Publications

adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.		1993	8356560
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in cardiac transplant recipients by trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) continues to cause significant morbidity in recipients of solid-organ transplants. while some programs administer trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) prophylactically following transplantation, a prospective determination of the safety and efficacy of tmp-smx in cardiac transplant recipients has not previously been reported. we therefore prospectively randomized 58 cardiac transplant recipients to receive tmp (160 mg)-smx (800 mg) twice daily either three ...	1993	8356591
survival and mortality patterns of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cohort in new york state.	the survival experience and causes of death of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients were studied using a cohort of 3,699 aids patients in new york state, excluding new york city, whose illness was diagnosed before january 1990 at age 13 years or older. the median length of survival for all cases was 11.5 months, and survival increased over time from 5.3 months pre-1984 to 9.3 months in 1984-1986 and to 13.2 months in 1987-1989. in a cox proportional hazards model, risk of dying was ...	1993	8356973
infectious complications in heart-lung transplantation. analysis of 200 episodes.	infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in heart-lung transplant recipients. this study was designed to assess the frequency, type, and timing of infection in heart-lung transplant recipients.	1993	8357286
pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy in aids patients.		1993	8357548
the higher fungus protomyces inouyei has two group i introns in the 18s rrna gene.	the nucleotide sequence of the small-subunit rrna (18s rrna) coding gene in the higher fungus protomyces inouyei contains two group i introns. this is the first report of two group i introns in the 18s rrna coding region. based on the comparison of the two introns of protomyces inouyei with those of the green alga ankistrodesmus stipitatus, and the other two higher fungi pneumocystis carinii and ustilago maydis, the protomyces introns are group i introns containing the highly conserved sequence ...	1993	8360915
[consequences of specific prevention on the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection. comité sida de l'hôpital saint-antoine].	in a prospective study the authors compared the clinical, radiological, biochemical and diagnostic features of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in hiv-infected patients who were or were not receiving a specific prophylactic treatment. the study included 386 patients with suspected pcp, 201 of whom were under specific prophylactic therapy. induced expectoration and/or bronchoalveolar lavage provided a diagnosis of pcp in 89 patients, 21 of whom were under specific prophylaxis. apart from a nu ...	1993	8362104
the c-reactive protein responses in hiv-infected patients with pneumonia.	the acute phase c-reactive protein (crp) was measured in serum of hiv-infected patients suffering from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) (32 patients), bacterial pneumonia (10 patients), and in 19 immunocompetent patients with bacterial pneumonia. the hiv-infected patients with bacterial pneumonia had a significantly lower crp level than the immunocompetent patients (50% versus 95% had an s-crp level > 80 mg/l). no significant difference was found in the crp response to p. carinii or bacteria ...	1993	8362226
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as an upper lobe cavity after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in an hiv-infected patient.	we describe an atypical diagnostic feature of a breakthrough pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) during primary prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine. our case disclosed infiltrates restricted to the left upper lobe. after 2 weeks a solitary cavity developed. diagnosis was easily established by bronchoalveolar lavage when performed in the affected segment bronchus. cavitation clearly demonstrated localized infection, with tissue destruction as one main pathogenetic pattern of a breakthrough ...	1993	8362235
anti-pneumocystis carinii activity of ps-15, a new biguanide folate antagonist.	a newly synthesized biguanide inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase in plasmodium species was evaluated for its anti-pneumocystis carinii activity. the compound n-3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropyloxy)-n'-(1-methylethyl)imidoca rbonimidic diamide hydrochloride, designated ps-15, was administered prophylactically and therapeutically to immunosuppressed rats latently infected with p. carinii. doses of 5 and 25 mg of ps-15 per kg of body weight per day given orally during 7 weeks of dexamethasone immun ...	1993	8363369
synergistic combinations of ro 11-8958 and other dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors with sulfamethoxazole and dapsone for therapy of experimental pneumocystosis.	we compared ro 11-8958, an analog of trimethoprim (tmp) with improved antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties, other dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors, sulfamethoxazole (smx), and dapsone (dap) in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an immunosuppressed rat model. in contrast to previous reports, high dosages of the dhfr inhibitors were used in combination with fixed, low dosages of smx (3 mg/kg of body weight per day) or dap (25 mg/kg/day). when administered alone at ...	1993	8363372
activity of bilobalide, a sesquiterpene from ginkgo biloba, on pneumocystis carinii.	the sesquiterpene bilobalide, extracted from ginkgo biloba leaves, was tested in vitro and in vivo for the ability to inhibit pneumocystis carinii growth. bilobalide was inhibitory to trophozoites cultured on human embryonic lung fibroblasts (hel 299) at approximately the same concentration as trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole (lowest effective concentration, 50 micrograms of bilobalide per ml versus 9/45 microgram of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole per ml), inducing microscopically detectable mo ...	1993	8363381
in vitro attachment of pneumocystis carinii from mouse and rat origin.	the attachment of pneumocystis carinii to lung cells could play a role in the pathophysiology of p carinii pneumonia. the trophozoite attaches to type i alveolar epithelial cells. physical, chemical, and extracellular matrix factors, involved in the mouse-or rat-derived p carinii attachment to fibroblastic cells in culture, were examined using a new model of in vitro adherence. the development of parasite filopodia penetrating deeply the host cell cytoplasm was observed using transmission electr ...	1993	8364401
