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a human igg anti-vi reference for salmonella typhi with weight-based antibody units assigned.recent data showing the high incidence of typhoid fever in young children, the demonstration of safety and efficacy of a vi conjugate for this age group, the safety and similar immunogenicity in infants when administrated concurrently with epi vaccines, together with the interests of manufacturers and investigators in studying such conjugate vaccines prompted us to prepare a human igg anti-vi standard to facilitate this work. volunteers were injected with an investigational vi-recombinant pseudo ...201323422143
the evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of mindium laevigatum (vent.) rech. f., from central part of iran.mindium laevigatum (vent.) rech. f. plant grows in central part of iran. and used by local people as medical plant.201324624184
does the essential oil of lippia sidoides cham. (pepper-rosmarin) affect its endophytic microbial community?lippia sidoides cham., also known as pepper-rosmarin, produces an essential oil in its leaves that is currently used by the pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industries for its antimicrobial and aromatic properties. because of the antimicrobial compounds (mainly thymol and carvacrol) found in the essential oil, we believe that the endophytic microorganisms found in l. sidoides are selected to live in different parts of the plant.201323387945
molecular diversity of bacteroidales in fecal and environmental samples and swine-associated subpopulations.several swine-specific microbial source tracking methods are based on pcr assays targeting bacteroidales 16s rrna gene sequences. the limited application of these assays can be explained by the poor understanding of their molecular diversity in fecal sources and environmental waters. in order to address this, we studied the diversity of 9,340 partial (>600 bp in length) bacteroidales 16s rrna gene sequences from 13 fecal sources and nine feces-contaminated watersheds. the compositions of major b ...201323160126
biofilm as an environment for dissemination of stx genes by transduction.dissemination of shiga toxin (stx)-encoding bacteriophages is the most likely mechanism for the spread of stx-encoding genes and the emergence of new stx-producing escherichia coli (stec). biofilm has been reported to be a place where horizontal gene transfer by plasmid conjugation and dna transformation may occur, and in this study, horizontal gene transfer by transduction has been demonstrated. transfer of stx-encoding bacteriophages to potentially pathogenic e. coli in biofilm was observed at ...201323183983
interactions of oximino-substituted boronic acids and β-lactams with the cmy-2-derived extended-spectrum cephalosporinases cmy-30 and cmy-42.cmy-30 and cmy-42 are extended-spectrum (es) derivatives of cmy-2. es characteristics are due to substitutions of gly (cmy-30) and ser (cmy-42) for val211 in the ω-loop. to characterize the effects of 211 substitutions, we studied the interactions of cmy-2, -30, and -42 with boronic acid transition state inhibitors (batsis) resembling ceftazidime and cefotaxime, assessed thermal stability of the enzymes in their free forms and in complexes with batsis and oximino-β-lactams, and simulated, using ...201323229484
draft genome sequence of the type species of the genus citrobacter, citrobacter freundii mtcc 1658.we report the 5.0-mb genome sequence of the type species of the genus citrobacter, citrobacter freundii strain mtcc 1658, isolated from canal water. this draft genome sequence of c. freundii strain mtcc 1658(t) consists of 5,001,265 bp with a g+c content of 51.61%, 4,691 protein-coding genes, 70 trnas, and 10 rrnas.201323405287
prevalence of esbl, ampc β-lactamases and mrsa among uropathogens and its antibiogram.urinary tract infections (utis) are one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. current knowledge on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is essential for appropriate therapy. therefore the aim of the present study was to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial strains, with special reference to esbl, ampc β-lactamase and mrsa production. a total of 325 clinical isolates were collected from uti patients from various tertiary care hospitals over a ...201326417218
development of quantitative pcr assays targeting the 16s rrna genes of enterococcus spp. and their application to the identification of enterococcus species in environmental samples.the detection of environmental enterococci has been determined primarily by using culture-based techniques that might exclude some enterococcal species as well as those that are nonculturable. to address this, the relative abundances of enterococci were examined by challenging fecal and water samples against a currently available genus-specific assay (entero1). to determine the diversity of enterococcal species, 16s rrna gene-based group-specific quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays were developed and ...201323087032
novel 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase aac(6')-iaj from a clinical isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa.pseudomonas aeruginosa ncgm1588 has a novel chromosomal class 1 integron, in151, which includes the aac(6')-iaj gene. the encoded protein, aac(6')-iaj, was found to consist of 184 amino acids, with 70% identity to aac(6')-ia. escherichia coli transformed with a plasmid containing the aac(6')-iaj gene acquired resistance to all aminoglycosides tested except gentamicin. of note, aac(6')-iaj contributed to the resistance to arbekacin. thin-layer chromatography revealed that aac(6')-iaj acetylated a ...201323070167
microbial floral dynamics of chinese traditional soybean paste (doujiang) and commercial soybean paste.traditional soybean paste from shandong liangshan and tianyuan jiangyuan commercial soybean paste were chosen for analysis and comparison of their bacterial and fungal dynamics using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis and 16s rrna gene clone libraries. the bacterial diversity results showed that more than 20 types of bacteria were present in traditional shandong soybean paste during its fermentation process, whereas only six types of bacteria were present in the commercial soybean paste. th ...201324002452
characterization of the bacterial microbiota of biomphalaria glabrata (say, 1818) (mollusca: gastropoda) from brazil.roughly 200 000 000 people in 74 countries infected with schistosomes all share the fact that they came in contact freshwater harbouring infected snails. the aim of the study is to characterize the microbiota of wild and laboratory-reared snails of biomphalaria glabrata from pernambuco, brazil. the microbiota of these molluscs was identified biochemically by the vitek 2 automated microbiological system. antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disc diffusion method with ß-lact ...201323488866
selected emerging diseases of amphibia.this review summarizes the most recent updates on emerging infectious diseases of amphibia. a brief summary of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and biosecurity is provided. ambystoma tigrinum virus, common midwife toad virus, frog virus 3, rana grylio virus, rana catesbeiana ranavirus, mahaffey road virus, rana esculenta virus, bohle iridovirus, and tiger frog virus ranaviruses are extensively reviewed. emerging bacterial patho ...201323642863
antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of commercial beetroot pomace.the by-product of food processing is often utilized as feed, and for the preparation of dietary fiber and biofuel. however, these products are also promising sources of bioactive antioxidants and color giving compounds, which could be used as additives in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. the aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile, and the antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of industrial beetroot pomace extract (bpe). the content of phenolic ...201323423147
synthesis and characterization of a series of transition metal complexes with a new symmetrical polyoxaaza macroacyclic schiff base ligand: x-ray crystal structure of cobalt(ii) and nickel(ii) complexes and their antibacterial properties.a new symmetrical [n4o2] hexadentate schiff base ligand, (e)-n-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-(3-(2-((e)-pyridin-2-lmethyleneamino)phenoxy)naphthalen-2-yloxy)benzenamine, abbreviated to l, and its complexes of ni(ii), cu(ii), zn(ii), co(ii), cd(ii) and mn(ii) have been synthesized in the presence of metal ions. the complexes were structurally characterized by elemental analyses, ir, uv-vis, nmr and molar conductivity. the crystal structures of two complexes, [nil(ono2)2]·2h2o and [colcl2]ch3oh·0.5h2o ...201323099161
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of 1-methyl-3-sulfonylthio-4-aminoquinolinium chlorides.synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity (mic) of novel 1-methyl-3-sulfonylthio-4-aminoquinolinium chlorides 2 are described. compounds 2 were obtained in the reaction of 1-methyl-4-aminoquinolinium 3-thiolates 1 with sulfonyl chlorides. antimicrobial activity of compounds 2 was investigated using gram-positive staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus saprophyticus, staphylococcus epidermidis, micrococcus luteus, enterococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis, corynebacterium pseudodiphtericum and g ...201323610972
receptor polymorphism restricts contact-dependent growth inhibition to members of the same species.bacteria that express contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) systems outcompete siblings that lack immunity, suggesting that cdi mediates intercellular competition. to further explore the role of cdi in competition, we determined the target cell range of the cdiec93 system from escherichia coli ec93. the cdiaec93 effector protein recognizes the widely conserved bama protein as a receptor, yet e. coli ec93 does not inhibit other enterobacterial species. the predicted membrane topology of bama ...201323882017
central line maintenance bundles and clabsis in ambulatory oncology patients.pediatric oncology patients are frequently managed with central lines as outpatients, and these lines confer significant morbidity in this immune-compromised population. we aimed to investigate whether a multidisciplinary, central line maintenance care bundle reduces central line-associated bloodstream infections (clabsis) and bacteremias in ambulatory pediatric oncology patients.201324101764
antibacterial activity of honey on cariogenic bacteria.honey has antibacterial activity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of honey on streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus.201323724198
an analog of the host-defense peptide hymenochirin-1b with potent broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria and immunomodulatory properties.hymenochirin-1b (iklspetkdn(10)lkkvlkgaik(20)gaiavakmv.nh2) is a cationic, amphipathic, α-helical, host-defense peptide, first isolated from skin secretions of the congo clawed frog hymenochirus boettgeri (pipidae). structure-activity relationships were investigated by synthesizing analogs in which the pro(5), glu(6) and asp(9) on the hydrophilic face of the α-helix are substituted by one or more l-lysine or d-lysine residues. although replacement with l-lysine generates analogs with increased a ...201324172540
[antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacilli isolated from 13 teaching hospitals across china].to explore the antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial gram-negative bacilli across china.201324025503
[investigation of the presence of new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (ndm-1) by pcr in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative isolates].bacteria producing new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (ndm-1) exhibit high level resistance to beta-lactams including carbapenems. this broad-spectrum resistance limits treatment options for infections caused by ndm-1 producers. ndm-1 was first isolated from an indian patient in sweden; since then, ndm-1 producing isolates have been identified in many countries including turkey. in this study, we investigated the presence of ndm-1 by pcr method in various gram-negative isolates recovered from cl ...201323621739
antibiofilm activity of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide.cell-free extracts isolated from colony biofilms of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 were found to inhibit biofilm formation by staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, but not by a. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 itself, in a 96-well microtiter plate assay. physical and chemical analyses indicated that the antibiofilm activity in the extract was due to high-molecular-weight polysaccharide. extracts isolated from a mutant strain deficient in the pro ...201323691104
peptidoglycan fragment release from neisseria meningitidis.neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a symbiont of the human nasopharynx. on occasion, meningococci disseminate from the nasopharynx to cause invasive disease. previous work showed that purified meningococcal peptidoglycan (pg) stimulates human nod1, which leads to activation of nf-κb and production of inflammatory cytokines. no studies have determined if meningococci release pg or activate nod1 during infection. the closely related pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae releases pg fragments durin ...201323836824
ecthyma gangrenosum in a neonate: not always pseudomonas.ecthyma gangrenosum (eg) is a cutaneous manifestation of invasive infection usually caused by pseudomonas, but can be caused by many bacteria, fungal and viral infections. we present the first reported case of eg caused by invasive escherichia coli in a neonate. a neonate presented with evidence of sepsis and a rapidly evolving 3×3.5 cm(2) well-circumscribed haemorrhagic and necrotic ulcer on the left groin. there was evidence of decreased perfusion of the lower limb owing to pressure effect of ...201323715836
