Publications

the rabies virus glycoprotein determines the distribution of different rabies virus strains in the brain.	the contribution of rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) in viral distribution in the brain was examined by immunohistochemistry following stereotaxic inoculation into the rat hippocampus. viruses used in this study include the highly neuroinvasive challenge virus standard strains (cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c) and the nonneuroinvasive attenuated sn-10 strain, as well as sn-10-derived recombinant viruses expressing the g gene from cvs-n2c (rn2c) or cvs-b2c (rb2c). the distribution of recombinant viruses in ...	2002	12161819
expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine.	a new approach to the production and delivery of vaccine antigens is the use of engineered amino virus-based vectors. a chimeric peptide containing antigenic determinants from rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) (amino acids 253-275) and nucleoprotein (n protein) (amino acids 404-418) was pcr-amplified and cloned as a translational fusion product with the alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein (cp). this recombinant cp was expressed in two plant virus-based expression systems. the first one ...	2002	12163267
rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a trimeric ligand for the n-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor.	rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a trimeric and surface-exposed viral coat protein that has been shown to interact with the murine p75 neurotrophin receptor. we have investigated binding of rvg to p75 and describe several features that distinguish the p75-rvg interaction from conventional neurotrophin binding to p75. rvg binds mammalian but not avian p75 and does not bind to any of the trk neurotrophin receptors. the mammalian p75 specificity of rvg binding may partly explain the phyletic spec ...	2002	12163480
calculating rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titres by flow cytometry.	the determination of the rabies neutralizing antibody (vna) response after immunization against rabies is an acceptable index of the efficacy of a vaccine and a successful treatment. several tests have been developed in attempt to improve the assessment of vna, from mice inoculation to cell-culture fluorescence inhibition tests. all of them, however, present special difficulties in terms of reading or accuracy. the present study describes a neutralization test performed in cell-culture appraised ...	2002	12163908
postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs.	to evaluate postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in dogs experimentally infected with rabies.	2002	12171160
rabies viral antigen in extracranial organs: a post-mortem study.	rabies is a communicable disease and a significant health hazard. histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis depends on the demonstration of negri bodies - characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions. in cases where these are not seen, immunohistochemistry serves as a useful adjunct. after its establishment in the central nervous system, the rabies virus is known to reach peripheral organs by a centrifugal spread. the present study was undertaken with the aim of demonstrating rabies viral an ...	2002	12175346
a rapid rt-pcr method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using taqman technology.	a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay incorporating taqman probes has been developed that can distinguish among the six established rabies and rabies-related virus genotypes. taqman probes were designed and validated against 106 rabies and rabies-related virus isolates, one isolate of the australian bat lyssaviruses (genotype 7), and 18 other non-rabies viruses important in the veterinary field. the n gene was used as the target for the probes as it ...	2002	12176139
flow cytometry assay for intracellular rabies virus detection.	following previous studies reporting microbiological diagnosis by flow cytometry, the possibility of using this method was examined to monitor infection of susceptible cell lines by a fixed rabies virus strain (pasteur virus strain-pv) or a wild rabies virus strain (wrs). suspensions of bhk-21 and c6 cells were infected with viruses and a time course of virus infection was established. sequentially, at several time points, infected and control uninfected cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stai ...	2002	12176155
emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the united states.	in the united states, during the past half-century, the number of humans to die of rabies dramatically decreased to an average of 1-2 per year. although the number of deaths is low, most deaths occur because individuals are unaware that they had been exposed to and infected with rabies virus, and, therefore, they do not seek effective postexposure treatment. molecular epidemiological studies have linked most of these cryptic rabies exposures to rabies virus variants associated with insectivorous ...	2002	12203172
rabies: recent developments.	rabies remains as one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus, but the main vectors of human infection are dogs and cats. the control of rabies largely depends on the prevention of infection of dogs and cats by vaccination in endemic areas and the control of their movement, including measures of quarantine and vaccination, in rabies-free countries. this paper provides an overview on recent developments in rabies, with ...	2002	12208103
density gradients of trans-synaptically labeled collicular neurons after injections of rabies virus in the lateral rectus muscle of the rhesus monkey.	we evaluated the two-dimensional distribution of superior colliculus (sc) neurons visualized after retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the lateral rectus muscle of rhesus monkeys to test whether the density of projection neurons might play a role in the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition. if this were the case, the number of horizontal eye movement-related sc neurons should increase with their distance from the rostral pole of the sc and decrease ...	2002	12210129
rabies intradermal post-exposure vaccination of humans using reconstituted and stored vaccine.	thailand's northern petchabun province is endemic for canine rabies. there were 27 reported human rabies deaths between 1989 and 1998. a rabies control plan was formulated in 1997 between medical and veterinary public health officials. it started an intense education program and an ongoing dog vaccination campaign. economic constraints and the high cost of biological were the main reasons for inadequate human post-exposure management (pet). it was therefore decided to use the economical thai red ...	2002	12213396
