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influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem.the specificity of antibodies (abs) generated against influenza a virus (iav) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. at present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. here, we evaluated the ab response in newborn and adult african green monkeys following infection with iav using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (id) hierarchy of the ab response to hemagglutinin (ha), the principal target of protective abs. this revealed ...202032078584
carfentanil toxicity in the african green monkey: therapeutic efficacy of naloxone.carfentanil is an ultra-potent opioid with an analgesic potency 10,000 times that of morphine but has received little scientific investigation. three experiments were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of carfentanil and the efficacy of naloxone in adult male african green monkeys. the first experiment determined the ed50 (found to be 0.71 μg/kg) of subcutaneous carfentanil for inducing bradypnea and/or loss of posture. experiment 2 attempted to establish the ed50 of naloxone for rapidly reversi ...202032070766
nanofibrous silica microparticles/polymer hybrid aerogels for sustained delivery of poorly water-soluble camptothecin.the surface functionalization of nanoporous silica materials with chemical agents opens up numerous possibilities, including improvement in the materials' ability to carry high payloads of drugs. in this study, kcc-1 nanofibrous silica microparticles are functionalized with methyl groups and then combined with poly(vinyl alcohol) (pva) and poly(acrylic acid) (paa) to produce hybrid aerogels that can deliver a poorly water-soluble anticancer drug. the synthetic steps involve freeze-drying a polym ...202032036118
broad diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infecting chlorocebus species (african green monkey) and evidence of cross-species infection in papio anubis (olive baboon) in kenya.simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) naturally infects african non-human primates (nhps) and poses a threat of transmission to humans through hunting and consumption of monkeys as bushmeat. this study investigated the as of yet unknown molecular diversity of siv in free-ranging chlorocebus species (african green monkeys-agms) and papio anubis (olive baboons) within mombasa, kisumu and naivasha urban centres in kenya.202032030774
resistance of cynomolgus monkeys to nipah and hendra virus disease is associated with cell-mediated and humoral immunity.the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), are capable of causing severe and often lethal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in animals and humans. given the sporadic nature of henipavirus outbreaks, licensure of vaccines and therapeutics for human use will likely require demonstration of efficacy in animal models that faithfully reproduce the human condition. currently, the african green monkey (agm) best mimics human henipavirus-induced disease.202032022850
mutational analysis of bfsp1, crybb1, galk1, and gja8 in captive-bred vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).congenital cataract has been reported in a colony of captive-bred vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).202031975409
persistent infection of simian foamy virus derived from the japanese macaque leads to the high-level expression of microrna that resembles the mir-1 microrna precursor family.micrornas (mirnas) are a group of small non-coding rnas that suppress the expression of target mrnas. the seed sequence of mirna plays a crucial role in recognizing the 3'-untranslated region of the target mrna. cells infected with a simian foamy virus (sfv) isolated from an african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) (sfvcae) showed high expression levels of viral mirnas encoded in the long terminal repeat of sfvcae. in the present study, we investigated the roles and expression of mirnas deriv ...202031969530
differences in frontal network anatomy across primate species.the frontal lobe is central to distinctive aspects of human cognition and behavior. some comparative studies link this to a larger frontal cortex and even larger frontal white matter in humans compared with other primates, yet others dispute these findings. the discrepancies between studies could be explained by limitations of the methods used to quantify volume differences across species, especially when applied to white matter connections. in this study, we used a novel tractography approach t ...202031949106
human immunodeficiency virus type-1 tat protein induces secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor expression in african green monkey but not human cells.african monkeys are resistant to hiv-1 infection due to intrinsic restriction mechanisms found in their cells. however, although they can be infected by monkey-adapted modified hiv-1 particles that are designed to overcome known restriction factors, virus numbers drop to undetectable levels in immunocompetent animals. these results indicate the possibility of the presence of yet unidentified factor(s) that restrict hiv-1 in old-world monkey (owm) cells after integration of the viral genome into ...202031925640
development of a simian rna polymerase i promoter-driven reverse genetics for the rescue of recombinant rift valley fever virus from vero cells.rift valley fever (rvf), which has been designated as a priority disease by the world health organization (who), is one of the most pathogenic zoonotic diseases endemic to africa and the arabian peninsula. human vaccine preparation requires the use of appropriate cell substrates to support efficient production of seed vaccine with minimum concerns of tumorigenicity, oncogenicity, or adventitious agents. vero cells, which were derived from the african green monkey kidney, represent one of the few ...202133441343
sendai virus-vectored vaccines that express envelope glycoproteins of respiratory viruses.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are leading causes of respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and individuals of all ages with immunosuppression. vaccination strategies against these pneumoviruses and paramyxoviruses are vast in number, yet no licensed vaccines are available. here, we review development of sendai virus (sev), a versatile pediatric vaccine that can (a) serve as a jennerian vaccine against ...202134072332