chronic pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.	the clinical and radiologic presentation as well as the macroscopic and histologic characteristics of lung parenchyma in three hiv-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are detailed. the distinguishing clinical feature in these patients was a prolonged stable clinical course of the disease over at least 4 to approximately 24 months. serial chest radiographs in two patients demonstrated persistent focal radiographic lesions. in one patient blebs in both upper lobes were not ...	1993	8365272
a randomized comparison of once-monthly or twice-monthly high-dose aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.	ten of the 146 (7 percent) evaluable subjects developed pcp during the year study period, and there was no difference in the efficacy of the two regimens. among patients receiving secondary prophylaxis, the attack rate of pcp at 1 year was 11 percent. this compares favorably with a 1-year attack rate of 19 percent in similar patients receiving standard dose (300 mg) prophylaxis and suggests, but does not prove, a dose-response effect. concentrations of pentamidine in bal fluid were not significa ...	1993	8365284
effect of corticosteroids on il1 beta and tnf alpha release by alveolar macrophages from patients with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the mechanisms by which corticosteroids (ccs) improve the outcome of aids patients with severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are unclear. we studied il1 beta and tnf alpha release from alveolar macrophages (ams) of patients receiving ccs for the treatment of pcp and also the effect of in vitro hydrocortisone on this release. cytokine release from ams of aids patients with pulmonary complications not receiving ccs (group 1) was compared with that from am of those receiving ccs for pcp (gro ...	1993	8365285
mechanical ventilation for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. is the prognosis really improved?	the mortality rate among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) requiring mechanical ventilation (mv) for acute respiratory failure (arf) secondary to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is still a matter of discussion. for some authors, it is in the 50 percent range, while for others the prognosis is grim, with virtually no survivors. the aim of this retrospective study conducted between january 1987 and january 1992 was to analyze the outcome of such patients. we studied 33 patients ...	1993	8365286
aerosolized pentamidine versus i.v. pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the efficacy and toxicity of aerosolized pentamidine was evaluated in 78 aids patients given 60 mg biweekly as secondary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). patients were monitored for clinical progression and mortality and were compared to 42 historical controls given 200-300 mg i.v. pentamidine biweekly. the relapse rates did not differ markedly between the two groups, and the pcp-free rates in survivors were at 12 months 0.83 and 0.77, respectively. seventy-one new aids- ...	1993	8365811
[refractory bilateral pneumothoraces complicated with interstitial pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation].	we report here a case of 33 year-old-man with refractory bilateral pneumothoraces during the treatment for interstitial pneumonitis 6 months after bone marrow transplantation (bmt). he was diagnosed as having acute myelogenous leukemia (aml) m1. he was treated with chemotherapy, and cerebral irradiation. bmt was performed in august 1989 from a sibling donor whose human leukocyte antigen was matched, abo blood type mismatched. preconditioning regimen was cyclophosphamide and total body irradiatio ...	1993	8366573
pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii in a transplant recipient with normal arterial oxygen tension and normal radiographic findings.	we have described an exogenously immunosuppressed, hiv-negative patient with a subacute presentation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia characterized by normal arterial oxygen tension and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and normal findings on serial chest radiographs. this case demonstrates that other studies in addition to chest radiograph and resting arterial blood gas measurement are necessary in all immunosuppressed patients with progressive respiratory symptoms, regardless of cause of immu ...	1993	8367753
oral corticosteroids in patients with mild pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).	to assess the effect of oral corticosteroids in patients with mild pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).	1993	8369511
effect of pentamidine on cytokine (il-1 beta, tnf alpha, il-6) production by human alveolar macrophages in vitro.	pentamidine (pe) is an aromatic diamidine drug used clinically to treat pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by aerosol inhalation. nothing has been reported about the effects of this drug on human alveolar macrophage (am) properties. in this study am were exposed in vitro to various concentrations of pe (10(-4)-10(-6) m) alone or in combination with bacterial endotoxin (lps). supernatants were collected at 3, 6, and 24 h and assayed for secreted il-1 beta, il-6, and tnf alpha. while the drug did not ...	1993	8370344
acquired traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula: case report.	post-traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, a rare entity, was treated in a 35-year-old hiv-positive man by transcatheter embolization. when seen 4 months later, the patient had florid pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. generally, pulmonary angiography demonstrates such fistulae when they are not visible on chest roentgenograms. this diagnosis should be considered in patients with penetrating chest trauma when suggestive clinical or radiologic signs are present.	1993	8371312
isolation and characterization of a repetitive dna sequence from leishmania infantum: development of a visceral leishmaniasis polymerase chain reaction.	to construct a dna probe specific for protozoa that cause visceral leishmaniasis, we cloned pst i fragments of leishmania infantum genomic dna into a bluescript ii sk vector. a clone of 4.3 kb that contained a highly repetitive sequence was isolated and cut with three restriction enzymes: hae iii, rsa i, and sau 3a. after a new molecular cloning step, we isolated and sequenced a 140-basepair (bp) fragment. two oligonucleotides were synthesized to be used as primers for a polymerase chain reactio ...	1993	8372958