unified theory of bacterial sialometabolism: how and why bacteria metabolize host sialic acids.sialic acids are structurally diverse nine-carbon ketosugars found mostly in humans and other animals as the terminal units on carbohydrate chains linked to proteins or lipids. the sialic acids function in cell-cell and cell-molecule interactions necessary for organismic development and homeostasis. they not only pose a barrier to microorganisms inhabiting or invading an animal mucosal surface, but also present a source of potential carbon, nitrogen, and cell wall metabolites necessary for bacte ...201323724337
comparison of the cobas 4800 ct/ng test with culture for detecting neisseria gonorrhoeae in genital and nongenital specimens in a low-prevalence population in new zealand.to assess the clinical utility of replacing microbial culture for neisseria gonorrhoeae with a nucleic acid amplification test (naat), we compared n. gonorrhoeae culture with the cobas 4800 ct/ng test for 18,247 urogenital and 666 nongenital samples. for urogenital specimens, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the cobas n. gonorrhoeae pcr were 98.7%, 100%, 95.6%, and 100%, respectively, and for nongenital specimens, the values were 100%, 99.8%, 92.9%, an ...201323467604
pcr followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for broad-range identification of fungal pathogens.invasive fungal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. early and accurate identification of these pathogens is central to direct therapy and to improve overall outcome. pcr coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (pcr/esi-ms) was evaluated as a novel means for identification of fungal pathogens. using a database grounded by 60 atcc reference strains, a total of 394 clinical fungal isolates (264 molds and 130 yeasts) were ana ...201323303501
sialic acid utilization by cronobacter sakazakii.the cronobacter genus is composed of seven species, and can cause infections in all age groups. of particular concern is c. sakazakii, as this species is strongly associated with severe and often fatal cases of necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis in neonates and infants. whole genome sequencing has revealed that the nanakt gene cluster required for the utilisation of exogenous sialic acid is unique to the c. sakazakii species (esa_03609-13).sialic acid is found in breast milk, infant formul ...201323706082
prospective multi-centre sentinel surveillance for haemophilus influenzae type b & other bacterial meningitis in indian children.haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is one of the leading bacterial causes of invasive disease in populations without access to hib conjugate vaccines (hib-cv). india has recently decided to introduce hib-cv into the routine immunization programme in selected states. longitudinal data quantifying the burden of bacterial meningitis and the proportion of disease caused by various bacteria are needed to track the impact of hib-cv once introduced. a hospital-based sentinel surveillance network was e ...201323703338
identification of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in drinking water samples of different rural health centers and their clinical impacts on humans.international drinking water quality monitoring programs have been established in order to prevent or to reduce the risk of contracting water-related infections. a survey was performed on groundwater-derived drinking water from 13 different hospitals in the mahabubnagar district. a total of 55 bacterial strains were isolated which belonged to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. all the taxa were identified based on the 16s rrna gene sequence analysis based on which they are phylogenet ...201323862144
antibacterial activity of eravacycline (tp-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens.eravacycline (tp-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline that was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against panels of recently isolated aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. eravacycline showed potent broad-spectrum activity against 90% of the isolates (mic90) in each panel at concentrations ranging from ≤0.008 to 2 μg/ml for all species panels except those of pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia ...201323979750
aetiology of pulmonary symptoms in hiv-infected smear negative recurrent ptb suspects in kampala, uganda: a cross-sectional study.previously treated tb patients with pulmonary symptoms are often considered recurrent tb suspects in the resource-limited settings, where investigations are limited to microscopy and chest x-ray. category ii anti-tb drugs may be inappropriate and may expose patients to pill burden, drug toxicities and drug-drug interactions.201324312650
clinico-bacteriological study of chronic dacryocystitis cases in northern karnataka, india.the aim of this study was to identify the organisms responsible and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates from conjunctiva and nasal mucosa in cases of chronic dacryocystitis and comparing with lacrimal sac specimen.201324392383
β -lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates of intensive care unit patients at national institute of neurological and allied sciences, nepal.the widespread use of tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to support the critically ill patients increases the risk of development of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia. this cross-sectional study was conducted with an aim to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates producing extended-spectrum β -lactamase (esbl), ampc β -lactamase, and metallo- β -lactamase (mbl) from august 2011 to april 2012 at national institute of neurological and allied sciences (nina ...201324078895
rapid single cell detection of staphylococcus aureus by aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles.staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens, causing more than 500,000 infections in the united states each year. traditional methods for bacterial culture and identification take several days, wasting precious time for patients who are suffering severe bacterial infections. numerous nucleic acid-based detection methods have been introduced to address this deficiency; however, the costs and requirement for expensive equipment may limit the widespread use of such technologi ...201323689505
antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline-avibactam tested against clinical isolates collected from u.s. medical centers in 2010-2011.ceftaroline-avibactam and comparator agents were tested by the broth microdilution method against 20,089 isolates consecutively collected in 2010 and 2011 from 75 u.s. medical centers. ceftaroline-avibactam was active against enterobacteriaceae (4,908 strains; mic90, 0.25 μg/ml; highest mic, 4 μg/ml), including meropenem-nonsusceptible klebsiella spp. and ceftazidime-nonsusceptible enterobacter cloacae strains (mic90, 1 μg/ml for both). ceftaroline-avibactam was also active against ceftriaxone-n ...201323380730
autotransplantation of culture-positive islet product: is dirty always bad?in selected patients, total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (tpiat) effectively relieves pain caused by chronic pancreatitis and ameliorates the brittle diabetes of the apancreatic state. patients often undergo multiple endoscopic and surgical interventions prior to tpiat, increasing the risk for pancreas colonization with enteric microorganisms. little is known of the safety of transplanting islet cells with microbial contamination.201324308511
