Publications

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proteins ylaj and yhcn contribute to the efficiency of spore germination in bacillus subtilis.the ylaj and yhcn spore lipoproteins of bacillus subtilis contain a common domain, and are of unknown function. homologues of ylaj or yhcn are widespread in bacilli and are also encoded in those clostridia that use cortex lytic enzymes sleb and cwlj for cortex hydrolysis during germination. in b. subtilis, we report that single and double mutants lacking ylaj and/or yhcn show a reduced rate of spore germination in l-alanine, with a delay in loss of heat resistance, release of dipicolinic acid an ...201728333204
probing the influence of non-covalent contact networks identified by charge density analysis on the oxidoreductase bacc.bacillus subtilis bacc is an oxidoreductase involved in the biosynthesis of the potent antibiotic bacilysin. the crystal structure of bacc was determined at 1.19 å resolution. an experimental charge density approach was used to calculate non-covalent interactions within the monomer and across the dimeric interface of bacc. this interaction network, in turn, enabled an analysis of non-covalently connected paths that span the protein structure. one of the pathways of non-covalent interactions was ...201728158843
efficient antibacterial membrane based on two-dimensional ti3c2tx (mxene) nanosheets.advanced membranes that enable ultrafast water flux while demonstrating anti-biofouling characteristics can facilitate sustainable water/wastewater treatment processes. mxenes, two-dimensional (2d) metal carbides and nitrides, have attracted attention for applications in water/wastewater treatment. in this work, we reported the antibacterial properties of micrometer-thick titanium carbide (ti3c2tx) mxene membranes prepared by filtration on a polyvinylidene fluoride (pvdf) support. the bactericid ...201728487521
are biological control agents, isolated from tropical fruits, harmless to potential consumers?postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables can reach up to 25% in developed and up to 50% in developing countries. (sub)tropical fruits are especially susceptible because their protecting peel can easily be damaged. traditionally used pesticides are associated to environmental pollution and possible harmful health effects. an alternative are biocontrol agents (bca), means bacteria or yeasts applied onto the fruits to inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. many reports on their effectiveness have ...201728487233
characterization of high hydrostatic pressure-injured bacillus subtilis cells.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) affects various cellular processes. using a sporulation-deficient bacillus subtilis strain, we characterized the properties of vegetative cells subjected to hhp. when stationary-phase cells were exposed to 250 mpa of hhp for 10 min at 25 °c, approximately 50% of cells were viable, although they exhibited a prolonged growth lag. the hhp-injured cells autolyzed in the presence of nacl or kcl (at concentrations ≥100 mm). superoxide dismutase slightly protected the vi ...201728485219
molecular cloning and expression of a glycosyltransferase from bacillus subtilis for modification of morin and related polyphenols.to characterize glycosyltransferases from bacillus subtilis atcc 6633 and investigate their substrate specificity towards plant polyphenols.201728484911
effect of bacillus subtilis on aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).our study explored the effect of oral intubation of bacillus subtilis on aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp. the mid-intestine mucosal tissue was collected for atpase activity measurement. intestinal mucosa was also ultrastructurally examined with transmission electron microscope (tem), and its permeability was determined using evans blue (eb) and d-lactic acid. the mid-intestine pro-inflammation cytokine, myd88 and tight juncti ...201728484272
exploring the amino acid residue requirements of the rna polymerase (rnap) α subunit c-terminal domain for productive interaction between spx and rnap of bacillus subtilis.bacillus subtilis spx is a global transcriptional regulator that is conserved among gram-positive bacteria, in which spx is required for preventing oxidatively induced proteotoxicity. upon stress induction, spx engages rna polymerase (rnap) through interaction with the c-terminal domain of the rpoa-encoded rnap α subunit (αctd). previous mutational analysis of rpoa revealed that substitutions of y263 in αctd severely impaired spx-activated transcription. attempts to substitute alanine for αctd r ...201728484046
use of bacillus subtilis pb6 as a potential antibiotic growth promoter replacement in improving performance of broiler birds.the intestinal gut health is one of the primary determinants of broiler growth and performance. among the various enteric diseases, necrotic enteritis (ne) is an enterotoxemic disease caused by clostridium perfringens, which can result in severe economic losses in poultry farming. antibiotics like bacitracin methylene disalicylate (bmd) and avilamycin (avl) are commonly used antibiotic growth promoters (agp) in poultry feed to control necrotic enteritis in birds. bacillus subtilis pb6 was report ...201728482065
effect of microorganisms on reducing cadmium uptake and toxicity in rice (oryza sativa l.).this study analyzed the application of three microorganism inoculums, including bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, and commercial effective microorganism (em) solution in order to determine cadmium (cd) reduction in rice (oryza sativa l.) and rice growth promotion. rice was grown in cd-contaminated soil (120 mg/kg) and selected microorganisms were inoculated. cd concentration and rice weight were measured at 45 and 120 days of the experiment. the result showed that b. subtilis inoculation into ...201728480489
optimization of alkaline α-amylase production by thermophilic bacill us subtilis.starch-degrading amylase enzyme is important in biotechnological applications as food, fermentation, textile, paper and pharmaceutical purposes. the aim of current study to isolate alkaline thermostable α-amylase bacteria and then study the composition of medium and culture conditions to optimize cells growth and a-amylase production.201728480407
detection of microorganisms on formalin-fixed and stored pathology tissues: a microbiological study.formalin is widely used to fix histological preparations and as preservatives in embalming solutions and is an age-long practice in medical laboratories. it is generally accepted that the risk of contracting infections is relatively high among medical laboratory workers and pathologists. recent studies have, however, suggested that formalin does not effectively inactivate all kinds of microbes in formalin-fixed tissue (fft). long time preserved tissues in formalin may develop growth of microbes ...201728479689
two complementary approaches to quantify variability in heat resistance of spores of bacillus subtilis.realistic prediction of microbial inactivation in food requires quantitative information on variability introduced by the microorganisms. bacillus subtilis forms heat resistant spores and in this study the impact of strain variability on spore heat resistance was quantified using 20 strains. in addition, experimental variability was quantified by using technical replicates per heat treatment experiment, and reproduction variability was quantified by using two biologically independent spore crops ...201728478320