dihydrofolate reductase from the pathogenic fungus pneumocystis carinii: catalytic properties and interaction with antifolates.	dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from the fungus pneumocystis carinii (pcdhfr), a target for antifolate inhibitors, has been compared with host enzyme, human dhfr (hdhfr), and with dhfr from escherichia coli. among the results of the considerable structural differences between pcdhfr and the other two enzymes is a much higher turnover number (kcat, 136 s-1) for pcdhfr. this is due to rapid hydride transfer from nadph to dihydrofolate (rate constant 402 s-1), very rapid dissociation of nadp from th ...	1993	8373187
lung infections in children.	airway infections in children is a considerably broad topic. this discussion focuses on several common nonbacterial causes of lower respiratory tract infection in children, including respiratory syncytial virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydia pneumoniae. in addition, the occurrence of two important bacterial causes of lower respiratory illness (bordetella pertussis and mycobacterium tuberculosis) is increasing. this review focuses on current information on the prophylaxis, treatment, and d ...	1993	8374645
evidence of horizontal transmission of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques.	this retrospective study used sensitive immunohistochemical methods to detect pneumocystis carinii infections in fixed lung tissues collected from 107 simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected and 10 noninfected rhesus macaques during a 4-year period. p. carinii were detected in 51% of 85 terminally ill siv-infected macaques but in only 2 of 22 macaques killed at earlier stages of siv infection. p. carinii were not detected in any siv-infected macaques held in isolators or in uninfected contr ...	1993	8376830
cdna sequence diversity and genomic clusters of major surface glycoprotein genes of pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii plays a crucial role in the pathobiology of p. carinii, which often causes fatal pneumonia in aids patients. the cdnas encoding msg antigens were cloned from a lambda gt11 expression library of rat-derived p. carinii by immunoscreening. the cloned cdnas constituted a gene family containing approximately 70% amino acid identity between subtypes. the diversity of msg cdnas was high and reflected the genomic structure of msg genes cluster ...	1993	8376844
[opportunistic eye diseases within the scope of hiv infection].	some ocular infections, only rarely seen in otherwise healthy individuals, are sometimes seen in patients with immunodeficiencies, i.e., with hiv infection. a typical example is the ophthalmic zoster or luetic uveitis in young individuals which should always imply the possibility of hiv infection. the so called opportunistic infections in contrast are only seen in hiv infection defining the aids syndrome. these infections are systemic in origin and only secondarily affecting the eye. consequentl ...	1993	8377418
[the epidemiology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in barcelona (1981-1991) (i). a descriptive study and time trends].	to analyze the epidemiologic situation of aids in barcelona with a descriptive study and a temporal trends analysis.	1993	8377533
[spontaneous pneumothorax disclosing isolated pleural involvement caused by pneumocystis carinii in an aids patient].	we report a case of apparently isolated pleural pneumocystis carinii infection in an aids patient under primary prophylaxis with pentamidine aerosols. owing to the absence of the usual radiological signs and to negative broncho-alveolar lavages the diagnosis was difficult, and only pleural biopsy during thoracotomy made it possible. p. carinii cysts were demonstrated by grocott's silver staining. histological study of lung biopsy fragments only showed giant-cell granulomas of the foreign body ty ...	1993	8378696
[aerosol generation and delivery systems for pulmonary drug administration: theory and practice].	in recent years aerosol therapy has become increasingly important for the management of asthma and copd as well as for the treatment of airway and parenchymal infections in bronchiectasis and in aids patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. in the management of asthma inhaled steroids have become the mainstay of therapy in adults and children while bronchodilators have been relegated to a secondary role. while there has long been considerable controversy about the best way to generate and d ...	1993	8379217
clinical and laboratory markers of hypersensitivity to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and aids.	a group of clinical, immunologic, and virologic variables was examined to determine if any predicted the development of hypersensitivity to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) during treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. hypersensitivity occurred in 39 (27%) of 143 patients, who had significantly higher total lymphocyte and cd4+ and cd8+ cell counts and cd4:cd8 ratios than did those who did not develop hypersensitivity. reg ...	1993	8380290
evaluation of aids-related diarrhea.	a 31-year-old man was hospitalized for evaluation of chronic diarrhea accompanied by profound dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. he had been identified as hepatitis b surface antigen-positive in 1983 and hiv antibody-positive two years later. in 1987, after a diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, he had been placed on zidovudine and prophylactic pentamidine. subsequently, thrush developed, which was treated with nystatin. the patient's gastrointestinal sym ...	1993	8380425
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during steroid taper in patients with primary brain tumors.	pneumocystis carinii causes life-threatening pneumonitis (pcp) in immunocompromised individuals. in the non-aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) population, pcp is frequently associated with corticosteroid therapy, and the rodent model uses corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression to provoke pcp. although patients with intracranial tumors are frequently treated with long courses of corticosteroids, there have been very few descriptions of pcp in this population. we report the diagnosis and ...	1993	8381584
population-based estimates of antiretroviral therapy and anti-pneumocystis prophylaxis in san francisco: 1991.	using data from the san francisco men's health study and the san francisco general hospital cohort, we derived partially population-based estimates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antiretroviral therapy and pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis use in hiv-infected men in 1991. zidovudine, didanosine, and dideoxycytidine were the antiretroviral therapies and aerosolized pentamidine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and dapsone were the pneumocystis prophylaxis evaluated. among 81 men (29 of whom h ...	1993	8381868
