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aerobic bacteriological studies on the respiratory tracts of apparently healthy and pneumonic camels (camelus dromedaries) in selected districts of afar region, ethiopia.a cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify bacterial species from the respiratory tract of apparently healthy and pneumonic camels in asayita and dubti woredas in the afar region, ethiopia. from a total of 74 lung tissue and 74 tracheal swab samples staphylococcus aureus, 16.3%, streptococcus equi subsp. equi, 13.0%, and pasteurella multocida, 10.9%, were dominant isolates from pneumonic lungs; escherichia coli, 12.7%, proteus species, 10.9%, and klebsiella pneumoniae, 9.1%, w ...201729147933
influence of dietary chromium yeast supplementation on apparent trace elements metabolism in growing camel (camelus dromedarius) reared under hot summer conditions.this study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary chromium (cr) supplementation on the apparent metabolism of some trace elements in camel calves reared under hot summer conditions. the study was conducted on a total of 15 male camel calves (5-6 months old) reared under hot summer conditions for 12 weeks. the animals were housed individually under shelter and divided into three dietary treatment groups (diets supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg cr/kg dm), five animals each. at the end of the ...201729116605
physical and kinematic properties of cryopreserved camel sperm after elimination of semen viscosity by different techniques.this investigation aimed to determine the influence of using different techniques for liquefaction of semen on post-thaw physical and dynamic characteristics of camel spermatozoa. a total of 144 ejaculates were collected from 3 adult camels, camelus dromedarius, twice-weekly over 3 consecutive breeding seasons. a raw aliquot of each ejaculate was evaluated for physical and morphological properties, whereas the remaining portion was diluted (1:3) with glycerolated tris lactose egg yolk extender, ...201729102407
purification of camel liver catalase by zinc chelate affinity chromatography and ph gradient elution: an enzyme with interesting properties.climate change and increasing temperatures are global concerns. camel (camelus dromedarius) lives most of its life under high environmental stress in the desert and represent ideal model for studying desert adaptation among mammals. catalase plays a key role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. for the first time, catalase from camel liver was purified to homogeneity by zinc chelate affinity chromatography using ph gradient elution, a better separation was obtained. a purification fold ...201729100758
emerging developments on pathogenicity, molecular virulence, epidemiology and clinical symptoms of current middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the middle east respiratory syndrome. mers-cov possesses a unique positive-sense single-stranded rna and can undergo rapid mutation in the viral genome. this results in antigenic switching and genetic variation, finally leading to the emergence of novel and new mers-cov subtypes which are uncontrollable by ...201732288937
detection of pancoronavirus using pcr in camelus dromedarius in iran (first report).coronaviride is a colossal family of viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans and other animals. as of late, a novel coronavirus, not anterior-optically discerned in humans, has been identified in a denizen of the middle east. there is growing evidence that the camelus dromedarius is host species for the virus and plays an important role of a source of human infection. along these lines, the authors decided to detect coronaviruses in dromedary camels in two high-risk areas of iran by e ...201732214976
cytochrome b conservation between six camel breeds reared in egypt.this study was aimed to assess cytochrome b conservation in six breeds of camels reared in egypt and to compare its sequence with those of other livestock species. the 208-bp fragments from camel mtdna cyto b were amplified using pcr for 54 camels belonging to 6 camel breeds reared in egypt. the alignment of camel cyto b sequences showed the presence of two polymorphic sites resulting in four haplotypes and their nucleotide sequences were submitted to genbank under the accession numbers: kx90989 ...201730647635
combined hybridization capture and shotgun sequencing for ancient dna analysis of extinct wild and domestic dromedary camel.the performance of hybridization capture combined with next-generation sequencing (ngs) has seen limited investigation with samples from hot and arid regions until now. we applied hybridization capture and shotgun sequencing to recover dna sequences from bone specimens of ancient-domestic dromedary (camelus dromedarius) and its extinct ancestor, the wild dromedary from jordan, syria, turkey and the arabian peninsula, respectively. our results show that hybridization capture increased the percent ...201727289015
serologic evidence for mers-cov infection in dromedary camels, punjab, pakistan, 2012-2015.dromedary camels from africa and arabia are an established source for zoonotic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection among humans. in pakistan, we found specific neutralizing antibodies in samples from 39.5% of 565 dromedaries, documenting significant expansion of the enzootic range of mers-cov to asia.201728221127
noninvasive imaging of human immune responses in a human xenograft model of graft-versus-host disease.the immune system plays a crucial role in many diseases. activation or suppression of immunity is often related to clinical outcome. methods to explore the dynamics of immune responses are important to elucidate their role in conditions characterized by inflammation, such as infectious disease, cancer or auto-immunity. immuno-pet is a non-invasive method by which disease and immune cell infiltration can be explored simultaneously. using radiolabeled antibodies or fragments derived from them, it ...201728209904
middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus and dromedaries.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a zoonotic viral disease that can be transmitted from dromedaries to human beings. more than 1500 cases of mers have been reported in human beings to date. although mers has been associated with 30% case fatality in human beings, mers coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedaries is usually asymptomatic. in rare cases, dromedaries may develop mild respiratory signs. no mers-cov or antibodies against the virus have been detected in camelids other than ...201728190501
localization of orexin b and receptor 2 for orexins in testicular cytotypes of the camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos).the orexins a (oxa) and b (oxb) are two hypothalamic peptides involved in many physiological functions of the mammalian body. they act through the binding of two g-coupled receptors named receptor 1 (ox1 ) and receptor 2 (ox2 ) for orexins. the first receptor is specific for oxa, while the second binds both the substances with equal affinity. the orexins and the relative receptors have been traced by means of different techniques also at the periphery of the body and particularly in the adrenals ...201728181310