defense systems in developing artemia franciscana nauplii and their modulation by probiotic bacteria offer protection against a vibrio anguillarum challenge.the alterations of immune responses of artemia franciscana nauplii as a function of culture time and after a challenge with the pathogen vibrio anguillarum were studied. the effect of the administration of the probiotic bacteria bacillus subtilis, lactobacillus plantarum and lactococcus lactis either alone or in combination with the pathogen was evaluated. the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione reductase (gred), glutathione transferase (gst) and phenoloxi ...201728478257
saccharomyces cerevisiae from brazilian kefir-fermented milk: an in vitro evaluation of probiotic properties.the therapeutic use of probiotics for supporting the antibiotic action against gastrointestinal disorders is a current trend and emerging applications have gained popularity because of their support for various microbiological activities in digestive processes. microorganisms isolated from kefir with great probiotic properties, in addition to high resistance to harsh environmental conditions, have been widely researched. administration of probiotic yeasts offers a number of advantages, when comp ...201728478200
plipastatin and surfactin coproduction by bacillus subtilis pb2-l and their effects on microorganisms.to convert the lipopeptide non-producer strain bacillus subtilis pb2 into a plipastatin and surfactin coproducer, a gene expression cassette composed of a constitutive promoter (p43), functional gene sfp, and pleiotropic regulatory gene degq was integrated into the chromosomal amye locus of strain b. subtilis pb2 by homologous recombination, which generated a plipastatin and surfactin co-producer. thirteen plipastatins and fifteen surfactins were identified in lipopeptide extracts using analytic ...201728477175
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from grape and tomato juices and evaluation of biological activities.the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) is substantial for its application in lots of fields. tomato and grape fruit juices were used as a reducing and capping agents for the biosynthesis of agnps. ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis offered peaks in the range of 396‒420 nm that indicate the production of agnps. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed attachment of different functional groups with ag ion in both tomato and grape fruit extracts nps. the x‒ray diffraction ...201728477003
actinobacterial-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against pathogenic bacteria.in this study, silver nanoparticles (agnps) were biosynthesised by using acidophilic actinobacterial sh11 strain isolated from pine forest soil. isolate sh11 was identified based on 16s rrna gene sequence to streptomyces kasugaensis m338-m1(t) and s. celluloflavus nrrl b-2493(t) (99.8% similarity, both). biosynthesised agnps were analysed by uv-visible spectroscopy, which revealed specific peak at λ = 420 nm. transmission electron microscopy analyses showed polydispersed, spherical nanoparticles ...201728476992
synthesis and characterization of mwcnt/tio2/au nanocomposite for photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity.a novel combination of titanium oxide (tio2)/gold (au)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) nanocomposite (nc) was synthesised by sol- gel method. mwcnt functionalisation by modified hummers method. tio2/au nanoparticles (nps) were synthesised by biological method using terminalia chebula bark extract. mwcnt/tio2/au nc samples were characterised by x-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible-diffuse reflectance spectra, microraman, scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution-transmission electr ...201728476971
effects of high pressure on bacillus licheniformis spore germination and inactivation.bacillus and clostridium species form spores, which pose a challenge to the food industry due to their ubiquitous nature and extreme resistance. pressurization at <300 mpa triggers spore germination by activating germination receptors (grs), while pressurization at >300 mpa likely triggers germination by opening dipicolinic acid (dpa) channels present in the inner membrane of the spores. in this work, we expose spores of bacillus licheniformis, a species associated with food spoilage and occasio ...201728476768
signal sensing and transduction by histidine kinases as unveiled through studies on a temperature sensor.histidine kinases (hk) are the sensory proteins of two-component systems, responsible for a large fraction of bacterial responses to stimuli and environmental changes. prototypical hks are membrane-bound proteins that phosphorylate cognate response regulator proteins in the cytoplasm upon signal detection in the membrane or periplasm. hks stand as potential drug targets but also constitute fascinating systems for studying proteins at work, specifically regarding the chemistry and mechanics of si ...201728475313
improvement of uridine production of bacillus subtilis by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis and high-throughput screening.in the present study, a novel breeding strategy of atmospheric and room temperature plasma (artp) mutagenesis was used to improve the uridine production of engineered bacillus subtilis td12np. a high-throughput screening method was established using both resistant plates and 96-well microplates to select the ideal mutants with diverse phenotypes. mutant f126 accumulated 5.7 and 30.3 g/l uridine after 30 h in shake-flask and 48 h in fed-batch fermentation, respectively, which represented a 4.4- a ...201728472077
a generic protocol for intracellular expression of recombinant proteins in bacillus subtilis.bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis) is a potential and attractive host for the production of recombinant proteins. different expression systems for b. subtilis have been developed recently, and various target proteins have been recombinantly synthesized and purified using this host. in this chapter, we introduce a generic protocol to express a recombinant protein in b. subtilis. it includes protocols for (1) using our typical expression vector (plasmid pht254) to introduce a target gene, (2) transfo ...201728470615
split gfp complementation as reporter of membrane protein expression and stability in e. coli: a tool to engineer stability in a lat transporter.obtaining enough quantity of recombinant membrane transport proteins with optimal purity and stability for structural studies is a remarkable challenge. in this chapter, we describe a protocol to engineer stet, the amino acid transporter of bacillus subtilis, in order to improve its heterologous expression in escherichia coli and its stability in detergent micelles. we built a library of 70 stet mutants, combining a random mutagenesis protocol with a split gfp assay as reporter of protein foldin ...201728470605
effect of bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis supplementation in diets with low- and high-protein content on ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibility and intestinal microbiota composition of growing pigs.bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals' health and performance. however, there is little information on the effect of bacillus spp. in combination with different dietary crude protein (cp) levels on the ileal digestibility and microbiota composition. therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacillus spp. supplementation to low- (lp) and high-protein diets (hp) on ileal cp and amino acid (aa) digestibility and i ...201728469845