aids associated bronchiectasis: ct features.	the occurrence of bronchiectasis has only rarely been noted among the protean manifestations of hiv infection in the lungs. we retrospectively identified bronchiectasis on ct scans in 12 hiv + and/or aids patients in the absence of either documented mycobacterial infection or a history of prior recurrent pyogenic infection. pneumonitis was documented in 10 of 12 cases. in eight cases, bronchiectasis was associated with episodes of pyogenic infection; four of these patients also had documented op ...	1993	8384223
pneumocystis carinii stimulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from alveolar macrophages through a beta-glucan-mediated mechanism.	recent studies suggest that tnf-alpha plays a central role in host defenses during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. to determine whether p. carinii directly stimulates tnf-alpha secretion, rat alveolar macrophages were cultured in the presence of purified p. carinii. whereas unstimulated alveolar macrophages released only 13.0 +/- 2.7 pg/ml of tnf-alpha into the medium, macrophages stimulated with p. carinii released 108.2 +/- 20.4 pg/ml of tnf-alpha after overnight culture (p = 0.0001). maximal ...	1993	8386203
[contribution of nuclear medicine to management of pulmonary complications in patients with acquired immune deficiency].	opportunistic lung infections and malignancies are life-threatening complications in hiv-positive patients. in 72 hiv-positive patients the role of different non-invasive tests such as lung function tests, blood gas analysis, 67 gallium scanning and epithelial lung clearance with 99m tc-dtpa for the management of these patients was prospectively studied. for all non-invasive tests the mean values of patients with pulmonary complications (n = 25) differed significantly from those of asymptomatic ...	1993	8386418
[opportunistic infections in aids. the pulmonary manifestations].	the initial and follow-up chest radiographs of 31 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were reviewed to assess the spectrum and frequency of opportunistic pulmonary infections. in our series, the most common pulmonary infections seen on chest films were: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) (n = 17), pcp associated with cytomegalovirus (cmv) (n = 2), pcp associated with mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (mai) (n = 1), mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 7), cmv (n = 2), mai ( ...	1993	8386841
[disseminated toxoplasmosis in aids].	within one year a 46-year-old hiv-positive man developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, candida oesophagitis and recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections. he finally developed a constant fever without any infection-localizing features. there was pancytopenia, increased activities of the transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase and lipase, as well as diffuse st-segment changes in the ecg and discrete pulmonary infiltrates. the anti-toxoplasmosis titre was 8 iu/ml. despite extensive ...	1993	8389278
dual organism infection in biopsy specimens from immunocompromised patients: two cases demonstrated by immunocytochemistry.	we report two cases in which immunocytochemistry demonstrated simultaneous infections within a single biopsy specimen obtained from each of two immunocompromised patients in whom multiple organism infection was not suspected. using a rapid immunocytochemical technique, pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcus neoformans were demonstrated in a transbronchial lung biopsy from the first patient; candida and cytomegalovirus were demonstrated in an endoscopic biopsy of the esophagus from the second pati ...	1993	8389846
[usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique in making early diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus and pneumocystis carinii-pneumonia in patients with hematological neoplasms].	recently, the incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with hematological neoplasms has been markedly increasing. however, early and definitive diagnosis and treatment of these infections remain difficult. in this study, we report three patients, a 47-year-old female with atl, a 54-year-old female with cml and a 65-year-old female with atl. all these cases were complicated with pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii (pc) or cytomegalovirus (cmv). they were successfully treated with su ...	1993	8391091
pathology of cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with sustained release intravitreal ganciclovir.	an experimental sustained release intraocular device has been designed to deliver ganciclovir over a long period of time. as part of an efficacy trial, the ganciclovir intraocular device was used to treat cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).	1993	8391675
pneumocystis carinii induces the release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites from alveolar macrophages.	pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic organism that causes severe lung injury in immunocompromised hosts. macrophage responses to p. carinii are poorly defined. arachidonic acid (aa) and its metabolites are potent mediators of inflammation and have been implicated in host response to microorganisms. we therefore examined the production of eicosanoids from rat and rabbit alveolar macrophages stimulated with purified p. carinii. [14c]aa-labeled rabbit macrophages released 8.50 +/- 1.33% of the ...	1993	8393326
utilization of on-site primary care services by hiv-seropositive and seronegative drug users in a methadone maintenance program.	the feasibility of on-site primary care services and their use by human immunodeficiency virus hiv-seropositive and seronegative injecting drug users within an outpatient methadone maintenance program are examined. a 16-month prospective study was conducted within an ongoing cohort study of hiv infection at a new york city methadone program with on-site primary care services. the study group consisted of 212 seropositive and 264 seronegative drug injectors. a computerized medical encounter data ...	1993	8393579
widely disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection associated with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis.	we have described the case of a 46-year-old man with disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection associated with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis. because cmv causes endothelial damage in the lungs, we suggest that cmv pneumonitis is a risk factor for dissemination of p carinii infection beyond the lungs.	1993	8394602