autotransplantation of culture-positive islet product: is dirty always bad?in selected patients, total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (tpiat) effectively relieves pain caused by chronic pancreatitis and ameliorates the brittle diabetes of the apancreatic state. patients often undergo multiple endoscopic and surgical interventions prior to tpiat, increasing the risk for pancreas colonization with enteric microorganisms. little is known of the safety of transplanting islet cells with microbial contamination.201324308511
a new protocol to detect multiple foodborne pathogens with pcr dipstick dna chromatography after a six-hour enrichment culture in a broad-range food pathogen enrichment broth.a quick foodborne pathogen screening method after six-hour enrichment culture with a broad-range food pathogen enrichment broth is described. pathogenic factors of salmonella enterica, shigella spp., enteroinvasive escherichia coli, and enterohemorrhagic e. coli are amplified with a cocktail primer and rapid polymerase chain reaction (pcr), which finishes amplification in 30 min. the pcr amplicon was differentiated with a dipstick dna chromatography assay in 5-10 min. starting from a four- to si ...201324364031
evaluation of the βlacta test, a rapid test detecting resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in clinical strains of enterobacteriaceae.for decades, third-generation cephalosporins (3gc) have been major drugs used to treat infections due to enterobacteriaceae; growing resistance to these antibiotics makes the rapid detection of such resistance important. the βlacta test is a chromogenic test developed for detecting 3gc-resistant isolates from cultures on solid media within 15 min. a multicenter prospective study conducted in 5 french and belgian hospitals evaluated the performance of this test on clinical isolates. based on anti ...201324068012
antimicrobial activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam tested against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa with various resistance patterns isolated in u.s. hospitals (2011-2012).ceftolozane/tazobactam, a novel antimicrobial agent with activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa (including drug-resistant strains) and other common gram-negative pathogens (including most extended-spectrum-β-lactamase [esbl]-producing enterobacteriaceae strains), and comparator agents were susceptibility tested by a reference broth microdilution method against 7,071 enterobacteriaceae and 1,971 p. aeruginosa isolates. isolates were collected consecutively from patients in 32 medical centers acr ...201324100499
high levels of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in a major teaching hospital in ghana: the need for regular monitoring and evaluation of antibiotic resistance.infections with bacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) are increasing across africa. this study reports on esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae as significant causes of infections and antibiotic resistance at korle-bu teaching hospital in accra, ghana. of 300 isolates examined, 49.3% produced esbls. the prevalence of esbls was significantly high among isolates from neonates (28 of 43, 65.1%; relative risk = 1.62, 95% confidence interval = 1.33-2.13, p = 0.002) and adult patien ...201324043693
trends in human fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the community: toward the globalization of ctx-m.in the last 10 years, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (esbl-e) have become one of the main challenges for antibiotic treatment of enterobacterial infections, largely because of the current ctx-m enzyme pandemic. however, most studies have focused on hospitalized patients, though today it appears that the community is strongly affected as well. we therefore decided to devote our investigation to trends in esbl-e fecal carriage rates and comprehensively reviewed data from st ...201324092853
antimicrobial and herbal drug resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of common house lizard/gecko (hemidactylus frenatus).from 194 faecal dropping samples of common house geckos collected from offices (60), houses (88), integrated farm units (ifs,18) and hostels, guest houses, and dining rooms of different canteen/mess (hgm, 28), 326 bacterial isolates of enteric bacteria belonging to 17 genera and 34 species were detected. escherichia coli were the most frequently (39) isolated followed by citrobacter freundii (33), klebsiella pneumonia (27), salmonella indica (12), enterobacter gergoviae (12), and ent. agglomeran ...201324223595
genetic characterization of atypical citrobacter freundii.the ability of a bacterial population to survive in different niches, as well as in stressful and rapidly changing environmental conditions, depends greatly on its genetic content. to survive such fluctuating conditions, bacteria have evolved different mechanisms to modulate phenotypic variations and related strategies to produce high levels of genetic diversity. laboratories working in microbiological diagnosis have shown that citrobacter freundii is very versatile in its colony morphology, as ...201324069274
the microbiological profile of lacrimal abscess: two decades of experience from a tertiary eye care center.the aim of this study is to exclusively report the microbiological spectrum of lacrimal abscess and the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the organisms. retrospective interventional study on 112 eyes of 112 patients who presented to the ophthalmic plastic clinic of a tertiary eye care center over a period of 23 years from january 1990 to february 2013 with lacrimal abscess were reviewed for demographic and microbiological profile. the culture results, organisms isolated, and their antibiotic se ...201323889760
characterization of qnrb-like genes in citrobacter species of the american type culture collection.among five american type culture collection (atcc) citrobacter strains, qnrb60 in citrobacter freundii atcc 6879, an isolate from the preantibiotic era, and qnrb61 in citrobacter braakii atcc 51113(t), a type strain belonging to the c. freundii complex, were identified. meanwhile, a truncated qnrb-like pseudogene was identified in c. freundii atcc 8090(t) and atcc 43864. no qnrb-like sequence was found in citrobacter koseri atcc 27028(t). these findings underscore the close relationship between ...201323529729
multidrug resistant citrobacter: an unusual cause of liver abscess.liver abscesses are infectious, space occupying lesions in the liver, the two most common abscesses being pyogenic and amoebic. a pyogenic liver abscess (pla) is a rare condition with a reported incidence of 20 per 100 000 hospital admissions in the western population. the right lobe of the liver is the most common site in both types of liver abscess. clinical presentation is elusive with complaints of fever, right upper quadrant pain in the abdomen and hepatomegaly with or without jaundice. the ...201323608848