interplant aboveground signaling prompts upregulation of auxin promoter and malate transporter as part of defensive response in the neighboring plants.when disrupted by stimuli such as herbivory, pathogenic infection, or mechanical wounding, plants secrete signals such as root exudates and volatile organic compounds (vocs). the emission of vocs induces a response in the neighboring plant communities and can improve plant fitness by alerting nearby plants of an impending threat and prompting them to alter their physiology for defensive purposes. in this study, we investigated the role of plant-derived signals, released as a result of mechanical ...201728469632
mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as highly effective antibiotics.mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are known to alleviate mitochondrial oxidative damage that is associated with a variety of diseases. here, we showed that skq1, a decyltriphenyl phosphonium cation conjugated to a quinone moiety, exhibited strong antibacterial activity towards gram-positive bacillus subtilis, mycobacterium sp. and staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative photobacterium phosphoreum and rhodobacter sphaeroides in submicromolar and micromolar concentrations. skq1 exhibited less ant ...201728469140
bacilli glutamate dehydrogenases diverged via coevolution of transcription and enzyme regulation.the linkage between regulatory elements of transcription, such as promoters, and their protein products is central to gene function. promoter-protein coevolution is therefore expected, but rarely observed, and the manner by which these two regulatory levels are linked remains largely unknown. we study glutamate dehydrogenase-a hub of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. in bacillus subtilis, two paralogues exist: gudb is constitutively transcribed whereas rocg is tightly regulated. in their active, o ...201728468957
structure of the bacillus subtilis hibernating 100s ribosome reveals the basis for 70s dimerization.under stress conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, bacteria enter into a hibernation stage, which is characterized by the appearance of 100s ribosomal particles. in escherichia coli, dimerization of 70s ribosomes into 100s requires the action of the ribosome modulation factor (rmf) and the hibernation-promoting factor (hpf). most other bacteria lack rmf and instead contain a long form hpf (lhpf), which is necessary and sufficient for 100s formation. while some structural information exists a ...201728468753
silver nanoparticles mediated by costus afer leaf extract: synthesis, antibacterial, antioxidant and electrochemical properties.synthesis of metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles through physical and chemical routes has been extensively reported. however, green synthesized metal nanoparticles are currently in the limelight due to the simplicity, cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness of their synthesis. this study explored the use of aqueous leaf extract of costus afer in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (ca-agnps). the optical and structural properties of the resulting silver nanoparticles were studied using uv ...201728468278
a conserved regulatory mechanism in bifunctional biotin protein ligases.class ii bifunctional biotin protein ligases (bira), which catalyze post-translational biotinylation and repress transcription initiation, are broadly distributed in eubacteria and archaea. however, it is unclear if these proteins all share the same molecular mechanism of transcription regulation. in escherichia coli the corepressor biotinoyl-5'-amp (bio-5'-amp), which is also the intermediate in biotin transfer, promotes operator binding and resulting transcription repression by enhancing bira ...201728466579
casting eppcr (ceppcr): a simple random mutagenesis method to generate high quality mutant libraries.during the last decade, directed evolution has become a standard protein engineering strategy to reengineer proteins for industrial applications under high stress conditions (e.g., high temperature, extreme ph, ionic liquids, or organic solvents). the most commonly employed method for diversity generation to improve biocatalysts for these properties is random mutagenesis by error-prone polymerase chain reaction (eppcr). however, recent reports show that eppcr often fails to produce >70% of benef ...201728464223
de novo evolved interference competition promotes the spread of biofilm defectors.biofilms are social entities where bacteria live in tightly packed agglomerations, surrounded by self-secreted exopolymers. since production of exopolymers is costly and potentially exploitable by non-producers, mechanisms that prevent invasion of non-producing mutants are hypothesized. here we study long-term dynamics and evolution in bacillus subtilis biofilm populations consisting of wild-type (wt) matrix producers and mutant non-producers. we show that non-producers initially fail to incorpo ...201728462927
a mutation in the bacillus subtilis rsbu gene that limits rna synthesis during sporulation.mutants of bacillis subtilis that are temperature sensitive for rna synthesis during sporulation were isolated after selection with a (32)p suicide agent. whole-genome sequencing revealed that two of the mutants carried an identical lesion in the rsbu gene, which encodes a phosphatase that indirectly activates sigb, the stress-responsive rna polymerase sigma factor. the mutation appeared to cause rsbu to be hyperactive, because the mutants were more resistant than the parent strain to ethanol st ...201728461450
linearmycins activate a two-component signaling system involved in bacterial competition and biofilm morphology.bacteria use two-component signaling systems to adapt and respond to their competitors and changing environments. for instance, competitor bacteria may produce antibiotics and other bioactive metabolites and sequester nutrients. to survive, some species of bacteria escape competition through antibiotic production, biofilm formation or motility. specialized metabolite production and biofilm formation are relatively well understood for bacterial species in isolation. how bacteria control these fun ...201728461449
active depinning of bacterial droplets: the collective surfing of bacillus subtilis.how systems are endowed with migration capacity is a fascinating question with implications ranging from the design of novel active systems to the control of microbial populations. bacteria, which can be found in a variety of environments, have developed among the richest set of locomotion mechanisms both at the microscopic and collective levels. here, we uncover, experimentally, a mode of collective bacterial motility in humid environment through the depinning of bacterial droplets. although ca ...201728536199
mechanism of bacterial gene rearrangement: spra-catalyzed precise dna recombination and its directionality control by sprb ensure the gene rearrangement and stable expression of spsm during sporulation in bacillus subtilis.a sporulation-specific gene, spsm, is disrupted by an active prophage, spβ, in the genome of bacillus subtilis. spβ excision is required for two critical steps: the onset of the phage lytic cycle and the reconstitution of the spsm-coding frame during sporulation. our in vitro study demonstrated that spra, a serine-type integrase, catalyzed integration and excision reactions between attp of spβ and attb within spsm, while sprb, a recombination directionality factor, was necessary only for the exc ...201728535266
