Publications

the british river of the future: how climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in england.	the possible effects of changing climate on a southern and a north-eastern english river (the thames and the yorkshire ouse, respectively) were examined in relation to water and ecological quality throughout the food web. the classic hydrological model, driven by output from the hadley centre climate model (hadcm3), based on ipcc low and high co(2) emission scenarios for 2080 were used as the basis for the analysis. compared to current conditions, the classic model predicted lower flows for both ...	2009	19505713
a comparison of exposure to carcinogens among roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette smokers.	consumption of roll-your-own (ryo) tobacco is rising, but little is known about its in vivo delivery of toxins relative to factory-made (fm) cigarettes. to start to address this issue, this study compared the concentrations of metabolites of recognized human carcinogens in smokers of ryo tobacco and fm cigarettes. we opportunistically recruited 127 fm and 28 ryo cigarette smokers in central london and collected saliva and urine samples. saliva samples were assayed for cotinine while urinary samp ...	2009	19523045
cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype, a newly identified human pathogen.		2009	19402985
verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 in animals on public amenity premises in england and wales, 1997 to 2007.	at the request of the public health authorities, 31 public amenity premises in england and wales containing animals of various species were investigated for the presence of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) o157 between 1997 and 2007, because of putative associations with human cases. vtec o157 was confirmed in one or more species on 19 (61.3 per cent) of the premises. there were significant associations between the presence of vtec o157 and the number of species sampled, the size of the ...	2009	19411683
no association between cholinergic muscarinic receptor 2 (chrm2) genetic variation and cognitive abilities in three independent samples.	cognitive ability has a substantial genetic component and more than 15 candidate genes have been identified over the past 8 years. one gene that has been associated with general cognitive ability is the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor (chrm2). in an attempt to replicate this finding we typed marker rs8191992 (the originally reported chrm2 snp) in two population based cohorts-one scottish aged over 50 years (n = 2,091) and the other english comprising non-demented elderly participants (n = 758) ...	2009	19418213
drug-resistant salmonella typhimurium dt 120: use of pfge and mlva in a putative international outbreak investigation.	isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium belonging to definitive phage type (dt) 120 (salmonella typhimurium dt 120) from simultaneous outbreaks of infection in the england and denmark have been compared on the basis of antibiogram, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). isolates from england had the resistance profile (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline), mlva profiles 2-4-4-0-2, 2-4-5-0-2, ...	2009	19432517
cases of a/h1n1 flu are nearing epidemic levels in london and west midlands, say gps.		2009	19596723
vitamin d receptor gene polymorphisms, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels, and melanoma: uk case-control comparisons and a meta-analysis of published vdr data.	we have carried out melanoma case-control comparisons for six vitamin d receptor (vdr) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3) levels in order to investigate the role of vitamin d in melanoma susceptibility. there was no significant evidence of an association between any vdr snp and risk in 1028 population-ascertained cases and 402 controls from leeds, uk. in a second leeds case-control study (299 cases and 560 controls) the foki t allele was associated with ...	2009	19615888
england to launch special flu service next week to take pressure off primary care.		2009	19620227
the patient's view: john donne and katharine anne porter.		2009	19623683
[100 million doses of vaccines for a billion euro].		2009	19626936
swine flu website inundated as cases in england double in a week.		2009	19633034
public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey.	to assess whether perceptions of the swine flu outbreak predicted changes in behaviour among members of the public in england, scotland, and wales.	2009	19574308
matrix metalloproteinase-2 predicts mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of mmp (matrix metalloproteinase)-2, mmp-3 and mmp-9 levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome for death, readmission with hf (heart failure) or recurrent mi (myocardial infarction) and to compare them with established markers, nt-probnp (n-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide) and the grace (global registry of acute coronary events) score. a single blood test was taken 4 days after admission in 1024 consecutive patien ...	2009	19583569