cd32+cd4+ t cells sharing b cell properties increase with simian immunodeficiency virus replication in lymphoid tissues.cd4 t cell responses constitute an important component of adaptive immunity and are critical regulators of anti-microbial protection. cd4+ t cells expressing cd32a have been identified as a target for hiv. cd32a is an fcγ receptor known to be expressed on myeloid cells, granulocytes, b cells and nk cells. little is known about the biology of cd32+cd4+ t cells. our goal was to understand the dynamics of cd32+cd4+ t cells in tissues. we analyzed these cells in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, ileum ...202134220857
role of nkg2a/c+cd8+ t cells in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic siv infections.some viruses have established an equilibrium with their host. african green monkeys (agm) display persistent high viral replication in the blood and intestine during simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection but resolve systemic inflammation after acute infection and lack intestinal immune or tissue damage during chronic infection. we show that nkg2a/c+cd8+ t cells increase in the blood and intestine of agm in response to sivagm infection in contrast to sivmac infection in macaques, the latt ...202133870131
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces vero cell apoptosis via the p53-puma signaling pathway.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the causative agent of swine epidemic diarrhea. in order to study the pathogenic mechanism of pedv, pedv was inoculated into vero cells cultured in vitro, and the total rna of vero cells was extracted to construct a library for illumina high-throughput sequencing and screening of differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05). five differentially expressed genes for qrt-pcr verification analysis were randomly selected, and the verification results were consis ...202134202551
previously published ethno-pharmacological reports reveal the potentiality of plants and plant-derived products used as traditional home remedies by bangladeshi covid-19 patients to combat sars-cov-2.several plants have traditionally been used since antiquity to treat various gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms similar to covid-19 outcomes. the common symptoms of covid-19 include fever or chills, cold, cough, flu, headache, diarrhoea, tiredness/fatigue, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, asthma, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, etc. this study aims to find out the plants and plant-derived products which are being used by the covid-19 infected patients in bangladesh and ho ...202134305428
in vitro activity of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon against sars-cov-2 virus.the pandemic spread of a new coronavirus infection, covid-19, has caused a global emergency and attracted the attention of public health professionals and the population of all countries. a significant increase in the number of new cases of sars-cov-2 infection demonstrates the urgency of finding drugs effective against this pathogen.the aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antiviral efficacy of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon (ifn-α2b) against sars-cov-2 virus.202133993682
characterization of the sars-cov-2 neutralization potential of covid-19-convalescent donors.the current sars-cov-2 pandemic has triggered the development of various sars-cov-2 neutralization tests. a wild-type virus (using african green monkey veroe6 cells), a pseudovirus (using human caco-2 cells), and a surrogate neutralization test platform were applied to characterize the sars-cov-2 neutralization potential of a cohort of 111 convalescent plasma donors over a period of seven months after diagnosis. this allowed an in-depth validation and assay performance analysis of these platform ...202133980583
a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase iii clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sars-cov-2 vaccine (inactivated, vero cell): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.the primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of an inactivated and aluminium hydroxide adsorbed sars-cov-2 vaccine (sinovac, china) in voluntary participants after 14 days of the second dose against rt-pcr confirmed symptomatic covid-19 cases. the secondary objectives include evaluating the efficacy after at least one dose of the vaccine against rt-pcr confirmed symptomatic covid-19 cases; the efficacy of two doses of the vaccine on the rates of hospitalization and death; the safety of the ...202133849629
prodrugs of a 1'-cn-4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine c-nucleoside leading to the discovery of remdesivir (gs-5734) as a potent inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus with efficacy in the african green monkey model of rsv.a discovery program targeting respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) identified c-nucleoside 4 (rsv a2 ec50 = 530 nm) as a phenotypic screening lead targeting the rsv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). prodrug exploration resulted in the discovery of remdesivir (1, gs-5734) that is >30-fold more potent than 4 against rsv in hep-2 and nhbe cells. metabolism studies in vitro confirmed the rapid formation of the active triphosphate metabolite, 1-ntp, and in vivo studies in cynomolgus and african green ...202133835812
development of a coronavirus disease 2019 nonhuman primate model using airborne exposure.airborne transmission is predicted to be a prevalent route of human exposure with sars-cov-2. aside from african green monkeys, nonhuman primate models that replicate airborne transmission of sars-cov-2 have not been investigated. a comparative evaluation of covid-19 in african green monkeys, rhesus macaques, and cynomolgus macaques following airborne exposure to sars-cov-2 was performed to determine critical disease parameters associated with disease progression, and establish correlations betw ...202133529233
infection, dissemination, and transmission efficiencies of zika virus in aedes aegypti after serial passage in mosquito or mammalian cell lines or alternating passage in both cell types.zika virus (zikv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) with an urban transmission cycle that primarily involves humans and aedes aegypti. evidence suggests that the evolution of some arboviruses is constrained by their dependency on alternating between disparate (vertebrate and invertebrate) hosts. the goals of this study are to compare the genetic changes that occur in zikv after serial passaging in mosquito or vertebrate cell lines or alternate passaging in both cell types and to compare th ...202134006306
