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17beta-estradiol inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 transcription via map kinase in fibroblasts.female sex and sex hormones contribute to cardiac remodelling. 17beta-estradiol (e2) is involved in the modulation of extracellular matrix composition and function. here, we analysed the effect of e2 on matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-2 gene expression and studied the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat cardiac fibroblasts and in a human fibroblast cell line.201019861308
can compensatory culling offset undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting?1. there is growing concern about the evolutionary consequences of human harvesting on phenotypic trait quality in wild populations. undesirable consequences are especially likely with trophy hunting because of its strong bias for specific phenotypic trait values, such as large antlers in cervids and horns in bovids. selective hunting can cause a decline in a trophy trait over time if it is heritable, thereby reducing the long-term sustainability of the activity itself. 2. how can we build a sus ...201019840171
a neurotoxic phosphoform of elk-1 associates with inclusions from multiple neurodegenerative diseases.neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a number of features including the formation of inclusions, early synaptic degeneration and the selective loss of neurons. molecules serving as links between these shared features have yet to be identified. identifying candidates within the diseased microenvironment will open up novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. the transcription factor elk-1 resides within multiple brain areas both in nuclear and extranuclear neuronal compartments. inter ...201020126313
perverse consequences of infrequently culling a pest.there are potentially many situations in which creatures will be subject to infrequent but regular culling. in terms of controlling crop pests, some farmers may only be able to afford to apply pesticides occasionally. alternatively, pesticides may be applied only occasionally to limit their unwelcome side effects, which include pesticide resistance, chemical poisoning of agricultural workers, and environmental degradation. in terms of conservation, some species (such as the red deer in the uk) m ...201020127192
incorporating farmer observations in efforts to manage bovine tuberculosis using barrier fencing at the wildlife-livestock interface.a federal and provincial cost-shared program was initiated in 2001 around riding mountain national park in southwestern manitoba, canada to provide free game wire barrier fences for baled hay storage areas to prevent transmission of tb among cattle (bos taurus), wild elk (cervus elaphus), and deer (odocoileus virginianus). farmer observations of cervids on their farms were evaluated by interviewing 50 farmers that owned a game wire fence for >1 year. of those interviewed, 82% reported some type ...201020129682
promoter chromatin remodeling of immediate-early genes is mediated through h3 phosphorylation at either serine 28 or 10 by the msk1 multi-protein complex.upon activation of the erk and p38 mapk pathways, the msk1/2-mediated nucleosomal response, including h3 phosphorylation at serine 28 or 10, is coupled with the induction of immediate-early (ie) gene transcription. the outcome of this response, varying with the stimuli and cellular contexts, ranges from neoplastic transformation to neuronal synaptic plasticity. here, we used sequential co-immunoprecipitation assays and sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) assays on mouse fibroblast 10 ...201020129940
bystander effects induced by chemicals and ionizing radiation: evaluation of changes in gene expression of downstream mapk targets.radiation-induced bystander effects have been evaluated extensively, including the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. however, few studies have examined the ability of chemicals to induce bystander effects, and the molecular mechanisms involved in chemical bystander effects have not been investigated. we have previously demonstrated the ability of mitomycin c (mmc) and phleomycin (phl) to induce bystander effects in normal human lymphoblastoid cells. here, we de ...201020130020
ordered transcriptional factor recruitment and epigenetic regulation of tnf-alpha in necrotizing acute pancreatitis.tauhe expression of the critical initiator cytokine tnf-alpha was strongly upregulated in vivo in acute necrotic pancreatitis (ap) in rodents and in vitro in tnf-alpha activated acinar ar42j cells. upregulation of tnf-alpha, inos, icam-1 and il-6 occurred both in tnf-alpha receptor 1 and 2 knock-out mice, but not in tnf-alpha knock-out mice, in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that transcriptional factors (elk-1, sp1, nf-kappab and egr-1) and chr ...201020130956
transcription factors elk-1 and srf are engaged in il1-dependent regulation of zc3h12a expression.mcpip is a novel ccch zinc finger protein described as an rnase engaged in the regulation of immune responses. the regulation of expression of the gene coding for mcpip - zc3h12a is poorly explored.201020137095
dentin abnormalities in cheek teeth of wild red deer and roe deer from a fluoride-polluted area in central europe.this study analyses the severity and distribution of mineralization defects in the dentin of red and roe deer teeth (mandibular fourth premolars, first and third molars) obtained from individuals that had lived in a fluoride-polluted area along the czech-german border. mineralization defects presented as hypomineralized or interglobular dentin. in the p(4)s and m(3)s the entire dentin exhibited areas of defective mineralization, whereas in the m(1)s only the central and inner dentin portions wer ...201020138489
characterization of the human insulin-induced gene 2 (insig2) promoter: the role of ets-binding motifs.insulin-induced gene 2 (insig2) and its homolog insig1 encode closely related endoplasmic reticulum proteins that regulate the proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, transcription factors that activate the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in animal cells. several studies have been carried out to identify insig2 genetic variants associated with metabolic diseases. however, few data have been published regarding the regulation of insig2 gene expression. two i ...201020145255
the elk-1 and serum response factor binding sites in the major immediate-early promoter of human cytomegalovirus are required for efficient viral replication in quiescent cells and compensate for inactivation of the nf-kappab sites in proliferating cells.the major immediate-early promoter (miep) region of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) plays a critical role in the regulation of lytic and latent infections by integrating multiple signals supplied by the infecting virus, the type and physiological state of the host cell, and its extracellular surroundings. the interaction of cellular transcription factors with their cognate binding sites, which are present at high densities within the enhancer upstream from the miep core promoter, regulate the rate ...201020147408