preliminary descriptive epidemiology of a large school outbreak of influenza a(h1n1)v in the west midlands, united kingdom, may 2009.	this report describes the preliminary results from the investigation of a large school outbreak of influenza a(h1n1)v in birmingham, united kingdom in may 2009, when influenza a(h1n1)v was confirmed in 64 of 175 (36%) symptomatic pupils and members of staff.	2009	19589329
an outbreak of influenza a(h1n1)v in a boarding school in south east england, may-june 2009.	an outbreak of influenza a(h1n1)v was confirmed in may and june 2009 in a boarding school in south east england involving 102 symptomatic cases with influenza-like illness. influenza a(h1n1)v infection was laboratory-confirmed by pcr in 62 pupils and one member of staff.	2009	19589330
an exploratory study of the effect of using high-mix biphasic insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes.	to compare blood glucose control when using biphasic insulin aspart (biasp) three times a day (using 70/30 high-mix before breakfast and lunch), with biphasic human insulin (bhi, 30/70) twice daily in adults with type 2 diabetes already treated with insulin.	2009	19527481
association of variants in the pcsk1 gene with obesity in the epic-norfolk study.	recently, the rs6232 (n221d) and rs6235 (s690t) snps in the pcsk1 gene were associated with obesity in a meta-analysis comprising more than 13 000 individuals of european ancestry. each additional minor allele of rs6232 or rs6235 was associated with a 1.34- or 1.22-fold increase in the risk of obesity, respectively. so far, only one relatively small study has aimed to replicate these findings, but could not confirm the association of the rs6235 snp and did not study the rs6232 variant. in the pr ...	2009	19528091
hpv testing in combination with liquid-based cytology in primary cervical screening (artistic): a randomised controlled trial.	testing for human papillomavirus (hpv) dna is reportedly more sensitive than cytology for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). the effectiveness of hpv testing in primary cervical screening was assessed in the artistic trial, which was done over two screening rounds approximately 3 years apart (2001-03 and 2004-07) by comparing liquid-based cytology (lbc) combined with hpv testing against lbc alone.	2009	19540162
prepared for a 'flu pandemic? i don't think so...		2009	19540578
cost of treatment and qalys lost due to genital warts: data for the economic evaluation of hpv vaccines in the united kingdom.	data on the burden of genital warts in terms of treatment costs and detriment to quality of life (qol) are required to assess cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination. we investigated the cost of treatment and period of time for which qol is affected to obtain estimates of quality-adjusted life year (qaly) loss associated with an episode of genital warts.	2009	19543143
improving adherence to gh therapy with an electronic device: first experience with easypod.	endocrinology units in the uk and eire have, in recent years, moved away from offering a narrow range of injection devices and products to patients starting growth hormone (gh) treatment, and now most (approximately 90%) offer some form of patient choice. survey results from a unit in birmingham, uk, have shown that it is not possible to predict which device will be selected by a given patient based on their sex, age or diagnostic category. across the uk, there is, however, wide variability in t ...	2009	19550392
characterization of genetically diverse hiv type 1 from a london cohort: near full-length genomic analysis of a subtype h strain.	hiv-1 is characterized by an exceptional level of sequence diversity and a rapid rate of evolution. hiv diversity has implications for reliability of assays designed to detect and monitor infection, pathogenesis, disease progression, response to antiviral therapeutics, resistance pathways, and vaccine development. in the present study, hiv-1 strain diversity was assessed for a small clinical cohort (n = 15) from london, england at risk for infection with non-subtype b strains. analysis of gag p2 ...	2009	19552591
temperance, alcohol, and the american evangelical: a reassessment.	abstinence from alcohol is a way of life for many american evangelicals, with rates of abstention running at over 70% among some pentecostal denominations. this paper examines the religious beliefs that, historically, have supported teetotalism. the most notable of these is christian perfection, a doctrine that originated in 18th-century england, that was then radicalized in america in the early 19th century. abstinence from alcohol is highest among denominations that make christian perfection t ...	2009	19563558
variation at the anp32a gene is associated with risk of hip osteoarthritis in women.	the anp32a gene encodes a tumor suppressor molecule that plays a regulatory role in apoptosis and interferes with canonical wnt signaling in vitro. we undertook this study to test whether genetic variation at anp32a was associated with osteoarthritis (oa) in women.	2009	19565487
