Publications

aquatic arsenic: phytoremediation using floating macrophytes.	phytoremediation, a plant based green technology, has received increasing attention after the discovery of hyperaccumulating plants which are able to accumulate, translocate, and concentrate high amount of certain toxic elements in their above-ground/harvestable parts. phytoremediation includes several processes namely, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization and phytovolatilization. both terrestrial and aquatic plants have been tested to remediate contaminated soi ...	2011	21435676
inactivation of a human norovirus surrogate, human norovirus virus-like particles, and vesicular stomatitis virus by gamma irradiation.	gamma irradiation is a nonthermal processing technology that has been used for the preservation of a variety of food products. this technology has been shown to effectively inactivate bacterial pathogens. currently, the fda has approved doses of up to 4.0 kgy to control food-borne pathogens in fresh iceberg lettuce and spinach. however, whether this dose range effectively inactivates food-borne viruses is less understood. we have performed a systematic study on the inactivation of a human norovi ...	2011	21441330
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 attached to spinach harvester blade using bacteriophage.	outbreaks associated with leafy greens have focused attention on the transfer of human pathogens to these commodities during harvest with commercial equipment. attachment of escherichia coli o157:h7 on new or rusty spinach harvester blades immersed in spinach extract or 10% tryptic soy broth (tsb) was investigated. bacteriophages specific for e. coli o157:h7 were evaluated to kill cells attached to blade. a cocktail of five nalidixic acid-resistant e. coli o157:h7 isolates was transferred to 25 ...	2011	21453119
exploring glycolate oxidase (gox) as an antiurolithic drug target: molecular modeling and in vitro inhibitor study.	glycolate oxidase (gox) is one of the principal enzymes involved in the pathway of oxalate synthesis. it converts glycolate to glyoxylate by oxidation and then glyoxylate is finally converted to oxalate. therapeutic intervention of gox in this consequence thus found potential in the treatment of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. in present investigation, we explored gox in search of potential leads from traditional resources. molecular modeling of the identified leads, quercetin and kaempherol, was ...	2011	21458484
identification and characterization of interactions of abscisic acid with mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocators.	abscisic acid (aba) is a plant hormone involved in important processes including development and stress responses. recent reports have identified a number of plant aba receptors and transporters, highlighting novel mechanisms of aba action. herein we describe application of a chemical proteomics approach leading to the identification of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocators (ants) as aba-interacting proteins. initial in vitro studies confirmed inhibition of ant-dependent atp translocati ...	2011	21473740
distinct acid resistance and survival fitness displayed by curli variants of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7.	curli are adhesive fimbriae of enterobacteriaceae and are involved in surface attachment, cell aggregation, and biofilm formation. here, we report that both inter- and intrastrain variations in curli production are widespread in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7. the relative proportions of curli-producing variants (c(+)) and curli-deficient variants (c(-)) in an e. coli o157:h7 cell population varied depending on the growth conditions. in variants derived from the 2006 u.s. spinach out ...	2011	21478320
effect of long-term application of treated sewage water on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in northern india.	use of industrial and wastewater for irrigation is on the rise in india and other developing countries because of scarcity of good-quality irrigation water. wastewaters contain plant nutrients that favour crop growth but leave a burden of heavy metals which can enter the food chain and is a cause of great concern. the present study was undertaken on the long-term impact of irrigation with treated sewage water for growing vegetables and the potential health risk associated with consumption of suc ...	2011	21494830
rapid detection of viable salmonella in produce by coupling propidium monoazide with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (pma-lamp).	recent outbreaks linked to salmonella-contaminated produce heightened the need to develop simple, rapid, and accurate detection methods, particularly those capable of determining cell viability. in this study, we examined a novel strategy for the rapid detection and quantification of viable salmonella in produce by coupling a simple propidium monoazide sample treatment with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (pma-lamp). we first designed and optimized a lamp assay targeting salmonella. secon ...	2011	21498750
functional analysis of ycfr and ycfq in escherichia coli o157:h7 associated with fresh produce outbreaks.	fresh produce has been associated with multiple outbreaks of illness caused by escherichia coli o157:h7. the mechanism of e. coli o157:h7 survival through post-harvest processing of fresh produce needs to be understood to help develop more effective interventions. in our recent transcriptomic study of strain sakai, an isolate from the 1996 sprout outbreak in japan, and strain tw14359, an isolate from the 2006 spinach outbreak in the us, we showed that ycfr was the most significantly up-regulated ...	2011	21498759
dietary spinach saponin-enriched lipophilic fraction inhibits platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.	abstract in this study, we investigated the effect of spinach saponin-enriched lipophilic fraction (ssef) on collagen (10 μg/ml)-stimulated platelet aggregation in vivo. dietary ssef dose-dependently inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation by decreasing thromboxane a(2) production and intracellular ca(2+) agonist activity as an aggregation-inducing autacoidal molecule. in addition, ssef significantly increased the formation of cyclic amp and cyclic gmp, intracellular ca(2+) antagonists t ...	2011	21631362
rapid detection of escherichia coli contamination in packaged fresh spinach using hyperspectral imaging.	a rapid method based on hyperspectral imaging for detection of escherichia coli contamination in fresh vegetable was developed. e. coli k12 was inoculated into spinach with different initial concentrations. samples were analyzed using a colony count and a hyperspectroscopic technique. a hyperspectral camera of 400-1000nm, with a spectral resolution of 5nm was employed to acquire hyperspectral images of packaged spinach. reflectance spectra were obtained from various positions on the sample surfa ...	2011	21645699
comparison of real-time pcr, reverse transcriptase real-time pcr, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and fda conventional microbiological method for the detection of salmonella spp. in produce.	contamination of foods, especially produce, with salmonella spp. is a major concern for public health. several methods are available for the detection of salmonella in produce but their relative efficiency for detecting salmonella in commonly consumed vegetables, often associated with outbreaks of food poisoning, needs to be confirmed. in this study, the effectiveness of three molecular methods for detection of salmonella in six produce matrices was evaluated and compared to the fda microbiologi ...	2011	21803916