the role of nucularia perrinii batt. (chenopodiaceae) in the camel-based sahrawi social-ecological system.pastoral social-ecological systems (sess) are adaptive and complex systems rooted in the extensive exploitation of forage plants for livestock-based livelihoods and culture. there are species and relations that are foundational to the existence of these sess. nucularia perrinii batt. (chenopodiaceae) is an endemic halophyte plant of central and western sahara seldom cited in the scientific literature. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of this plant in the ses of the sahrawi ...201728179025
the effect of some cryoprotectants on dromedary camel frozen-thawed semen.the cryopreserved camel semen is often associated with poor quality and fertility. this study aimed to improve the dromedary frozen semen quality by comparing the efficiency of four cryoprotectant agents (cpas) on sperm freezability. semen samples were collected from seven male maghrabi camels, diluted with shotor diluent supplemented with glycerol (sh-g), dimethyl formamide (dmf, sh-df), dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso, sh-ds) or ethylene glycol (eg, sh-eg), all at 6% final concentration, and the samp ...201728176384
maternal recognition of pregnancy and implantation are not associated with an interferon response of the endometrium to the presence of the conceptus in dromedary camel.maternal recognition of pregnancy (mrp) and implantation involve appropriate interactions between the elongating conceptus and the receptive endometrium that will condition development of the feto-placental unit to term. molecular mechanisms that take place at the conceptus-endometrium interface during early pregnancy have been extensively investigated in domestic ungulates but they are still poorly understood in camelids including the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), a domestic species wi ...201728166983
evaluation of a panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues of new- and old-world camelids.different species of camelids play an important role in the epidemiology of various emerging infectious diseases such as middle east respiratory syndrome. for precise investigations of the immunopathogenesis in these host species, appropriate immunohistochemical markers are highly needed in order to phenotype distinct immune cells populations in camelids. so far, specific immunohistochemical markers for camelid immune cells are rarely commercially available, and cross-reactivity studies are rest ...201728166931
"candidatus anaplasma camelii" in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in morocco: a novel and emerging anaplasma species?there has been a growing interest in camel anaplasmosis due to its recent emergence in this reservoir species and concerns for its zoonotic potential. the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in camels therefore remains poorly understood mostly because camels belong to marginalised poor and often transhumant populations whose interests are largely neglected. most studies of anaplasmosis in camels have relied on microscopy and serology for diagnosis and only three studies, undertaken in tunisia, saudia a ...201728160773
discovery of a junctional epitope antibody that stabilizes il-6 and gp80 protein:protein interaction and modulates its downstream signaling.protein:protein interactions are fundamental in living organism homeostasis. here we introduce vhh6, a junctional epitope antibody capable of specifically recognizing a neo-epitope when two proteins interact, albeit transiently, to form a complex. orthogonal biophysical techniques have been used to prove the "junctional epitope" nature of vhh6, a camelid single domain antibody recognizing the il-6-gp80 complex but not the individual components alone. x-ray crystallography, hdx-ms and spr analysi ...201728134246
joining the in vitro immunization of alpaca lymphocytes and phage display: rapid and cost effective pipeline for sdab synthesis.camelids possess unique functional heavy chain antibodies, which can be produced and modified in vitro as a single domain antibody (sdab or nanobody) with full antigen binding ability. production of sdab in conventional manner requires active immunization of camelidae animal, which is laborious, time consuming, costly and in many cases not feasible (e.g. in case of highly toxic or infectious antigens).201728114943
weak genetic structure in northern african dromedary camels reflects their unique evolutionary history.knowledge on genetic diversity and structure of camel populations is fundamental for sustainable herd management and breeding program implementation in this species. here we characterized a total of 331 camels from northern africa, representative of six populations and thirteen algerian and egyptian geographic regions, using 20 str markers. the nineteen polymorphic loci displayed an average of 9.79 ± 5.31 alleles, ranging from 2 (cvrl8) to 24 (cvrl1d). average he was 0.647 ± 0.173. eleven loci d ...201728103238
outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in saudi arabia: a retrospective study.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease. dromedary camels have been implicated due to reports that some confirmed cases were exposed to camels. risk factors for mers coronavirus (mers-cov) infections in humans are incompletely understood. this study aimed to describe the demographic characteristics, mortality rate, clinical manifestations and comorbidities with confirmed cases of mers-cov.201728056850
systematic, active surveillance for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in camels in egypt.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe human infections and dromedary camels are considered an intermediary host. the dynamics of natural infection in camels are not well understood. through systematic surveillance in egypt, nasal, rectal, milk, urine and serum samples were collected from camels between june 2014 and february 2016. locations included quarantines, markets, abattoirs, free-roaming herds and farmed breeding herds. the overall seroprevalence was 71% an ...201728050021
erectile dysfunction in male dromedary camels: clinical findings and changes in the nitric oxide metabolite, cardiac troponin i and testosterone concentrations.this study aimed to clarify the phenomenon of erectile dysfunction (ed) in male camels and monitor the associated changes in nitric oxide metabolite (nom), cardiac troponin i (ctni), and testosterone concentrations. a total 18 camels with ed and 10 controls were included in this study. the breeding history was recorded and a thorough breeding soundness examination was performed. total nitrates and nitrites were determined in sera using the griess assay. serum ctni and testosterone were assessed ...201728043353
current status and future direction of cryopreservation of camelid embryos.over the past 3 decades, and similar to the horse industry, fresh embryo transfer has been widely practiced on large commercial scales in different camelid species, especially the dromedary camel and alpaca. however, the inability to cryopreserve embryos significantly reduces its broader application, and as such limits the capacity to utilize elite genetic resources internationally. in addition, cryopreservation of the semen of camelids is also difficult, suggesting an extreme sensitivity of the ...201728043352