chief medical officer warns that swine flu may be on the rise again.		2009	19767346
natural representations: diagram and text in darwin's "on the origin of species".	this article examines darwin's use of diagram and text in the "origin" by focusing on their interacting roles in his discussion of natural relations, extinction, and time. each medium presented opportunities and challenges that depend on the topic in question; indeed, a medium's dimensionality could undermine one claim and make self-evident another. while darwin divides representational labor between diagram and text, he also creates a constitutive interplay between media. the resulting dynamic ...	2009	19824197
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza: experience from the critical care unit.	this case series details experience of critical care admissions with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza from an intensive care unit in the west midlands. we present four critically ill patients admitted with severe hypoxia. two of the patients failed a trial of continuous positive airway pressure and all underwent controlled ventilation within 24 h of admission. bilevel and high frequency oscillatory ventilation were the most useful modes. our patients generally had one organ failure and were ventil ...	2009	19825061
epidemic modelling: aspects where stochasticity matters.	epidemic models are always simplifications of real world epidemics. which real world features to include, and which simplifications to make, depend both on the disease of interest and on the purpose of the modelling. in the present paper we discuss some such purposes for which a stochastic model is preferable to a deterministic counterpart. the two main examples illustrate the importance of allowing the infectious and latent periods to be random when focus lies on the probability of a large epid ...	2009	19837097
an experimental investigation of the emotional and motivational impact of hpv information in adolescents.	we examined psychologic responses to information about human papillomavirus (hpv) in young women within the age range of the uk's hpv vaccination "catch-up" program (13-16 years). respondents absorbed hpv information without becoming worried, were receptive to cervical screening and vaccination, and these attitudes were enhanced by presentation of relevant information.	2009	19837362
mental health laws for those "compliant" with treatment.	the focus of current mental health laws is on the involuntary detention and treatment of those with low-prevalence, serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. however, an international trend is developing towards using mental health laws to safeguard the rights of patients who lack the capacity to consent to treatment but who are not objecting to it. this column analyses the legislative response in england and wales to a decision by the european court of human rights in ...	2009	19771982
prevalence of campylobacter spp. in raw retail poultry on sale in northern ireland.	a year-long survey of fresh, retail poultry products on sale in northern ireland was undertaken to define the prevalence of campylobacter spp. by using protocols based on iso (standard) 10272-1:2006. incubation at 37 and 42 degrees c was undertaken to increase the diversity of isolates obtained. overall, 652 isolates were identified as campylobacter spp. by using pcr and amplified fragment length polymorphic typing. phenotyping wrongly identified 21% of isolates. prevalences of campylobacter fou ...	2009	19777882
an audit of parents'/guardians' wishes recorded after coronial autopsies in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy: issues raised and future directions.	in the u.k., cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy are under the jurisdiction of the coroner and consent for a post-mortem is not required. prior to the human tissue act 2006 (hta) there was also no requirement to request retention of tissue (blocks and slides). the hta stipulates that parental/ guardian consent is mandatory to retain or dispose of all tissues after the coroners' purposes have been fulfilled. in 2007, in order to avoid confusion with the consent needed for hospital post-mo ...	2009	19787989
searching: the lived experience of women with cancer of the vulva.	although the physical adverse effects following surgery for vulval cancer may readily be described, little is known about the psychological, emotional, and social impact. a review of the literature revealed a paucity of studies, as this condition is rare. to explore the lived experiences of women in the united kingdom with vulval cancer, a qualitative research study was undertaken using the research methodology of interpretive phenomenology, based on the work of heidegger (the essence of human f ...	2009	19816158