determination of some heavy metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry before coprecipitation with neodymium hydroxide.	a procedure is described for the determination of trace amounts of cd(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii), pb(ii), fe(iii), co(ii), and mn(ii) that combines flame atomic absorption spectrometry with neodymium hydroxide coprecipitation. the influences of analytical parameters (amount of neodymium, ph of the model solutions, etc.) that affect quantitative recoveries of the analyte ions were investigated. the effects of concomitant ions were also examined. the detection limits for analytes were found in the range ...	2011	21797027
dupont qualicon bax system assay for genus listeria 24e.	the new bax system pcr assay for genus listeria 24e was evaluated for detecting listeria spp. in frankfurters, spinach, cooked shrimp, queso fresco cheese, and on stainless steel surfaces with a single-stage enrichment in bax system 24 listeria enrichment broth (24 leb). method comparison studies performed on samples with low-level inoculates showed that the bax system demonstrates a sensitivity equivalent or superior to the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual a ...	2011	21797015
ligation of d1-his332 and d1-asp170 to the manganese cluster of photosystem ii from <i>synechocystis</i> assessed by multifrequency pulse epr spectroscopy.	multifrequency electron-spin echo envelope modulation (eseem) spectroscopy is used to ascertain the nature of the bonding interactions of various active site amino acids with the mn ions that compose the oxygen-evolving cluster (oec) in photosystem ii (psii) from the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 poised in the s2 state. spectra of natural isotopic abundance psii (14n-psii), uniformly 15n-labeled psii (15n-psii), as well as 15n-psii containing 14n-histidine (14n-his/15n-psii) are comp ...	2011	21790179
the effects of moderately high temperature on zeaxanthin accumulation and decay.	moderately high temperature reduces photosynthetic capacities of leaves with large effects on thylakoid reactions of photosynthesis, including xanthophyll conversion in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane. in previous studies, we have found that leaf temperature of 40°c increased zeaxanthin accumulation in dark-adapted, intact tobacco leaves following a brief illumination, but did not change the amount of zeaxanthin in light-adatped leaves. to investigate heat effects on zeaxanthin accumul ...	2011	21785990
isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley.	glycine betaine (gb) is a compatible solute accumulated by many plants under various abiotic stresses. gb is synthesized in two steps, choline ? betaine aldehyde ? gb, where a functional choline-oxidizing enzyme has only been reported in amaranthaceae (a chloroplastic ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase) thus far. here, we have cloned a cdna encoding a choline monooxygenase (cmo) from barley (hordeum vulgare) plants, hvcmo. in barley plants under non-stress condition, gb had accumulated i ...	2011	21769646
health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible parts of vegetables grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburbs of baoding city, china.	with the long-term application of wastewater to vegetable production fields, there is concern about potential health risks of heavy metals contaminating the edible parts of vegetables grown in contaminated soils in the suburban areas of baoding city, china. the average concentration of elemental zn in sewage-irrigated soil was the highest (153.77 mg kg(-1)), followed by pb (38.35 mg kg(-1)), cu (35.06 mg kg(-1)), ni (29.81 mg kg(-1)), and cd (0.22 mg kg(-1)) which were significantly higher (p?<? ...	2011	21769562
inhibition of escherichia coli o157:h7 and clostridium sporogenes in spinach packaged in modified atmospheres after treatment combined with chlorine and lactic acid bacteria.	ôçé implementation of modified atmospheric packaging (map) into retail produce is a less commonly practiced method due to differences among commodities and the potential growth of anaerobes. pathogens including escherichia coli o157:h7 have been responsible for spinach outbreaks across the united states. in this study, hurdles, including those currently used with produce safety, such as map and chlorine, were combined with lactic acid bacteria (lab) to inhibit pathogens. spinach was coinoculated ...	2011	21729076
risk factors for symptoms of gastrointestinal illness in rural town isiolo, kenya.	this study assesses risk factors for food-borne gastrointestinal illness indicated by diarrhoea and/or vomiting using 14-day recalls among children and young adults. the study was set in isiolo, a rural town of kenya, inhabited mainly by pastoralists of different ethnic groups. the preparation methods of milk at the household level were also investigated. the study was cross-sectional and involved 900 participants from randomly selected households. they were interviewed using a structured questi ...	2011	21824377
microencapsulated antimicrobial compounds as a means to enhance electron beam irradiation treatment for inactivation of pathogens on fresh spinach leaves.	ôçé recent outbreaks associated to the consumption of raw or minimally processed vegetable products that have resulted in several illnesses and a few deaths call for urgent actions aimed at improving the safety of those products. electron beam irradiation can extend shelf-life and assure safety of fresh produce. however, undesirable effects on the organoleptic quality at doses required to achieve pathogen inactivation limit irradiation. ways to increase pathogen radiation sensitivity could reduc ...	2011	21729078
interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate and membrane reconstituted aquaporins: a comparative study of spinach sopip2;1 and e. coli aqpz.	this study describes the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) and membrane proteins reconstituted into large unilamellar lipid vesicles and detergent micelles studied by circular dichroism (cd) and polarity sensitive probe labeling. specifically, we carried out a comparative study of two aquaporins with high structural homology sopip2;1 and aqpz using identical reconstitution conditions. our cd results indicate that sds, when added to membrane-reconstituted aquaporins in concentratio ...	2011	21683056
screening for inhibitors of plant protease d1 using novel monoclonal antibodies directed against its carboxyl terminal.	carboxyl terminal processing protease of d1 protein (ctpa) catalyzes carboxyl terminal processing of d1 protein, which is predicted to be an excellent target for a general broad-spectrum herbicide. in this study, the ctpa gene from spinach cdna was cloned and overexpressed and the recombinant ctpa fusion protein (rctpa) was used as antigen to immunize balb/c mice for the production of monoclonal antibody (mab). western blot and elisa results indicated that both rctpa and the pdz domain protein o ...	2011	21707356
survival and colonization of escherichia coli o157:h7 on spinach leaves as affected by inoculum level and carrier, temperature and relative humidity.	to determine survival and colonization of escherichia coli o157:h7 on spinach leaves as affected by inoculum level and carrier, temperature and relative humidity (r.h.).	2011	21988171
antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens.	aims: we investigated the antimicrobial effectiveness of lemongrass essential oil on organic leafy greens, romaine and iceberg lettuces and mature and baby spinach, inoculated with salmonella newport. the influences of exposure times and abuse temperatures on bacterial survival were also investigated. methods and results: leaf samples were washed, inoculated with salm. newport (6-log cfu ml(-1) ) and dried. inoculated leaves were immersed in solutions containing 0·1, 0·3 or 0·5% lemongrass oil ...	2011	22188296
