g evaluated with the imaging plate, which was previously validated. also, the dependence of the det ...	2011	21310623
babesias of red deer (cervus elaphus) in ireland.	abstract: blood samples were obtained from 38 wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at two sites in ireland and subjected to pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene followed by sequencing. two fragments of the 18s rrna gene were generated by two different pcr protocols and subsequent sequencing suggested that at least six of the deer were infected by a babesia that, in those loci, is indistinguishable from babesia divergens, an important tick-borne pathogen of cattle and of zoonotic significance. additionall ...	2011	21314977
immunoregulatory cytokines are associated with protection from immunopathology following mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer.	although the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. we sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experi ...	2011	21321071
genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild caprine and cervid ungulates from the alps in tyrol, austria.	the occurrence of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum was studied in wild ungulates from the northern and central eastern alps in tyrol, austria. for this purpose, spleen samples collected from 53 game animals during the hunting season 2008/2009 (16 roe deer [capreolus capreolus], 10 red deer [cervus elaphus], 16 alpine chamois [rupicapra r. rupicapra], 7 alpine ibex [capra i. ibex], and 4 european mouflons [ovis orientalis musimon]) were analyzed. thirty-five animals originated from t ...	2011	21323423
iron storage disease in red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) is not associated with mutations in the hfe gene.	iron storage diseases are rare conditions of dysregulated iron metabolism in man and animals. a genetic basis has been confirmed only for human haemochromatosis. iron storage disease was diagnosed in six related, 2-year-old male red deer of the same herd. these animals presented with weight loss and rough hair coats. haematological examination was unremarkable. at necropsy examination, gross lesions were restricted to cachexia. microscopical examination revealed severe, diffuse hepatocellular ne ...	2011	21334004
effect of sitagliptin plus metformin on ß-cell function, islet integrity and islet gene expression in zucker diabetic fatty rats.	the combination of metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp-4) inhibitor has been shown to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for type 2 diabetes. we evaluated ß-cell function and morphological changes in islets in zucker diabetic fatty (zdf) rats following combined therapy with sitagliptin and metformin and investigated the expression of potentially relevant genes using cdna microarrays.	2011	21345512
regulation of heart rate and rumen temperature in red deer: effects of season and food intake.	red deer, cervus elaphus, like other temperate-zone animals, show a large seasonal fluctuation in energy intake and expenditure. many seasonal phenotypic adjustments are coordinated by endogenous signals entrained to the photoperiod. the cues determining variation in the resting metabolism of ungulates remain equivocal, however, largely because of the confounding effects of food intake and thus the heat increment of feeding. to distinguish endogenous seasonal and environmental effects on metabol ...	2011	21346124
sparse prp(sc) accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie.	domestic goats (capra hircus) are a natural and experimental host of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) of sheep and cattle. goats are also susceptible to experimental infection with the agents of tses of deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) and humans (creutzfeldt jakob disease). distribution of prpsc, the abnormal prion protein, is similar in the tissues of scrapie-infected sheep and goats but no data are available on the potenti ...	2011	21284878
a phospholipase c?1-activated pathway regulates transcription in human vascular smooth muscle cells.	growth factor-induced repression of smooth muscle (sm) cell marker genes is an integral part of vascular sm (vsm) cell proliferation. this is partly regulated via translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) to the nucleus which activates the transcription factor elk-1. the mediators involved in erk1/2 nuclear translocation in vsm cells are unknown. the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms which regulate growth factor-induced nuclear translocation of erk1/2 and g ...	2011	21285289
indirect genetics effects and evolutionary constraint: an analysis of social dominance in red deer, cervus elaphus.	by determining access to limited resources, social dominance is often an important determinant of fitness. thus, if heritable, standard theory predicts mean dominance should evolve. however, dominance is usually inferred from the tendency to win contests, and given one winner and one loser in any dyadic contest, the mean proportion won will always equal 0.5. here, we argue that the apparent conflict between quantitative genetic theory and common sense is resolved by recognition of indirect genet ...	2011	21288272