development of a bacterial biosensor for rapid screening of yeast p-coumaric acid production.transcription factor-based biosensors are used to identify producer strains, a critical bottleneck in cell factory engineering. here, we address two challenges with this methodology: transplantation of heterologous transcriptional regulators into new hosts to generate functional biosensors and biosensing of the extracellular product concentration that accurately reflects the effective cell factory production capacity. we describe the effects of different translation initiation rates on the dynam ...201728532147
efficacy of bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the control of aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxins production on pistachio.pistachio (pistacia vera) is an important nut for its economic, nutritional and health aspects but it can be contaminated by aflatoxigenic fungi in the field and during storage. biological control could be considered as an alternative to chemical treatment. in this study, we evaluated the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic capability of two bacillus spp. both in vitro and on pistachio kernels. in in vitro conditions, both strains were able to reduce the mycelial growth and they were able to degra ...201728531554
molecular envelope and atomic model of an anti-terminated glyqs t-box regulator in complex with trnagly.a t-box regulator or riboswitch actively monitors the levels of charged/uncharged trna and participates in amino acid homeostasis by regulating genes involved in their utilization or biosynthesis. it has an aptamer domain for cognate trna recognition and an expression platform to sense the charge state and modulate gene expression. these two conserved domains are connected by a variable linker that harbors additional secondary structural elements, such as stem iii. the structural basis for speci ...201728531275
directed evolution to improve the catalytic efficiency of urate oxidase from bacillus subtilis.urate oxidase is a key enzyme in purine metabolism and catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin. it is used to treat hyperuricemia and gout, and also in a diagnostic kit. in this study, error-prone polymerase chain reaction and staggered extension process was used to generate a mutant urate oxidase with improved enzyme activity from bacillus subtilis. after several rounds of mutagenesis and screening, two mutants 6e9 and 8e279 were obtained which exhibited 2.99 and 3.43 times higher cat ...201728531234
lipopeptides produced by bacillus subtilis as new biocontrol products against fusariosis in ornamental plants.in this study, we have investigated the effects of three lipopeptides (fengycin, surfactin and mycosubtilin) produced by different strains of bacillus subtilis against the phytopathogenic fungi fusarium oxysporum f. sp. iridacearum, which affects the ornamental bulb plant populations of iris sp. the antifungal effects were tested using minimum inhibitory concentration assay, determination of mycelium growth and spore germination inhibition rates. also, in vivo tests on infected rhizomes and scan ...201728528498
feasible protein aggregation of phosphorylated poly-γ-glutamic acid derivative from bacillus subtilis (natto).poly-γ-glutamic acid (pga) was modified with phosphorylating agents such as sodium metaphosphate and potassium metaphosphate in the culture medium of bacillus subtilis (natto). the highly phosphorylated pga derivatives were prepared and investigated for their chemical and physicochemical properties. the pga derivatives had approximately 7% (w/w) inorganic phosphorus and characteristic absorbance po2(-) bands at 1082cm(-1) and 1260cm(-1) by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. the derivative ...201728527993
interplay between bacillus subtilis recd2 and the recg or ruvab helicase in recombinational repair.bacillus subtilis addab, recs, recq, pcra, held, ding, recg, ruvab, pria and recd2 are genuine recombinational repair enzymes, but the biological role of recd2 is poorly defined. a δrecd2 mutation sensitizes cells to dna-damaging agents that stall or collapse replication forks. we found that this δrecd2 mutation impaired growth, and that a mutation in the pcra gene (pcra596) relieved this phenotype. the δrecd2 mutation was not epistatic to δaddab, δrecq, δrecs, δheld, pcra596 and δding, but epis ...201728527403
antimycotic activity of fengycin c biosurfactant and its interaction with phosphatidylcholine model membranes.lipopeptide biosurfactants constitute one of the most promising groups of compounds for the treatment and prevention of fungal diseases in plants. bacillus subtilis strain ea-cb0015 produces iturin a, fengycin c and surfactin and it has been proven useful for the treatment of black sigatoka disease in banana plants, an important pathology caused by the fungus mycosphaerella fijiensis (morelet). we have found that b. subtilis ea-cb0015 cell free supernatants and purified fractions inhibit m. fiji ...201728527355
a widespread family of serine/threonine protein phosphatases shares a common regulatory switch with proteasomal proteases.pp2c phosphatases control biological processes including stress responses, development, and cell division in all kingdoms of life. diverse regulatory domains adapt pp2c phosphatases to specific functions, but how these domains control phosphatase activity was unknown. we present structures representing active and inactive states of the pp2c phosphatase spoiie from bacillus subtilis. based on structural analyses and genetic and biochemical experiments, we identify an α-helical switch that shifts ...201728527238
a new maltose-inducible high-performance heterologous expression system in bacillus subtilis.to improve heterologous proteins production, we constructed a maltose-inducible expression system in bacillus subtilis.201728527120
extracellular xylanopectinolytic enzymes by bacillus subtilis adi1 from efb's compost.microbial xylanase and pectinase are two extremely valuable enzymes, which have captivated much attention. this can be seen from the increased demand for these enzymes by many industrial sectors. this study investigates the isolation and screening of extracellular xylanopectinolytic enzymes-producing bacteria in a submerged fermentation (smf). samples are collected from the compost of empty fruit bunch (efb) at biocompost pilot plant, located at biorefinery plant, universiti putra malaysia. from ...201728523288
complete genome sequence of undomesticated bacillus subtilis strain ncib 3610.bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive bacterium that serves as an important experimental system. b. subtilis ncib 3610 is an undomesticated strain that exhibits phenotypes lost from the more common domesticated laboratory strains. here, we announce the complete genome sequence of dk1042, a genetically competent derivative of ncib 3610.201728522717
influence of probiotic supplementation on immune response in broilers raised under hot climate.1. the objective of the study was to evaluate the potential effects of dietary probiotic supplementation and stocking density and their interaction on growth performance, humoral and cellular immune responses of broiler chickens raised under hot climate conditions. 2. a total of 1800 1-d-old unsexed broiler chicks (ross 308) were allocated in a completely randomised 3 × 2 factorial design, with three concentrations of dietary probiotic (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) containing 4 × 10(9) cfu/g of bacillu ...201728521530