the membrane estrogen receptor gpr30 mediates cadmium-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells.cadmium (cd) is a nonessential metal that is dispersed throughout the environment. it is an endocrine-disrupting element which mimics estrogen, binds to estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha), and promotes cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. we have previously published that cd promotes activation of the extracellular regulated kinases, erk-1 and -2 in both er-positive and er-negative human breast cancer cells, suggesting that this estrogen-like effect of cd is not associated with the er. here ...201020153348
atypical interstitial pneumonia in grazing adult red deer (cervus elaphus).a herd of red deer experienced a small outbreak of atypical interstitial pneumonia on two occasions 3 years apart. the first occasion involved the death of two of a group of 70 hinds and the second outbreak involved a single death in a similar sized group. on both occasions a number of the adults exhibited increased respiratory effort, particularly on exercise. both outbreaks occurred in july, a few days after moving the herd from a close grazed grass paddock to an aftermath paddock, which had r ...201020153869
physiological variables explain mineral intake in iberian red deer.foraging theory predicts that animals should be able to assess nutrient content of food sources and adjust their diet according to needs. as many minerals are essential nutrients, animals should be able to discriminate and consume the amount needed for each mineral. although this has been proved for sodium and phosphorus, it is not clear if animals can discriminate among other essential minerals, and if they do so based on physiological needs. requirements depend on sex, age, and physiological s ...201020156465
sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors of novel serological tests used for the rapid diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).in this study, novel serological tests were used to detect tuberculosis (tb) in groups of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) varying in disease status or possible confounding factors. groups of deer naturally or experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis and animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis were studied, as were uninfected animals and animals naturally or experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. sera were assayed using two rapid lateral-flow tests, ...201020164247
molecular cloning of cd18 of bison, deer and elk, and comparison with that of other ruminants and non-ruminants.pneumonia caused by mannheimia haemolytica is an important disease of cattle, domestic sheep, bighorn sheep and goats. leukotoxin (lkt) produced by m. haemolytica is cytolytic to all leukocyte subsets of these species. lkt utilizes cd18, the beta subunit of beta(2)-integrins, as its functional receptor on leukocytes of these species. cytotoxicity assays revealed that leukocytes from bison, deer, and elk are also susceptible to lkt-induced cytolysis. the availability of cdna encoding cd18 of biso ...201020176404
tissue engineered bone versus alloplastic commercial biomaterials in craniofacial reconstruction.this research was developed in order to demonstrate the tissue engineering method as an alternative to conventional methods for bone reconstruction, in order to overcome the frequent failures of alloplastic commercial biomaterials, allografts and autografts. tissue engineering is an in vitro method used to obtain cell based osteoinductive bone grafts. this study evaluated the feasibility of creating tissue-engineered bone using mesenchymal cells seeded on a scaffold obtained from the deciduous r ...201020191132
prp conformational transitions alter species preference of a prp-specific antibody.the epitope of the 3f4 antibody most commonly used in human prion disease diagnosis is believed to consist of residues met-lys-his-met (mkhm) corresponding to human prp-(109-112). this assumption is based mainly on the observation that 3f4 reacts with human and hamster prp but not with prp from mouse, sheep, and cervids, in which met at residue 112 is replaced by val. here we report that, by brain histoblotting, 3f4 did not react with prp of uninfected transgenic mice expressing elk prp; however ...201020194495
transferability of microsatellite loci from exotic cervidae to brazilian brocket deer (mazama spp, mammalia: cervidae).transferability of microsatellite loci between closely related species has been reported in several species. this helps reduce costs involved with the development of primers for newly investigated species. fifteen microsatellite primers developed for rangifer tarandus, cervus elaphus, c. axis, and moschus berezovskii were tested on five species of brazilian brocket deer of the genus mazama (m. americana, m. bororo, m. gouazoubira, m. nana, and m. nemorivaga). these primers were tested with dna e ...201020198583
bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in red deer, spain.we studied the potential of red deer as bluetongue maintenance hosts and sentinels. deer maintained detectable bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 4 rna for 1 year after the virus was cleared from livestock. however, the virus was not transmitted to yearlings. btv serotype 1 rna was detected in red deer immediately after its first detection in cattle.201020202435
spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in iberian wild ungulates.the role of wildlife as a brucellosis reservoir for humans and domestic livestock remains to be properly established. the aim of this work was to determine the aetiology, apparent prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for brucellosis transmission in several iberian wild ungulates.201020205703
the expression of elk transcription factors in adult drg: novel isoforms, antisense transcripts and upregulation by nerve damage.elk transcription factors are known to be expressed in a number of regions in the nervous system. we show by rt-pcr that the previously described elk1, elk3/elk3b/elk3c and elk4 mrnas are expressed in adult dorsal root ganglia (drg), together with the novel alternatively spliced isoforms elk1b, elk3d and elk4c/elk4d/elk4e. these isoforms are also expressed in brain, heart, kidney and testis. in contrast to elk3 protein, the novel elk3d isoform is cytoplasmic, fails to bind ets binding sites and ...201020304071
the role of erk-1/2 in the n/ofq-induced inhibition of delayed rectifier potassium currents.nociceptin/orphanin fq (n/ofq) is an endogenous opioid-like heptadecapeptide involved in many neurocognitive functions, including learning and memory. our previous report showed that n/ofq inhibits the delayed rectifier potassium current (i(k)), and this effect is associated with protein kinase c (pkc) activation. therefore, we wanted to determine if extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (erk-1/2) signaling is regulated by n/ofq and associated with the effect of n/ofq on the i(k). in the cur ...201020331962
human tmem174 that is highly expressed in kidney tissue activates ap-1 and promotes cell proliferation.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play an important role in regulation of ap-1 activity through the phosphorylation of distinct substrates. in the present study, we identified a novel protein, tmem174, whose rna transcripts are highly expressed in human kidney tissue. tmem174 is comprised of 243 amino acids, and contains two predicted transmembrane helices which determine its subcellular localization in endoplasmic reticulum and influences its functions. over-expression of tmme174 ...201020331980