fine-tuning the space, time, and host distribution of mycobacteria in wildlife.	we describe the diversity of two kinds of mycobacteria isolates, environmental mycobacteria and mycobacterium bovis collected from wild boar, fallow deer, red deer and cattle in doñana national park (dnp, spain), analyzing their association with temporal, spatial and environmental factors.	2011	21288321
gnrh induces the c-fos gene via phosphorylation of srf by the calcium/calmodulin kinase ii pathway.	despite extensive studies on gnrh regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes, very little is known about mechanism of induction of intermediary immediate early genes, such as c-fos, that are direct targets of gnrh signaling and that upon induction, activate transcription of gonadotropin genes. although c-fos is induced by a variety of stimuli in other cell types, in the gonadotropes, only gnrh induces c-fos and through it fshß. thus, understanding the specificity of c-fos induction by gnrh wil ...	2011	21292826
prioritizing conservation of ungulate calving resources in multiple-use landscapes.	conserving animal populations in places where human activity is increasing is an ongoing challenge in many parts of the world. we investigated how human activity interacted with maternal status and individual variation in behavior to affect reliability of spatially-explicit models intended to guide conservation of critical ungulate calving resources. we studied rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that occupy a region where 2900 natural gas wells have been drilled.	2011	21297866
experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer by intracerebral route: final report.	final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to fallow deer (dama dama) are reported herein. during the 5-year study, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with cwd-infected brain material from white-tailed deer (n = 7; group a) or elk (n = 6; group b), and 3 other fawns were kept as uninoculated controls (group c). as described previously, 3 cwd-inoculated deer were euthanized ...	2011	21731188
sod3 decreases ischemic injury derived apoptosis through phosphorylation of erk1/2, akt, and foxo3a.	extracellular superoxide dismutase (sod3), which dismutates superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, has been shown to reduce the free radical stress derived apoptosis in tissue injuries. since both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide have a marked impact on signal transduction pathways and could potentially explain a number of apoptosis and survival -related phenomena in different pathological conditions, we clarified the impact of sod3 on akt and erk1/2 cell survival pathways in rat hind limb ...	2011	21909393
fibroblast growth factor 21 induces glucose transporter-1 expression through activation of the serum response factor/ets-like protein-1 in adipocytes.	fibroblast growth factor 21 (fgf21) is a liver-secreted endocrine factor with multiple beneficial effects on obesity-related disorders. it enhances glucose uptake by inducing the expression of glucose transporter-1 (glut1) in adipocytes. here we investigated the signaling pathways that mediate fgf21-induced glut1 expression and glucose uptake in vitro and in animals. quantitative real-time pcr and a luciferase reporter assay showed that fgf21 induced glut1 expression through transcriptional acti ...	2011	21846717
characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection.	fatty acid (fa) and triacylglycerol (tg) composition of natural oils and fats intake in the diet has a strong influence on the human health and chronic diseases. in this work, non-aqueous reversed-phase (narp) and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (gc/fid) and mass spectrometry detection are used for the characterization of fa and tg composition in comp ...	2011	21835413
saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) in italy.	the wood tick ixodes ricinus, one of the most common arthropod-borne disease vectors, is of increasing relevance for human and animal health in europe. the aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of several abiotic and biotic factors potentially affecting questing activity and local abundance of i. ricinus in italy, considering the scale at which these factors interact with the host-seeking ticks. within eden, a large-scale eu collaborative project on eco-epidemiology of vec ...	2011	21820245
mycobacterial screening of czech red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in overwintering sites, 2004-2006.	one isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 2,212 fecal samples of wild deer assembled in overwintering sites (ows). neither m. bovis nor m. a. subsp. avium was found. therefore, congregating deer in owss does not automatically lead to the amplification of these pathogens among animals in owss.	2011	21719853