emerging vector-borne diseases in dromedaries in tunisia: west nile, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease and rift valley fever.a total of 118 sera were collected during 2016 from two groups of dromedaries from kebili and medenine governorates in the south of tunisia. the aim of this study was to provide the first serological investigation of four emerging vector-borne diseases in two groups of dromedaries in tunisia. sera were tested by elisa and serum neutralisation test to identify west nile virus (wnv), bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv). in the firs ...201728397519
identification of risk factors for primary mers-cov infection in camel workers in qatar, 2013 - 2014; a case-control study.the transmission routes and risk factors for zoonotic mers-cov infections are still unknown. we used the who questionnaire for mers-cov case-control studies to assess risk factors for human mers-cov seropositivity at a farm complex in qatar. nine camel workers with mers-cov antibodies and 43 workers without antibodies were included. some camel-related activities may pose a higher risk of mers-cov infection, as well as cross-border movements of camels, poor hand hygiene and overnight hospital sta ...201728387845
risk factors for mers coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in burkina faso, ethiopia, and morocco, 2015.understanding middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) transmission in dromedary camels is important, as they consitute a source of zoonotic infection to humans. to identify risk factors for mers-cov infection in camels bred in diverse conditions in burkina faso, ethiopia and morocco, blood samples and nasal swabs were sampled in february-march 2015. a relatively high mers-cov rna rate was detected in ethiopia (up to 15.7%; 95% confidence interval (ci): 8.2-28.0), followed by burk ...201728382915
daily rhythms of behavioral and hormonal patterns in male dromedary camels housed in boxes.daily rhythmicity has been observed for a number of hormonal and behavioral variables in mammals. it can be entrained by several external factors, such as light-dark cycle and scheduled feeding. in dromedary camels, daily rhythmicity has been documented only for melatonin secretion and body temperature. in this study, the daily rhythmicity of behavioral repertoire, cortisol and testosterone levels was investigated in captive male camels.201728367365
scrotal granulomatous aspergillosis in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).this report describes a case of primary subcutaneous aspergillosis in a 7-year-old neutered male dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).201728356153
proteomic profiling comparing the effects of different heat treatments on camel (camelus dromedarius) milk whey proteins.camel milk is consumed in the middle east because of its high nutritional value. traditional heating methods and the duration of heating affect the protein content and nutritional quality of the milk. we examined the denaturation of whey proteins in camel milk by assessing the effects of temperature on the whey protein profile at room temperature (rt), moderate heating at 63 °c, and at 98 °c, for 1 h. the qualitative and quantitative variations in the whey proteins before and after heat treatmen ...201728350354
cross-sectional surveillance of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels and other mammals in egypt, august 2015 to january 2016.a cross-sectional study was conducted in egypt to determine the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in imported and resident camels and bats, as well as to assess possible transmission of the virus to domestic ruminants and equines. a total of 1,031 sera, 1,078 nasal swabs, 13 rectal swabs, and 38 milk samples were collected from 1,078 camels in different types of sites. in addition, 145 domestic animals and 109 bats were sampled. overall, of 1,031 serologically ...201728333616
immunogenicity of candidate mers-cov dna vaccines based on the spike protein.mers-coronavirus is a novel zoonotic pathogen which spread rapidly to >25 countries since 2012. its apparent endemicity and the wide spread of its reservoir host (dromedary camels) in the arabian peninsula highlight the ongoing public health threat of this virus. therefore, development of effective prophylactic vaccine needs to be urgently explored given that there are no approved prophylactics or therapeutics for humans or animals to date. different vaccine candidates have been investigated but ...201728332568
n-terminal chemical protein labeling using the naturally split gos-terl intein.chemoselective and regioselective chemical protein labeling is of great importance, yet no current technique is sufficiently general and simple to perform. protein trans-splicing by split inteins can be used to ligate short tags with chemical labels to either the n or the c terminus of a protein. the cystag approach exploits split intein fragments without a cysteine fused with such a short tag containing a single cysteine that is easily amenable to selective modification using classical cysteine ...201728332258
microscopic and molecular detection of camel piroplasmosis in gadarif state, sudan.the socioeconomic importance of camels (camelus dromedarius) could not be neglected in the sudan. the present study was planned to confirm the presence of piroplasmosis in camels from the eastern region of the sudan (gedarif state) using microscopical (blood film) and molecular technique (pcr). a total of 55 camels of different sexes (34 females and 21 males) were sampled from four localities of the state between january 2011 and january 2012. the prevalence rates using parasitological and molec ...201728293445
polydactyly suggesting local husbandry of pre-columbian camelids: a case from castillo de huarmey archaeological site, northern coast of peru.three camelid metapodials with polydactyly (additional digits) were found at the wari culture archaeological site (dated to the middle horizon) of castillo de huarmey. the anomalous bones were excavated among numerous remains, and presumably represent animals that were sacrificed within the principal mortuary mausoleum. the bones derive from at least two individuals. the etiology of the deformities remains unknown, but the most probable causes include low genetic diversity in the herd or uninten ...201728290309
a semi-empirical glycosylation model of a camelid monoclonal antibody under hypothermia cell culture conditions.the impact of cell culture environment on the glycan distribution of a monoclonal antibody (mab) has been investigated through a combination of experiments and modeling. a newly developed cho duxb cell line was cultivated at two levels of initial glutamine (gln) concentrations (0, 4 mm) and incubation temperatures of (33 and 37 °c) in batch operation mode. hypothermia was applied either through the entire culture duration or only during the post-exponential phase. beyond reducing cell growth and ...201728285402
a frameshift mutation in kit is associated with  white spotting in the arabian camel.while the typical arabian camel is characterized by a single colored coat, there are rare populations with white spotting patterns. white spotting coat patterns are found in virtually all domesticated species, but are rare in wild species. theories suggest that white spotting is linked to the domestication process, and is occasionally associated with health disorders. though mutations have been found in a diverse array of species, fewer than 30 genes have been associated with spotting patterns, ...201728282952