reflections on darwin and darwinizing.	although there is a vast literature about darwin there remains an urgent need, particularly in the field of literary studies, for greater understanding of his work. this essay examines current trends in darwinian criticism, contrasting literary darwinism--which seeks in literature the "human nature" being defined by evolutionary psychology--with other models of darwinian criticism provided by historians of science and literary scholars, models that bring together a sense of historical context wi ...	2009	19817006
association of erap1, but not il23r, with ankylosing spondylitis in a han chinese population.	the results of a recent genome-wide association study have shown that erap1 and il23r are associated with ankylosing spondylitis (as) in caucasian populations from north america and the uk. based on these findings, we undertook the current study to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) covering the genes erap1 and il23r are associated with as in a han chinese population.	2009	19877036
a human experiment in nerve division by w.h.r. rivers md frs, fellow of st john's college, cambridge and henry head md frs, physician to the london hospital, brain 1908: 31; 323-450.		2009	19877308
risk factors for the carriage of campylobacter upsaliensis by dogs in a community in cheshire.	samples of faeces were taken from 183 healthy pet dogs in a census-based, cross-sectional study in cheshire; culture methods were used to detect any campylobacter species and a direct pcr was used to detect campylobacter upsaliensis. forty-six of the dogs were positive for c upsaliensis by either culture or direct pcr, giving a prevalence of 25.1 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [ci] 19.0 to 32.1 per cent). one sample was positive by culture for campylobacter jejuni (95 per cent ci 0.0 ...	2009	19880860
number of swine flu patients going into intensive care is rising.		2009	19884211
influenza vaccination: a cross-sectional prospective audit of influenza vaccination in patients admitted to a london hospital.		2009	19886122
the infectious diseases biobank at king's college london: archiving samples from patients infected with hiv to facilitate translational research.	the king's college london (kcl) infectious diseases biobank opened in 2007 and collects peripheral venous blood (pvb) from individuals infected with pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). pvbs are fractionated into plasmas, lymphocytes and dna and are then frozen. all donations are from subjects who have given 'open consent' so samples can be used for virtually any type of biomedical research. the hiv component of the biobank contains samples from over 400 donations from 138 hiv ...	2009	19886990
artistic: a randomised trial of human papillomavirus (hpv) testing in primary cervical screening.	primary cervical screening uses cytology to detect cancer precursor lesions [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia stage 3 or beyond (cin3+)]. human papillomavirus (hpv) testing could add sensitivity as an adjunct to cytology or as a first test, reserving cytology for hpv-positive women. this study addresses the questions: does the combination of cytology and hpv testing achieve a reduction in incident cin3+?; is hpv testing cost-effective in primary cervical screening?; is its use associated with ...	2009	19891902
cases of swine flu in england almost double in a week.		2009	19858182
an assessment of the validity of sofa score based triage in h1n1 critically ill patients during an influenza pandemic.	sequential organ failure assessment (sofa) score based triage of influenza a h1n1 critically ill patients has been proposed for surge capacity management as a guide for clinical decision making. we conducted a retrospective records review and sofa scoring of critically ill patients with influenza a h1n1 in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit in an urban hospital. eight critically ill patients with influenza a h1n1 were admitted to the intensive care unit. their mean (range) age was 39 ( ...	2009	19860754
influenza vaccine uptake among staff in care homes in nottinghamshire: a random cluster sample survey.	to establish uptake of influenza vaccine amongst care home clinical staff in greater nottingham, and to investigate what could be done to improve vaccine uptake in this group.	2009	19875140
litigation related to drug errors in anaesthesia: an analysis of claims against the nhs in england 1995-2007.	ninety-three claims (total cost 4,915,450 pounds) filed under 'anaesthesia' in the nhs litigation authority database between 1995 and 2007, alleging patient harm directly by drug administration error or by an allergic reaction, were analysed. alleged errors were categorised using systems employed by the national coordinating council for medication error reporting and prevention, the american society of anesthesiologists closed claims project and the uk health and safety executive. the severity o ...	2009	19849678