activity of topoisomerase inhibitors against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in an inoculated mouse model.	five topoisomerase ii inhibitors (amsacrine [m-amsa], two epipodophyllotoxins, and two quinolones) and the alkaloid camptothecin (a topoisomerase i inhibitor) were evaluated to assess their activities against pneumocystis carinii. in vitro, both etoposide (vp-16) and teniposide (vm-26) at 1 microgram/ml suppressed p. carinii growth. amsacrine was toxic to p. carinii and to the feeder cells in vitro. camptothecin suppressed the growth of p. carinii in vitro only at 100 micrograms/ml. studies in i ...	1993	8395791
the multifunctional folic acid synthesis fas gene of pneumocystis carinii encodes dihydroneopterin aldolase, hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase and dihydropteroate synthase.	the nucleotide sequence of a folic acid synthesis (fas) gene from pneumocystis carinii contains an open reading frame (orf) that predicts a protein of 740 amino acids with an m(r) of 83,979. a recombinant baculovirus was constructed which directed expression of the predicted fas740 polypeptide in cultured spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) insect cells. the overexpressed 'full-length' protein migrated anomalously in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, with an apparent molecular mass of 71.5 kda ...	1993	8397083
prophylaxis and treatment of infection in the bone marrow transplant recipient.	considerable progress has been made in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections in the bone marrow transplant recipient. much of this progress is related to the availability of many new antimicrobial agents and biological products, as well as to an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of infections. because of the expense associated with many of these agents and products, defensive strategies against infections must consider not only effectiveness but also cost (table 16.9). it is now p ...	1993	8397916
pulmonary function tests in hiv-infected patients.	to evaluate alterations in lung function during the course of hiv infection.	1993	8397943
prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8397957
tissue-culture isolation of pneumocystis carinii from peripheral blood of aids patients with pcp.		1993	8397960
fatal pneumocystis pneumonia in a child treated for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.	a 4-year-old female with nephrotic syndrome secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (fsgs) was treated with pulse methylprednisolone and chlorambucil therapy. she subsequently developed fatal pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). this is the first report of a pediatric patient whose treatment for fsgs resulted in pcp, raising the issue of pcp prophylaxis for these patients.	1993	8398658
effects of 8-aminoquinolines on the ultrastructural morphology of pneumocystis carinii.	primaquine and other 8-aminoquinolines are effective against pneumocystis carinii in culture and animal models but the way(s) in which they affect p. carinii are not known. this study used transmission electron microscopy to observe early effects of 8-aminoquinolines on p. carinii grown with human embryonic lung fibroblasts in microcarrier suspension culture. the 8-aminoquinolines evaluated were primaquine and walter reed army institute for research (wr) compounds wr6026, wr238605 and wr242511. ...	1993	8398811
clinical manifestations of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus in women in louisiana.	to better understand the clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in women in louisiana, we conducted a retrospective review of the records of hiv-infected women who presented to the largest hiv outpatient clinic in louisiana as well as to a tertiary care university hospital in new orleans between january 1987 and december 1991. a total of 224 women were evaluated. gynecologic examinations revealed that 17.5% had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and that 35% had ...	1993	8399861
clindamycin/primaquine versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids: a randomized, double-blind pilot trial.	the aim of this double-blind pilot trial was to compare clindamycin/primaquine with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) as primary treatment for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the focus was on toxicity and tolerability since comparisons of efficacy were limited by the small sample size. sixty-five individuals with a first episode of possible pcp were randomly assigned to receive clindamycin/primaquine (34 patients) or tmp-smz (31 patients). pcp was subsequently proven mic ...	1993	8399863
quantitative differences in phagocytosis and degradation of pneumocystis carinii by alveolar macrophages in aids and non-hiv patients in vivo.	bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens (n = 213) from aids and non-hiv immunosuppressed patients were investigated for the presence of pneumocystis carinii infection by fluorescence microscopy of papanicolaou-stained slides. alveolar casts, extracellular pneumocysts and phagocytosed cysts and their degradation products in pulmonary alveolar macrophages were identified. the number of phagocytosed pneumocysts within human pulmonary alveolar macrophages was recorded and correlated with the number o ...	1993	8400057
results of fludarabine and prednisone therapy in 264 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with multivariate analysis-derived prognostic model for response to treatment.	two hundred sixty-four patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were treated with fludarabine 30 mg/m2 intravenously for 30 minutes each day for 5 days and with prednisone 30 mg/m2 orally each day for 5 days. courses were repeated monthly. of the 264 patients. 125 patients (47%) had rai stage iii-iv disease; 169 patients (64%) were previously treated with a median of 3 prior regimens; and 138 of them (82%) were refractory to therapy with alkylating agents. the overall response (or) and complet ...	1993	8400226
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia monitored by p. carinii shedding in sputum by the polymerase chain reaction.	this study investigated the efficacy of applying the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique to the monitoring of therapy to p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). the pcr method was sensitive enough to determine p. carinii shedding in sputum samples which was not detectable by diff-quik (international reagent corp., kobe, japan) stain. by pcr, p. carinii disappeared in sputa on days 8 to 15 after treatment. clinical improvements correlated with the loss of detectable p. carinii. this study represents a ...	1993	8400495