translational control and rho-dependent transcription termination are intimately linked in riboswitch regulation.riboswitches are regulatory elements that control gene expression by altering rna structure upon the binding of specific metabolites. although bacillus subtilis riboswitches have been shown to control premature transcription termination, less is known about regulatory mechanisms employed by escherichia coli riboswitches, which are predicted to regulate mostly at the level of translation initiation. here, we present experimental evidence suggesting that the majority of known e. coli riboswitches ...201728520932
in-culture cross-linking of bacterial cells reveals large-scale dynamic protein-protein interactions at the peptide level.identification of dynamic protein-protein interactions at the peptide level on a proteomic scale is a challenging approach that is still in its infancy. we have developed a system to cross-link cells directly in culture with the special lysine cross-linker bis(succinimidyl)-3-azidomethyl-glutarate (bamg). we used the gram-positive model bacterium bacillus subtilis as an exemplar system. within 5 min extensive intracellular cross-linking was detected, while intracellular cross-linking in a gram-n ...201728516784
corrigendum: agro-industrial wastes for production of biosurfactant by bacillus subtilis anr 88 and its application in synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles.[this corrects the article on p. 492 in vol. 8, pmid: 28392783.].201728515722
the c-terminal peptide of aquifex aeolicus riboflavin synthase directs encapsulation of native and foreign guests by a cage-forming lumazine synthase.encapsulation of specific enzymes in self-assembling protein cages is a hallmark of bacterial compartments that function as counterparts to eukaryotic organelles. the cage-forming enzyme lumazine synthase (ls) from bacillus subtilis (bsls), for example, encapsulates riboflavin synthase (bsrs), enabling channeling of lumazine from the site of its generation to the site of its conversion to vitamin b2 elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of these supramolecular complexes co ...201728515315
erratum for pandey et al., "intracellular ph response to weak acid stress in individual vegetative bacillus subtilis cells". 201728515130
activity and in vivo dynamics of bacillus subtilis disa are affected by rada/sms and by holliday junction-processing proteins.bacillus subtilis c-di-amp synthase disa and reca-related rada/sms are involved in the repair of dna damage in exponentially growing cells. we provide genetic evidence that disa or rada/sms is epistatic to the branch migration translocase (bmt) recg and the holliday junction (hj) resolvase recu in response to dna damage. we provide genetic evidence damage. functional disa-yfp formed dynamic foci in exponentially growing cells, which moved through the nucleoids at a speed compatible with a dna-sc ...201728511132
role of ph and ionic strength in the aggregation of tio2 nanoparticles in the presence of extracellular polymeric substances from bacillus subtilis.increased use of commercial titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio2 nps) in consumer products most likely leads to their additional environmental release. aggregation and disaggregation processes are expected to play an important role in the fate and transport of tio2 nps in natural aquatic ecosystems. therefore, in this work, we have studied the colloidal stability of tio2 nps in the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (eps) from bacillus subtilis and the adsorption behavior of eps on t ...201728511037
spotlight on… jeff errington. 201728510651
modular organization of the nusa- and nusg-stimulated rna polymerase pause signal that participates in the bacillus subtilis trp operon attenuation mechanism.the bacillus subtilis trpedcfba operon is regulated by a transcription attenuation mechanism in which tryptophan-activated trap binds to the nascent transcript and blocks the formation of an antiterminator structure such that the formation of an overlapping intrinsic terminator causes termination in the 5' untranslated region (5' utr). in the absence of bound trap, the antiterminator forms and transcription continues into the trp genes. rna polymerase pauses at positions u107 and u144 in the 5' ...201728507243
an amino acid substitution in rna polymerase that inhibits the utilization of an alternative sigma factor.sigma (σ) factors direct gene transcription by binding to and determining the promoter recognition specificity of rna polymerase (rnap) in bacteria. genes transcribed under the control of alternative sigma factors allow cells to respond to stress and undergo developmental processes, such as sporulation in bacillus subtilis, in which gene expression is controlled by a cascade of alternative sigma factors. binding of sigma factors to rna polymerase depends on the coiled-coil (or clamp helices) mot ...201728507241
dietary bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials alleviate lps-induced intestinal immunological stress and improve intestinal barrier gene expression in commercial broiler chickens.this study investigated the effects of bacillus subtilis-based probiotics on the performance, modulation of host inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier gene expression of broilers subjected to lps challenge. chickens were randomly allocated to one of the 3 dietary treatment groups - control, antibiotic, or probiotic. at 14days, half of the chickens in each treatment were injected with lps (1mg/kg body weight), and the other half injected with sterile pbs. chickens fed probiotics weighed s ...201728505587
influence of bisphenol a on the transport and deposition behaviors of bacteria in quartz sand.the influence of bisphenol a (bpa) on the transport and deposition behaviors of bacteria in quartz sand was examined in both nacl (10 and 25 mm) and cacl2 solutions (1.2 and 5 mm) by comparing the breakthrough curves and retained profiles of cell with bpa in suspensions versus those without bpa. gram-negative escherichia coli and gram-positive bacillus subtilis were employed as model cells in the present study. the extended derjaguin-landau-verwey-overbeek interaction energy calculation revealed ...201728505529
assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of nepeta trachonitica: analysis of its phenolic compounds using hplc-ms/ms.continuing our work on the sources of natural bioactive compounds, we evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of nepeta trachonitica as well as its major phenolic content using the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms) technique. for antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (cuprac) methods were performed to measure the reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraz ...201728505129
longevity of major coenzymes allows minimal de novo synthesis in microorganisms.coenzymes are vital for cellular metabolism and act on the full spectrum of enzymatic reactions. intrinsic chemical reactivity, enzyme promiscuity and high flux through their catalytic cycles make coenzymes prone to damage. to counteract such compromising factors and ensure stable levels of functional coenzymes, cells use a complex interplay between de novo synthesis, salvage, repair and degradation. however, the relative contribution of these factors is currently unknown, as is the overall stab ...201728504670