liver enzymes and blood metabolites in a population of free-ranging red deer ( cervus elaphus) naturally infected with fascioloides magna.	we investigated the effects of fascioloides magna infection on the serum biochemistry values of the naturally infected red deer population in eastern croatia. the investigation was performed on 47 red deer with f. magna infection confirmed patho-anatomically in 27 animals (57.4%). fibrous capsules and migratory lesions were found in 14 deer while only fibrous capsules without migratory lesions were found in 13 deer. in 13 deer both immature and mature flukes were found, in 5 deer only immature f ...	2011	21729388
sorbitol-fermenting, +¦-glucuronidase-positive, shiga toxin-negative escherichia coli o157:h7 in free-ranging red deer in south-central spain.	abstract we investigated the prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 in free-ranging red deer in south-central spain, to assess their potential as reservoir hosts of sorbitol-fermenting (sf) e. coli o157:h7 strains, which are emerging causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome in europe. fecal samples from 264 hunter-harvested iberian red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected in 25 different game estates and examined for e. coli o157:h7 by culture and pcr. e. coli o157:h7 was detected and isolated in 4 o ...	2011	21819212
a case of hepatic carcinoid in a red deer hind (cervus elaphus).	a carcinoid tumour in the liver of a red deer hind (cervus elaphus) is described. macroscopically, the liver was considerably enlarged with multifocal, firm, yellow and red nodular neoplastic masses, which were histopathologically diagnosed as hepatic carcinoids. the diagnosis was confirmed by modified grimelius staining, which demonstrated numerous small argyrophilic granules in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells, and by immunohistochemistry. the neoplastic cells gave a strong positive reaction ...	2011	21727064
sufentanil and xylazine immobilization of rocky mountain elk.	from october 2009 through july 2010, five captive, 3-yr-old, female rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) and nine free-ranging elk (one male, eight female) were immobilized with 0.1 mg/kg sufentanil plus 0.5 mg/kg xylazine which was antagonized with 1 mg/kg naltrexone and 2 mg/kg tolazoline. induction and recovery times averaged 4.9 -¦ 0.3 min and 3.9 -¦ 0.4 min, respectively. physiologic and blood gas parameters as well as bispectral index (bis) were measured on the captive elk every 10 min for ...	2011	21719828
secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is associated with mmp-2 and mmp-9 to promote migration and invasion in snu638 gastric cancer cells.	secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (slpi) protects tissue from proteases, and promotes cell proliferation and healing during inflammatory response. slpi is also overexpressed in gastric, lung and ovarian cancers, which accelerates the metastasis of cancer cells. matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9 (mmp-2 and mmp-9) are overexpressed in high metastatic cancers, and promote the migration of cancer cells through collagen degradation. slpi and mmp-2, -9 are critical factors in stimulating the metast ...	2011	21687932
herbal formula hmc05 prevents human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation by inhibiting the erk1/2 mapk signaling cascade.	hmc05 is a formulation derived from eight medicinal herbs, and prevents neointima formation by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway with induction of heat shock protein 27 expression. in this study, we investigated the influence of hmc05 regulation on the mapk/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/2 signaling cascade in the inhibition of the migration and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (hasmcs). the inhibitory effects of hmc05 (25, 50, and ...	2011	21833774
phylogenetic study of setaria cervi based on mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences.	the objective of the present study was to examine the phylogenetic position of setaria cervi based on sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. a fragment of the cox1 gene from two morphologically identified s. cervi collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) from italy were amplified, sequenced, and compared with corresponding sequences of other filarioid nematode species. phylogenetic studies using bayesian analysis revealed s. cervi as monophyletic with other setari ...	2011	21695569
risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in southern spain.	the presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. the main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in southern spain based on spanish data collected in the period 2003-2006. in general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (meanôçë=ôçë1291ôçë-ágôçëkg(-1)) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (meanôçë=ôç ...	2011	21728894