transcriptional control of the rna-dependent rna polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus.	the nonsegmented negative strand (nns) rna viruses include some of the mosr problematic human, animal and plant pathogens extant: for example, rabies virus, ebola virus, respiratory syncytial virus, the parainfluenza viruses, measles and infectious hemapoietic necrosis virus. the key feature of transcriptional control in the nns rna viruses is polymerase entry at a single 3' proximal site followed by obligatory sequential transcription of the linear array of genes. the levels of gene expression ...	2002	12213662
studies on the escape mutants of rabies virus which are resistant to neutralization by a highly conserved conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibody #1-46-12.	we investigated a virus-neutralizing conformational epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) that is recognized by an anti-g monoclonal antibody (mab; #1-46-12) and shared by most of the laboratory strains of the virus. to investigate the epitope structure, we isolated escape mutants from the hep-flury virus (wild-type; wt) after repeated passages in culture in the presence of the mab. immunofluorescence studies indicated that the mutants could be classified into two groups; the group i lack ...	2002	12222931
studies on the rabies virus rna polymerase: 3. two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the multiplicity of non-catalytic subunit (p protein).	we described previously (takamatsu et al., 1998. microbiol. immunol. 42: 761-771) the rabies virus p protein as being composed of several components of different sizes, among which the full-sized major components were termed as p40 and p37 according to their electrophoretic mobilities, and radiolabeling studies with [32p]phosphate implied that p40 was a hyperphosphorylated form. we further examined here these proteins by two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, showing that ...	2002	12222932
[rhabdovirus--the possibility of rabies reemergence in rabies free japan].		2002	12227175
human rabies--california, 2002.	on march 31, 2002, a man aged 28 years residing in glenn county, california, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with the mexican free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) (figure). this report summarizes the investigation by the glenn county health department (gchd) and the california department of health services (cdhs). persons who observe abnormal behavior in any wildlife species should contact animal control or animal rescue agencies immediately and shoul ...	2002	12233911
infectious diseases in mexico. a survey from 1995-2000.	data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. an outstanding increase of den-3 circulation was identified. aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of ...	2002	12234523
viral encephalitis.		2002	12241681
vaccination of vampire bats using recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus.	adult vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) were vaccinated by intramuscular, scarification, oral, or aerosol routes (n = 8 in each group) using a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. sera were obtained before and 30 days after vaccination. all animals were then challenged intramuscularly with a lethal dose of rabies virus. neutralizing antirabies antibodies were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). seroconversion was observed with each of the routes employed, but s ...	2002	12243138
[contact with a bat].		2002	12244855
current approaches to rabies prevention and prophylaxis.		2002	12271854
human rabies--tennessee, 2002.	on august 31,2002, a boy aged 13 years residing in franklin county, tennessee, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired and eastern pipistrelle bats. this report summarizes the investigation by the tennessee department of health (tdh). persons should avoid direct contact with bats, other wildlife, and stray or ill domestic animals; however, if direct contact with bats has occurred, exposed persons should see their health-care provider, and the ...	2002	12353742
mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by a soluble form of the neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) map outside of the known antigenic sites of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	the neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) serves as a receptor for rabies virus (rv). we expressed and purified a soluble chimera consisting of the p75ntr ectodomain fused to the human immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) fc fragment (p75-fc). although p75-fc interacts with rv, the infectivity of rv did not decrease significantly when it was incubated in the presence of the soluble receptor alone. however, when it was subsequently incubated with an antihuman igg directed against the fc fragment of p75-fc, the infe ...	2002	12368318
neuronal premotor networks involved in eyelid responses: retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the orbicularis oculi muscle in the rat.	retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the right orbicularis oculi muscle was used to identify neural networks underlying spontaneous, reflex, and learned blinks. the kinetics of viral transfer was studied at sequential 12 hr intervals between 3 and 5 d after inoculation. rabies virus immunolabeling was combined with the immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase expression in brainstem motoneurons or fluoro-ruby injections in the rubrospinal tract. virus uptake ...	2002	12388587
canine vaccine recipients recognize an immunodominant region of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	to investigate the immune response to anti-rabies vaccination in the principal recipient (the domestic dog), four truncated fragments of the rabies virus glycoprotein were expressed as glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins. immune sera from vaccinated rabbits and dogs were then used to probe for reactivity with these expressed proteins. in two rabbits and four dogs tested, the dominant antibody response to non-conformational antigenic sites appeared to be directed to a region of the glycopro ...	2002	12388801