dengue, yellow fever, zika and chikungunya epidemic arboviruses in brazil: ultrastructural aspects.the impact of arbovirus cocirculation in brazil is unknown. dengue virus (denv) reinfection may result in more intense viraemia or immunopathology, leading to more severe disease. the zika virus (zikv) epidemic in the americas provided pathogenicity evidence that had not been previously observed in flavivirus infections. in contrast to other flaviviruses, electron microscopy studies have shown that zikv may replicate in viroplasm-like structures. flaviviruses produce an ensemble of structurally ...202133566939
development and characterization of a cdna-launch recombinant simian hemorrhagic fever virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein: orf 2b' is not required for in vitro virus replication.simian hemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) causes acute, lethal disease in macaques. we developed a single-plasmid cdna-launch infectious clone of shfv (rshfv) and modified the clone to rescue an enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing rshfv-egfp that can be used for rapid and quantitative detection of infection. shfv has a narrow cell tropism in vitro, with only the grivet ma-104 cell line and a few other grivet cell lines being susceptible to virion entry and permissive to infection. using rs ...202133917085
detection and quantification of african swine fever virus in ma-104 cells.detection of live african swine fever virus (asfv) has historically relied on the use of primary swine macrophages (psm). psm do not replicate and have to be isolated fresh from donor swine. we previously identified that a ma-104 cells (atcc #crl-2378.1), a commercially available cell line isolated from african green monkey ( cercopithecus aethiops ) kidney epithelial cells, supports the detection of asfv from field samples with a sensitivity comparable to that of primary swine macrophages. coll ...202133855107
resveratrol and pterostilbene inhibit sars-cov-2 replication in air-liquid interface cultured human primary bronchial epithelial cells.the current covid-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and has an enormous impact on human health and economy. in search for therapeutic options, researchers have proposed resveratrol, a food supplement with known antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties as an advantageous antiviral therapy for sars-cov-2 infection. here, we provide evidence that both resveratrol and its metabolically more stable structural analog, pterostilbene, e ...202134372541
treatment with dry hydrogen peroxide accelerates the decay of severe acute syndrome coronavirus-2 on non-porous hard surfaces.disinfection of contaminated or potentially contaminated surfaces has become an integral part of the mitigation strategies for controlling coronavirus disease 2019. whilst a broad range of disinfectants are effective in inactivating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), application of disinfectants has a low throughput in areas that receive treatments. disinfection of large surface areas often involves the use of reactive microbiocidal materials, including ultraviolet ger ...202134273464
animal models of covid-19 ii. comparative immunology.developing strong animal models is essential for furthering our understanding of how the immune system functions in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. the alarming speed at which sars-cov-2 has spread, and the high mortality rate of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), has required both basic science and clinical research to move at an unprecedented pace. models previously developed to study the immune response against sars-cov have been ra ...202133914873
overcoming culture restriction for sars-cov-2 in human cells facilitates the screening of compounds inhibiting viral replication.efforts to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic include the screening of existing antiviral molecules that could be repurposed to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections. although sars-cov-2 replicates and propagates efficiently in african green monkey kidney (vero) cells, antivirals such as nucleos(t)ide analogs (nucs) often show decreased activity in these cells due to inefficient metabolization. sars-cov-2 exhibits low viability in hu ...202133903110
animal models of covid-19. i. comparative virology and disease pathogenesis.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has fueled unprecedented development of animal models to understand disease pathogenesis, test therapeutics, and support vaccine development. models previously developed to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) have been rapidly deployed to study sars-cov-2. however, it has become clear that despite the common use of ace2 as a receptor for both viruses, the host range of the 2 viruses does not entirely overlap. distinct ac ...202133836527
use of convalescent serum reduces severity of covid-19 in nonhuman primates.passive transfer of convalescent plasma or serum is a time-honored strategy for treating infectious diseases. human convalescent plasma containing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is currently being used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 where clinical efficacy trials are ongoing. here, we assess therapeutic passive transfer in groups of sars-cov-2-infected african green monkeys with convalescent sera containing either high or low anti ...202133662255
single-cell rna sequencing reveals sars-cov-2 infection dynamics in lungs of african green monkeys.detailed knowledge about the dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection is important for uncovering the viral and host factors that contribute to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pathogenesis. old-world nonhuman primates recapitulate mild to moderate cases of covid-19, thereby serving as important pathogenesis models. we compared african green monkeys inoculated with infectious sars-cov-2 or irradiated, inactivated virus to study the dynamics of virus r ...202133431511
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