epigenetic mechanisms in stress and adaptation.	epigenetic mechanisms are processes at the level of the chromatin that control the expression of genes but their role in neuro-immuno-endocrine communication is poorly understood. this review focuses on epigenetic modifications induced by a range of stressors, both physical and psychological, and examines how these variations can affect the biological activity of cells. it is clear that epigenetic modifications are critical in explaining how environmental factors, which have no effect on the dna ...	2011	21704151
decreasing prevalence of brucellosis in red deer through efforts to control disease in livestock.	summary when a pathogen infects a number of different hosts, the process of determining the relative importance of each host species to the persistence of the pathogen is often complex. removal of a host species is a potential but rarely possible way of discovering the importance of that species to the dynamics of the disease. this study presents the results of a 12-year programme aimed at controlling brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats and the cascading impacts on brucellosis in a sympatric ...	2011	21676351
transactivation of egfr/pi3k/akt involved in atp-induced inflammatory protein expression and cell motility.	phenotype transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) is important in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. once released, atp may promote activation of vsmcs by stimulating cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), cytosolic phospholipase a(2) (cpla(2) ) expression and prostaglandin (pg)e(2) synthesis via activation of mapks and nf-+¦b. however, whether alternative signaling pathways participated in regulating cox-2 and cpla(2) expression associated with cell migration were investig ...	2011	21678415
erk pathway mediates p2x7 expression and cell death in renal interstitial fibroblasts exposed to necrotic renal epithelial cells.	we recently reported that necrotic renal proximal epithelial cells (rptc) stimulate the expression of p2x7 receptor in renal fibroblasts and that p2x7 receptor mediates deleterious epithelial-fibroblast cross talk. the present study was carried out to investigate the signaling mechanism of necrotic rptc-induced p2x7 expression in cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts (nrk-49f). exposure of nrk-49f to necrotic rptc supernatant (rptc-sup) induced a time- and dose-dependent phosphorylation of sev ...	2011	21677150
wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum.	the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ...	2011	21739932
identification of functional ccaat/enhancer-binding protein and ets protein binding sites in the human chorionic somatomammotropin enhancer sequences.	the human chorionic somatomammotropin (cs) a and b genes (listed as csh1 and csh2 in the hugo database) are highly expressed in placenta. a 241ôçèbp potent enhancer, nucleotides (nts) 1-241, located at the 3' end of the cs-b gene (cs-benh) stimulates promoter activity specifically in placental trophoblast cells in vitro. strong activity is exerted by a 23ôçèbp element within the cs-benh (nts 117-139), shown to interact with transcription enhancer factor (tef) members of the transcription enhance ...	2011	21737519
tubular frameworks guiding orderly bone formation in the antler of the red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antler is a bony tissue which re-grows every year after shedding. growth speed and material properties of this tissue are truly remarkable, making it an interesting model for bone regeneration. surprisingly, not much is known about the ultrastructure of the calcified tissues and the temporal sequence of their development during antler growth. we use a combination of imaging tools based on light and electron microscopy to characterize antler tissue at various stages of development. we observ ...	2011	21704707
decomposing variation in population growth into contributions from environment and phenotypes in an age-structured population.	evaluating the relative importance of ecological drivers responsible for natural population fluctuations in size is challenging. longitudinal studies where most individuals are monitored from birth to death and where environmental conditions are known provide a valuable resource to characterize complex ecological interactions. we used a recently developed approach to decompose the observed fluctuation in population growth of the red deer population on the isle of rum into contributions from clim ...	2011	21715404
dna vaccination of bison to brucellar antigens elicits elevated antibody and ifn-+¦ responses.	brucella abortus remains a threat to the health and well-being of livestock in states bordering the greater yellowstone area. during the past several years, cohabitation of infected wildlife with cattle has jeopardized the brucellosis-free status of idaho, usa; wyoming, usa; and montana, usa. current livestock b. abortus vaccines have not proven to be efficacious in bison (bison bison) or elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). one problem with the lack of vaccine efficacy may stem from the failure to und ...	2011	21719815