prevalence of urinary colonization by extended spectrum-beta-lactamase enterobacteriaceae among catheterised inpatients in italian long term care facilities.long term care facilities (ltcfs) play a key role in guaranteeing care to patients in developed countries. many patients, mostly elderly, access ltcfs at some time in their lives, and their healthcare pathways often require them to move back and forth between hospital and outpatient settings. these patterns bring about new challenges regarding infection control, especially healthcare associated infections.201323497323
persistence of related bla-imp-4 metallo-beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae from clinical and environmental specimens within a burns unit in australia - a six-year retrospective study.to describe the clinical epidemiology, environmental surveillance and infection control interventions undertaken in a six-year persistence of bla-imp-4 metallo-beta-lactamase (mbl) producing enterobacteriaceae within a separately confined hospital burns unit in a tertiary hospital in sydney, australia.201324345195
a study on the bacteriological profile and antibiogram of bacteremia in children below 10 years in a tertiary care hospital in bangalore, india.blood stream infections are very common in the pediatric age group. patients with bacteremia may have either a transient bacteremia that may be rapidly and permanently cleared by a patient's host defenses with no major consequences, or persistent bacteremia which can be self-limited without development of focal infection or sequelae, or may progress to a more serious fatal infection or toxic symptoms.201324551625
the β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam (nxl104) does not induce ampc β-lactamase in enterobacter cloacae.induction of ampc β-lactamase expression can often compromise antibiotic treatment and is triggered by several β-lactams (such as cefoxitin and imipenem) and by the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. the novel β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam (nxl104) is a potent inhibitor of both class a and class c enzymes. the potential of avibactam for induction of ampc expression in enterobacter cloacae was investigated by ampc messenger ribonucleic acid quantitation. cefoxitin and clavulanic acid were c ...201324348054
rapid intrinsic fluorescence method for direct identification of pathogens in blood cultures.a positive blood culture is a critical result that requires prompt identification of the causative agent. this article describes a simple method to identify microorganisms from positive blood culture broth within the time taken to perform a gram stain (<20 min). the method is based on intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (ifs) of whole cells and required development of a selective lysis buffer, aqueous density cushion, optical microcentrifuge tube, and reference database. a total of 1,121 monomic ...201324255123
rosmarinic acid and its methyl ester as antimicrobial components of the hydromethanolic extract of hyptis atrorubens poit. (lamiaceae).primary biological examination of four extracts of the leaves and stems of hyptis atrorubens poit. (lamiaceae), a plant species used as an antimicrobial agent in guadeloupe, allowed us to select the hydromethanolic extract of the stems for further studies. it was tested against 46 microorganisms in vitro. it was active against 29 microorganisms. the best antibacterial activity was found against bacteria, mostly gram-positive ones. bioautography enabled the isolation and identification of four an ...201324348709
use of a computerized c-reactive protein (crp) based sepsis evaluation in very low birth weight (vlbw) infants: a five-year experience.serial c-reactive protein (crp) values may be useful for decision-making regarding duration of antibiotics in neonates. however, established standard of practice for its use in preterm very low birth weight (<1500 g, vlbw) infants are lacking.201324244325
in vitro antibacterial efficacy of 21 indian timber-yielding plants against multidrug-resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infection.to screen methanolic leaf extracts of 21 timber-yielding plants for antibacterial activity against nine species of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of a hospital (enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, acinetobacter baumannii, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, and pseudomonas aeruginosa).201324524024
rapid identification of microbes in positive blood cultures by use of the vitek ms matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system.sepsis is a major cause of death worldwide among nonhospitalized people and hospitalized patients. a wide range of pathogens are involved, and the correct identification and correct antimicrobial therapy are critical to ensure optimal clinical outcomes. with the recent introduction of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms), rapid identification of bacteria and fungi is now possible. the purpose of this study was to develop a rapid technique fo ...201323985920
in vitro activity of ceftaroline-avibactam against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals from 2010 to 2012: results from the canward surveillance study.the in vitro activities of ceftaroline-avibactam, ceftaroline, and comparative agents were determined for a collection of bacterial pathogens frequently isolated from patients seeking care at 15 canadian hospitals from january 2010 to december 2012. in total, 9,758 isolates were tested by using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method (document m07-a9, 2012), with mics interpreted by using clsi breakpoints (document m100-s23, 2013). ceftaroline-avibactam ...201323979759
acinetobacter baumannii: role in blood stream infection in neonatal unit, dr. cipto mangunkusumo hospital, jakarta, indonesia.acinetobacter baumannii (a. baumannii) is gram-negative coccobacilli that has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen. several reports in indonesia showed the continuous presence of a. baumannii. this study aimed to determine the incidence of a. baumannii bacteremia in neonates in the neonatal unit dr. cipto mangunkusumo hospital (rscm), jakarta, indonesia, and assess its role in blood stream infection using antibiogram and genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). subjects were neonates w ...201324288538
spontaneous gram-negative bacillary meningitis in adult patients: characteristics and outcome.spontaneous meningitis caused by gram-negative bacilli in adult patients is uncommon and poorly characterized. our objective is to describe and compare the characteristics and the outcome of adult patients with spontaneous gram-negative bacilli meningitis (gnbm) and spontaneous meningitis due to other pathogens.201324079517
comparative study of the prevalence of sepsis in patients admitted to dermatology and internal medicine wards.sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. the prevalence of this condition has increased significantly in different parts of the world. patients admitted to dermatology wards often have severe loss of skin barrier and use systemic corticosteroids, which favor the development of sepsis.201324173179