the significance of proline and glutamate on butanol chaotropic stress in bacillus subtilis 168.butanol is an intensively used industrial solvent and an attractive alternative biofuel, but the bioproduction suffers from its high toxicity. among the native butanol producers and heterologous butanol-producing hosts, bacillus subtilis 168 exhibited relatively higher butanol tolerance. nevertheless, organic solvent tolerance mechanisms in bacilli and gram-positive bacteria have relatively less information. thus, this study aimed to elucidate butanol stress responses that may involve in unique ...201728503197
time-resolved x-ray solution scattering reveals the structural photoactivation of a light-oxygen-voltage photoreceptor.light-oxygen-voltage (lov) receptors are sensory proteins controlling a wide range of organismal adaptations in multiple kingdoms of life. because of their modular nature, lov domains are also attractive for use as optogenetic actuators. a flavin chromophore absorbs blue light, forms a bond with a proximal cysteine residue, and induces changes in the surroundings. there is a gap of knowledge on how this initial signal is relayed further through the sensor to the effector module. to characterize ...201728502782
comparative analysis of immune effects in mice model: clonorchis sinensis cysteine protease generated from recombinant escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis spores.clonorchiasis remains a nonnegligible public health problem in endemic areas. cysteine protease of clonorchis sinensis (cscp) plays indispensable roles in the parasitic physiology and pathology, and has been exploited as a promising drug and vaccine candidate. in recent years, development of spore-based vaccines against multiple pathogens has attracted many investigators' interest. in previous studies, the recombinant escherichia coli (bl21) and bacillus subtilis spores expressing cscp have been ...201728502017
obtaining titanium dioxide nanoparticles with spherical shape and antimicrobial properties using m. citrifolia leaves extract by hydrothermal method.in this work, we synthesized titanium dioxide (tio2) nanoparticles using leaf extract of morinda citrifolia (m. citrifolia) by the advanced hydrothermal method. the synthesized tio2 nanoparticles were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd), fourier transmission infrared (ft-ir), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance (uv-vis drs), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (uv-vis), raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (sem with edx) techniques. ...201728501689
bacterial nucleoid occlusion: multiple mechanisms for preventing chromosome bisection during cell division.in most bacteria cell division is driven by the prokaryotic tubulin homolog, ftsz, which forms the cytokinetic z ring. cell survival demands both the spatial and temporal accuracy of this process to ensure that equal progeny are produced with intact genomes. while mechanisms preventing septum formation at the cell poles have been known for decades, the means by which the bacterial nucleoid is spared from bisection during cell division, called nucleoid exclusion (no), have only recently been dedu ...201728500529
cell cycle machinery in bacillus subtilis.bacillus subtilis is the best described member of the gram positive bacteria. it is a typical rod shaped bacterium and grows by elongation in its long axis, before dividing at mid cell to generate two similar daughter cells. b. subtilis is a particularly interesting model for cell cycle studies because it also carries out a modified, asymmetrical division during endospore formation, which can be simply induced by starvation. cell growth occurs strictly by elongation of the rod, which maintains a ...201728500523
synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling study of new (1,2,4-triazole or 1,3,4-thiadiazole)-methylthio-derivatives of quinazolin-4(3h)-one as dhfr inhibitors.a new series of 2-mercapto-quinazolin-4-one analogues was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro dhfr inhibition, antitumor and antimicrobial activity. compound 17 proved to be the most active dhfr inhibitor with ic50 value of 0.01μm, eight fold more active than methotrexate (mtx). compounds 16 and 24 showed antitumor activity against human caco2 colon and mcf-7 breast tumor cell lines with ic50 values of 25.4 and 9.5μg/ml, respectively. compounds 15, 20, 21 and 30 showed conside ...201728499189
antibacterial effects of antiretrovirals, potential implications for microbiome studies in hiv.despite being used by more than 18 million people our understanding of the extent of effects of antiretrovirals on the human body and other organisms remains incomplete. in addition, the direct effect of antiretrovirals on the gut microbiota of hiv infected individuals has been largely overlooked in microbiome studies concerned with hiv infected individuals.201728497768
antibacterial activity of isolated immunodominant proteins of naja naja (oxiana) venom.the aim of this study is to investigate antibacterial effects of immunodominant proteins isolated from the venom of naja naja oxiana snake against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the innate immune system is an important line of defense against bacterial diseases. antibacterial peptides and proteins produced by snake venoms have recently attracted significant attention due to their relevance to bacterial diseases and the potential of being co ...201728496483
isolated bacillus subtilis strain 330-2 and its antagonistic genes identified by the removing pcr.plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) may trigger tolerance against biotic/abiotic stresses and growth enhancement in plants. in this study, an endophytic bacterial strain from rapeseed was isolated to assess its role in enhancing plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses, as well as banded leaf and sheath blight disease in maize. based on 16s rdna and biolog test analysis, the 330-2 strain was identified as bacillus subtilis. the strain produced indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, lytic e ...201728496135
evaluation of pigments from methanolic extract of tagetes erecta and beta vulgaris as antioxidant and antibacterial agent.the total phenolic content (tpc), antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of marigold flower (mf) (tagetes erecta) and beet root (br) (beta vulgaris) were examined. the present work reveals that mf contained greater amount of tpc (42.5 mg/g gae) as compared to br (39.4 mg/g gae). methanolic extract of mf exhibited excellent dpph free radical scavenging power (ic50 0.0716 mg/ml) and reducing power at 1 mg/ml concentration. similar results have been obtained in ftc and tba m ...201728494614
effects of heat stress and probiotic supplementation on protein functionality and oxidative stability of ground chicken leg meat during display storage.the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat stress and probiotic supplementation on protein functionality and oxidative stability of ground chicken leg during display storage. two hundred and forty, 1-day-old male chicks (5 birds per pen) were subjected to four treatments in a 2 (thermoneutral condition at 21 °c and cyclic heat stress at 32-21-32 °c for 10 h day(-1) ) × 2 (regular diet with 0 or 0.25 g kg(-1) bacillus subtilis) factorial design. chickens were harvested at day 46, and ...201728493474