senp1 participates in the dynamic regulation of elk-1 sumoylation.the modification of proteins with sumo (small ubiquitin-related modifier) plays an important role in determining their functional properties. importantly though, sumoylation is a highly dynamic process enabling transient responses to be elicited. this dynamism is controlled by two competing conjugating and deconjugating activities. the latter activity is mediated by the senp [sumo1/sentrin/smt3 (suppressor of mif two 3 homologue 1)-specific peptidase] family of sumo-specific proteases. the trans ...201020337593
comparing parentage inference software: reanalysis of a red deer pedigree.knowledge of the parentage of individuals is required to address a variety of questions concerning the evolutionary dynamics of wild populations. a major advance in parentage inference in natural populations has been the use of molecular markers and the development of statistical methods to analyse these data. cervus, one of the most widely used parentage inference programs, uses molecular data to determine parent-offspring relationships. however, cervus does not make use of all available inform ...201020345675
a natural focus of the blood fluke orientobilharzia turkestanica (skrjabin, 1913) (trematoda: schistosomatidae) in red deer (cervus elaphus) in hungary.the large american liver fluke, fascioloides magna - introduced to europe before 1875 - was the first non-indigenous trematode to be detected in hungarian cervids in 1995. as the most precious deer population became infected in the gemenc game reserve a study has been launched to assess the extent and the effect of f. magna infections and to examine the options for the treatment of infected deer populations. livers of red deer shot during regular hunting were submitted for the survey and were in ...201020347227
regulation of heme oxygenase-1 gene by peptidoglycan involves the interaction of elk-1 and c/ebpalpha to increase expression.heme oxygenase (ho)-1 is a cytoprotective enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties. ho-1 is induced during a systemic inflammatory response, and expression of ho-1 is beneficial during sepsis of a gram-positive source. systemic infection from gram-positive organisms has emerged as an important cause of sepsis, with staphylococcus aureus as a common etiology. an important mediator of gram-positive infections is peptidoglycan (pgn), a cell wall component of these organisms. here, we demonstrate th ...201020348279
probable causes of increasing brucellosis in free-ranging elk of the greater yellowstone ecosystem.while many wildlife species are threatened, some populations have recovered from previous overexploitation, and data linking these population increases with disease dynamics are limited. we present data suggesting that free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) are a maintenance host for brucella abortus in new areas of the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye). brucellosis seroprevalence in free-ranging elk increased from 0-7% in 1991-1992 to 8-20% in 2006-2007 in four of six herd units around the gye. th ...201020349847
assessing the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern china.forest management often has cumulative, long-lasting effects on wildlife habitat suitability and the effects may be impractical to evaluate using landscape-scale field experiments. to understand such effects, we linked a spatially explicit landscape disturbance and succession model (landis) with habitat suitability index (hsi) models to assess the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern china. landis was applied to simulate future forest ...201020354853
increased risk of chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk associated with decreased magnesium and increased manganese in brain tissue.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of rocky mountain elk in north america. recent studies suggest that tissue and blood mineral levels may be valuable in assessing tse infection in sheep and cattle. the objectives of this study were to examine baseline levels of copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and molybdenum in the brains of rocky mountain elk with differing prion genotypes and to assess the association of mineral levels with cwd infect ...201020357959
activation of ras-dependent elk-1 activity by mll-af4 family fusion oncoproteins.mixed lineage leukemia (mll) gene rearrangement is commonly observed in human leukemias. many of the resultant mll fusion proteins are found correlated with ras signaling. nevertheless, ras mutations have only been reported in a small subset of mll-rearranged leukemia. with the potential of developing new therapeutic regimens targeting ras signaling pathway, we studied the role of mll-af4 family fusions and mll-septin family fusions in the activation of ras signaling in leukemogenesis.201020362031
comparative study of the immunobiological properties of live brucellosis vaccines.findings from the comparative study of the immunobiological properties of live brucellosis vaccines in guinea pigs are presented in the article. vaccines from strains brucella abortus 19 (u.s.) and 82 (russia), in the s and sr forms, respectively, exhibited the highest and most pronounced immunological efficacy, while vaccines from strains b. abortus 82-ps (in the rs form) and b. abortus rb-51 and 75/79-ab (in the r forms) exhibited the lowest. the live vaccine from strain b. abortus 82, togethe ...201020362201
brucellosis in the united states: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs.regulatory programs for brucellosis in domestic livestock have been active in the u.s. for almost 80 years. wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis include bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsonii) for brucella abortus whereas brucella suis is the predominant species infecting feral swine. the persistence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs poses a risk for reintroduction of brucella into domestic livestock. reducing the prevalence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs is anticipated to ...201020362627
experimental xenoimplantation of antlerogenic cells into mandibular bone lesions in rabbits: two-year follow-up.different types of cells require activation, and take part in annual, dynamic growth of deer antlers. stem cells play the most important role in this process. this report shows the results of a two-year long observation of xenogenic implant of antlerogenic stem cells (cell line mic-1). the cells were derived from growing antler of a deer (cervus elaphus), seeded onto spongostan and placed in postoperative lesions of mandibular bones of 15 experimental rabbits. the healing process observed in the ...201020363989
effects of butyltin exposures on map kinase-dependent transcription regulators in human natural killer cells.natural killer (nk) cells are a major immune defense mechanism against cancer development and viral infection. the butyltins (bts), tributyltin (tbt) and dibutyltin (dbt), have been widely used in industrial and other applications and significantly contaminate the environment. both tbt and dbt have been detected in human blood. these compounds inhibit the lytic and binding function of human nk cells and thus could increase the incidence of cancer and viral infections. butyltin (bt)-induced loss ...201020370538