spatial and temporal patterns of intraspecific morphological variation in dactylogyrus simplexus from fathead minnows in nebraska.	abstract dactylogyrus simplexus monaco and mizelle, 1955, occurs on the gills of fathead minnows (pimephales promelas). previous research on parasites of fathead minnows from 3 converging nebraska streams, elk creek, oak creek, and west oak creek, shows that fish in each stream constitute distinct populations. to determine whether their parasites had diverged structurally in response to such isolation, or in response to seasonal change, we searched for patterns of intraspecific morphometric vari ...	2011	21721902
evaluation of the efficacy of commercial vaccines against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in experimentally infected red deer (cervus elaphus).	red deer (cervus elaphus) is a widespread and abundant species susceptible to bluetongue virus (btv) infection. inclusion of red deer vaccination among btv control measures should be considered. four out of twelve btv antibody negative deer were vaccinated against serotype 1 (btv-1), and four against serotype 8 (btv-8). the remaining four deer acted as unvaccinated controls. forty-two days after vaccination (dpv), all deer were inoculated with a low cell passage of the corresponding btv strains. ...	2011	21824733
Effect of ruminally protected methionine on body weight gain and growth of antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the humid tropics.	Sixteen male red deer (Cervus elaphus), with an initial weight of 93.83?±?4.38 kg were used to study the effect of the dietary level of ruminally protected methionine (RPM) on growth, antler morphometry and serum metabolites. The deer were allowed to graze and were individually supplemented with concentrate to provide 0, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5 g/day of RPM for 65 days. There was a quadratic effect on daily weight gain (0.163, 0.098, 0.147 and 0.172 kg/day; P?<?0.005) and antler beam length (59.7, 63.6, ...	2011	21847713
no evidence that wild red deer (cervus elaphus) on the iberian peninsula are a reservoir of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.	the potential role of red deer (cervus elaphus) as a reservoir of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection is largely unknown. a total of 332 wild red deer were investigated using post-mortem examination, bacteriology and serology. only three animals (1.12%) were found to have lesions on histopathological examination and no map bacteria were recovered on culture. the results suggest it is unlikely that wild red deer make a significant contribution to the maintenance of map ...	2011	21930401
alterations of molecular and behavioral responses to cocaine by selective inhibition of elk-1 phosphorylation.	activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway in the striatum is crucial for molecular adaptations and long-term behavioral alterations induced by cocaine. in response to cocaine, erk controls the phosphorylation levels of both mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (msk-1), a nuclear kinase involved in histone h3 (ser10) and camp response element binding protein phosphorylation, and elk-1, a transcription factor involved in serum response element (sre)-d ...	2011	21976515
blocking egfr activation suppresses ovarian tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.	genetic alterations including overexpression of egfr (in approximately 70% of ovarian tumors) play a crucial role in the signal transduction pathways that regulate key cellular functions such as cell survival and proliferation and are responsible for compromising traditional chemotherapy. 3,3'-diindolylmethane (dim) is an indole compound present in brassica vegetables. in our previous studies, we demonstrated that br-dim, a formulated version of dim, suppressed the growth of ovarian cancer cells ...	2011	22205686
an nmr metabolomics study of elk inoculated with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both farmed and wild cervids, specifically deer and elk, and is a member of the larger family of prion diseases. prion disease transmission is believed to occur through exposure to infectious prion material-a misfolded and infectious form of the prion protein that is normally present in the host. chronic wasting disease is endemic to regions of central north america and infectious material can persist for long periods i ...	2011	22043909
seroprevalence study in forestry workers from eastern germany using novel genotype 3- and rat hepatitis e virus-specific immunoglobulin g elisas.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of an acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans. in industrialized countries, autochthonous cases are linked to zoonotic transmission from domestic pigs, wild boar and red deer. the main route of human infection presumably is consumption of contaminated meat. farmers, slaughterers and veterinarians are expected to be risk groups as they work close to potentially infected animals. in this study, we tested four escherichia coli-expressed segments of the ...	2011	22179131