DuPont qualicon BAX system real-time PCR assay for Escherichia coli O157:H7.	Evaluations were conducted to test the performance of the BAX System Real-Time PCR assay, which was certified as Performance Tested Method 031002 for screening E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef, beef trim, spinach, and lettuce. Method comparison studies performed on samples with low-level inoculates showed that the BAX System demonstrates a sensitivity equivalent or superior to the FDA-BAM and the USDA-FSIS culture methods, but with a significantly shorter time to result. Tests to evaluate inclusiv ...	2011	21919346
comparison of two possible routes of pathogen contamination of spinach leaves in a hydroponic cultivation system.	the route of pathogen contamination (from roots versus from leaves) of spinach leaves was investigated with a hydroponic cultivation system. three major bacterial pathogens, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and listeria monocytogenes, were inoculated into the hydroponic solution, in which the spinach was grown to give concentrations of 10⁶ and 10³ cfu/ml. in parallel, the pathogens were inoculated onto the growing leaf surface by pipetting, to give concentrations of 10⁶ and 10³ cfu per leaf ...	2011	21902924
Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries.	The success of any protocol designed to detect parasitic protozoa on produce must begin with an efficient initial wash step. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts were seeded onto herbs, lettuces and raspberries, eluted with one of four wash solutions and the recovered number of oocysts determined via fluorescent microscopy. Recovery rates for fluorescein thiosemicarbazide labeled C. parvum oocysts seeded onto spinach and raspberries and washed with de-ionized water were 38. ...	2011	22094179
radiosensitization of salmonella spp. and listeria spp. in ready-to-eat baby spinach leaves.	the fda recently approved irradiation treatment of leafy greens such as spinach up to 1 kgy; however, it is important to reduce the dose required to decontaminate the produce while maintaining its quality. thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the radiation sensitivities of salmonella spp. and listeria spp. inoculated in ready-to-eat baby spinach leaves under modified atmosphere packaging (map) and irradiated using a 1.35-mev van de graff accelerator (the leaves were irradiated ...	2011	21535665
quantitative assessment of the microbial risk of leafy greens from farm to consumption: preliminary framework, data, and risk estimates.	this project was undertaken to relate what is known about the behavior of escherichia coli o157:h7 under laboratory conditions and integrate this information to what is known regarding the 2006 e. coli o157:h7 spinach outbreak in the context of a quantitative microbial risk assessment. the risk model explicitly assumes that all contamination arises from exposure in the field. extracted data, models, and user inputs were entered into an excel spreadsheet, and the modeling software @risk was used ...	2011	21549039
effect of repeated irrigation with water containing varying levels of total organic carbon on the persistence of escherichia coli o157:h7 on baby spinach.	the california lettuce and leafy greens industry has adopted the leafy greens marketing agreement (lgma), which allows for 126 most-probable-number (mpn) escherichia coli per 100 ml in irrigation water. repeat irrigation of baby spinach plants with water containing e. coli o157:h7 and different levels of total organic carbon (toc) was used to determine the epiphytic survival of e. coli o157:h7. three irrigation treatments (0 ppm of toc, 12 or 15 ppm of toc, and 120 or 150 ppm of toc) were prepar ...	2011	21549040
complementary nutrient effects of separately collected human faeces and urine on the yield and nutrient uptake of spinach (spinacia oleracea).	a glasshouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined use of separately collected human faeces and urine as fertilizer for spinach (spinacia oleracea) production. seven human faeces n : urine n combinations (1 : 7 to 7 : 1) each supplying 200 kg n ha(-1) were evaluated along with sole human faeces, sole urine, inorganic fertilizer and an unamended control. complementary application of the two resources, human faeces and urine, increased fresh and dry matter yields only in treatments hav ...	2011	20601403
carbonic anhydrase activity in arabidopsis thaliana thylakoid membrane and fragments enriched with psi or psii.	the procedure of isolating the thylakoids and the thylakoid membrane fragments enriched with either photosystem i or photosystem ii (psi- and psii-membranes) from arabidopsis thaliana leaves was developed. it differed from the one used with pea and spinach in durations of detergent treatment and centrifugation, and in concentrations of detergent and mg(2+) in the media. both the thylakoid and the fragments preserved carbonic anhydrase (ca) activities. using nondenaturing electrophoresis followed ...	2011	22006267
a horizontally transferred trna(cys) gene in the sugar beet mitochondrial genome: evidence that the gene is present in diverse angiosperms and its transcript is aminoacylated.	of the two trna(cys) (gca) genes, trnc1-gca and trnc2-gca, previously identified in mitochondrial genome of sugar beet, the former is a native gene and probably a pseudo-copy, whereas the latter, of unknown origin, is transcribed into a trna [trna(cys2) (gca)]. in this study, the trnc2-gca sequence was mined from various public databases. to evaluate whether or not the trnc2-gca sequence is located in the mitochondrial genome, the relative copy number of its sequence to nuclear gene was assessed ...	2011	21699590
recycling of organic wastes through composting for land applications: a nigerian experience.	in-vessel composting, a contribution to sustainable solid waste management, was conducted on source-separated waste materials generated in abeokuta city, south-west nigeria. feedstock (household, agricultural and municipal waste) and the resultant composts were chemically characterized using standard procedures. identification and changes in the microbial population during composting, the effects of composting on waste volume reduction (wvr) and elemental composition of composts were evaluated. ...	2011	21159738
uptake of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate of vegetables from plastic film greenhouses.	uptake of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) of nine vegetables including potherb mustard, bok choy, celery, spinach, cabbage, leaf of tube, lettuce, garlic, and edible amaranth in plastic film greenhouses with different plastic films, film thickness, greenhouse age, and greenhouse height was studied. the results showed that the higher the dehp content of film, the thicker the film, the lower the height of the greenhouse, and the younger the age of the greenhouse were, the higher the dehp concen ...	2011	21958198
reduction of pesticide residues on fresh vegetables with electrolyzed water treatment.	degradation of the 3 pesticides (acephate, omethoate, and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate [ddvp]) by electrolyzed water was investigated. these pesticides were commonly used as broad-spectrum insecticides in pest control and high-residual levels had been detected in vegetables. our research showed that the electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water (ph 2.3, available chlorine concentration:70 ppm, oxidation-reduction potential [orp]: 1170 mv) and the electrolyzed reducing (er) water (ph 11.6, orp: -860 m ...	2011	22420563
nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) intoxication--two cases in one family.	we present two cases of rare human poisoning in one family following ingestion of cooked leaves from the tobacco tree plant, nicotiana glauca. the toxic principle of n. glauca, anabasine (c10h14n2), is a small pyridine alkaloid, similar in both structure and effects to nicotine, but appears to be more potent in humans. a 73-year-old female tourist from france, without remarkable medical history, collapsed at home following a few hours long prodrome of dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and malaise. th ...	2011	20652661