are migrant and resident elk (cervus elaphus) exposed to similar forage and predation risk on their sympatric winter range?partially migratory populations, where one portion of a population conducts seasonal migrations (migrants) while the other remains on a single range (residents), are common in ungulates. studies that assess trade-offs between migratory strategies typically compare the amount of predation risk and forage resources migrants and residents are exposed to only while on separate ranges and assume both groups intermix completely while on sympatric ranges. here we provide one of the first tests of this ...201020372929
characterization of bison (bison bison) myoglobin.bison is an alternate meat species gaining increased popularity in north america. although previous investigations reported that bison meat discolors faster than beef, the molecular basis of this observation has not been investigated. therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the redox stability, thermostability, and primary structure of bison myoglobin (mb), in comparison with beef mb. purified bison and beef myoglobins were analyzed for autoxidation, lipid oxidation-induce ...201020374756
peripheral blood mononuclear cell population changes associated with age and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus).in this study we aimed to document the maturation of the immune system in red deer and investigate the hypothesis that an immature immune system may predispose young red deer (cervus elaphus) to an increased susceptibility to johne's disease. peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations were analysed using flow cytometry techniques to monitor changes associated with age and severity of infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in red deer. the percentage of cells expressing ...201020378187
molecular identification of host feeding patterns of snow-melt mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae): potential implications for the transmission ecology of jamestown canyon virus.we collected blood-fed, snow-melt mosquitoes (culicidae: culiseta and aedes) to describe the feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors of jamestown canyon virus (jcv, bunyaviridae: orthobunyavirus). jcv is an arthropod-borne, zoonotic virus with deer as the primary amplifying host in western alpine ecosystems. we collected mosquitoes from natural resting areas, fiber pots, and carbon-dioxide baited miniature light traps in the colorado rocky mountains in 2007. we conducted two polymerase ch ...201020380304
detection of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease in the optic pathways of the brain and retina of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).eyes and nuclei of the visual pathways in the brain were examined in 30 rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) representing 3 genotypes of the prion protein gene prnp (codon 132: mm, ml, or ll). tissues were examined for the presence of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease (prp(cwd)). nuclei and axonal tracts from a single section of brain stem at the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve were scored for intensity and distribution ...201020382822
johne's disease caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus): an histopathological grading system, and comparison of paucibacillary and multibacillary disease.to describe a grading system for evaluating lesions in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes of red deer (cervus elaphus) infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and report the distribution of granulomas and findings seen in paucibacillary and multibacillary forms of the disease.201020383243
experimental infection of european red deer (cervus elaphus) with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8.bluetongue (bt) is a climate change-related emerging infectious disease in europe. outbreaks of serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16 are challenging central and western europe since 1998. measures to control or eradicate bluetongue virus (btv) from europe have been implemented, including movement restrictions and vaccination of domestic btv-susceptible ruminants. however, these measures are difficult to apply in wild free-ranging hosts of the virus, like red deer (cervus elaphus), which could ...201020395075
appearance of the pituitary factor pit-1 increases chromatin remodeling at hypersensitive site iii in the human gh locus.expression of pituitary and placental members of the human gh and chorionic somatomammotropin (cs) gene family is directed by an upstream remote locus control region (lcr). pituitary-specific expression of gh requires direct binding of pit-1 (listed as pou1f1 in the hugo database) to sequences marked by a hypersensitive site (hs) region (hs i/ii) 14.6 kb upstream of the gh-n gene (listed as gh1 in the hugo database). we used human embryonic kidney 293 (hek293) cells overexpressing wild-type and ...201020395397
pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease in cervidized transgenic mice.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, endemic prion disease of wild and captive cervids, including deer, elk, and moose. typical of prion diseases, cwd is characterized by the conversion of the native, protease-sensitive protein prp(c) to a protease-resistant isoform, denoted as prp(res). here we have studied the expression of cervid prp(c) and the pathogenesis of cwd infection in transgenic mice expressing the normal cervid prion protein (tg[cerprp] mice). using tissue-based in situ immunoh ...201020395435
characteristics of x- and y-chromosome specific regions of the amelogenin gene and a pcr-based method for sex identification in red deer (cervus elaphus).the present study attempts to analyse sequences of the x- and y-chromosome specific regions of the amelogenin (amel) gene in red deer. to this end, primers specific for each form of the gene (amelx and amely) were designed based on bovine genomic sequences and the homologous regions of the genes were sequenced. the obtained sequence of amelx gene showed high similarity with the corresponding region in cattle (91%) and humans (77%), but this similarity was slightly lower among amely genes and sho ...201019809889
evaluation of management variables to advance conception and calving date of red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand venison production systems.the ability to shift the supply of new zealand chilled venison from farmed yearling red deer stags to obtain premium prices in seasonal european markets necessitates early calving of hinds combined with high growth rates of their calves. two studies over a three-year period evaluated three management variables that offer potential to advance calving date. under the conditions of the studies there was no consistent evidence that the management practices of early stag introduction, early weaning a ...201019766413
oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via pkc-delta/p42/p44 mapk/elk-1 cascade in brain astrocytes.after ischemic injury to brain, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) raises the possibility of exposing the central nervous system (cns) to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxldl), a risk factor implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), especially mmp-9, contribute to extracellular matrix (ecm) remodeling during the cns diseases. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying oxldl-induced mmp-9 expression in astrocytes remained unclear. here, we reported ...201019554388
successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted sika (cervus nippon) sperm in wapiti (cervus elaphus).the purpose of this study was to determine a practical method in wapiti (cervus elaphus) of using predetermined sexed sika (cervus nippon) semen. semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from one stag of proven fertility and transported to the laboratory where it was retained as unsorted (control) or was separated into x- and y-chromosome-bearing sperm using a modified high-speed cell sorter. wapiti hinds (n=81) were inseminated into the uterus by rectum manipulation with 1 x 10(6) (x1 and y1 ...201019619965
transcriptional regulation of human mucin gene muc4 in pancreatic cancer cells.the human mucin gene muc4 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and cancer cell lines, while remaining undetectable in the normal pancreas, indicating its important role in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of muc4 gene expression are not fully understood. in this report, we used pancreatic cancer cell line (bxpc-3) to explore the potential transcription factors regulating muc4 transcriptional activity. through promoter screening, overexpressing ...201019757157
erk activation and cell growth require cam kinases in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.previous studies on mcf-7 breast cancer cells have shown that the g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) agonist carbachol increases intracellular calcium levels and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk). calcium and calmodulin regulate the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (cam kinase) family of proteins that have been proposed to regulate erk and gene transcription. our results suggest that both estrogen (e2) and carbachol treatment of mcf-7 breast cancer cells trigger pho ...201019763792
cervids with different vocal behavior demonstrate different viscoelastic properties of their vocal folds.the authors test the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and biomechanical properties covary with species-specific vocal function. they investigate mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) vocal folds, building on, and extending data on a related cervid, the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the mule deer, in contrast to the elk, is a species with relatively little vocal activity in adult animals. mule deer and elk vocal folds show the typical three components of the mammalian vocal fold (ep ...201019603411
a common fads2 promoter polymorphism increases promoter activity and facilitates binding of transcription factor elk1.fatty acid desaturases (fads) play an important role in the formation of omega-6 and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas). the composition of hufas in the human metabolome is important for membrane fluidity and for the modulation of essential physiological functions such as inflammation processes and brain development. several recent studies reported significant associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the human fads gene cluster with hufa levels and composition. the p ...201019546342
distribution of lesions in red and fallow deer naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.wild deer have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb). the aims of this study were (1) to compare the pattern of lesions present in wild red (cervus elaphus) and fallow (dama dama) deer that were naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis, and (2) to use this information to develop a sampling strategy for the isolation of m. bovis from the lymphoid tissues of the head of these animals. culture of head lymphoid tissues demonstrated that 28 of 95 red deer and 22 of 100 ...201019691968
p53-independent upregulation of mir-34a during oncogene-induced senescence represses myc.aberrant oncogene activation induces cellular senescence, an irreversible growth arrest that acts as a barrier against tumorigenesis. to identify micrornas (mirnas) involved in oncogene-induced senescence, we examined the expression of mirnas in primary human tig3 fibroblasts after constitutive activation of b-raf. among the regulated mirnas, both mir-34a and mir-146a were strongly induced during senescence. although members of the mir-34 family are known to be transcriptionally regulated by p53 ...201019696787
synthesis and characterization of biologically active recombinant elk and horse fsh.the objective of this investigation was to clone and express the elk and horse common alpha-subunit and fsh beta-subunit cdnas, and to produce recombinant fsh from both species in vitro. the rnas extracted from elk and horse pituitary glands were reverse-transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the cdnas corresponding to both subunits of elk and horse were cloned into the expression vector pbudce4.1 and transfected into crl-9096 cells. expression of both genes was determined in th ...201019500922
biometrics, testosterone, cortisol and antler growth cycle in iberian red deer stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus).in this article, we aimed to describe the changes related to mating season in red deer, especially those related to antler growth, body condition score, testosterone and cortisol. antler growth was studied in 17 iberian red deer males, including body weight, antler length, biometric measures and testosterone and cortisol determination during 15 months. body weight, body condition score, thoracic perimeter (tp), neck perimeter (nl) and testicular diameter (td) showed the highest values immediatel ...201018992114
leptospiral antibodies in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), fallow deer (dama dama) and european wild boar (sus scrofa) in asturias, northern spain.serum samples collected from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus; n=472), fallow deer (dama dama; n=293) and european wild boar (sus scrofa; n=174) in asturias, northern spain, from 1999 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against a reference panel of 14 leptospira spp. serovars. positive antibody titres at a microscopic agglutination test cut-off of 1:80 were detected against serovars pomona (1.6%, 5.8%, 5.2%), bratislava (1.1%, 0.7%, 4.7%), grippotyphosa (0.7%, 2.4%, 1.7%), muenchen ( ...201019019711
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae?sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ...201021236577
ontogenesis of the rumen: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.the aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and fetuses of merino sheep and 50 of iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. for the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% ges ...201021269368
cgmp-dependent protein kinase and the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell gene expression: possible involvement of elk-1 sumoylation.although the regulation of smooth muscle cell (smc) gene expression by cgmp-dependent protein kinase (pkg) is now recognized, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. in this study, we report that pkg-i stimulates myocardin/serum response factor (srf)-dependent gene expression in vascular smcs. the expression of pkg in pkg-deficient cells enhanced myocardin-induced sm22 promoter activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. however, neither srf nor myocardin expression ...201020802137