a retrospective study on adverse reactions to canine vaccines in japan.	adverse reactions to vaccines were examined in 311 canine cases reported to the ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in japan during the period of 6 years from april of 1994 to march of 2000, and classified according to their clinical symptoms. there were 27 cases of adverse reactions to rabies virus vaccines. gastrointestinal symptoms were the most frequently observed (26%), followed by respiratory and/or cardiovascular symptoms (22%) and dermatologic symptoms (11%). there were 284 c ...	2002	12399614
synthesis, conformation and t-helper cell stimulation of an o-linked glycopeptide epitope containing extended carbohydrate side-chains.	to answer the question whether or not t cells to immunodominant protein fragments recognize glycosylated antigens, we synthesized a series of glycopeptides corresponding to peptide 31d, a major t-helper cell epitope of the rabies virus nucleoprotein. thr4 of the epitope is known to allow mono- or disaccharide side-chain substitutions in either alpha- or beta-anomeric configuration without interfering with mhc-binding. to model naturally occurring glycoprotein fragments that carry extended sugar ...	2002	12413838
genetic and antigenic typing of rabies virus in chile. brief report.	forty-one isolates of rabies virus from insectivorous bats and one from a domestic cat in chile, were characterized using eight anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies (n-mabs) and by nucleotide sequence analysis. thirty-two isolates were identified as antigenic variant 4 associated with tadarida brasiliensis bats, twenty-eight were genetically associated with variant tadarida brasiliensis and four with lasiurus sp. bats. one isolate was identified as antigenic variant 3 associated with desmodu ...	2002	12417953
investigation of a human case of rabies in the united kingdom.	in may of 2001 a nigerian woman visiting the united kingdom presented with fever, headache and difficulty swallowing. within 24 h she showed a marked deterioration and died shortly afterwards. autopsy samples from a range of tissues were analysed to confirm a clinical diagnosis of rabies. phylogenetic analysis of the viral nucleoprotein gene confirmed that this was an infection with a genotype 1 virus (classical rabies) belonging to the africa 2 group, which is endemic in northern africa. compar ...	2002	12423699
an attempt to predict a possible existence of antiviral and antimicrobial activity.	it is known that many pathogenic and toxic agents may attach to binding site of the same endogenic receptor. such an effect is due to the resemblance between chemical structures in foreign agents. one may imagine the structure which contains binding-site fragments and may compete with the receptor for foreign agents. then next suggestions are probable: (1)the same substance may interact with some agents with established resemblance; (2) if substance (1) interacts with agents a and b and substanc ...	2002	12056882
antibody responses induced by immunization with a japanese rabies vaccine determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the immunogenicity of a japanese purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (pcecv) was examined. serum samples were obtained from 86 subjects after pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. rabies antibody titres were determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). titres higher than 0.5 international units (iu)/ml were demonstrated by neutralization test in all the 19 subjects after three-time pre-exposure immunization on days 0, 30 and 180. titres high ...	2002	12057599
morphology of marburg virus np-rna.	when marburg virus (mbgv) nucleoprotein (np) is expressed in insect cells, it binds to cellular rna and forms np-rna complexes such as insect cell-expressed nucleoproteins from other nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses. recombinant mbgv np-rna forms loose coils that resemble rabies virus n-rna. mbgv np monomers are rods that are spaced along the coil similar to the nucleoprotein monomers of the rabies virus n-rna. high salt treatment induces tight coiling of the mbgv np-rna, again a charact ...	2002	12069528
[experiences with follow-up investigations of oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes in saxony with special emphasis on a standardised serology].	an 8-year experience with organisation and standardisation of follow-up investigations within oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes (ovf) in saxony is summarised. with respect to ovf, the number of diagnostic tests performed during the years 1992-2000 on foxes amounts to a total of 52,226 fluorescence antibody-(fat), 7,551 marker-(tc) and 11,645 serological tests. the mean bait-uptake and the mean immunisation rate in foxes ranged between 78-86% and 60-89%, respectively. based on th ...	2002	12073494
rabies virus p and small p products interact directly with pml and reorganize pml nuclear bodies.	the interferon-induced promyelocytic leukaemia (pml) protein localizes both in the nucleoplasm and in matrix-associated multi-protein complexes known as nuclear bodies (nbs). nbs are disorganized in acute promyelocytic leukaemia or during some viral infections, suggesting that pml nbs could be a part of cellular defense mechanism. rabies virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, replicates in the cytoplasm. rabies phosphoprotein p and four other amino-terminally truncated products (p2, p3, p4 ...	2002	12439746
[anti-rabies antibody titers among subjects who received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis with foreign-made rabies vaccines at the beginning and followed with japanese rabies vaccine].	recently travelers who were bitten by possibly rabid animals in rabies endemic regions and returned to japan have increased in number. about half of them received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (rpep) with one or more doses of foreign-made rabies vaccines (frv) in the local medical institutions. frv, however, are not available in japan so we have to continue the rpep with japanese rabies vaccine (jrv). it has not been demonstrated that an anti-rabies antibody induced with jrv following vero ce ...	2002	12448848
thermo-stability of the oral rabies virus vaccines sad b19 and sad p5/88.	the thermo-stability of two widely used oral rabies vaccine viruses, sad b19 and sad p5/88, was examined under various laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, both vaccine viruses were kept at 35 degrees c and titrated after 3 days. the titer of both vaccine viruses was also determined after 4 and 7 days when stored at 20 degrees c. furthermore, vaccine baits were placed in three different micro-environments during two successive 21-day observation periods (11.9.01-2.10.01 and 2.10.0 ...	2002	12448972