in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ephedra gerardiana (root and stem) crude extract and fractions.the utilization of medicinal plants to treat infectious disease is a common practice in developing countries worldwide. the present study was aimed at evaluating the crude extracts of ephedra gerardiana (root and stem) with different chemicals for antioxidant and antimicrobial (fungal and bacterial) potential. the results revealed that the ethyl acetate fractions of e. gerardiana (root and stem) have significant free radical scavenging potential with values 2.96 ± 0.39 and 2.73 ± 0.84 while n-bu ...201728491106
4,4'-diaponeurosporene-producing bacillus subtilis increased mouse resistance against salmonella typhimurium infection in a cd36-dependent manner.deficient mucosal innate immunity is a hallmark of infectious diarrhea, such as salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium)-induced gastroenteritis. here, we report that oral administration of a 4,4'-diaponeurosporene-producing bacillus subtilis (b.s-dia) could improve mice mucosal immunity, as showed by an increased resistance against s. typhimurium infection. intragastric administration of b.s-dia for 7 days could increase the secretion of ccl20 by intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) and then recru ...201728491061
the physico-chemical alteration of lovastatin and enhanced antioxidant effect of bacillus subtilis fermented-red yeast rice product.red yeast rice product (ryp) has been used as a food supplement because of its lipid lowering, and in food additives as a natural colorant. lovastatin of ryp is a hypolipidemic commercial drug. to enhance the beneficial effects of ryp, we performed a bioconversion with bacillus subtilis. this b. subtilis-fermentation process of ryp increased the ratio of the active open-hydroxyl acid form and the prodrug lactone form of lovastatin, which is a potent cholesterol synthesis inhibitor. 3(2h)-benzofu ...201728490066
investigation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase--inhibitory activities of phellinus (agaricomycetes) mushroom species native to central europe.ten representative central european phellinoid hymenochaetaceae species (phellinus sensu lato) were selected to examine their potential pharmacological activity. in this study 40 organic (n-hexane, chloroform, 50% methanol) and aqueous extracts with different polarities were analyzed for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase (xo)--inhibitory properties. fomitiporia robusta, fuscoporia torulosa, phellopilus nigrolimitatus, and porodaedalea chrysoloma showed moderate antibacterial ...201728845768
recent progress on the application of (2)h solid-state nmr to probe the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with intact bacteria.discoveries relating to innate immunity and antimicrobial peptides (amps) granted bruce beutler and jules hoffmann a nobel prize in medicine in 2011, and opened up new avenues for the development of therapies against infections, and even cancers. the mechanisms by which amps interact with, and ultimately disrupt, bacterial cell membranes is still, to a large extent, incompletely understood. up until recently, this mechanism was studied using model lipid membranes that failed to reproduce the com ...201728844739
prospects for bio-industrial application of an extremely alkaline mannanase from bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum csb31.mannan-degrading enzymes are attracting growing interest in bio-industrial applications, such as the pulp and paper, food, and pharmaceutical industries. in this study, an extremely alkaline mannanase (mnb31) was produced by bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum csb31. mnb31 was purified to 17.92-fold with a 21.51% yield and specific activity of 1,796.13 umg(-1) by anion-exchange and gel filtration column chromatography. the biochemical characterization of mnb31 was performed, and the results wer ...201728843040
effects of different fertilizers on growth and nutrient uptake of lolium multiflorum grown in cd-contaminated soils.this study aimed to explore the effects of different fertilizers and their combinations on growth and nutrient and cd uptake of lolium multiflorum. compared with control treatment, chemical fertilizer, organic manure, and their conjunctions with biofertilizer increased shoot biomass. biofertilizers were found to cause significant reductions in shoot biomass of plants grown in organic manure-treated and control soil. decreased soil-available n and p and shoot n and k concentrations in biofertiliz ...201728842798
bacillus subtilis and yeast cell wall improve the intestinal health of broilers challenged by clostridium perfringens.1. the objective was to investigate the effects of bacillus subtilis, yeast cell wall (ycw) and their combination on intestinal health of broilers challenged by clostridium perfringens over a 21-d period. 2. using a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 800 1-d-old male cobb 500 broilers were used to study the effects of feed additives (without additive or with zinc bacitracin, b. subtilis, ycw, and the combination of b. subtilis and ycw), pathogen challenge (without or with clostridium per ...201728841050
disinfection effect of microwave radiation on bacillus subtilis as indicator organism on contaminated dental stone casts under dry and wet conditions.objective: the disinfection of dental stone casts using microwave radiation has been shown, but doubts remain regarding its efficacy under various conditions. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of microwave disinfection on wet and dry dental stone casts contaminated by a resistant microorganism. material and methods: in this in vitro study, 34 stone half-casts were prepared, contaminated with bacillus subtilis and divided into two groups. after drying the specimens of one ...201728840089
noise in a phosphorelay drives stochastic entry into sporulation in bacillus subtilis.entry into sporulation in bacillus subtilis is governed by a phosphorelay in which phosphoryl groups from a histidine kinase are successively transferred via relay proteins to the response regulator spo0a. spo0a~p, in turn, sets in motion events that lead to asymmetric division and activation of the cell-specific transcription factor σ(f), a hallmark for entry into sporulation. here, we have used a microfluidics-based platform to investigate the activation of spo0a and σ(f) in individual cells h ...201728838935
revisiting the in vivo glnr-binding sites at the genome scale in bacillus subtilis.in bacillus subtilis, two major transcriptional factors, glnr and tnra, are involved in a sophisticated network of adaptive responses to nitrogen availability. glnr was reported to repress the transcription of the glnra, tnra and ureabc operons under conditions of excess nitrogen. as glnr and tnra regulators share the same dna binding motifs, a genome-wide mapping of in vivo glnr-binding sites was still needed to clearly define the set of glnr/tnra motifs directly bound by glnr.201728835263
discovery of a widespread prokaryotic 5-oxoprolinase that was hiding in plain sight.5-oxoproline (op) is well known as an enzymatic intermediate in the eukaryotic γ-glutamyl cycle, but it is also an unavoidable damage product formed spontaneously from glutamine and other sources. eukaryotes metabolize op via an atp-dependent 5-oxoprolinase; most prokaryotes lack homologs of this enzyme - and the γ-glutamyl cycle - but are predicted to have some way to dispose of op if its spontaneous formation in vivo is significant. comparative analysis of prokaryotic genomes showed that the g ...201728830929