five-year experience of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 national screening program implemented at veterans general hospital-taipei.	from july 1986 through june 1990, 33,199 sera from various risk groups were collected in veterans general hospital-taipei for detection of antibody against human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1). sixty-five samples were proved positive by western blot analysis. among individual high risk groups, hemophiliacs had the highest positive rate of 20/60 (29.41%), followed by homosexual/bisexual males (41/1,264, 3.24%). the overall positive rate was 65/33,199 (0.19%). ten cases were recognized as ...	1993	8402370
in vitro cytotoxicity as a marker of hypersensitivity to sulphamethoxazole in patients with hiv.	hypersensitivity to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in patients with hiv infection may be a result of either immune dysregulation, a direct cytotoxicity of the smx-hydroxylamine metabolite (smx-ha) (rather than smx per se), or glutathione deficiency. we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of smx and smx-ha to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of hiv-infected subjects to determine if the degree of in vitro cytotoxicity is associated with hypersensitivity, whether glutathione inhi ...	1993	8403509
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infection in hiv-seropositive patients by identification of p carinii in pleural fluid.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common pulmonary complication of aids and is typically diagnosed by the identification of p carinii organisms in sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or tissue obtained with transbronchial biopsy. we describe two hiv-seropositive patients with pleural effusions in whom the diagnosis of p carinii infection was made by examination of pleural fluid. pleural effusions associated with pcp are very unusual but can provide a source of diagnostic materia ...	1993	8404120
leucovorin protection against repeated daily dose toxicity of trimetrexate in rats.	repeated high doses of trimetrexate (tmx), a potent non-classical antifolate, have been administered as an experimental treatment for life-threatening pneumocystis carinii infections in man. this therapy includes the coadministration of leucovorin, a reduced folate cofactor, to prevent antifolate toxicity in the host. the purpose of this investigation was to assess possible toxicologic sequelae of this combination regimen in an animal model. tmx at daily oral doses of 25, 35, and 45 mg/kg produc ...	1993	8405788
proliferative and cytokine responses to a major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	naturally derived t-cell responses by rats to a 120-kda major surface glycoprotein (msg) of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii were analyzed in vitro. specific cytokines elicited by the t-cell response to the msg were also identified. msg was purified from rat-derived p. carinii by three different techniques: lectin affinity chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroelution, and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. the cell-media ...	1993	8406869
genetic stability and diversity of pneumocystis carinii infecting rat colonies.	there is increasing molecular and antigenic evidence that pneumocystis carinii organisms isolated from humans, ferrets, and rats are different species. in contrast, little is known about the extent of genetic diversity among p. carinii strains found within a single mammalian species. in the present study, electrophoretic karyotypes were obtained from p. carinii prepared from 10 chronically immunosuppressed rat colonies to investigate diversity at the chromosomal level. most organism preparations ...	1993	8406881
clinical manifestations of 174 aids cases in maharaj nakorn chiang mai hospital.	the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has, since it was first reported in 1981, become a worldwide epidemic. the immunosuppressive nature of hiv results in opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and other pathological conditions. clinical manifestations of these conditions are often the first indication that an individual is infected with hiv. this article reports and describes the clinical findings for 174 hiv-positive patients and is intended to educate thai physicians concerning the rising ...	1993	8408918
indium-111-labeled polyclonal human immunoglobulin: identifying focal infection in patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus.	pooled human immunoglobulin labeled with indium-111 (111in-higg) was used to identify the presence and extent of infection in patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), presenting with either symptoms and/or signs of acute chest infection or with pyrexia without localizing signs or symptoms. fifty-five studies were performed in 51 patients with suspected chest infection or pyrexia without localizing signs. of these, 111in-higg identified intrapulmonary accumulation in 17 patients ...	1993	8410271
[principal clinical manifestations during the course of disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in pointe-noire (republic of congo). (307 cases hospitalized during 2 years at the medical service of the regional hospital of the army)].	at the sight of the hospitalization of 307 patients, attacked by aids, inside the department of medicine of the military hospital in pointe-noire (congo) between 1990-1992, the authors try to point out the principal epidemiological characteristics of their patients; give a semeiological and clinical descriptions of the key symptoms encountered; try to draw a scale depending on the apparition and frequency of the opportunistic infections. the great number of some diseases (tuberculosis, cryptococ ...	1993	8412594
efficacy and safety of dapsone prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.	dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is recommended as an alternative agent for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. we reviewed our experience over the past 100 months with 20 children (age range, 2 months to 13 years) who received dapsone and examined the safety and efficacy of this regimen. dapsone was taken for an average of 7.33 months/patient or a total of 4410 days by those children in whom safety could be assessed. three of th ...	1993	8414776
diagnostic success of bronchoscopic biopsy in immunocompromised patients with acute pulmonary disease: predictive value of disease distribution as shown on ct.	the purpose of the study was to determine if the distribution of pulmonary opacities on ct scans could be used to predict the outcome of bronchoscopic biopsy procedures in immunocompromised non-aids patients with acute pulmonary complications.	1993	8416634
recommendations for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. u.s. public health service task force on antipneumocystis prophylaxis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.		1993	8417174