single domain antibodies for the knockdown of cytosolic and nuclear proteins.single domain antibodies (sdabs) from camels or sharks comprise only the variable heavy chain domain. human sdabs comprise the variable domain of the heavy chain (vh) or light chain (vl) and can be selected from human antibodies. sdabs are stable, nonaggregating molecules in vitro and in vivo compared to complete antibodies and scfv fragments. they are excellent novel inhibitors of cytosolic/nuclear proteins because they are correctly folded inside the cytosol in contrast to scfv fragments. sdab ...201728271570
molecular identification of hemoprotozoan parasites in camels (camelus dromedarius) of iran.although camels represent a valuable source of food, wool and hide in many countries, in-depth information about their vector-borne pathogens is scarce compared to other animals. the aim of the current study was to characterize vector-borne protozoa in the blood of dromedaries from iran by molecular tools.201728127369
identification and phylogenetic analysis of contagious ecthyma virus from camels (<i>camelus dromedarius</i>) in iran.contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats and camels. the identification and characterisation of a parapoxvirus (ppv) infecting camels is described here. the virus was detected in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) from kerman and shiraz in iran. ppv-specific amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) further confirmed that the disease was associated with ppv infection. phylogenetic analysis of orf011 (b2l) gene sequenc ...201728397518
a brief and critical review on hydrofluorosis in diverse species of domestic animals in india.india is one of the fluoride-endemic countries where the maximum numbers of ground or drinking water sources are naturally fluoridated. in india, a total of 23, out of 36 states and union territories have drinking water contaminated with fluoride in varying concentration. in the present scenario, especially in rural india, besides the surface waters (perennial ponds, dams, rivers, etc.), bore wells and hand pumps are the principal drinking water sources for domestic animals such as cattle (bos t ...201728144801
identification of macroscopic sarcocysts of sarcocystis cameli from one- humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in iraq.there is considerable confusion concerning the identity of macroscopic sarcocystis species in camels. currently 2 species: sarcocystis cameli, and sarcocystis ippeni are recognized from 1-humped camel (camelus dromedarius), and sarcocysts of both species are microscopic. here, we report identity of macroscopic sarcocysts from the c. dromedarius in iraq as sarcocystis cameli. five sarcocysts from the muscle of 2 adult camels collected in 1999 and stored in 10% formalin were studied by transmissio ...201728121491
high prevalence of middle east respiratory coronavirus in young dromedary camels in jordan.prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was determined in 45 dromedary camels from two geographically separated herds in jordan. virus shedding was only detected in swabs obtained from the respiratory tract and primarily observed in camels younger than 3 years. mers-cov seroprevalence increased with age of camels. bovine and sheep sera were seronegative. phylogenetic analysis of partial s2 clustered the jordanian mers-cov strains with contemporary mers-cov strains a ...201728009529
preparation of goat and rabbit anti-camel immunoglobulin g whole molecule labeled with horseradish peroxidase.as the labeled anti-camel immunoglobulins (igs) with enzymes for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are unavailable in the egyptian market, the present investigation was directed for developing local labeled anti-camel igg with horseradish peroxidase (hrp) to save hard curacy.201728246453
vaccination of alpacas against rift valley fever virus: safety, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of mp-12 vaccine.rift valley fever (rvf) is an emerging zoonosis of major public health concern in africa and arabia. previous outbreaks attributed camelids a significant role in the epidemiology of rift valley fever virus (rvfv), making them an important target species for vaccination. using three alpacas as model-organisms for dromedary camels, the safety, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of the mp-12 vaccine were evaluated in this study. to compare both acute and subacute effects, animals were euthanized at 3 ...201728012779
accelerating the clinical development of protein-based vaccines for malaria by efficient purification using a four amino acid c-terminal 'c-tag'.development of bespoke biomanufacturing processes remains a critical bottleneck for translational studies, in particular when modest quantities of a novel product are required for proof-of-concept phase i/ii clinical trials. in these instances the ability to develop a biomanufacturing process quickly and relatively cheaply, without risk to product quality or safety, provides a great advantage by allowing new antigens or concepts in immunogen design to more rapidly enter human testing. these chal ...201728153778
serosurvey of coxiella burnetii (q fever) in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in laikipia county, kenya.dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) are an important protein source for people in semi-arid and arid regions of africa. in kenya, camel populations have grown dramatically in the past few decades resulting in the potential for increased disease transmission between humans and camels. an estimated four million kenyans drink unpasteurized camel milk, which poses a disease risk. we evaluated the seroprevalence of a significant zoonotic pathogen, coxiella burnetii (q fever), among 334 camels from ...201728176495
camelid-derived heavy-chain nanobody against clostridium botulinum neurotoxin e in pichia pastoris.botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) result in severe and often fatal disease, botulism. common remedial measures such as equine antitoxin and human botulism immunoglobulin in turn are problematic and time-consuming. therefore, diagnosis and therapy of bonts are vital. the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhh) has unique features, such as the ability to identify and bind specifically to target epitopes and ease of production in bacteria and yeast. the pichia pastoris is suitable for expressio ...201724673401
human and dromedary camel infection with camelpox virus in eastern sudan.we provide evidence for the zoonotic nature of camelpox virus by reporting infections that involved dromedary camels and three camel herders in showak area of eastern sudan between september and december 2014. the skin lesions in the camel herders consisted of erythema, vesicles, and pustules that involved arms, hands, legs, back, and abdomen and resolved within less than 2 months with no human-to-human transmission. the diagnosis was achieved through molecular technique, virus isolation in cell ...201728055328