allele-specific transcription of the pai-1 gene in human astrocytes.the 4g allele of the pai-1 -675(4g/5g) insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism has been associated with elevated plasma levels of pai-1 and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. however, this allele has also been associated with a reduced risk of ischaemic stroke. in the brain, pai-1 is mainly produced by astrocytes, and can reduce the neurotoxic effects exerted by tissue-type plasminogen activator during pathophysiologic conditions. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ...201020806116
a cervid vocal fold model suggests greater glottal efficiency in calling at high frequencies.male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male european red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. a critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element mod ...201020808882
map kinase: sumo pathway interactions.the convergence and coordinated cross talk of different signalling pathways forms a regulatory network which determines the biological outcome to environmental cues. the mapk pathways are one of the important routes by which extracellular signals are transduced into intracellular responses. through protein phosphorylation mechanisms, they can play a pivotal role in regulating other posttranslational modifications such as protein acetylation and ubiquitination. in addition, protein sumoylation ha ...201020811994
mutational and functional analysis in human ras/map kinase genetic syndromes.the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is essential in regulation of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, growth, and cell senescence, each of which are critical to normal development. a class of developmental disorders, the "rasopathies," is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the ras/mapk pathway which result in dysregulation of the pathway and profound deleterious effects on development. one of these syndromes, cardiofaciocutaneous (cfc) s ...201020812000
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the pas domains of eag and elk potassium channels.per-arnt-sim (pas) domains are ubiquitous in nature; they are approximately 130-amino-acid protein domains that adopt a fairly conserved three-dimensional structure despite their low degree of sequence homology. these domains constitute the n-terminus or, less frequently, the c-terminus of a number of proteins, where they exert regulatory functions. pas-containing proteins generally display two or more copies of this motif. in this work, the crystallization and preliminary analysis of the pas do ...201020823525
transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils.transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk, scrapie in sheep and goats, and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. an abnormally folded form of the prion protein (designated prp(tse)) is typically associated with tse infectivity and may constitute the major, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. transmission of cwd and scrapie is mediated ...201020830901
cck1 and cck2 receptors are expressed on pancreatic stellate cells and induce collagen production.the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (cck) can induce acute pancreatitis in rodents through its action on acinar cells. treatment with cck, in combination with other agents, represents the most commonly used model to induce experimental chronic pancreatitis. pancreatic stellate cells (psc) are responsible for pancreatic fibrosis and therefore play a predominant role in the genesis of chronic pancreatitis. however, it is not known whether psc express cck receptors. using real time pcr tec ...201020843811
atp induces synaptic gene expressions in cortical neurons: transduction and transcription control via p2y1 receptors.studies in vertebrate neuromuscular synapses have revealed previously that atp, via p2y receptors, plays a critical role in regulating postsynaptic gene expressions. an equivalent regulatory role of atp and its p2y receptors would not necessarily be expected for the very different situation of the brain synapses, but we provide evidence here for a brain version of that role. in cultured cortical neurons, the expression of p2y(1) receptors increased sharply during neuronal differentiation. those ...201020847060
identification of important regulatory region of th-pok.cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells develop from cd4(+)cd8(+) thymocytes. although it has been reported that expression of the transcription factor th-pok is important for cd4(+) t cell development, the detailed mechanism regulating th-pok expression is still obscure. by comparing the promoter regions of the th-pok gene between human and mouse, i found that the region 3600 base pairs (bps) upstream from the transcription initiation site of the th-pok gene was highly conserved. to identify the important el ...201020847520
high red deer density depresses body mass of roe deer fawns.many previous studies have pointed out that, when resources are limited, the potential for competition should be high among sympatric species that display overlaps in habitat and nutritional niches. however, reliable evidence of competition between red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) has not been yet reported for life history traits directly measuring performance such as body mass, reproduction, or survival. from long-term monitoring of deer populations in the reserve of ...201020033821
lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008.to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ...201021302758
relationship between rank and plasma testosterone and cortisol in red deer males (cervus elaphus).the objective of this study was to assess the effect of a change in the social composition in a group of red deer males on the relationship between their rank and testosterone. a group of twelve adult red deer males (cervus elaphus) was tested in two social settings. from april 15 to june 9 (period 1) this group was kept separately in an enclosure. on june 10, nine 3-year-old males were added to that group of adult males. they were kept together until august 31. we performed 10 observations of t ...201020869973
resource selection by elk in an agro-forested landscape of northwestern nebraska.in recent years, elk have begun recolonizing areas east of the rocky mountains that are largely agro-forested ecosystems composed of privately owned land where management of elk is an increasing concern due to crop and forage depredation and interspecific disease transmission. we used a geographic information system, elk use locations (n = 5013), random locations (n = 25,065), discrete-choice models, and information-theoretic methods to test hypotheses about elk resource selection in an agro-for ...201020872141
histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) including identification of lipopigment.this article describes the histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). eighty mlns were sourced from 10 deer from 5 north island herds and 5 south island herds classified as low risk and high risk of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection, respectively. fixed sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; ziehl-neelsen; and, selectively, periodic acid-schiff, perl's, and sudan black. positive ziehl-ne ...201020881317