survival with aids in massachusetts, 1979 to 1989.	the goal of the study was to determine survival time after diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and to identify predictors of survival.	1993	8417611
a three-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome.	fifty-eight consecutive patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia were studied prospectively during a three-year period. the group included 44 men and 14 women (mean age: 45.0 +/- 15.7 years). the cause of pneumonia was diagnosed in 35 (60.3 percent) cases, and the most common pathogens were streptococcus pneumoniae (37.1 percent), legionella pneumophila (22.8 percent) and gram-negative bacilli (11.4 percent). the fact that mycobacterium tuberculosis was present in four (11.4 percent) pa ...	1993	8417885
disseminated pneumocystosis presenting as a pleural effusion.	extrapulmonary pneumocystosis recently has been reported in a number of tissues. most cases occurred in patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. we report a case of disseminated pneumocystosis presenting as a large pleural effusion without apparent lung involvement where pneumocystis carinii was the only pathogen identified. the absence of parenchymal lesions on chest x-ray film, the lack of hypoxemia and the minimal uptake of gallium all argue against significant lung involvement ...	1993	8417913
interleukin-6 production in a murine model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: relation to resistance and inflammatory response.	the production of interleukin-6 (il-6) and its possible relationship to host resistance and inflammatory response to pneumocystis carinii infection were examined in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid mice). il-6 activity was detected in the serum and lungs of p. carinii-infected mice but not in mice free of p. carinii. moreover, the il-6 levels in p. carinii-infected mice increased markedly after spleen cell reconstitution but then decreased to an undetectable level after the clear ...	1993	8418070
failure of intravenous pentamidine prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8419606
long-term results of monthly inhaled pentamidine as primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients.	to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of inhaled pentamidine as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).	1993	8420298
s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors: new aryl and heteroaryl analogues of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone).	a series of 3-acylbenzamidine (amidino)hydrazones 7a-h, the corresponding (hetero)aromatic congeners 7i-p, and 3,3'-bis-amidino-biaryls 25a-e were synthesized. the hydrazones 7a-p were prepared by conversion of the corresponding acyl nitriles 1a,c-d,i,n-p to the imido esters 3a,c-d,i and the amidines 5a,c-d,h-i, followed by a reaction with aminoguanidine, or vice versa. similarly, the biaryl 3,3'-dinitriles 23a-e were converted, via the imino esters 24a-c or the imino thioesters 27d-e, to the di ...	1993	8421290
outcome of intensive care for patients with aids.	data on the outcome of intensive care for patients with aids have been reported since 1984. most published statistics focus on the outcome of respiratory failure due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the most frequent reason for admission to the icu. survival appears to be improving in recent years, partly due to the use of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy.	1993	8422611
acute respiratory failure due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii is the most frequent indication for admission of aids patients to intensive care units. in this article, an approach to the diagnosis and management of this condition will be presented along with prognostic information. differential diagnosis will be discussed, and characteristic responses to current standard and alternative chemotherapeutic agents and modes of ventilatory support will be reviewed.	1993	8422615
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with cancer. an increasing incidence.	the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is increasing in patients with cancer. possible nosocomial transmission from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome to those with cancer has been advocated.	1993	8422642
cloning and characterization of an alpha-tubulin-encoding gene from rat-derived pneumocystis carinii.	the gene and cdna (tub1) encoding an alpha-tubulin (alpha-tub) from pneumocystis carinii carried in rats were isolated and sequenced. the gene produced a 1.4-kb transcript that contained an open reading frame of 1347 nucleotides coding for a protein of 50,326 da. the nt sequence of tub1 of p. carinii was 65-71% identical to other tub1 genes, including those of yeast and human. the deduced amino acid sequence of p. carinii alpha-tub showed 75-84% identity to other alpha-tubs. eight small introns ...	1993	8422998
refolding of recombinant pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase and characterization of the enzyme.	the isolation of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) cdna sequences from the messenger rna of pneumocystis carinii using the polymerase chain reaction is described. the 206-amino acid p. carinii dhfr was expressed to high levels in escherichia coli inclusion bodies using the t7 promoter expression system. solubilization of the inclusion bodies in 4 m guanidine hydrochloride and refolding of the recombinant protein in the presence of 0.5% polyethylene glycol 1450 yielded correctly folded dhfr which wa ...	1993	8425104
prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in patients with hiv infection.	prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has been one of the major factors responsible for increasing patient survival. secondary prophylaxis of most opportunistic infections is warranted, although in most instances the optimal therapy remains to be determined. primary prophylaxis of opportunistic infections is an attractive concept, as the majority of opportunistic infections are reactivations of latent infections. primary prophylaxis ...	1993	8426303
pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis. report of three cases and review of the literature.	pneumocystis carinii infection of the thyroid gland has previously been described in only four living patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, three of whom had been receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis against p carinii pneumonia. we treated three additional patients with p carinii thyroid involvement, all of whom were receiving aerosolized pentamidine. two of our patients presented with clinical features suggestive of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. the diagnosis of p carinii ...	1993	8427542
hiv impairs alveolar macrophage mannose receptor function against pneumocystis carinii.		1993	8428526