Attention grabbing in red deer sexual calls.	Identifying the respective functions of distinct call types is an important step towards understanding the diversification of mammal vocal repertoires. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags give two distinct types of roars during the rut, termed 'common roars' and 'harsh roars'. This study tests the hypothesis that harsh roars function to raise and maintain female attention to calling males. To this end, we examined the response of female red deer to playback sequences of common roar bouts including a ...	2011	21927848
Modification to histopathological lesion severity score in red deer (Cervus elaphus) affected by Johne's disease.		2011	21851306
t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) is recurrent in marginal zone lymphoma and upregulates GPR34.	Genetic events underlying pathogenesis of nodal and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) are incompletely understood. We report here a novel t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) identified in 4 lymphoma cases: 2 with a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 1 with a nodal MZL and 1 with gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In all cases lymphoma evolved from a previous auto-immune disorder. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies showed that t(X;14) which is mediated by ...	2011	22058210
pronounced reduction of fluoride exposure in free-ranging deer in north bohemia (czech republic) as indicated by the biomarkers skeletal fluoride content and dental fluorosis.	wild deer have been recommended as bioindicators of fluoride pollution. we compared bone fluoride concentrations and prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in free-ranging european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from five counties in the northwestern part of the czech republic that had been collected by hunters and whose mandibles were presented at trophy exhibitions in the years 1996/1997 ("early period") and 2009 ("late period"). data on atmospheric fluoride ...	2011	22137477
effect of vaccination and natural infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on specificity of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	to assess the effect of vaccination against paratuberculosis (johne's disease) on reactivity to diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb) in deer exposed to natural challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and to investigate map infection as a factor in tb test cross-reactivity at the herd level.	2011	21851298
nitrogen metabolism of four raw meat diets in domestic cats.	little nutritional information has been collected from domestic cats fed raw meat diets. the objective of the present study was to evaluate differences in n metabolism of domestic cats fed raw beef-based diet (66 % crude protein (cp) and 20 % fat), bison-based diet (49 % cp and 39 % fat), elk-based diet (79 % cp and 6 % fat) and horse-based diet (60 % cp and 26 % fat). a total of eight intact adult female cats were fed to maintain body weight in a cross-over design. daily food intake, faecal and ...	2011	22005421
organochlorine compounds in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from inland and coastal croatia.	polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) and organochlorine pesticide (ocp) levels in fat tissue of red and fallow deer (cervus elaphus l. and dama dama l.) from two inland and an adriatic area were established. of 17 analysed pcbs, pcb-28, pcb-138, pcb-153, pcb-180 and pcb-118 were found in all samples, whilst pcb-101 and pcb-170 were found in more than 50% of samples. they ranged between 0.03 and 5.98 ng g(-1) fat weight. of seven analysed ocps, hcb, γ-hch and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene ...	2011	21904863
immediate-early transcriptional response to angiotensin ii in human adrenocortical cells.	angiotensin ii binds to the angiotensin ii receptors type 1 (at1 receptors) in adrenocortical cells and triggers an intracellular signaling cascade leading to changes in the gene expression pattern. here, we show that stimulation with angiotensin ii induces the expression of biologically active early growth response (egr)-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, in human h295r adrenocortical cells. expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the ternary complex factor elk-1, a key transcriptional ...	2011	21914770
suspicion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission between cattle and wild-living red deer (cervus elaphus) by multi target genotyping.	for epidemiological tracing of paratuberculosis (johne's disease), multi-target genotyping of the etiologic agent mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is necessary. the study was undertaken to assess the informative value of different typing techniques and individual genome markers by investigation of map transmission between wild-living red deer and farmed cattle with known shared habitats.53 map-type-ii-isolates were differentiated by short-sequence repeat (ssr, 4 loci)-, mycobact ...	2011	22179249