a study on some reproductive disorders in dromedary camel herds in saudi arabia with special references to uterine infections and abortion.dromedary camels complaining from conception failure or abortion were investigated and their herders interviewed in al ahsa province, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) during 2013 and 2015. the most important reproductive disorder according to the responders is uterine infection (60.2%) followed by obesity (22.3%) then physiological conditions (hormonal disturbances; 7.8%), adhesions (3.9%) and repeat breeders (2.9%). of the camel herders, 78.6% reported previous occurrence of abortion in their herd ...201728364266
serum biochemical profile and molecular detection of pathogens in semen of infertile male dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).detection of pathogens in the semen of camels has not been completely elucidated. therefore, the current study aimed to determine the association of some economically important pathogens with infertility in 94 male infertile camels through molecular detection and estimation of selected biochemical parameters in serum of these animals compared with a control non infected fertile animals (n=40). pcr analysis of semen samples of infertile camels indicated that, four potential pathogens namely mycop ...201728341394
cryo-electron microscopy structures of expanded poliovirus with vhhs sample the conformational repertoire of the expanded state.by using cryo-electron microscopy, expanded 80s-like poliovirus virions (poliovirions) were visualized in complexes with four 80s-specific camelid vhhs (nanobodies). in all four complexes, the vhhs bind to a site on the top surface of the capsid protein vp3, which is hidden in the native virus. interestingly, although the four vhhs bind to the same site, the structures of the expanded virus differ in detail in each complex, suggesting that each of the nanobodies has sampled a range of low-energy ...201727852863
evaluation of nanobody conjugates and protein fusions as bioanalytical reagents.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), flow cytometry, and western blot are common bioanalytical techniques. successful execution traditionally requires the use of one or more commercially available antibody-small-molecule dyes or antibody-reporter protein conjugates that recognize relatively short peptide tags (<15 amino acids). however, the size of antibodies and their molecular complexity (by virtue of post-translational disulfide formation and glycosylation) typically require either expr ...201728316235
enhanced expression and purification of camelid single domain vhh antibodies from classical inclusion bodies.single domain antibodies (sdabs) are small antigen-binding domains derived from naturally occurring, heavy chain-only immunoglobulins isolated from camelid and sharks. they maintain the same binding capability of full-length iggs but with improved thermal stability and permeability, which justifies their scientific, medical and industrial interest. several described recombinant forms of sdabs have been produced in different hosts and with different strategies. here we present an optimized method ...201728214589
improved production of single domain antibodies with two disulfide bonds by co-expression of chaperone proteins in the escherichia coli periplasm.single domain antibodies are recombinantly expressed variable domains derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies. natural single domain antibodies can have noncanonical disulfide bonds between their complementarity-determining regions that help position the binding site. in addition, engineering a second disulfide bond serves to tie together β-sheets thereby inhibiting unfolding. unfortunately, the additional disulfide bond often significantly decreases yield, presumably due to formation of inc ...201728131818
piebald camels.animal breeds are the diverse outcome of the thousands-year-long process of livestock domestication. many of these breeds are piebald, resulting from the artificial selection by pastoralists of animals bearing a genetic condition known as leucism, and selected for their productive, behavioural, or aesthetical traits. piebald dromedary camels have not been studied or discussed before, and their same existence is often overlooked. based on fieldwork in western sahara, direct observations across no ...201732269746
the influence of caffeine supplementation and concerted utilization of enzymatic and mechanical semen liquefaction on freezability of dromedary camel spermatozoa.assisted reproductive technologies have been reported to improve reproductive efficiency and genetic potential in camelids. two experiments were carried out to determine efficiency of centrifugation in the presence of a mucolytic agent for liquefaction of dromedary semen. in the first experiment, three groups, namely: i. tris lactose (tl, control), ii. tris lactose supplemented with amylase (tl_a) and iii. tris lactose supplemented with amylase followed by seminal plasma removal via centrifugati ...201730255060
purification and characterization of deoxyribonuclease from small intestine of camel camelus dromedarius.the chromatography of deoxyribonuclease (dnase) from small intestine of camel camelus dromedarius by deae-sepharose separated three isoforms dnase 1, dnase 2 and dnase 3. the dnase 3 was purified to homogeneity by chromatography on sephacryl s-200. the molecular weight of dnase 3 was 30 kda using gel filtration and sds-page. the ph optimum of dnase 3 was reported at 7.0 using tris-hcl buffer. the temperature optimum of dnase 3 was found to be 50 °c. the enzyme was stable up to 50 °c for one h in ...201730647687
papillomavirus infection in humans and dromedary camels in eastern sudan.cases of wart-like lesions in humans and dromedary camels occurred in eastern sudan in 2015 were described. involvement of papillomavirus (pv) in causing these cases was affirmed by pcr and immunoperoxidase test. mostly, the lesions were observed on the skin of the chest and forearms in addition to lips and mandible. sequence analysis revealed camelus dromedarius pv types 1 and 2 genotypes as the causative genotypes. we also observed cases of wart-like lesions on hands and legs of two herders at ...201829893639
screening for fecal presence of colistin-resistant escherichia coli and mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in camel-calves in southern tunisia.camels (camelus dromedarius) are known to harbor multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria and to be involved in the transmission of various microorganisms to humans. data on the occurrence of colistin resistant escherichia coli as well as mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes in camels are lacking. we investigated the presence of colistin resistance and mcr (1-2) genes in e. coli from the feces of camels in tunisia. presumptive e. coli isolates from camel-calves in southern tunisia were qu ...201829866140
modeling the spread of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been persistent in the middle east region since 2012. abundant scientific evidence showed that dromedary camels are the primary host of the virus. majority of human cases (i.e., 75% or 88%) are due to human-to-human transmission, while the others are due to camel-to-human transmission. mathematical modeling of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus camel-to-camel transmission was lacking. using the plug-and-play likelihood-based inference fr ...201829846148