strongyloides stercoralis in common vegetables and herbs in kota bharu, kelantan, malaysia.	transmission of soil-transmitted helminthes infection is by faecal oral route, and is influenced by food preference. kelantanese love to consume ulam which are raw vegetables and herbs. some of the herbs grow on grounds with high humidity and are abundant near drainage areas, these are also places with higher likelihood of harbouring viable parasite ova. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of soiltransmitted helminthes in vegetables, herbs and fruits found in our local setting. ...	2011	21602786
shiga toxin 2 overexpression in escherichia coli o157:h7 strains associated with severe human disease.	variation in disease severity among escherichia coli o157:h7 infections may result from differential expression of shiga toxin 2 (stx2). eleven strains belonging to four prominent phylogenetic clades, including clade 8 strains representative of the 2006 u.s. spinach outbreak, were examined for stx2 expression by real-time pcr and western blot analysis. clade 8 strains were shown to overexpress stx2 basally, and following induction with ciprofloxacin when compared to strains from clades 1-3. diff ...	2011	21864671
characterization of interactions between escherichia coli o157:h7 with epiphytic bacteria in vitro and on spinach leaf surfaces.	this study characterized the types of interactions between escherichia coli o157:h7 and spinach phylloepiphytic bacteria and identified those that influence persistence of e. coli o157:h7 on edible plants. a total of 1512 phylloepiphytic bacterial isolates were screened for their ability to inhibit or to enhance the growth of e. coli o157:h7 in vitro and on spinach leaf surfaces. fifteen different genera, the majority belonging to firmicutes and enterobacteriaceae, reduced growth rates of e. col ...	2011	22177225
protective effect of red-stemmed type of ipomoea aquatica forsk against ccl4-induced oxidative damage in mice.	water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk; i. aquatica) of the green-stemmed type (green type) is widely consumed, but there also exists a red-stemmed variety (red type). in the present study, the antioxidant capacity of the red type was compared to that of the green type in carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4))-treated mice. ccl(4)-induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substrate (tbars) formation in the liver was significantly suppressed in mice fed 5% red-type i. aquatica, while the green type showed no ef ...	2011	22041914
Mitochondrial phylogeny reveals intraspecific variation in Peronospora effusa, the spinach downy mildew pathogen.	Since about two hundred years, downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa is probably the most economically important disease of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). However, there is no information on the global phylogeographic structure of the pathogen and thus it is unclear whether a single genotype occurs worldwide or whether some local genetic variation exists. To investigate the genetic variability of this pathogen, a sequence analysis of two partial mitochondrial DNA genes, cox2 and nad1, was carr ...	2011	22203571
polyphenol-rich sweet potato greens extract inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.	sweet potato (ipomoea batatas) leaves or greens, extensively consumed as a vegetable in africa and asia, are an excellent source of dietary polyphenols such as anthocyanins and phenolic acids. here, we show that sweet potato greens extract (spge) has the maximum polyphenol content compared with several commercial vegetables including spinach. the polyphenol-rich spge exerts significant antiproliferative activity in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines while sparing normal prostate epithelial ce ...	2011	21948980
surface structures involved in plant stomata and leaf colonization by shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli o157:h7.	shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 uses a myriad of surface adhesive appendages including pili, flagella, and the type 3 secretion system (t3ss) to adhere to and inflict damage to the human gut mucosa. consumption of contaminated ground beef, milk, juices, water, or leafy greens has been associated with outbreaks of diarrheal disease in humans due to stec. the aim of this study was to investigate which of the known stec o157:h7 adherence factors mediate colonization of baby spinach ...	2011	21887151
Efficacy of a novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid against single strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, Listeria innocua, and Lactobacillus plantarum in aqueous solution and on surfaces of romaine lettuce and spinach.	A novel sanitizer composed of lactic acid and peroxyacetic acid (LA-PAA) was developed as an alternative to chlorinated water (CW) for fresh produce processing. Single strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, nonpathogenic Escherichia coli K-12, and Listeria innocua were used to demonstrate the microbial efficacy of LA-PAA. LA-PAA achieved a >7.8-log reduction of L. innocua and L. plantarum suspended in water at 4°C for 20 s, and LA, PAA, and CW achieved reductions of 0.4, 4.8, and 2.7 log, respectiv ...	2011	21902915
Host impact on the stability of a plant virus gene vector as measured by a new fluorescent local lesion passaging assay.	Viruses can be used as vectors for transient expression of proteins in plants but frequently foreign gene inserts are not maintained stably over time due to recombination events. In this study the hypothesis was that the choice of plant host affects the foreign gene retention level by a Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). To accomplish this, a novel virus vector integrity bioassay was developed based on an old concept, whereby RNA transcripts of the ...	2011	22119627
antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations against salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens.	salmonella enterica is one of the most common bacterial pathogens implicated in foodborne outbreaks involving fresh produce in the last decade. in an effort to discover natural antimicrobials for use on fresh produce, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different antimicrobial plant extract-concentrate formulations on four types of organic leafy greens inoculated with s. enterica serovar newport. the leafy greens tested included organic romaine and iceberg le ...	2011	22004815
20-oh-ecdysone prevents hot flushes in ovariectomized rats.	hot flushes are due to the lack of estrogens and are the most characteristic climacteric complaints. hormone replacement therapy was the standard treatment but now its use is limited because of side effects. need therefore arises to search for non-estrogenic alternatives. the molting hormone 20-beta-hydroxyecdysone (ecd) is produced by several plants including spinach and has no estrogenic or androgenic properties but enhances gabaergic effects in neurons. since gabaergic compounds can ameliorat ...	2011	22083897
reveal salmonella 2.0 test for detection of salmonella spp. in foods and environmental samples. performance tested method 960801.	reveal salmonella 2.0 is an improved version of the original reveal salmonella lateral flow immunoassay and is applicable to the detection of salmonella enterica serogroups a-e in a variety of food and environmental samples. a performance tested method validation study was conducted to compare performance of the reveal 2.0 method with that of the u.s. department of agriculture-food safety and inspection service or u.s. food and drug administration/bacteriological analytical manual reference cult ...	2011	22165011