pathogenesis studies with australian bat lyssavirus in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus).	to examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus) to australian bat lyssavirus (abl), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes.	2002	12465817
structural relationship between nucleocapsid-binding activity of the rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and exposure of epitope 402-13 located at the c terminus.	the structural changes of the nominal phosphoprotein (p) of rabies virus using a monoclonal antibody, mab #402-13, was investigated. this mab recognized a linear epitope that was mapped roughly to a c-terminal region of the p protein, ranging from aa 256 to 297. the p gene products were detected by the mab in immunoblot assays, the products of which were produced either in bhk-21 cells or in escherichia coli cells. the mab, however, detected very low levels of p gene products in immunoprecipitat ...	2002	12466480
studies on the different conditions for rabies virus neutralization by monoclonal antibodies #1-46-12 and #7-1-9.	virus-neutralizing activity of two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), #7-1-9 and #1-46-12, against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) was compared. although these mabs affected the virion's ability to bind to host cells similarly, a big difference was found in the titres of virus neutralization (1:7132 and 1:32 for mabs #1-46-12 and #7-1-9, respectively, at a concentration of 10 micro g protein/ml). although no big difference in virion-binding affinity between the two mabs was found, the number of antibod ...	2002	12466481
first case of cat rabies in southern brazil for 11 years.		2002	11878440
live and killed rhabdovirus-based vectors as potential hepatitis c vaccines.	a highly attenuated, recombinant rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vector was utilized as a new immunization strategy to induce humoral and cellular responses against hepatitis c (hcv) glycoprotein e2. we showed previously that rv-based vectors are able to induce strong immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) antigens. here we constructed and characterized three replication-competent rv-based vectors expressing either both hcv envelope proteins e1 and e2 or a mo ...	2002	11878905
genetic constraints and the adaptive evolution of rabies virus in nature.	we used a molecular evolutionary approach to investigate the species adaptation of rabies virus in nature. a maximum likelihood analysis of selection pressures revealed that the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes of natural viral isolates were highly constrained, especially at nonsynonymous sites, in contrast to the higher rates of nonsynonymous evolution observed in viruses subject to laboratory passage. positive selection was only found at a single amino acid site--position 183 in th ...	2002	11878928
antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in mexico.	rabies remains a public health problem in the americas because of the great diversity of wild reservoirs that maintain the virus in nature. here we report the antigenic characterization of 254 rabies viruses isolated from 148 nonreservoir and 106 reservoir hosts collected in 27 states of mexico. nine out of 11 antigenic variants previously reported in the united states were detected in mexico by using the limited panel of monoclonal antibodies donated by the centers for disease control and preve ...	2002	11880422
overexpression of the rabies virus glycoprotein results in enhancement of apoptosis and antiviral immune response.	a recombinant rabies virus (rv) carrying two identical glycoprotein (g) genes (spbnga-ga) was constructed and used to determine the effect of rv g overexpression on cell viability and immunity. immunoprecipitation analysis and flow cytometry showed that tissue culture cells infected with spbnga-ga produced, on average, twice as much rv g as cells infected with rv carrying only a single rv g gene (spbnga). the overexpression of rv g in spbnga-ga-infected na cells was paralleled by a significant i ...	2002	11884563
rabies.		2002	11885952
postexposure treatment and animal rabies, ontario, 1958-2000.	this paper investigates the relationship between animal rabies and postexposure treatment (pet) in ontario by examining the introduction of human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) in 1980 and the initiation of an oral rabies vaccination program for wildlife in 1989. introducing hdcv led to an immediate doubling of treatments. both animal rabies and human treatments declined rapidly after the vaccination program was introduced, but human treatments have leveled off at approximately 1,000 per year.	2002	11897079
pathologic quiz case. a 54-year-old man presents with severe back pain.		2002	11900582
identification of central nervous system neurons innervating the respiratory muscles of the mouse: a transneuronal tracing study.	in recent years, the central control of breathing in mammals has been the subject of numerous studies. the aim of the present one was to characterize the neuronal network projecting to the main respiratory motoneurons, in adult mice. to this end, the morphology and location of the respiratory motoneurons and their sequential connections with other neurons were revealed using a transneuronal tracing technique by means of the rabies virus infection. the injections of the rabies virus in the respir ...	2002	11922984
both viral transcription and replication are reduced when the rabies virus nucleoprotein is not phosphorylated.	rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) plays vital roles in regulation of viral rna transcription and replication by encapsidation of the nascent genomic rna. rabies virus n is phosphorylated, and previous studies demonstrated that mutation of the phosphorylated serine at position 389 to alanine resulted in reduction of viral transcription and/or replication of a rabies virus minigenome. in the present study, we mutated the serine (s) at position 389 to alanine (a), glycine (g), aspartic acid (d), aspar ...	2002	11932380
differential use of the nicotinic receptor by rabies virus based upon substrate origin.	to determine the role that the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor plays in the adsorption process of rabies virus (rv), adult dorsal root ganglion dissociated cultures were exposed to nicotinic agonists before being inoculated. the fixed strain of rv challenge virus standard-11 (cvs-11) was used after being passaged in two different ways, in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells and in adult mouse brain (mb). carbachol and nicotine reduced the percentage of cvs-mb infected neurons, yet none of ...	2002	11935467
rabies vaccines.		2002	11957338