bacterial peritonitis due to acinetobacter baumannii sequence type 25 with plasmid-borne new delhi metallo-β-lactamase in honduras.a carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strain was isolated from the peritoneal fluid of a patient with complicated intra-abdominal infection and evaluated at the multidrug-resistant organism repository and surveillance network by whole-genome sequencing and real-time pcr. the isolate was sequence type 25 and susceptible to colistin and minocycline, with low mics of tigecycline. blandm-1 was located on a plasmid with >99% homology to pndm-bj02. the isolate carried numerous other antibioti ...201323817381
kpnef, a new member of the klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon, is an smr-type efflux pump involved in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance.klebsiella pneumoniae has been frequently associated with nosocomial infections. efflux systems are ubiquitous transporters that also function in drug resistance. genome analysis of k. pneumoniae strain ntuh-k2044 revealed the presence of ∼15 putative drug efflux systems. we discuss here for the first time the characterization of a putative smr-type efflux pump, an ebrab homolog (denoted here as kpnef) with respect to klebsiella physiology and the multidrug-resistant phenotype. analysis of hyper ...201323836167
efficacy of humanized carbapenem exposures against new delhi metallo-β-lactamase (ndm-1)-producing enterobacteriaceae in a murine infection model.enterobacteriaceae producing the novel carbapenemase new delhi metallo-β-lactamase (ndm-1) are emerging worldwide. while these organisms often display high levels of in vitro resistance to multiple antibiotics, in vivo efficacy data are lacking. here, the activities of humanized ertapenem and doripenem exposures were characterized against a wild-type k. pneumoniae and its derived isogenic strains harboring either an ndm-1 or kpc-2 plasmid in immunocompetent mice. in addition, four clinical isola ...201323733463
screening of biological activities of polygonum maritimum l. from algerian coast.to investigate the antioxidant and the antibacterial activities of crude extract from aerial part of polygonum maritimum l. (polygonaceae) (p. maritimum) and to find new actives biomolecules.201323905017
antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized surgical patients: a silently emerging public health concern in uganda.surgical site infections (ssis) are difficult to treat and are associated with substantially longer hospital stay, higher treatment cost, morbidity and mortality, particularly when the etiological agent is multidrug-resistant (mdr). to address the limited data in uganda on ssis, we present the spectrum of bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients, the magnitude and impact of mdr bacterial isolates among patients with ssis.201323890206
detection of escherichia coli and associated β-lactamases genes from diabetic foot ulcers by multiplex pcr and molecular modeling and docking of shv-1, tem-1, and oxa-1 β-lactamases with clindamycin and piperacillin-tazobactam.diabetic foot ulcer (dfu) is a common and devastating complication in diabetes. antimicrobial resistance mediated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) production by bacteria is considered to be a major threat for foot amputation. the present study deals with the detection of escherichia coli and the prevalence of bla(tem), bla(shv) and bla(oxa) genes directly from biopsy and swab of foot ulcers of diabetic patients. in total, 116 dfu patients were screened, of which 42 suffering with severe ...201323861873
the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database.the field of antibiotic drug discovery and the monitoring of new antibiotic resistance elements have yet to fully exploit the power of the genome revolution. despite the fact that the first genomes sequenced of free living organisms were those of bacteria, there have been few specialized bioinformatic tools developed to mine the growing amount of genomic data associated with pathogens. in particular, there are few tools to study the genetics and genomics of antibiotic resistance and how it impac ...201323650175
discrimination of enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting gram negative bacilli by maldi-tof mass spectrometry.discrimination of enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting gram negative bacilli by maldi-tof mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has proven to be an effective identification tool in medical microbiology. discrimination to subspecies or serovar level has been found to be challenging using commercially available identification software. by forming our own reference database and using alternative analysis methods, we could reli ...201323919091
blood stream infections in patients in the burn intensive care unit.the study on bacteremia helps empirically select the proper antibiotics before the results of culture test about causative pathogen. the purpose of this study is to investigate causative pathogen in bloodstream infection, changing aspects based on elapsed time after burn, relationship with other sites and resistance of important causative pathogen against antibiotics through analysis on bacteria isolated from blood culture of patients hospitalized in burn intensive care unit (bicu).201324265967
identification and characterization of the first escherichia coli strain carrying ndm-1 gene in china.new delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (ndm-1), an acquired class b carbapenemase, is a significant clinical threat due to its extended hydrolysis of β-lactams including carbapenems. in this study, we identified the first confirmed clinical isolate of escherichia coli bj01 harboring bla(ndm-1) in china. the isolate is highly resistant to all tested antimicrobials except polymyxin. bla(ndm-1), bla(ctx-m-57), and bla tem-1 were identified in the isolate. bla(ndm-1) was transferable to e. coli ec600 and d ...201323762496
emergence of 16s rrna methylase-producing acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in hospitals in vietnam.16s rrna methylase-producing gram-negative bacteria are highly resistant to all clinically important aminoglycosides. we analyzed clinical strains of 16s rrna methylase-producing acinetobactor baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from clinical isolates in medical settings in vietnam.201323721359
crystal structure of acrb complexed with linezolid at 3.5 å resolution.acrb is an inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux pump and is part of the acrab-tolc tripartite efflux system. we have determined the crystal structure of acrb with bound linezolid at a resolution of 3.5 å. the structure shows that linezolid binds to the a385/f386 loops of the symmetric trimer of acrb. a conformational change of a loop in the bottom of the periplasmic cleft is also observed.201323673416
a magneto-dna nanoparticle system for rapid detection and phenotyping of bacteria.so far, although various diagnostic approaches for pathogen detection have been proposed, most are too expensive, lengthy or limited in specificity for clinical use. nanoparticle systems with unique material properties, however, circumvent these problems and offer improved accuracy over current methods. here, we present novel magneto-dna probes capable of rapid and specific profiling of pathogens directly in clinical samples. a nanoparticle hybridization assay, involving ubiquitous and specific ...201323644570
risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria in non-ventilated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia.to identify risk factors for the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap) caused by multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria in non-ventilated patients.201323857697
a real-time pcr-based semi-quantitative breakpoint to aid in molecular identification of urinary tract infections.this study presents a novel approach to aid in diagnosis of urinary tract infections (utis). a real-time pcr assay was used to screen for culture-positive urinary specimens and to identify the causative uropathogen. semi-quantitative breakpoints were used to screen for significant bacteriuria (presence of ≥ 10(5) cfu/ml of uropathogens) or low-level bacteriuria (containing between 10(3) and 10(4) cfu/ml of uropathogens). the 16s rdna-based assay could identify the most prevalent uropathogens usi ...201323626685
chicken cathelicidins display antimicrobial activity against multiresistant bacteria without inducing strong resistance.the increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria in combination with the relatively limited development of new antibiotics presents a serious threat to public health. in chicken, especially extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (esbl) carrying enterobacteriaceae are often asymptomatically present but can infect humans. due to their broad range antimicrobial activity cathelicidins and other host defence peptides, are considered to be an attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics. in ...201323613986
clinical management of infections caused by multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae.enterobacteriaceae showing resistance to cephalosporins due to extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) or plasmid-mediated ampc enzymes, and those producing carbapenemases have spread worldwide during the last decades. many of these isolates are also resistant to other first-line agents such as fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides, leaving few available options for therapy. thus, older drugs such as colistin and fosfomycin are being increasingly used. infections caused by these bacteria are associ ...201325165544
direct sequencing and ripseq interpretation as a tool for identification of polymicrobial infections.in this study, ripseq mixed, a software resolving uninterpretable mixed dna sequencing chromatograms, revealed the bacterial content of 15 polymicrobial samples. direct sequencing combined with ripseq mixed constitutes a valuable supplement to cultivation, particularly when cultivation is negative and direct sequencing is inconclusive despite continued clinical indications of infection.201323363825
complete sequence of the inct-type plasmid pt-oxa-181 carrying the blaoxa-181 carbapenemase gene from citrobacter freundii.the gene encoding the carbapenemase oxa-181 (an oxa-48 variant) was identified from a citrobacter freundii isolate coproducing ndm-1. the whole sequence of plasmid pt-oxa-181 bearing the blaoxa-181 gene was determined and revealed a 84-kb mobilizable but non-self-conjugative inct-type plasmid. it totally differs from the 7.6-kb cole-type and blaoxa-181-bearing plasmid recently identified in a klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. however, in both plasmids, insertion sequence isecp1 might have played a ...201323357767
comparative genomic analysis of rapid evolution of an extreme-drug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii clone.the emergence of extreme-drug-resistant (edr) bacterial strains in hospital and nonhospital clinical settings is a big and growing public health threat. understanding the antibiotic resistance mechanisms at the genomic levels can facilitate the development of next-generation agents. here, comparative genomics has been employed to analyze the rapid evolution of an edr acinetobacter baumannii clone from the intensive care unit (icu) of rigshospitalet at copenhagen. two resistant a. baumannii strai ...201323538992
diversity of culturable bacteria including pantoea in wild mosquito aedes albopictus.the microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the biology of insects. in recent decades, significant efforts have been made to better understand the diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with mosquitoes and assess their influence on pathogen transmission. here, we report the bacterial composition found in field-caught aedes albopictus populations by using culture-dependent methods.201323537168
comparison of the effects of silver nanoparticles on pathogenic bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (esbls) as a prokaryote model and wistar rats as a eukaryote model.antimicrobial resistance in hospital pathogens is an important concern. it can cause longer hospital stays, increase costs, and contribute to increased mortality and morbidity in hospitalized patients. the aim of this study was to categorize and identify gram-negative bacilli capable of esbls production and to study the effect of mic silver nanoparticles on bacteria strains and then study them in wistar rats.201323507904
a real-time pcr assay for the detection of atypical strains of chlamydiaceae from pigeons.recent evidence of the occurrence of atypical chlamydiaceae strains in pigeons, different from the established chlamydiaceae, requires the development of a specific and rapid detection tool to investigate their prevalence and significance. here is described a new real-time pcr assay that allows specific detection of atypical chlamydiaceae from pigeons. the assay has been used to assess the dissemination of these strains in field samples collected from parisian pigeon populations in 2009. the res ...201323516548
antibiotics as selectors and accelerators of diversity in the mechanisms of resistance: from the resistome to genetic plasticity in the β-lactamases world.antibiotics and antibiotic resistance determinants, natural molecules closely related to bacterial physiology and consistent with an ancient origin, are not only present in antibiotic-producing bacteria. throughput sequencing technologies have revealed an unexpected reservoir of antibiotic resistance in the environment. these data suggest that co-evolution between antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes has occurred since the beginning of time. this evolutionary race has probably been slow be ...201323404545
nutrition of the critically ill &#8212; a 21st-century perspective.health care-induced diseases constitute a fast-increasing problem. just one type of these health care-associated infections (hcai) constitutes the fourth leading cause of death in western countries. about 25 million individuals worldwide are estimated each year to undergo major surgery, of which approximately 3 million will never return home from the hospital. furthermore, the quality of life is reported to be significantly impaired for the rest of the lives of those who, during their hospital s ...201323344250