efficacy of washing with hydrogen peroxide followed by aerosolized antimicrobials as a novel sanitizing process to inactivate escherichia coli o157:h7 on baby spinach.	aerosolization was investigated as a potential way to apply allyl isothiocyanate (ait), hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)), acetic acid (aa) and lactic acid (la) on fresh baby spinach to control escherichia coli o157:h7 during refrigeration storage. in this study, baby spinach leaves were dip-inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 to a level of 6 log cfu/g and stored at 4°c for 24h before treatment. antimicrobials were atomized into fog-like micro-particles by an ultrasonic nebulizer and routed into a jar an ...	2011	22177228
[cyclooxygenase inhibitors in some dietary vegetables inhibit platelet aggregation function induced by arachidonic acid].	the study was purposed to investigate whether the cyclooxygenase inhibitors from some dietary vegetables can inhibit platelet aggregation function by the arachidonic acid (aa). the vegetable juice was mixed with plateletrich plasma (prp), and asprin was used as positive control. the maximum ratio of platelet aggregation induced by aa was measured on the aggregometer; heme and cyclooxygenase-1 (cox(1)) or cyclooxygenase-2 (cox(2)) were added to test tubes containing cox reaction buffer, the mixtu ...	2011	22040984
sensitivity of poliovirus type 1 chat strain and rotavirus sa-11 to e-beam irradiation on iceberg lettuce and spinach: quantifying the reduction in potential health risks.	fresh produce such as lettuce and spinach serve as routes of foodborne illnesses. the u.s. fda has approved the use of ionizing irradiation upto 4 kgy as a pathogen kill step for fresh cut lettuce and spinach. the focus of this study was to determine the inactivation of poliovirus and rotavirus on lettuce and spinach when exposed to varying doses of high energy e-beam irradiation and to calculate the theoretical reduction in infection risks that can be achieved under different contamination scen ...	2011	22179244
use of zero-valent iron biosand filters to reduce e. coli o157:h12 in irrigation water applied to spinach plants in a field setting.	aims: zero-valent iron (zvi) filters may provide an efficient method to mitigate the contamination of produce crops through irrigation water. methods: a field-scale system was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of a biosand filter (s), a biosand filter with zero valent iron incorporated (zvi), and a control (c, no treatment) in decontaminating irrigation water. an inoculum of ca. 8.5 log cfu 100 ml(-1) of escherichia coli o157:h12 was introduced to all three column treatments in 20-l dose ...	2011	22151398
development of a dynamic growth-death model for escherichia coli o157:h7 in minimally processed leafy green vegetables.	escherichia coli o157:h7, an occasional contaminant of fresh produce, can present a serious health risk in minimally processed leafy green vegetables. a good predictive model is needed for quantitative risk assessment (qra) purposes, which adequately describes the growth or die-off of this pathogen under variable temperature conditions experienced during processing, storage and shipping. literature data on behaviour of this pathogen on fresh-cut lettuce and spinach was taken from published graph ...	2011	21872959
potential risks resulting from fruit/vegetable-drug interactions: effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.	it has been well established that complex mixtures of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables can be beneficial for human health. moreover, it is becoming increasingly apparent that phytochemicals can influence the pharmacological activity of drugs by modifying their absorption characteristics through interactions with drug transporters as well as drug-metabolizing enzyme systems. such effects are more likely to occur in the intestine and liver, where high concentrations of phytochemicals may oc ...	2011	22417366
multiresidue pesticide analysis in ginseng and spinach by nontargeted and targeted screening procedures.	five different mass spectrometers interfaced to gc or lc were evaluated for their application to targeted and nontargeted screening of pesticides in two foods, spinach and ginseng. the five ms systems were capillary gc/ms/ms, gc-high resolution time-of-flight (gc/hr-tof)-ms, tof-ms interfaced with a comprehensive multidimensional gc (gcxgc/tof-ms), an ms/ms ion trap hybrid mass (qtrap) system interfaced with an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (uplc-qtrap), and uplc interfaced to an orbita ...	2011	22320080
preconcentration and determination of copper in tobacco leaves samples by using a minicolumn of sisal fiber (agave sisalana) loaded with alizarin fluorine blue by faas.	in the present study, a minicolumn of sisal fiber loaded with alizarin fluorine blue is proposed as a preconcentration system for copper determination in tobacco leaf samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. during the optimization procedure, a two level full factorial design (2(4)) was used at the preliminary evaluation of four factors, involving the following variables: sampling flow rate, elution flow rate, buffer concentration and ph. regarding the studied levels, this design has sho ...	2011	22284492
new experimental hosts of tobacco streak virus and absence of true seed transmission in leguminous hosts.	of 70 plant species tested, 50 species were susceptible to tobacco streak virus (tsv) on sap inoculation. both localized (necrotic and chlorotic spots) and systemic (necrotic spots, axillary shoot proliferation, stunting, total necrosis and wilt) symptoms are observed by majority of plant species. eleven new experimental hosts were identified viz., amaranthus blitum var. oleracea (chaulai sag), celosia cristata (cocks comb), beta vulgaris var. bengalensis (palak/indian spinach), calendula offici ...	2011	23637490
luminescence based enzyme-labeled phage (phazyme) assays for rapid detection of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli serogroups.	most diagnostic approaches for shiga toxin producing escherichia coli (stec) have been designed to detect only serogroup o157 that causes a majority, but not all stec related outbreaks in the united states. therefore, there is a need to develop methodology that would enable the detection of other stec serogroups that cause disease. three bacteriophages (phages) that infect stec serogroups o26, o103, o111, o145 and o157 were chemically labeled with horseradish peroxidase (hrp). the enzyme-labeled ...	2011	22334866
conversion of serine to glycerate in intact spinach leaf peroxisomes: role of malate dehydrogenase.	in photorespiration, leaf peroxisomes convert serine to glycerate via serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and nadh-hydroxypyruvate reductase. we isolated intact spinach leaf peroxisomes in 0.25 m sucrose, and characterized their enzymatic conversion of serine to glycerate using physiological concentrations of substrates and coenzymes. in the presence of glycolate (glyoxylate), and nadh and nad alone or together in physiological proportions, the rate of serine-to-glycerate conversion was enhanced ...	2011	3080957
formation of giant protein vesicles by a lipid cosolvent method.	this paper describes a method to create giant protein vesicles (gpvs) of ≥10 μm by solvent-driven fusion of large vesicles (0.1-0.2 μm) with reconstituted membrane proteins. we found that formation of gpvs proceeded from rotational mixing of protein-reconstituted large unilamellar vesicles (luvs) with a lipid-containing solvent phase. we made gpvs by using n-decane and squalene as solvents, and applied generalized polarization (gp) imaging to monitor the polarity around the protein transmembrane ...	2011	22069223
structure and stability of the spinach aquaporin sopip2;1 in detergent micelles and lipid membranes.	sopip2;1 constitutes one of the major integral proteins in spinach leaf plasma membranes and belongs to the aquaporin family. sopip2;1 is a highly permeable and selective water channel that has been successfully overexpressed and purified with high yields. in order to optimize reconstitution of the purified protein into biomimetic systems, we have here for the first time characterized the structural stability of sopip2;1.	2011	21339815