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as asthma: increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	two male patients presented with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with typical bronchial asthma and subsequently developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). only on subsequent questioning did both admit to homosexuality and behavior associated with a high risk of hiv-infection. in order to determine how frequently reversible airway obstruction is seen in patients with pcp, we measured peak expiratory flow rates (pefr) before and after bronchodilator administration in 37 of these p ...	1993	8430922
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia preceding childhood lymphoma.		1993	8432078
increased pneumocystis carinii recovery from the upper lobes in pneumocystis pneumonia. the effect of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis.	to determine the relative distribution of pneumocystis carinii in the lungs of patients with p carinii pneumonia and to see the effect of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis on this distribution.	1993	8432132
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples by polymerase chain reaction.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay was developed for the detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in induced sputum and bronchoscopic alveolar lavage samples. the primer pair was selected from the published sequence of the thymidylate synthase gene of p. carinii derived from infected rats. the amplified dna fragment of 403 bp was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and by southern and slot blot hybridization. no positive reaction was seen with dna from different microorganisms typica ...	1993	8432806
molecular characterization of a novel repetitive element from pneumocystis carinii from rats.	a repetitive dna sequence, rp-alpha, was isolated from rat-derived pneumocystis carinii. the genome of rat-derived p. carinii contained 10 to 15 copies of rp-alpha, which were located on most chromosomes, but no rp-alpha could be detected in p. carinii derived from either humans or mice. sequence analysis of two copies of the repeat showed them to be related but distinct. each of them contained several copies of the 9-base sequence taaccctaa, arranged as direct repeats. oligonucleotides consisti ...	1993	8432809
detection of hiv-1 provirus in bronchoalveolar lavage cells by polymerase chain reaction.	this study was undertaken to evaluate whether hiv-seropositive individuals harbor hiv provirus in cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). bal cells were obtained from 14 hiv-positive patients undergoing bronchoscopy for evaluation of acute pulmonary symptoms. cells were fractionated into macrophage-enriched and lymphocyte-enriched populations. the quantity of hiv-1 proviral dna in the unfractionated bal cells and in each population of fractionated cells was determined following polymeras ...	1993	8433281
preventive health care for adults with hiv infection.	to assess the level of evidence for preventive health interventions for adults with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.	1993	8433470
[epidemiologic and clinical aspects of hiv infection in homosexual patients and intravenous drug addicts in a comparative study].	the clinical course of hiv-infection was analysed in a group of homosexual patients (n = 76, 72%) compared to intravenous drug abusers (ivda, n = 30, 28%) in a retrospective cross-sectional study. the mean age of homosexual patients was 37.5 years compared to 28 years for ivda. the following diseases are found significantly more frequently in homosexual patients compared to ivda: pneumocystis-carinii pneumonia (pcp) 17.1% vs. 0% (p < 0.05); kaposi' sarcoma 16% vs. 0% (p < 0.05); diarrhoea 47.4% ...	1993	8435541
seizure after lidocaine for bronchoscopy: case report and review of the use of lidocaine in airway anesthesia.	lidocaine-induced seizures have been reported after topical administration. a 30-year-old, 48-kg women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic end-stage renal failure, anemia, congestive heart failure (chf), cardiomyopathy, and increased liver function tests was admitted to the hospital with fever, chills, and dry cough. bronchoscopy was performed to rule out pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis; the patient experienced seizure activity after administration of a total dose of topical lidoca ...	1993	8437971
pneumothorax in patients with aids.	eighty-seven inpatients were treated for 93 episodes of pneumocystis carinii at st mary's hospital between january 1989 and december 1990. during this period, 298 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were treated at this hospital. sixteen episodes of pneumothorax occurred and 12 of these, occurring in ten patients, were unrelated to procedure. in six of 12 (50%), the pneumothoraces occurred concurrently with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and in ten (83%) cases there ...	1993	8438099
cytologic evaluation of serous effusions. processing techniques and optimal number of smears for routine preparation.	a double-blind retrospective review of 90 pleural and ascitic fluids was performed to determine the optimal number of smears necessary to produce an accurate evaluation, and to analyze the utility of different preparation techniques. each case had four papanicolaou-stained smears (two alcohol fixed and two saccomanno fixed) and one diff-quik-stained, air-dried smear. forty cases originally were reported as positive (37 adenocarcinoma, 1 lymphoma, and 2 pneumocystis carinii) and 50 were reported ...	1993	8438792
the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in germ-free rats requires immunosuppression and exposure to the pneumocystis carinii organism.	adult germ-free rats treated with dexamethasone and exposed to a non-sterile environment did not harbor or develop pneumocystis carinii cysts or trophozoites after 10 weeks of immunosuppression. only when they were exposed to infected, conventional rats and treated with dexamethasone for 8 weeks or longer, did adult germ-free rats develop p. carinii infection.	1993	8440087
pulmonary complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection in bujumbura, burundi.	to determine the types of pulmonary disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, we conducted a prospective study of 302 consecutive patients admitted for acute respiratory disease to a university hospital in bujumbura, burundi. diagnoses were made according to well-defined criteria. of the total, 222 patients (73.5%) were hiv seropositive, with women younger than men. features suggestive of underlying hiv infection were the clinical findings of oral thrush, peripheral l ...	1993	8442602