first report of cryptosporidium parvum in a dromedary camel calf from western australia.cryptosporidium is an important enteric parasite that can contribute large numbers of infectious oocysts to drinking water catchments. as a result of its resistance to disinfectants including chlorine, it has been responsible for numerous waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. wildlife and livestock play an important role in the transmission of cryptosporidium in the environment. studies conducted outside australia have indicated that camels may also play a role in the transmission of zoonotic ...201829654683
prion disease in dromedary camels, algeria.prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). after the bse epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the united kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. we detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in algeria. symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for sla ...201829652245
adaptive evolution of mers-cov to species variation in dpp4.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) likely originated in bats and passed to humans through dromedary camels; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying cross-species adaptation remain poorly understood. variation in the host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4), can block the interaction with the mers-cov spike protein and form a species barrier to infection. to better understand the species adaptability of mers-cov, we identified a suboptimal species-derived variant of dp ...201830110630
bovine-like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants.coronaviruses (covs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. these viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. it is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of covs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. several covs (e.g. severe acute respi ...201830683171
isolation of streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (lama glama) in south tyrol (italy).streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. in dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with s. agalactiae in camels (camelus dromedarius) as well. in humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromi ...201830424747
countrywide survey for mers-coronavirus antibodies in dromedaries and humans in pakistan.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the mers-cov infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. through surveillance in pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050) samples were collected from camels between november 2015 and february 2018. samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. an ...201830311100
lack of serological evidence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in virus exposed camel abattoir workers in nigeria, 2016.backgroundmiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic threat of global public health concern and dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. although mers-cov is enzootic in dromedaries in africa as well as the middle east, zoonotic disease has not been reported in africa. methods: in an abattoir in kano, nigeria, we tested nasal swabs from camels and investigated 261 humans with repeated occupational exposure to camels, many of whom also reported drinking fr ...201830107872
reported direct and indirect contact with dromedary camels among laboratory-confirmed mers-cov cases.dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) are now known to be the vertebrate animal reservoir that intermittently transmits the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) to humans. yet, details as to the specific mechanism(s) of zoonotic transmission from dromedaries to humans remain unclear. the aim of this study was to describe direct and indirect contact with dromedaries among all cases, and then separately for primary, non-primary, and unclassified cases of laboratory-confirmed me ...201830104551
chimeric camel/human heavy-chain antibodies protect against mers-cov infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to cause outbreaks in humans as a result of spillover events from dromedaries. in contrast to humans, mers-cov-exposed dromedaries develop only very mild infections and exceptionally potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses. these strong antibody responses may be caused by affinity maturation as a result of repeated exposure to the virus or by the fact that dromedaries-apart from conventional antibodies-have relatively unique, ...201830101189
cumulus cells of camel (camelus dromedarius) antral follicles are multipotent stem cells.the mammalian ovary is a highly dynamic organ, in which proliferation and differentiation occur constantly during the entire life span, particularly in camels that are characterized by a follicular wave pattern and induced ovulation. granulosa cells are the main cells of mature follicles. two distinct cell types, namely, the mural and cumulus granulosa cells are distinguished on the basis of antral fluid increase. the multipotency of follicular fluid and the luteinizing cell were recently demons ...201830100012
gametogony of eimeria cameli in the small intestine of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).domesticated old world camels (camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus) are important for the economy of several countries in asia, africa, and the arabian peninsula, and coccidiosis is an important disease in camels. there is confusion concerning the species of coccidian parasites in camels and their life cycles. although five species of eimeria (e. cameli, e. rajasthani, e. dromedarii, e. bactriani, and e. pellerdyi) were named from camels, e. cameli is considered the most pathogenic. here, ...201830203186
source, treatment and type of nuclear donor cells influences in vitro and in vivo development of embryos cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer in camel (camelus dromedarius).experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of source, treatment and type of nuclear donor cells on embryonic and fetal development of somatic cell nuclear-transfer reconstructs in dromedary camel. in experiment 1, actively growing, serum starved or confluent skin fibroblast cells were used as nuclear donors. in experiment 2, skin fibroblasts from 4 different animals while in experiment 3, skin fibroblasts and cumulus cells from the same animal were used as nuclear donors. in all the three ...201829078197
superovulatory response following fsh, ecg-fsh and hmg and pregnancy rates following transfer of hatched blastocyst embryos with different diameter and shape in dromedary camel.the objectives of this study were to compare three superovulation protocols and to investigate the effect of embryo diameter and shape on pregnancy rates in dromedary camel. in experiment 1, following follicular wave synchronization of donors using two injections of gnrh (25 μg, im), superovulation was initiated 2 days after the second gnrh (day 0 of experiment). then, donors were assigned into three groups (n = 5) and received 1) fsh alone (390 mg), 2) ecg (1000 iu; single dose on day 0) and fs ...201829059602