flagella mediate attachment of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli to fresh salad leaves.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) causes child and travelers' diarrhea and is presumed to be water- and food-borne. sporadic outbreaks were traced to consumption of contaminated fresh produce, particularly salad leaves as lettuce and parsley. importantly, the mechanism by which etec binds salad leaves is not known. in this study we investigated the ability of clinical etec isolates to adhere to eruca vesicaria (commonly known as rocket). towards this end we inoculated pieces of cut e. vesi ...	2011	23761239
validation of the applied biosystems microseq real-time pcr system for detection of e. coli o157:h7 in food.	modern molecular methods offer the advantages of simplicity and short time-to-results compared to traditional culture methods. we describe the validation of a new real-time pcr method to detect e. coli o157:h7 in five food matrixes. the complete system consists of the microseq e. coli o157:h7 detection kit, sample preparation (two sample preparation methods, the prepseq nucleic acid extraction kit and the prepseq rapid spin sample preparation kit, were validated), the applied biosystems 7500 fas ...	2012	23175985
mathematical modeling and numerical analysis of the growth of non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in spinach leaves.	this study was conducted to investigate the growth of non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in spinach leaves and to develop kinetic models to describe the bacterial growth. six serogroups of non-o157 stec, including o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, and o145, were used in the growth studies conducted isothermally at 4, 8, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °c. both stec and background microflora were enumerated to develop kinetic models. growth of stec in spinach leaves was observed at elevated ...	2012	23141643
the core of chloroplast nucleoids contains architectural swib domain proteins.	a highly enriched fraction of the transcriptionally active chromosome from chloroplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea) was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify proteins involved in structuring of the nucleoid core. among such plastid nucleoid-associated candidate proteins a 12-kd swib (swi/snf complex b) domain-containing protein was identified. it belongs to a subgroup of low molecular mass swib domain proteins, which in arabidopsis thaliana has six ...	2012	22797472
portable microfluidic chip for detection of escherichia coli in produce and blood.	pathogenic agents can lead to severe clinical outcomes such as food poisoning, infection of open wounds, particularly in burn injuries and sepsis. rapid detection of these pathogens can monitor these infections in a timely manner improving clinical outcomes. conventional bacterial detection methods, such as agar plate culture or polymerase chain reaction, are time-consuming and dependent on complex and expensive instruments, which are not suitable for point-of-care (poc) settings. therefore, the ...	2012	22679370
development of a method for the detection of verotoxin-producing escherichia coli in food.	the growing recognition of the role of non-o157 verotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) in foodborne illness underscores the importance of developing methods to detect it in the food supply. we describe here the development of a protocol for the detection, isolation, and characterization of vtec from foods, designed for the serotype-independent enrichment, detection, and isolation of vtec, in combination with rapid characterization of vtec o157, o26, o103, o111, and o145. this study examined the i ...	2012	22564930
presence of faecal coliforms, escherichia coli and diarrheagenic e. coli pathotypes in ready-to-eat salads, from an area where crops are irrigated with untreated sewage water.	consumption of ready-to-eat (rte) salads has increased worldwide. consequently, the number of outbreaks caused by food-borne pathogens, including diarrheagenic e. coli pathotypes (deps), associated with the consumption of rte-salads has increased. deps include enterotoxigenic (etec), typical and atypical enteropathogenic (tepec, aepec), enteroinvasive (eiec), enteroaggregative (eaec), diffuse adherent (daec) and shiga toxin-producing (stec) e. coli. in less-developed areas of the world, fresh cr ...	2012	22507628
factors affecting radiation d-values (d₁₀) of an escherichia coli cocktail and salmonella typhimurium lt2 inoculated in fresh produce.	this study evaluated the effect of produce type, resuspension medium, dose uniformity ratio (dur), and sample preparation conditions (tissue exposure, map, anoxia) on the d₁₀ -value of an escherichia coli cocktail (baa-1427, baa-1428, and baa-1430) and salmonella typhimurium lt2 inoculated on the surfaces of tomato, cantaloupe, romaine lettuce, and baby spinach. produce at room temperature were irradiated using a 1.35 mev van de graaf electron beam accelerator at 0.2 to 0.9 kgy. the d₁₀-values f ...	2012	22393921
rapid and specific detection of escherichia coli serogroups o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, o145, and o157 in ground beef, beef trim, and produce by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	escherichia coli o157 and six additional serogroups of shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) (o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, and o145) account for the majority of stec infections in the united states. in this study, o serogroup-specific genes (wzx or wzy) were used to design loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays for the rapid and specific detection of these leading stec serogroups. the assays were evaluated in pure culture and spiked food samples (ground beef, beef trim, lettuce, and ...	2012	22327594
isolation of campylobacter from feral swine (sus scrofa) on the ranch associated with the 2006 escherichia coli o157:h7 spinach outbreak investigation in california.	we report the isolation of campylobacter species from the same population of feral swine that was investigated in san benito county, california, during the 2006 spinach-related escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak. this is the first survey of campylobacter in a free-ranging feral swine population in the united states. campylobacter species were cultured from buccal and rectal-anal swabs, colonic faeces and tonsils using a combination of selective enrichment and antibiotic-free membrane filtration m ...	2012	22405465
a chloroplastic rna ligase activity analogous to the bacterial and archaeal 2´-5' rna ligase.	bacteria and archaea contain a 2'-5' rna ligase that seals in vitro 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester and 5'-hydroxyl rna termini, generating a 2',5'-phosphodiester bond. in our search for an rna ligase able to circularize the monomeric linear replication intermediates of viroids belonging to the family avsunviroidae, which replicate in the chloroplast, we have identified in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) chloroplasts a new rna ligase activity whose properties resemble those of the bacterial and archa ...	2012	22336712
selection and application of endophytic bacterium achromobacter xylosoxidans strain f3b for improving phytoremediation of phenolic pollutants.	while phytoremediation has been considered as an in situ bioprocess to remediate environmental contaminants, the application of functional endophytic bacteria within plants remains a potential strategy that could enhance the plants' efficiency in phytoremediation. in this study, 219 endophytes were isolated from plants that are predominantly located in a constructed wetland, including reed (phragmites australis) and water spinach (ipomoea aquatica). twenty-five strains of the isolated endophytes ...	2012	22497718