[standardization of rabies virus genome amplification for its use in molecular epidemiology studies].	in order to improve the diagnosis and typification of rabies viruses at the instituto nacional de salud national reference laboratory for rabies, we standardized techniques for the amplification of a 902 nucleotide dna fragment, complementary to a selected region of the rabies virus genomic rna. this region codes for a segment of both the glycoprotein and protein l, and contains the g-l intergenic noncoding region known as pseudogen psi. the standardized techniques included: 1) biological amplif ...	2002	11957368
modern concepts of brainstem anatomy: from extraocular motoneurons to proprioceptive pathways.	the extraocular muscles, unlike the skeletal muscles, contain non-twitch muscle fibers. recent experiments have located the non-twitch motoneurons. they lie around the periphery of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei, separate from the more usual twitch motoneurons that cluster within the boundaries of the classical motor nuclei. the premotor inputs to non-twitch neurons were traced by the injection of rabies virus into the distal tip of the lateral rectus muscle. retrogradely labeled ...	2002	11960795
cryptogenic rabies, bats, and the question of aerosol transmission.	human rabies is rare in the united states; however, an estimated 40,000 patients receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis each year. misconceptions about the transmission of rabies are plentiful, particularly regarding bats. most cases of human rabies caused by bat variants have no definitive history of animal bite. three hypotheses are proposed and reviewed for the transmission of rabies from bats to human beings. they include nonbite transmission (including aerosol transmission), the alternate ...	2002	11973559
dogs, cats, raccoons, and bats: where is the real risk for rabies?		2002	11973561
mapping the oculomotor system: the power of transneuronal labelling with rabies virus.	neuronal networks underlying and related to horizontal eye movements were visualized by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the left medial rectus muscle in guinea pigs. time-sequenced labelling revealed distinct circuitries involved in particular oculomotor functions, i.e. vestibulo-ocular reflex and saccade generation (brainstem circuitry), adaptive plasticity (cerebellar modules) and possibly motivation and navigation (limbic, hippocampal and cortical structures). our resu ...	2002	12028367
rabies virus glycoprotein can fold in two alternative, antigenically distinct conformations depending on membrane-anchor type.	rabies virus glycoprotein (g) is a trimeric type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates both receptor recognition and low ph-induced membrane fusion. we have previously demonstrated that a soluble form of the ectodomain of g (g(1-439)), although secreted, is folded in an alternative conformation, which is monomeric and antigenically distinct from the native state of the complete, membrane-anchored glycoprotein. this has raised questions concerning the role of the transmembrane domain (tmd) i ...	2002	12029162
new approaches to the development of live attenuated rabies vaccines.	in the united states, extensive reservoirs of the rabies virus exist in many diverse wild animal species, which continue to pose a serious risk of lethal infection of humans and cause an economic burden exceeding $1 billion annually. previous experience with rabies control in foxes in europe has clearly demonstrated that oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free-ranging animals. however, unlike europe where vulpine rabies was the only major r ...	2002	12031103
immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle.	rabies virus (rv) readily infects cattle and causes a fatal neurological disease. a stable vaccine, which does not require the maintenance of a cold chain and that is administered once to elicit lifelong immunity to rabies would be advantageous. the present study describes the construction of a live recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) vaccine, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (rg) and assessment of its ability to generate a humoral and cellular immune response against rabies v ...	2002	12034095
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from trinidad.	bovine rabies continues to be a serious problem facing the cattle industry in south and central america. although trinidad played an important role in originally demonstrating the link between bats and bovine rabies, relatively little is known about rabies in trinidad, an island 7miles off the coast of venezuela. in order to obtain a more complete understanding of bovine rabies in the region, we report herein on a study undertaken in trinidad to characterize isolates of rabies virus obtained fro ...	2002	12034537
rabies virus detection by rt-pcr in decomposed naturally infected brains.	the warm climate of israel and mishandling of the cadavers during transit to the laboratory requires an accurate method for diagnosis of rabies in decomposed tissues. by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) 10 decomposed brain samples that collected between 1998 and 2000 were diagnosed as negative by direct fluorescent antibody test (fat), were found positive. three of the 10 decomposed brains were confirmed as positive by isolation of rabies virus in tissue culture ...	2002	12034539
oral efficacy of an attenuated rabies virus vaccine in skunks and raccoons.	raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in north america. oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. under field conditions in the usa, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. it is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (procyon lotor), coyotes (canis latrans), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (mephitis mephitis). the objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated sag-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, an ...	2002	12038142
safety studies of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in striped skunk (mephitis mephitis).	safety of the modified live rabies virus vaccine, sad b19, was studied in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). seven skunks received 10(7.9) foci formatting units by direct oral administration. in four cages, a vaccinated animal was placed with a control animal, the other three vaccinated skunks were housed individually. saliva and nasal swabs were collected 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr post-vaccination. from all vaccinated and control animals (n = 11) blood samples were collected 0, 28, 56, 84, an ...	2002	12038143