the complete mitochondrial genome of the domestic red deer (cervus elaphus) of new zealand and its phylogenic position within the family cervidae.we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (cervus elaphus) of new zealand. the genome was 16,357 bp long and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 12srrna, 16srrna, 22 trnas and a d-loop as found in other mammals. database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence from the new zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtdna sequences from the european, norwegian (c. e. atlanticus) and spanish red deer (c ...201020887306
analysis of salazinic, norstictic, and usnic acids in xanthoparmelia chlorochroa by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.the lichen species xanthoparmelia chlorochroa is toxic when consumed by domestic sheep, cattle, and rocky mountain elk. clinical signs exhibited by poisoned animals include red urine, ataxia, and muscular weakness that rapidly progresses to recumbency. elk are unable to recover once becoming recumbent; however, most affected cattle can recover if offered suitable feed shortly following the onset of signs. at present, the pathogenesis and specific toxin(s) are unknown. as part of an effort to elu ...201020922944
elaphostrongylus cervi in a population of red deer ( cervus elaphus) and evidence of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in small ruminants in the province of varese, italy.thirty-one faecal samples were collected from red deer in the northern area of varese, in the italian region of lombardy, between august and october 2008. the animals had either been hunted or accidently killed. examination for internal parasites showed a prevalence of 45.2% for elaphostrongylus cervi larvae and species identification was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). ninety-seven faecal samples were also collected from two goat flocks grazing in the same area between december 20 ...201020923583
first seropositive cases of coxiella burnetii in red deer populations in the southwest iberian peninsula.the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of coxiella burnetii in different red deer populations and to investigate role of red deer densities, livestock, and habitat on seroprevalence. the serosurvey revealed 5 positive cases out of 137 sera (3.64%) that occurred in two of the three study areas. this study documents the first cases of coxiella burnetii in red deer in the southwest iberian peninsula. a relationship between deer density and coxiella seroprevalence was not found. re ...201020945645
epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in a captive facility housing white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), cattle (bos taurus), and goats (capra hircus) in colorado, u.s.a.an ungulate research facility in fort collins, colorado, u.s.a., experienced mortality in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) because of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infection from 20 august 2007 through 26 september 2007. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation from the spleen and lung tissues of two white-tailed deer. virus neutralization tests were performed on pre- and postoutbreak ser ...201020945651
characterization of pathogen-specific expression of host immune response genes in anaplasma and mycobacterium species infected ruminants.anaplasma and mycobacterium species are among the most prevalent bacterial pathogens in european red deer (cervus elaphus) in south-central spain and are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. in this study, we used microarray hybridization and real-time rt-pcr analyses to characterize global gene expression profiles in red deer in response to anaplasma ovis and a. ovis/mycobacterium bovis/mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (map) infections, compare the expression of immune respons ...201020952064
regulation of syk by phosphorylation on serine in the linker insert.the syk protein-tyrosine kinase is phosphorylated on multiple tyrosines after the aggregation of the b cell antigen receptor. however, metabolic labeling experiments indicate that syk is inducibly phosphorylated to an even greater extent on serine after receptor ligation. a combination of phosphopeptide mapping and mass spectrometric analyses indicates that serine 291 is a major site of phosphorylation. serine 291 lies within a 23-amino acid insert located within the linker b region that disting ...201020956537
are wolves saving yellowstone's aspen? a landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade.behaviorally mediated trophic cascades (bmtcs) occur when the fear of predation among herbivores enhances plant productivity. based primarily on systems involving small-bodied predators, bmtcs have been proposed as both strong and ubiquitous in natural ecosystems. recently, however, synthetic work has suggested that the existence of bmtcs may be mediated by predator hunting mode, whereby passive (sit-and-wait) predators have much stronger effects than active (coursing) predators. one bmtc that h ...201020957967
retrospective study of pestivirus infection in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) and other ungulates in the pyrenees (ne spain).in 2001 a new pestivirus (family flaviviridae) was associated with an outbreak of a previously unreported disease in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in the pyrenees (ne spain). molecular characterization assigned this virus to the border disease virus (bdv) cluster, bdv-4 genotype. a retrospective study was performed in archived sera and spleen of 74 pyrenean chamois and in archived sera of 28 mouflon (ovis ammon), 56 red deer (cervus elaphus), 43 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 29 fal ...201020961710
isolation of bartonella capreoli from elk.the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of bartonella infections in elk populations. we report the isolation of four bartonella strains from 55 elk blood samples. sequencing analysis demonstrated that all four strains belong to bartonella capreoli, a bacterium that was originally described in the wild roe deer of europe. our finding first time demonstrated that b. capreoli has a wide geographic range, and that elk may be another host for this bacterium. further investigation ...201020961711
total intravenous anesthesia with midazolam, ketamine, and xylazine or detomidine following induction with tiletamine, zolazepam, and xylazine in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) undergoing surgery.sixteen captive female red deer were successfully anesthetized to surgically implant a telemetry system. the deer were immobilized with (mean±sd) 1.79±0.29 mg/kg xylazine and 1.79±0.29 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam given intramuscularly with a dart gun. anesthesia was maintained for 69±2 min using a total intravenous protocol with a catheter placed in the jugular vein. group x received xylazine (0.5±0.055 mg/kg/hr) and group d, detomidine (2±0.22 μg/kg/hr), both in combination with ketamine (2±0.02 ...201020966270