location and nucleotide sequence of the pre-apocytochrome f gene on the oenothera hookeri plastid chromosome (euoenothera plastome i)	the gene for pre-apocytochrome f has been mapped by blot hybridization on a 2.4 kbp hindiii fragment of the circular plastid chromosome of oenothera hookeri employing probes from the corresponding spinach gene. the gene is located distal to the gene for the atp synthase subunit alpha, at the border of the 45 kbp inversion that distinguishes spinach and oenothera plastid chromosomes. both genes are transcribed in the same direction. nucleotide sequence analysis reveals a single open reading frame ...	2012	3442826
a case-control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits.	a case-control study of prostatic cancer which consisted of 100 patients with prostatic cancer, matched for hospital, age (+/- 3 yr) and hospital admission date (+/- 3 months) to patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) and hospital controls, was conducted from 1981 to 1984. low daily intake of beta-carotene (rr = 2.13: 95% confidence interval, 1.20-3.77) and of vitamin a (rr = 1.94: 1.10-3.43), as compared to the intake of those substances by bph controls, were factors significantly cor ...	2012	3368406
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphism in spinach: genetic and biochemical characterization.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) has a major chloroplastic isozyme of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) and a minor cytosolic one. among a diverse collection of spinach accessions, three electrophoretic banding patterns of chloroplastic badh were found: two were single banded and one was triple banded. genetic analysis of these patterns indicated that chloroplastic badh is encoded by a single, nuclear gene with two alleles, designated slow (s) and fast (f), and that products of these alleles c ...	2012	3377756
metabolism of exogenous long-chain fatty acids by spinach leaves.	when applied in liquid paraffin to the upper surface of expanding spinach leaves, [1-14c]palmitic acid was efficiently and exclusively incorporated into the sn-1 position of cellular glycerolipids, principally phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol. a slow transfer of fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine to chloroplast glycolipids subsequently occurred with the positional specificity of the label remaining intact. labeled palmitate at the sn-1 position of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was desatu ...	2012	3426240
ferredoxin containing bacteriocins suggest a novel mechanism of iron uptake in pectobacterium spp.	in order to kill competing strains of the same or closely related bacterial species, many bacteria produce potent narrow-spectrum protein antibiotics known as bacteriocins. two sequenced strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum carry genes encoding putative bacteriocins which have seemingly evolved through a recombination event to encode proteins containing an n-terminal domain with extensive similarity to a [2fe-2s] plant ferredoxin and a c-terminal colicin m-like cat ...	2012	22427936
functional metagenomics of escherichia coli o157:h7 interactions with spinach indigenous microorganisms during biofilm formation.	the increase in foodborne outbreaks worldwide attributed to fresh fruit and vegetables suggests that produce may serve as an ecological niche for enteric pathogens. here we examined the interaction of e. coli o157:h7 (eco157) with spinach leaf indigenous microorganisms during co-colonization and establishment of a mixed biofilm on a stainless steel surface. stainless steel surface was selected to mimic the surface of produce-processing equipment, where retention of foodborne pathogens such as ec ...	2012	22957052
antimicrobial activity of oregano oil against antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens at varying exposure times and storage temperatures.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oregano oil on four organic leafy greens (iceberg and romaine lettuces and mature and baby spinaches) inoculated with salmonella newport as a function of treatment exposure times as well as storage temperatures. leaf samples were washed, dip inoculated with s. newport (6-log cfu/ml) and dried. oregano oil was prepared at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% concentrations in sterile phosphate buffered saline (pbs). inoculated leaves were immersed in ...	2012	23498188
comparative uptake of enteric viruses into spinach and green onions.	root uptake of enteric pathogens and subsequent internalization has been a produce safety concern and is being investigated as a potential route of pre-harvest contamination. the objective of this study was to determine the ability of hepatitis a virus (hav) and the human norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (mnv), to internalize in spinach and green onions through root uptake in both soil and hydroponic systems. hav or mnv was inoculated into soil matrices or into two hydroponic systems, float ...	2012	23412715
development of a rapid total nucleic acid extraction method for the isolation of hepatitis a virus from fresh produce.	recently, there have been increasing reports of foodborne illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh produce. among these, hepatitis a virus (hav) remains epidemiologically important and has been continually implicated in several outbreaks. we describe a rapid method (<8h) for the isolation and subsequent detection with real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) of the hav hm-175 cytopathic strain seeded onto baby spinach and sliced tomatoes using a total rna extraction method, utilizing a hig ...	2012	23334093
endogenous levels of nitrites and nitrates in wide consumption foodstuffs: results of five years of official controls and monitoring.	the massive introduction of nitrogen fertilisers, necessary to maximise the global food production, has brought about an increase of the residual amounts of nitrites and nitrates in the products. notoriously, these compounds may exercise toxic effects. in this work the results obtained from 5years of official controls and monitoring focused on tracing quantifiable amounts of nitrites and nitrates in 1785 samples of meat, dairy, fish products and leafy vegetables are reported. a widespread presen ...	2012	23692764
characterization of the cultivable microbial community in a spinach-processing plant using maldi-tof ms.	a better and regular control of the production chain of fresh fruits and vegetables is necessary, because a contamination of the product by human- and phyto-pathogenic microorganisms may result in high losses during storage and poses a threat to human health. therefore, detailed knowledge about the occurrence and the diversity of microorganisms within single processing steps is required to allow target-oriented produce safety control. recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of ...	2012	23541209
mild fe-deficiency improves biomass production and quality of hydroponic-cultivated spinach plants (spinacia oleracea l.).	it is of great practical importance to improve yield and quality of vegetables in soilless cultures. this study investigated the effects of iron-nutrition management on yield and quality of hydroponic-cultivated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). the results showed that mild fe-deficient treatment (1 μm feedta) yielded a greater biomass of edible parts than fe-omitted treatment (0 μm feedta) or fe-sufficient treatments (10 and 50 μm feedta). conversely, mild fe-deficient treatment had the lowest ni ...	2012	23497875