role of dietary antioxidants to protect against dna damage in adult dogs.	we studied the effects of feeding an antioxidant blend of vitamins, minerals and carotenoids to a mixed adult dog population (n = 40, mean 4.4 +/- 1.85 y) for a 16-wk period. compared to the control group of dogs (n = 20), the antioxidant (aox)-supplemented group of dogs (n = 20) demonstrated significant increases in plasma levels of vitamin e and taurine by 4 wk of supplementation (p < 0.01) and total antioxidant activity (as measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay) by 8 wk of suppl ...	2002	12042506
update on rabies.	rabies remains an important public health problem worldwide due to endemic dog rabies in developing countries. rabies was a re-emerging disease in the united states during the 1990s due to bat rabies virus variants. australian bat lyssavirus also emerged in australian bat populations and caused two human deaths. there have been important recent advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rabies and in our ability to diagnose and prevent it.	2002	12045733
antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000.	animal and human rabies samples isolated between 1989 and 2000 were typified by means of a monoclonal antibody panel against the viral nucleoprotein. the panel had been previously established to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the americas. samples were isolated in the diagnostic laboratory of the pasteur institute and in other rabies diagnostic centers in brazil. in addition to the fixed virus samples cvs-31/96-ip, preserved in mouse brain, and pv-bhk/97, preserved in cell c ...	2002	12048546
targeted transduction patterns in the mouse brain by lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with vsv, ebola, mokola, lcmv, or mulv envelope proteins.	lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (cns) cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, cns transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), or the rabies-related mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g). mokola-, lcmv-, and vsv-g-pseudotyped vectors ...	2002	11991743
a heminested polymerase chain reaction for the detection of brazilian rabies isolates from vampire bats and herbivores.	a heminested-pcr (hn-pcr) using primers to the nucleoprotein-coding gene in a nested set was evaluated in the detection of brazilian strains of rabies virus (rv). a representative number of rv nucleoprotein sequences belonging to genotype 1 were aligned. based on such alignment, primers were directed to highly conserved regions. all 42 clinical samples positive by both fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests were also positive by the hn-pcr. brain tissue that had been left to decompose, ...	2002	11992159
rabies antibody testing and the uk pet travel scheme.	the pet travel scheme (pets) commenced on february 28, 2000, allowing pet dogs and cats from named countries to enter the uk without spending six months in quarantine as long as they met specific criteria. since the start of the scheme to the end of february 2002, more than 45,000 animals have successfully entered the uk under pets. in this article, dr tony fooks and colleagues consider the results of serological testing under the scheme at the veterinary laboratories agency and look to future d ...	2002	11993970
epidemiology of urban canine rabies, santa cruz, bolivia, 1972-1997.	we analyzed laboratory data from 1972 to 1997 from santa cruz, bolivia, to determine risk factors for laboratory canine samples' testing positive for rabies virus (rabv). of 9,803 samples, 50.7% tested positive for rabv; the number of cases and the percentage positive has dropped significantly since 1978. a 5- to 6-year cycle in rabies incidence was clearly apparent, though no seasonality was noted. male dogs had significantly increased odds of testing positive for rabv (odds ratio [or]=1.14), a ...	2002	11996678
knowledge of bat rabies and human exposure among united states cavers.	we surveyed cavers who attended the national speleological society convention in june 2000. fifteen percent of respondents did not consider a bat bite a risk for acquiring rabies; only 20% had received preexposure prophylaxis against the disease. an under-appreciation of the risk for rabies from bat bites may explain the preponderance of human rabies viruses caused by variant strains associated with bats in the united states.	2002	11996694
rabies post-exposure management in south africa: a telephonic survey used as a rapid tool for operational research.	rabies is an important disease in rural south africa, and vaccine and immunoglobulin are provided, at the state's expense, to humans following suspected exposure to rabies virus by bite, scratch or mucosal splash. health facilities where post-exposure treatment is available are listed, with contact telephone numbers, in national rabies guidelines. to verify the accuracy of this recently updated information, members of the national rabies advisory group were tasked to complete a rapid survey. a s ...	2002	12000656
evaluation of various serum and animal protein free media for the production of a veterinary rabies vaccine in bhk-21 cells.	we have carried out the adaptation of bhk-21 cells to two serum free (ex cell 520 and hyq pf cho) and three animal protein free media: ex cell 302, hyq pf cho mps and rencyte bhk. after a direct switch or a gradual adaptation, we have achieved bhk-21 cells growth in the following media: hyq pf cho, hyq pf cho mps, rencyte bhk and ex cell 302. the most suitable media for bhk-21 cells growth, with respect to cell density and specific growth rate, were hyq pf cho and hyq pf cho mps. hence we have s ...	2002	12007860
cats differ from mink and ferrets in their response to commercial vaccines: a histologic comparison of early vaccine reactions.	early histologic changes in lesions at vaccine sites were compared in cats, mink, and ferrets. twenty-four 4-month-old cats, 20 4-month-old mink, and 20 12-month-old ferrets were vaccinated with three rabies virus vaccines, two feline leukemia virus vaccines, alum adjuvant, and saline. injection sites were excised at selected time points up to 21 days postvaccination. histologic examination of the tissue revealed significant differences among the cats, mink, and ferrets in the local response to ...	2002	12009059
rabies dna vaccination of non-human primates: post-exposure studies using gene gun methodology that accelerates induction of neutralizing antibody and enhances neutralizing antibody titers.	pre-exposure dna vaccination protects non-human primates against rabies virus. post-exposure protection of monkeys against rabies virus by dna vaccination has not been attempted. presumably, post-exposure experiments have not been undertaken because neutralizing antibody is usually slow to be induced after dna vaccination. in this study, we initially attempted to accelerate the induction of neutralizing antibody by varying the route and site of dna vaccination and booster frequency. gene gun (gg ...	2002	12009276