tissue-specific expression of human calcineurin-binding protein 1 in mouse synovial tissue can suppress inflammatory arthritis.	calcineurin (cn) is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase. in immune cells, cn controls the activity of a wide range of transcription factors, including nuclear factor of activated t, nuclear factor-kappa b, c-fos, and elk-1. cn plays an important role in synoviocyte activation and arthritis progression in vivo and this function is tightly linked to dysregulated intracellular ca(2+) store and ca(2+) response triggered by proinflammatory cytokines. in the present study, ...	2011	22175542
first description of nodular onchocercosis (onchocerca jakutensis) in free-ranging italian red deer (cervus elaphus).	onchocercosis is a vector-transmitted parasitic disease involving wild and domestic ungulates, humans, and dogs. red deer (cervus elaphus) host numerous onchocerca spp. which have precise anatomic sites in the host and two species, onchocerca flexuosa wedl, 1856 and onchocerca jakutensis guba-now, 1964, are found inside subcutaneous nodules. between september and november 2007, subcutaneous nodules were observed on both thighs in shot red deer of a tuscany population. we observed cystic structur ...	2011	22102667
corrected misidentification of first instars of the bot flies cephenemyia apicata and c. jellisoni, with a review of the biology and life history of both species.	first instars obtained from the uteri of host-seeking females, and compared with previously published descriptions of larvae collected from columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), revealed that larvae described as cephenemyia apicata bennett & sabrosky (diptera: oestridae) actually are c. jellisoni townsend. several new characters are added to supplement the original descriptions of the first instars of these species. collections of all larvae from deer autopsied during di ...	2011	22168389
early growth response 1--a transcription factor in the crossfire of signal transduction cascades.	early growth response-1 (egr-1) is a cys2-his2-type zinc-finger transcription factor. a broad range of extracellular stimuli is capable of activating egr-1, thus mediating growth, proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. egr-1 is, therefore, participating in the progression of a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis or cancer. functional response elements connect egr-1 to signal transduction cascades targeting egr-1. five serum response elements (sre) have been identified in the promot ...	2011	22053691
campylobacter spp. distribution in biofilms on different surfaces in an agricultural watershed (elk creek, british columbia): using biofilms to monitor for campylobacter.	despite its relevance to public health, presence and concentrations of campylobacter spp. in biofilms in natural aquatic environments has not been investigated. this study examined the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in biofilms on a variety of surfaces (river rock, slate rock, wood, lexan™, sandpaper, and sediment) and in water from december 2005 to december 2006 to find a substratum that facilitated campylobacters detection in natural aquatic environments. samples were collected at four sites ...	2011	22204983
prostaglandin e(2) production in mice is reduced by consumption of range-fed sources of red meat.	many view bison as a healthful alternative to other red meat sources, and as a way to decrease health risks, they associate it with meat consumption. using mice as a model for immune function, we hypothesized that consumption of meat from range-fed bison would decrease prostaglandin (pg) e(2) and alter prostacyclin (pgi(2)) release upon immune challenge when compared with mice fed meat from grain-finished bison, range-fed beef, feedlot steers, free-ranging elk, or chicken breast. after 2 weeks o ...	2011	22153516
the inhibitory effects of nkx3.1 on igf-1r expression and its signalling pathway in human prostatic carcinoma pc3 cells.	nkx3.1, which is a prostate-specific homeobox gene, plays an important role in prostate cancer and usually functions as a tumour suppressor gene. in this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of nkx3.1 on insulin-like growth factor (igf)-1r expression and its downstream signalling pathway in pc3 cells. pc3 cells were stably transfected with nkx3.1 expression plasmid (pcdna3.1-nkx3.1) or vector plasmid (pcdna3.1+). the igf-ir mrna and protein expression levels were assessed in pc3-nkx3.1 t ...	2011	22179513
activation of the intracellular metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in striatal neurons leads to upregulation of genes associated with sustained synaptic transmission including arc/arg3.1.	the g-protein coupled receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5), is expressed on both cell surface and intracellular membranes in striatal neurons. using pharmacological tools to differentiate membrane responses, we previously demonstrated that cell surface mglur5 triggers rapid, transient cytoplasmic ca2+ rises resulting in c-jun n-terminal kinase, ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (camk), and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein (creb) phos ...	2011	22179607