structural insights into the mode of action of the peptide antibiotic copsin.defensins are a class of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides, expressed by virtually all eukaryotes as part of their innate immune response. due to their unique mode of action and rapid killing of pathogenic microbes, defensins are considered promising alternatives to clinically applied antibiotics. copsin is a defensin-like peptide, previously identified in the mushroom coprinopsis cinerea. it is active against a range of gram positive bacteria through binding to the peptidoglycan precursor li ...201728825809
bacillus subtilis lipid extract, a branched-chain fatty acid model membrane.lipid extracts are an excellent choice of model biomembrane; however at present, there are no commercially available lipid extracts or computational models that mimic microbial membranes containing the branched-chain fatty acids found in many pathogenic and industrially relevant bacteria. we advance the extract of bacillus subtilis as a standard model for these diverse systems, providing a detailed experimental description and equilibrated atomistic bilayer model included as supporting informati ...201728825491
perspective of ions and messengers: an intricate link between potassium, glutamate, and cyclic di-amp.potassium and glutamate are the most abundant ions in every living cell. whereas potassium plays a major role to keep the cellular turgor and to buffer the negative charges of the nucleic acids, the major function of glutamate is to serve as the universal amino group donor. in addition, both ions are involved in osmoprotection in bacterial cells. here, we discuss how bacterial cells maintain the homeostasis of both ions and how adaptive evolution allows them to live even at extreme potassium lim ...201728825218
functional characterization of four putative δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases from bacillus subtilis.in most living organisms, the amino acid proline is synthesized starting from both glutamate and ornithine. in prokaryotes, in the absence of an ornithine cyclodeaminase that has been identified to date only in a small number of soil and plant bacteria, these pathways share the last step, the reduction of δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c) catalyzed by p5c reductase (ec 1.5.1.2). in several species, multiple forms of p5c reductase have been reported, possibly reflecting the dual function of prol ...201728824574
impact of orientation and flexibility of peptide linkers on t. maritima lipase tm1350 displayed on bacillus subtilis spores surface using cotb as fusion partner.fusion protein construction often requires peptide linkers for prolonged conformation, extended stability and enzyme activity. in this study a series of fusion between thermotoga maritima lipase tm1350 and bacillus subtillis coat protein cotb, comprising of several peptide linkers, with different length, flexibility and orientations were constructed. effects of temperature, ph and chemicals were examined, on the activity of displayed enzyme. the fusion protein with longer flexible linkers l9 [(g ...201728822027
cultivation in space flight produces minimal alterations in the susceptibility of bacillus subtilis cells to 72 different antibiotics and growth-inhibiting compounds.past results have suggested that bacterial antibiotic susceptibility is altered during space flight. to test this notion, bacillus subtilis cells were cultivated in matched hardware, medium, and environmental conditions either in spaceflight microgravity on the international space station, termed flight (fl) samples, or at earth-normal gravity, termed ground control (gc) samples. susceptibility of fl and gc samples was compared to 72 antibiotics and growth-inhibitory compounds using the omnilog ...201728821547
chemical composition of mentha pulegium and rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and their antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities.the aim of the study was the determination of the chemical composition of mentha pulegium l. and rosmarinus officinalis l. essential oils and the evaluation of their antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. essential oils (eos) were isolated using steam distillation and the chemical composition was determined using gc-ms analysis. the antibacterial activity was tested against ten pathogenic strains using the diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and the m ...201728821401
anti-biofilm effects of anthranilate on a broad range of bacteria.anthranilate, one of tryptophan degradation products has been reported to interfere with biofilm formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa. here, we investigated the effects of anthranilate on biofilm formation by various bacteria and the mechanisms responsible. anthranilate commonly inhibited biofilm formation by p. aeruginosa, vibrio vulnificus, bacillus subtilis, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus, and disrupted biofilms preformed by these bacteria. because anthranil ...201728819217
characterization of the interaction between the small rna-encoded peptide sr1p and gapa from bacillus subtilis.small regulatory rnas (srnas) are the most prominent post-transcriptional regulators in all kingdoms of life. a few of them, e.g. sr1 from bacillus subtilis, are dual-function srnas. sr1 acts as a base-pairing srna in arginine catabolism and as an mrna encoding the small peptide sr1p in rna degradation. both functions of sr1 are highly conserved among 23 species of bacillales. here, we investigate the interaction between sr1p and gapa by a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods. de novo pre ...201728818119
t7 rna polymerase-driven inducible cell lysis for dna transfer from escherichia coli to bacillus subtilis.the majority of the good dna editing techniques have been developed in escherichia coli; however, bacillus subtilis is better host for a plethora of synthetic biology and biotechnology applications. reliable and efficient systems for the transfer of synthetic dna between e. coli and b. subtilis are therefore of the highest importance. using synthetic biology approaches, such as streamlined lambda red recombineering and gibson isothermal assembly, we integrated genetic circuits pt7l123, repr-ts-1 ...201728815907
engineering peptidoglycan degradation related genes of bacillus subtilis for better fermentation processes.in this study, bacillus subtilis 168 δupp was engineered to change the bacterial shapes. namely, some peptidoglycan hydrolase related genes were inactivated individually or in different combinations, including sigd, lyte, lytf, lytc, lytd and lytg. inactivations of these genes resulted in various intensities of blockages on cell division, leading to elongation of bacterial cells. the resulted fiber phenotypes showed different lengths ranging from tens of microns to several millimeters. mutants w ...201728811162
the heterologous expression strategies of antimicrobial peptides in microbial systems.antimicrobial peptides (amps) consist of molecules acting on the defense systems of numerous organisms toward tumor and multiple pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. compared to traditional antibiotics, amps are more stable and have lower propensity for developing resistance through functioning in the innate immune system, thus having important applications in the fields of medicine, food and so on. however, despite of their high economic values, the low yield and the cumb ...201728807840
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