immunopathology and immunoprotection in cns virus infections: mechanisms of virus clearance from the cns.		2002	12014188
comparison between the counter immunoelectrophoresis test and mouse neutralization test for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus in dog sera.	the detection of rabies antibodies is extremely valuable for epidemiological studies, determination of immune status in man, animals, and for the diagnosis of the disease. several serological procedures have been described for this purpose. the present study reports a comparison between counterimmunoelectrophoresis test (ciet) and mouse neutralization test (mnt) in the detection of antibodies against rabies virus from 212 serum samples of vaccinated dogs. the agreement between both techniques wa ...	2002	12016453
effect of the contents and form of rabies glycoprotein on the potency of rabies vaccination in cattle.	one of the methods used for controlling cattle rabies in brazil consists of vaccination. sometimes, however, rabies occurs in cattle supposedly protected. since rabies vaccine batches are officially controlled by tests performed on laboratory animals, it is questionable whether the minimal mandatory requirements really correspond to immunogenicity in the target species. we have analyzed the association among potencies of rabies vaccines tested by the nih test, the contents and form (free-soluble ...	2002	12016455
rhabdovirus-based vectors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelopes display hiv-1-like tropism and target human dendritic cells.	we describe replication-competent, vaccine strain-based rabies viruses (rvs) that lack their own single glycoprotein and express, instead, a chimeric rv-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein composed of the ectodomain and transmembrane domains of hiv-1 gp160 and the cytoplasmic domain of rv g. the envelope proteins from both x4 (nl4-3)- and r5x4 (89.6)-tropic hiv-1 strains were utilized. these recombinant viruses very closely mimicked an hiv-1- like tropism, as indicated b ...	2002	11739668
postexposure treatment of rabies infection: can it be done without immunoglobulin?	the last remaining international manufacturer of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) discontinued production in 2001. however, erig remains an essential biological that has no substitute other than human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig), which is in short supply and virtually unaffordable in developing countries. physicians in regions where canine rabies is endemic and neither erig nor hrig is available are providing less-than-optimal treatment to patients exposed to rabies. if no immunoglobulin is ...	2002	11797174
a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome.	by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ...	2002	11799201
safety of lyophilized sag2 oral rabies vaccine in collared lemmings.	fifteen collared lemmings (dicrostonyx groenlandicus) were exposed to a lyophilized oral rabies vaccine designed to immunize wild carnivore populations. no animals contracted rabies from the vaccine as determined by the absence of clinical signs after 37 days and lack of rabies virus in brain tissue determined by the fluorescent antibody (fa) test. these results suggest that collared lemmings would not contract rabies if they ingested this lyophilized vaccine in the wild during bait vaccination ...	2002	11838220
distribution of rabies antigen in infected brain material: determining the reliability of different regions of the brain for the rabies fluorescent antibody test.	to assist in making recommendations for sampling of brains for the fluorescent antibody test (fat), a study was conducted to determine the regions of the brain where rabies antigen is found most reliably. each identifiable part of 252 rabies-positive brains of various species was re-tested using routine fa tests. it was found that there was frequent variation in the quantity of antigen between regions of the brain. the thalamus, pons and medulla were the most reliable parts of the brain as they ...	2002	11849687
urine samples for rabies rna detection in the diagnosis of rabies in humans.		2002	11850870
[combined experimental infection of microtus gregalis by tick-borne encephalitis and rabies viruses and probable interference].	narrow-skulled voles (microtus gregalis) were inoculated with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and rabies (rv) viruses isolated in the steppe zone of west siberia. tbe infection was asymptomatic and nonlethal in all voles. the virus was eliminated from the voles between days 14 and 60 postinoculation. only 1 of 26 tested animals produced anti-tbe antibodies in titer 1:20. rv infection was acute and lethal. all sick animals contained rv in the brain, 42.1% in salivary glands, 5.3% in the lungs and k ...	2002	11852779
induction of protective immunity by topic application of a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	the objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (nivs) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. groups of mice were immunized by nivs with various doses of adrab.gp. for comparison, groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intradermally with adrab.gp. mice received two ...	2002	11856579
first case of human rabies in chile caused by an insectivorous bat virus variant.	the first human rabies case in chile since 1972 occurred in march 1996 in a patient without history of known exposure. antigenic and genetic characterization of the rabies isolate indicated that its reservoir was the insectivorous bat tadarida brasiliensis. this is the first human rabies case caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant reported in latin america.	2002	11749754
interaction of the poliovirus receptor cd155 with the dynein light chain tctex-1 and its implication for poliovirus pathogenesis.	the cellular receptor for poliovirus cd155 (or pvr) is the founding member of a new class of membrane-associated immunoglobulin-like proteins, which include the mouse tumor-associated antigen e4 (tage4) and three proteins termed "nectins." using a yeast two-hybrid screen we have discovered that the cytoplasmic domain of cd155 associates strongly and specifically with tctex-1, a light chain of the dynein motor complex, the latter representing the major driving force for retrograde transport of en ...	2002	11751937