lower respiratory tract infections (ltris): an insight into the prevalence and the antibiogram of the gram negative, respiratory, bacterial agents.community acquired respiratory tract infections are one of the commonest health issues globally, which demand frequent visits to the family practitioners. the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the frequently isolated pathogens has complicated the use of the empiric therapy with traditional agents.201323543819
rapid detection and statistical differentiation of kpc gene variants in gram-negative pathogens by use of high-resolution melting and screenclust analyses.in the united states, the production of the klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc) is an important mechanism of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative pathogens. infections with kpc-producing organisms are associated with increased morbidity and mortality; therefore, the rapid detection of kpc-producing pathogens is critical in patient care and infection control. we developed a real-time pcr assay complemented with traditional high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis, as well as statistically b ...201323077125
carbapenem disks on macconkey agar in screening methods for detection of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative rods in stools.direct plating of simulated stool specimens on macconkey agar (mca) with 10-μg ertapenem, meropenem, and imipenem disks allowed the establishment of optimal zone diameters for the screening of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative rods (crgnr) of ≤ 24 mm (ertapenem), ≤ 34 mm (meropenem), and ≤ 32 mm (imipenem).201323135936
characteristics of urinary tract infection pathogens and their in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in china: data from a multicenter study.this study assessed the characteristics of pathogens identified in clinical isolates from patients with urinary tract infection (uti) and their in vitro sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics in the clinical setting in china.201324334199
detection of colonization by carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli in patients by use of the xpert mdro assay.detecting colonization of patients with carbapenemase-producing bacteria can be difficult. this study compared the sensitivity and specificity of a pcr-based method (xpert mdro) for detecting blakpc, blandm, and blavim carbapenem resistance genes using genexpert cartridges to the results of culture with and without a broth enrichment step on 328 rectal, perirectal, and stool samples. the culture method included direct inoculation of a macconkey agar plate on which a 10-μg meropenem disk was plac ...201324006011
genetic characterization and emergence of the metallo-β-lactamase gim-1 in pseudomonas spp. and enterobacteriaceae during a long-term outbreak.since the first isolation in 2002, the metallo-β-lactamase gim-1 has not been detected outside germany. the data presented here, for 50 clinical blagim-1-positive isolates, including pseudomonas spp. and enterobacteriaceae (enterobacter cloacae, klebsiella oxytoca, serratia marcescens, escherichia coli, and citrobacter freundii), collected between 2007 and 2012 at the original site in an ongoing outbreak, demonstrate a diverse genetic background and dissemination of the gene conferring resistanc ...201323877696
clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases.klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (kpcs) were originally identified in the usa in 1996. since then, these versatile β-lactamases have spread internationally among gram-negative bacteria, especially k pneumoniae, although their precise epidemiology is diverse across countries and regions. the mortality described among patients infected with organisms positive for kpc is high, perhaps as a result of the limited antibiotic options remaining (often colistin, tigecycline, or aminoglycosides). trip ...201323969216
evaluation of the carba np test for rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.the carba np test was evaluated against a panel of 244 carbapenemase- and non-carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. we confirmed the 100% specificity and positive predictive value of the test, but the sensitivity and negative predictive value were 72.5% and 69.2%, respectively, and increased to 80% and 77.3%, respectively, using a more concentrated bacterial extract. false-negative results were associated with mucoid strains or linked to enzymes with low ...201323817380
bioaugmentation with petroleum-degrading consortia has a selective growth-promoting impact on crop plants germinated in diesel oil-contaminated soil.rhizoremediation is a complex type of green clean-up technology that involves both plants and the rhizosphere-associated microorganisms to decompose hazardous compounds. the success of the strategy strongly depends on plant tolerance towards the pollutant, as well as plant's interactions with the rhizospheric microbes. the microorganisms may be stimulated by the secreted root exudates, which results in an increased breakdown of contaminants in the rhizosphere. the main goal of this study was to ...201324078757
kinetic parameters and cytotoxic activity of recombinant methionine γ-lyase from clostridium tetani, clostridium sporogenes, porphyromonas gingivalis and citrobacter freundii.the steady-state kinetic parameters of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent recombinant methionine γ -lyase from three pathogenic bacteria, clostridium tetani, clostridium sporogenes, and porphyromonas gingivalis, were determined in β- and γ-elimination reactions. the enzyme from c. sporogenes is characterized by the highest catalytic efficiency in the γ-elimination reaction of l-methionine. it was demonstrated that the enzyme from these three sources exists as a tetramer. the n-terminal poly-histid ...201324303205
detection of imp metallo-β-lactamase in carbapenem-nonsusceptible enterobacteriaceae and non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative rods by immunochromatography assay.metallo-β-lactamases (mbls) are transmissible carbapenemases of increasing prevalence in gram-negative bacteria among health care facilities worldwide. control of the further spread of these carbapenem-resistant bacteria relies on clinical microbiological laboratories correctly identifying and classifying the mbls. in this study, we evaluated a simple and rapid method for detecting imp, the most prevalent mbl in japan. we used an immunochromatography (ic) assay for 181 carbapenem-nonsusceptible ...201323536409
chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of cymbopogon nardus citronella essential oil against systemic bacteria of aquatic animals.this paper describes chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of cymbopogon nardus citronella essential oil against edwardsiella spp. (n = 21), vibrio spp. (n = 6), aeromonas spp. (n = 2), escherichia coli (n = 2), salmonella spp. (n = 2), flavobacterium spp. (n = 1), pseudomonas spp. (n = 1) and streptococcus spp. (n = 1) isolated from internal organs of aquatic animals. due to the ban of antibiotics for aquaculture use, this study was carried out to evaluate the potential of citronella ...201323825733
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