screening and antitumor effect of an anti‑ctla‑4 nanobody.cytotoxic t‑lymphocyte antigen‑4 (ctla‑4) is a critical negative regulator of immune responses. ctla‑4 is rapidly upregulated following t‑cell activation, and then binds to b7 molecules with a higher affinity than cd28. ctla‑4 may abolish the initiation of the responses of t cells by raising the threshold of signals required for full activation of t cells, and it also may terminate ongoing t-cell responses. this regulatory role has led to the development of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) designed ...201829207143
morphogenesis of lingual papillae of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) during prenatal life: a light and scanning electron microscopic study.this study was made on 24 camel fetuses of crown-rump vertebral length (cvrl) ranging from 10.5 cm to 105 cm cvrl (94-352 days old). these camel fetuses were classified into three groups representing the three trimesters of prenatal life. during the first trimester (94-142 days), lingual papillae (circumvallate and lentiform papillae) were demonstrated on the lingual root, but lingual body and the apex were almost free of papillae except for some scattered epithelial projections especially near ...201829152779
construction of two whole genome radiation hybrid panels for dromedary (camelus dromedarius): 5000radand 15000rad.the availability of genomic resources including linkage information for camelids has been very limited. here, we describe the construction of a set of two radiation hybrid (rh) panels (5000radand 15000rad) for the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) as a permanent genetic resource for camel genome researchers worldwide. for the 5000radpanel, a total of 245 female camel-hamster radiation hybrid clones were collected, of which 186 were screened with 44 custom designed marker loci distributed throughou ...201829386528
differential glycosylation and modulation of camel and human hsp isoforms in response to thermal and hypoxic stresses.increased expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) following heat stress or other stress conditions is a common physiological response in almost all living organisms. modification of cytosolic proteins including hsps byo-glcnac has been shown to enhance their capabilities for counteracting lethal levels of cellular stress. since hsps are key players in stress resistance and protein homeostasis, we aimed to analyze their forms at the cellular and molecular level using camel and human hsps as mode ...201829385708
towards the description of livestock mobility in sahelian africa: some results from a survey in mauritania.understanding spatio-temporal patterns of host mobility is a key factor to prevent and control animal and human diseases. this is utterly important in low-income countries, where animal disease epidemics have strong socio-economic impacts. in this article we analyzed a livestock mobility database, whose data have been collected by the centre national d'elevage et de recherches vétérinaires (cnerv) mauritania, to describe its patterns and temporal evolution. data were collected through phone and ...201829364989
what is your diagnosis? mediastinal mass in a dromedary camel. 201829357114
divergent cryptosporidium parvum subtype and enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in dromedary camels in algeria.little information is available on the occurrence of the zoonotic protists cryptosporidium spp. and none on enterocytozoon bieneusi in camels. this preliminary study was conducted to examine the identity of cryptosporidium subtypes and e. bieneusi genotypes in dromedary camels in algeria. a total of 39 fecal specimens were collected from young camels. pcr-sequence analysis of the small subunit rrna was used to detect and genotype cryptosporidium spp. cryptosporidium parvum present was further su ...201829327324
factors affecting reproductive performance in dromedary camel herds in saudi arabia.a survey of 7122 dromedary camels in 115 herds in saudi arabia was used to estimate the effects of herd size (hz; < 25 vs. 25-49 vs. 50-100 vs. > 100 camels), herder/camels ratio (h/c; 1:< 25 vs. 1:25-50 vs. 1:> 50), manager experience (me; < 5 vs. 5-10 vs. > 10 years), male/females ratio (m/f), housing system (hs; free vs. closed vs. mixed), length of the breeding season (winter vs. winter and spring vs. fall, winter and spring), age at first mating (3 vs. > 3 years), and time of mating after p ...201829450815
serum protein electrophoretic pattern in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in tripoli, libya.the aim of this study was to characterize serum protein capillary electrophoretic pattern in apparently healthy adult male (age: 3-7 years) dromedary camels and also evaluate total protein and albumin levels using automated analyzer. blood samples were taken from 20 camels. 5ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein and serum was separated from samples by centrifugation. capillary electrophoresis of serum proteins identified six protein fractions in adult camels, including albumin, alpha1, ...201829445614
effect of reproductive disorders on productivity and reproductive efficiency of dromedary she-camels in relation to cytokine concentration.this experiment was conducted to study the effect of reproductive disorders on reproductive efficiency and milk production in relation with pro-inflammatory cytokines in dromedary she-camels. total of 20 late pregnant maghrabi she-camels, aging 6-9 years, weighing 420-550 kg, and between the second and third parities were divided into two groups. animals in the first group (n = 12) showed normal reproductive status (g1) at parturition, while those in the second one (n = 8) were suffered from rep ...201829423707
characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against the mers-coronavirus spike protein and their application in species-independent antibody detection by competitive elisa.since discovering the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) as a causative agent of severe respiratory illness in the middle east in 2012, serological testing has been conducted to assess antibody responses in patients and to investigate the zoonotic reservoir of the virus. although the virus neutralization test is the gold standard assay for mers diagnosis and for investigating the zoonotic reservoir, it uses live virus and so must be performed in high containment laboratories ...201828993122
the association between glutamine repeats in the androgen receptor gene and personality traits in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).temperament traits such as fearfulness are important as they define an animal's responses to its environment and handling. the increasing automation of daily tasks and growing population limits contact between camels and humans. such limitations contribute to fear of humans and changes in physical environment. monoamine oxidase a (maoa) and androgen receptor (ar) genes are important candidates associated with mammal personality. in our analysis, maoa exon 15 showed no polymorphism but a novel po ...201829415053