novel, chimpanzee serotype 68-based adenoviral vaccine carrier for induction of antibodies to a transgene product.	an e1-deletion-containing adenoviral recombinant based on the chimpanzee serotype 68 (adc68) was developed to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. mice immunized with this construct (adc68rab.gp) developed antibodies to rabies virus and remained resistant to challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of rabies virus. in naïve mice immunized intranasally, the rabies virus-specific antibody responses elicited by adc68rab.gp were comparable with regard to both titers and isotype profiles to those in ...	2002	11861833
rabies in a nine-year-old child: the myth of the bite.	a nine-year-old boy died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with insectivorous bats. the patient was most likely infected in the laurentian mountains of western quebec, but neither the patient nor his parents remembered any direct contact with an animal. the diagnosis was made seven days after the start of symptoms. after examining the most recent cases of rabies in north america, it is obvious that rabies following bat exposure can occur without history of a do ...	2002	18159381
diagnosis and analysis of a recent case of human rabies in canada.	on september 30, 2000, staff at the canadian food inspection agency's centre of expertise for rabies, located at the animal diseases research institute in ottawa, ontario, diagnosed rabies in a child from quebec. this was the first case of rabies in a human in canada in 15 years and in 36 years in the province of quebec. after spending a week in intensive care in a montreal hospital, the nine-year-old boy succumbed to this nearly always fatal disease. the boy had been exposed to a bat in late au ...	2002	18159382
[detection of antirabic antibodies in personnel at risk through the use of the neutralization technique by reducing the number of plaques].	the neutralization technique by reducing the number of plaques (nrnp) for detecting antirabic antibodies in personnel at risk was used. serum samples from individuals at high risk and from persons with vaccination antecedents and without them were studied. the neutralization technique was compared with the biological technique in mouses and as a result of the study it was obtained a concordance of 100%. it was found that sex does not influence on the response of the antibodies to this virus, alt ...	2003	15849963
second-generation rabies virus-based vaccine vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag have greatly reduced pathogenicity but are highly immunogenic.	rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors show great promise as vaccines against other viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and hepatitis c, but a low residual pathogenicity remains a concern for their use. here we describe several highly attenuated second-generation rv-based vaccine vehicles expressing hiv-1 gag. for this approach, we modified the previously described rv vaccine vector spbn by replacing the arginine at position 333 (r333) within the ...	2003	12477829
case report: rapid ante-mortem diagnosis of a human case of rabies imported into the uk from the philippines.	the united kingdom is free from rabies, with the last human death from indigenous rabies recorded in 1902. however, between 1946 and 2000, 20 deaths were reported in the united kingdom in people who were bitten and infected while abroad in rabies endemic areas. the rapid diagnosis of suspected human rabies cases influences the use of anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis for potential contacts with the victim. in addition, the occurrence of a human rabies case requires urgent investigation to su ...	2003	12436491
human rabies--iowa, 2002.	on september 28, 2002, a man aged 20 years residing in linn county, iowa, died from rabies encephalitis caused by infection with a variant of rabies virus associated with silver-haired (lasionycteris noctivagans) and eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) bats. this is the first case of human rabies in iowa since 1951. this report summarizes the investigation of the case by the linn county and iowa public health departments. bats found in living quarters should be submitted to local public ...	2003	12570321
differential stability and fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein trimers.	the oligomeric structure and the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) was studied by comparing g from mokola virus (gmok) and rabies virus (pv strain) (gpv), which are highly divergent lyssaviruses. g expressed at the surface of bsr cells upon either plasmid transfection or virus infection are shown to be mainly trimeric after cross-linking experiments. however, solubilization by a detergent (chaps) and analysis in sucrose sedimentation gradient evidenced that gmok trimer is less stabl ...	2003	12573496
molecular epidemiology of canid rabies in zimbabwe and south africa.	the epidemiology of rabies in southern africa is complex, due to a large number of vector species and the presence of at least two distinct biotypes of the virus. our objective was to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of rabies in the southern african subcontinent by studying the genetic relationship of 89 rabies virus isolates from this region. in this study, we have focused on an analysis of viruses that cycle in canid host species (canid biotype) throughout south africa and ...	2003	12573499
t helper cell-independent antibody responses to the transgene product of an e1-deleted adenoviral vaccine require nk1.1 t cells.	mice lacking cd4(+) t cells due to a knock-out mutation respond to vaccination with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus with a long-lasting virus-neutralizing antibody response. the vaccine-induced b cells secrete antibodies that are mainly of igg isotypes. the response can be enhanced upon booster immunization, indicating the induction of b cell memory in the absence of cd4(+) t cells. the antibody response is independent of cd8(+) t cells ...	2003	12573585
isolation and characterisation of the rabies virus n degrees-p complex produced in insect cells.	when the nucleoprotein (n) of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is expressed in insect cells, it binds to cellular rna and forms n-rna complexes just like viral nucleocapsids. however, in virus-infected cells, n is prevented from binding to cellular rna because a soluble complex is formed between n and the viral phosphoprotein (p), the n degrees -p complex. n is only released from this complex for binding to newly made viral or complementary rna. we coexpressed rabies virus n and p protei ...	2003	12573586