monitoring for bovine viral diarrhea virus in austrian red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) by using ear-notch samples.during 2007-09, ear-notch samples from free-living (n=527) and farmed (n=237) austrian red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) and type 2 (bvdv-2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and single-tube real-time reverse transcription pcr. ear-notch samples were collected by applying modified ear tags from randomly selected hunter-harvested red deer and from individuals originating from deer holdings. all samples tested negative for bvdv-1 and b ...201020966278
effects of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l) propenone (hmp) upon signalling pathways of lipopolysaccharide-induced inos synthesis in raw 264.7 cells.we previously showed that 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-y-l)propenone (hmp), suppressed the synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators. in this study, hmp showed a dose-dependent inhibition of no synthesis in the raw 264.7 murine macrophage line. the inhibition of no synthesis was related to inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and kinase activity that led to significant inhibition of phosphorylation of atf-2. this effect in turn caused inhibition of ap-1-dna binding which partially e ...201021035434
effect of storage temperature during transport of ovaries on in vitro embryo production in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).the aim of this work was to study the effect of storage temperature during the transport of ovaries on cleavage and blastocyst rates in iberian red deer, because wild populations of this subspecies are usually far from laboratories. a total of 472 ovaries from 236 iberian hinds were recovered and maintained in saline solution at 5-8 °c or 20-25 °c for 12 h. after storage, aspirated oocytes were matured with fsh/lh or egf and the developed embryos were cultured with oviduct epithelial cells monol ...201021040958
variances and covariances of phenological traits in a wild mammal population.in a seasonal environment, there are multiple aspects of timing, or phenology, that contribute to an individual's fitness. several studies have shown a genetic basis to variation between individuals in breeding time, but we know little about the heritability of other phenological traits in wild populations. furthermore, the presence of genetic correlations between phenological variables could act to constrain or promote any response to selection, but less is known of the multivariate genetic rel ...201021044060
erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) signaling positively regulates death receptor 5 expression through co-activation of chop and elk1.death receptor 5 (dr5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor that triggers apoptosis upon binding to its ligand or when overexpressed. its expression is induced by certain small molecule drugs, including celecoxib, through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. the current study has revealed a novel erk/ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk)-dependent mechanism that regulates dr5 expression primarily using celecoxib as a dr5 inducer. both c/ebp homologous protein (chop) and elk1 are re ...201021044953
morphology and ultrastructure of antler velvet hair and body hair from red deer (cervus elaphus).we provide a detailed description of the ultrastructure of deer hair fibers. guard hairs and underhairs from the winter coat of red deer (cervus elaphus), and antler velvet hairs from the same species were examined. all fibers displayed the typical keratin fiber morphology of overlapping cuticle cells surrounding a core of cortex cells, and often a centrally-located medulla, but there were considerable differences in the diameter, cuticle thickness, and scale pattern, and in the relative amounts ...201021061275
association of thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) gene polymorphism in patients with aspirin-intolerant acute urticaria.the thromboxane a2 receptor (tbxa2r) is a potent broncho- and vaso-constrictor and is associated with leukotriene synthesis. polymorphisms in the tbxa2r gene have been linked to atopy, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. this study evaluated the association between genetic tbxa2r variants and the development of acetyl salicylic acid (asa)-intolerant acute urticaria (aiau).201021070398
differing contributions of limk and rock to tgfβ-induced transcription, motility and invasion.the ability of transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt) is mediated by smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways such as the activation of rho gtpase signalling. upon activation, gtp-bound rho stimulates the rock kinases, which in turn phosphorylate numerous substrates including the lim kinases (limk). the net result of rock activation is increased actin-myosin contractile force generation, with a contribution from limk-induced actin filament stabi ...201021074289
seroprevalence of neospora caninum in free living and farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland.serum samples from 47 free living and 106 farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) from the mazurian lake district in north-east poland were investigated for the presence of antibodies to neospora caninum. a modified neospora iscom-elisa was used for initial screening. all sera with optical density (od) values exceeding 0.400 absorbance units were further investigated by western blot analysis. eighteen sera were positive in both tests. six of these were from free living and 12 from farmed animals giving ...201021077439
relationship between il-6/erk and nf-κb: a study in normal and pathological human prostate gland.there is growing evidence that inflammation is a causal factor in cancer, where pro-inflammatory cytokines such as il-6, il-1 or tnf-α could induce cellular proliferation by activation of nf-κb. this study focuses on the il-6/erk transduction pathway, its relationship with nf-κb, and the consequences of dysregulation in the development of prostate pathologies such as benign prostate hyperplasia (bph), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostate cancer (pc).201021081304
key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 mapk in the regulation of atrial stretch response.mechanisms regulating stretch response in the left ventricle are investigated in detail but not well understood in atrial myocardium. hypertrophic growth of atrial myocardium contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. in this study, we sought to elucidate mechanisms of stretch-induced activation of key signaling pathways and hypertrophy-associated genes in rat atria. stretching of isolated atria induced a rapid increase in phosphorylation of p38 mapk and erk and induced a p38 mapk-d ...201021084678
association analysis of prnp gene region with chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk.abstract:201021087518
detection of specific antibodies anti-neospora caninum in the fallow deer (dama dama).sera from 335 farmed fallow deer (dama dama) at the breeding station in kosewo górne in the mazurian lake district, north-east poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum. the distribution of age groups was as follow: >4years - 154 animals; 2years - 76 animals; 1year - 105 animals. ten sera with the optical density exceeding 0.159 absorbance units (i.e., cut-off value) in elisa test were also analyzed by western blot. western blot analysis revealed seroreact ...201021087781
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