the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in livestock and temporal relation to locations and seasons.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) has been reported for the first time infecting a human being since 2012. the who was notified of 27 countries have reported cases of mers, the majority of these cases occur in the arabian peninsula, particularly in saudi arabia. dromedary camels are likely to be the main source of middle east respiratory syndrome virus (mers-cov) infection in humans.201829396257
hepatitis e virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: a review.hepatitis e is a human disease mainly characterized by acute liver illness, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). large hepatitis e outbreaks have been described in developing countries; however, the disease is also increasingly recognized in industrialized countries. mortality rates up to 25% have been described for pregnant women during outbreaks in developing countries. in addition, chronic disease courses could be observed in immunocompromised transplant patients. wh ...201828944602
detection of candida species by nested pcr method in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).systemic fungal diseases are the infections caused by false treatment protocols and generally are not taken into consideration especially in the veterinary field. one-humped camels are found in the western side of the aegean region of our country and bred for wrestling. the aim of this study is the application of diagnosing systemic fungi infection from camel blood samples by the pcr method. in this study, specific primers for dna topoisomerase ii gene sequences were used. as a result, a systemi ...201829080936
occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild animals in state of paraná, brazil.the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from wild birds and mammals from the state of paraná. in total, 220 stool samples were sent to parasitic diseases laboratory of the federal university of paraná during 13 months (jan/2013-jan/2014). a total of 52.7% (116/220) of the animals were positive for cysts, oocysts, eggs and/or trophozoites. in birds, the positivity rate was 37.9% (25/66) and mammals was 59.1% (91/154) ...201829340477
hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses.the four endemic human coronaviruses hcov-229e, -nl63, -oc43, and -hku1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. while their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. for two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in major livestock species ...201829551135
development and utilization of vhh antibodies derived from camelus dromedarius against foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wildlife species. for effective implementation of fmd control program, there is an imperative need for developing a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostics which help in the identification of serotypes involved in the outbreaks. the humoral immune response of the camelidae is unique since in these animals 75% of circulating antibodies are constituted by heavy-chain antibodie ...201829527970
importance of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting multiple antigenic sites on mers-cov spike to avoid neutralization escape.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a highly lethal pulmonary infection with ∼35% mortality. the potential for a future pandemic originating from animal reservoirs or healthcare-associated events is a major public health concern. there are no vaccines or therapeutic agents currently available for mers-cov. using a probe-based single b cell-cloning strategy, we have identified and characterized multiple neutralizing mabs specifically binding to the receptor binding doma ...201829514901
rapid detection of mers coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking mers coronavirus transmission and animal origin.recently, we developed a monoclonal antibody-based rapid nucleocapsid protein detection assay for diagnosis of mers coronavirus (mers-cov) in humans and dromedary camels. in this study, we examined the usefulness of this assay to detect other lineage c betacoronaviruses closely related to mers-cov in bats. the rapid mers-cov nucleocapsid protein detection assay was tested positive in 24 (88.9%) of 27 tylonycteris bat cov hku4 (ty-batcov-hku4) rna-positive alimentary samples of tylonycteris pachy ...201829511173
mers coronaviruses from camels in africa exhibit region-dependent genetic diversity.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a zoonotic respiratory disease of global public health concern, and dromedary camels are the only proven source of zoonotic infection. although mers-cov infection is ubiquitous in dromedaries across africa as well as in the arabian peninsula, zoonotic disease appears confined to the arabian peninsula. mers-covs from africa have hitherto been poorly studied. we genetically and phenotypically characterized mers-cov from dromedaries sam ...201829507189
blood meal identification in the cryptic species anopheles gambiae and anopheles coluzzii using maldi-tof ms.matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has recently emerged in entomology as a technique to identify arthropods and their blood meal source. in this study, female anopheles gambiae were fed on five host blood sources: ocelot (leopardus pardalis), binturong (arctictis binturong), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis), jaguar (panthera onca) and hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas), while anopheles coluzzii were fed on three hosts: dromedary (camelus ...201830052501
the value of camels as sentinels for bluetongue virus in morocco.a  serosurvey  was  conducted  to  determine  the  value  of  camels  (camelus  dromedaries)  as sentinel animals for the detection of bluetongue virus (btv) in morocco. between 2010 and 2013, camels from various localities in morocco were randomly tested for antibodies against btv  serotypes‑1,  ‑4,  ‑6,  ‑8,  ‑11,  ‑14,  and  ‑16.  antibodies  against  1  or  more  serotypes  were detected in 41.8% of 537 camels tested with a competitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay  (elisa)  diagnostic  ...201830681134
detection of distinct mers-coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from kenya, 2017. 201830482895
seroprevalence and participatory epidemiology of camelpox in afar region of ethiopia.camelpox is endemic in most camel rearing regions of the world, causing significant economic losses. however, its epidemiology is not extensively investigated. we conducted a cross sectional seroprevalence study of camelpox in amibara and awash fentale districts in afar region of ethiopia from november 2014 to may 2015. in addition, participatory epidemiology (pe) was conducted to identify seasonal occurrence of the disease in the study districts. blood samples were collected from 384 dromedary ...201830466655
a review of coccidiosis in old world camels.domesticated old world camels (camelus dromedarius and c. bactrianus) are important for the economy of several countries in asia, africa, and the arabian peninsula, and coccidiosis is important as a cause of mortality in juvenile camels. there is confusion concerning the species of coccidian parasites in camels and their life cycles. the objective of the present paper is to review biology of the eimeria and cystoisospora species in camels. the following conclusions were drawn. although five spec ...201830389015
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