Inhibition of biogenic membrane flippase activity in reconstituted ER proteoliposomes in the presence of low cholesterol levels.	Biogenic membranes or self-synthesizing membranes are the site of synthesis of new lipids such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes. Newly synthesized phospholipids (PLs) at the cytosolic leaflet of ER need to be translocated to the lumen side for membrane biogenesis and this is facilitated by a special class of lipid translocators called biogenic membrane flippase. Even though ER is the major site of cholesterol synthesis, it contains very low amounts of cholesterol, since newly synt ...	2012	22207336
Variable agronomic practices, cultivar, strain source and initial contamination dose differentially affect survival of Escherichia coli on spinach.	Aims: Greenhouse and field trials were conducted under different agronomic practices and inoculum doses of environmental Escherichia coli and attenuated E. coli O157:H7, to comparatively determine whether these factors influence their survival on leaves and within the rhizosphere. Methods and Results: Hydroponic conditions: E. coli spray-inoculated at log 4 CFU ml(-1) was recovered from leaf surfaces at a mean population of 1·6 log CFU g(-1) at 15 days. E. coli O157:H7 sprayed at log 2 or 4 ...	2012	22040351
microbial quality of bagged baby spinach and romaine lettuce: effects of top versus bottom sampling.	contamination with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella have called into question the safety and microbial quality of bagged ready-to-eat leafy greens. this study expands on previous findings that these goods have high total bacteria counts (tbc) and coliform counts, variation in counts among different lots, that escherichia coli is present, and disparities in counts when bags are top or bottom sampled. nearly 100 bags of baby spinach and hearts of romaine lettuce from a single brand were su ...	2012	22221365
reduction of food matrix interference by a combination of sample preparation and multi-dimensional gating techniques to facilitate rapid, high sensitivity analysis for escherichia coli serotype o157 by flow cytometry.	escherichia coli serotype o157 strains, which may be found in foods, often produce enterohemorrhagic toxins. the research goal was to facilitate rapid, sensitive detection in foods of e. coli serotype o157 by flow cytometry. sample preparation methods were developed for potential use in 15 foods. combined with multi-dimensional gating, these methods decreased time-to-results (ttr) for determination of low-level contamination. they mitigated the effects of interfering food components, concentrate ...	2012	22265313
investigating the spectrum of biological activity of substituted quinoline-2-carboxamides and their isosteres.	in this study, a series of thirty-five substituted quinoline-2-carboxamides and thirty-three substituted naphthalene-2-carboxamides were prepared and characterized. they were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was also performed against four mycobacterial species. n-cycloheptylquinoline-2-carboxamide, n-cyclohexylquinoline-2-carboxami ...	2012	22233564
a real-time pcr assay for detection and quantification of verticillium dahliae in spinach seed.	verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes verticillium wilt on multiple crops in central coastal california. although spinach crops grown in this region for fresh and processing commercial production do not display verticillium wilt symptoms, spinach seed produced in the u.s. or europe are commonly infected with v. dahliae. planting of the infected seed increases the soil inoculum density and may introduce exotic strains that contribute to verticillium wilt epidemics on lettuce and ...	2012	22236050
Distinct Transcriptional Profiles and Phenotypes Exhibited by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates Related to the 2006 Spinach-Associated Outbreak.	In 2006, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was linked to the consumption of ready-to-eat bagged baby spinach in the United States. The likely sources of preharvest spinach contamination were soil and water that became contaminated via cattle or feral pigs in the proximity of the spinach fields. In this study, we compared the transcriptional profiles of 12 E. coli O157:H7 isolates that possess the same two-enzyme pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile and are related temporall ...	2012	22081562
photosystem i reaction centers from maize bundle-sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts lack subunit iii.	photosystem i reaction centers were isolated from mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the c4 maize plant. both preparations were found to be free of chlorophyll b and to have the same spectral properties and chlorophyll/p700 ratio as photosystem i reaction centers isolated from c3 plants. photosystem i reaction centers from both mesophyll and bundle sheath were found to consist of six subunits with apparent molecular masses of about 70 kda, 20 kda, 17 kda, 16 kda, 10 kda and 8 kda, corre ...	2012	3527704
nitrate determination of vegetables in varzeghan city, north-western iran.	background vegetables play an important role in human nutrition. nitrate content is a signifi-cant quality criterion to determine characteristic of vegetables. about 80% of nitrate intake in human is from vegetables and fruits. high dietary intake of nitrate is seen as an undesirable be-cause of its association with gastric cancer and infantile methemoglobinemia. varzeghan, north¬western iran is one of the cities with high age-standardized incidence rates (asr) of gastric can¬cer in iran. curren ...	2012	24688941
validation of a commercial elisa for the analysis of the insecticide dinotefuran in a variety of analytically challenging vegetables.	the main objective of this paper was to assess the suitability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) as a rapid and simple screening method for the detection of neonicotinoid insecticide dinotefuran residues in various vegetable samples including carrot, cabbage, green pepper, leek, japanese mustard spinach (komatsuna), and spinach. simple dilution of crude sample extracts was effective to circumvent or reduce matrix interference derived from samples. consequently, elisa was useful to ...	2012	22540267
amaranthus viridis linn., a common spinach, modulates c-reactive protein, protein profile, ceruloplasmin and glycoprotein in experimental induced myocardial infarcted rats.	glycoprotein is one of the components of the cardiac extracellular matrix and plays an important role in cardiac remodelling during various cardiac diseases, including myocardial infarction (mi). this study was aimed at evaluating the preventive role of amaranthus viridis linn. on c-reactive protein (crp), total protein, albumin, globulin, ceruloplasmin and glycoproteins in the serum and heart of experimental induced myocardial infarcted (mi) rats.	2012	22467439
substituted n-benzylpyrazine-2-carboxamides: synthesis and biological evaluation.	a series of twelve amides was synthesized via aminolysis of substituted pyrazinecarboxylic acid chlorides with substituted benzylamines. compounds were characterized with analytical data and assayed in vitro for their antimycobacterial, antifungal, antibacterial and photosynthesis-inhibiting activity. 5-tert-butyl-6-chloro-n-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (12) has shown the highest antimycobacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mic = 6.25 µg/ml), as well as against ...	2012	23132136
effects of a variety of food extracts and juices on the specific binding ability of norovirus gii.4 p particles.	the effects of 13 food extracts and juices, including shellfish, fruits, and vegetables, on the binding ability of human norovirus (nov) were examined, using p particles of human nov gii.4 as a research surrogate. the enhancements (positive values) or reductions (negative values) of nov p particle detection (changes in optical density at 450 nm) in the presence of different food extracts and juices as compared with p particles diluted in phosphate-buffered saline were tested by saliva-binding, e ...	2012	22980024