[how to manage the cost-efficacy ratio?].	the economical science will gradually introduce the health economy of which the definition urges to seek for a better distribution between public and private means to do more and better for the public health. the health market is principally conducted by the supply and demand law. the needs, the supply and demand and the consumer's behaviour are different in this particular market which evolves continuously and progressively goes closer to the market economy. the health status of each human repr ...	2009	19899391
[somerset maugham--a doctor in human bondage].		2009	19902609
swine flu has been "considerably less lethal than feared," says donaldson.		2009	20026511
fall in swine flu cases may not signal an end of the epidemic, warns professor donaldson.		2009	19969608
phase i study of high-stringency cd8 depletion of donor leukocyte infusions after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.	donor leukocyte infusions (dli) are given after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation to eradicate persistent tumor or correct mixed chimerism (mc). the drawback of dli is the risk of graft-versus-host disease (gvhd). in this phase i study, we examined the potential of highly extensive cd8 depletion of dli as a means of improving its safety profile.	2009	19996931
mortality from pandemic a/h1n1 2009 influenza in england: public health surveillance study.	to establish mortality from pandemic a/h1n1 2009 influenza up to 8 november 2009.	2009	20007665
gps make deals with local nhs to vaccinate children against swine flu.		2009	20008016
tensions and paradoxes in electronic patient record research: a systematic literature review using the meta-narrative method.	the extensive research literature on electronic patient records (eprs) presents challenges to systematic reviewers because it covers multiple research traditions with different underlying philosophical assumptions and methodological approaches.	2009	20021585
dog fight: darwin as animal advocate in the antivivisection controversy of 1875.	the traditional characterization of charles darwin as a strong advocate of physiological experimentation on animals was posited in richard french's antivivisection and medical science in victorian england (1975), where french portrayed him as a soldier in thomas huxley's efforts to preserve anatomical experimentation on animals unfettered by government regulation. that interpretation relied too much on, inter alia, huxley's own description of the legislative battles of 1875, and shared many hist ...	2009	19917485
laws of humanity.	the human rights act should underpin everything nurses do in caring for patients. the topic is the subject of an rcn conference to be held in london on october 26.	2009	19927552
pigs ears and the law of unintended consequences.		2009	19933614
the power of language in medicine. case study: mongolism.		2009	19938258
up to a third of schoolchildren in some parts of england may already have had swine flu.		2009	19939903
the journal ergonomics celebrates the quality of the research published in its pages each year through an annual prize, the liberty mutual award.		2009	19941179
epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1 amongst men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics in england and wales: implications for hiv prevention and management.	the objective was to investigate herpes simplex virus (hsv) epidemiology amongst hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men (msm) in england and wales. unlinked anonymous sera from 3,968 msm attending 12 sexual health clinics in 2003 were tested for hiv, hsv-2 and hsv-1 antibodies. fifty-five percent of hiv-positive msm were hsv-2-seropositive, compared to 17% of hiv-negative msm (adj rr: 2.14 [ci: 1.92-2.37]). amongst hiv-positive individuals, there was no significant difference in ...	2009	19941804
single-cell expression profiling of dopaminergic neurons combined with association analysis identifies pyridoxal kinase as parkinson's disease gene.	the etiology of parkinson disease (pd) is complex and multifactorial, with hereditary and environmental factors contributing. monogenic forms have provided molecular clues to disease mechanisms but genetic modifiers of idiopathic pd are still to be determined.	2009	20035503
prnp variation in uk sporadic and variant creutzfeldt jakob disease highlights genetic risk factors and a novel non-synonymous polymorphism.	genetic analysis of the human prion protein gene (prnp) in suspect cases of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) is necessary for accurate diagnosis and case classification. previous publications on the genetic variation at the prnp locus have highlighted the presence of numerous polymorphisms, in addition to the well recognised one at codon 129, with significant variability between geographically distinct populations. it is therefore of interest to consider their influence on susceptibility or the c ...	2009	20035629
his majesty's subjects: from laboratory to human experiment in pneumatic chemistry.	experiments in pneumatic chemistry paved the way for medical innovation in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. thomas beddoes and james watt were instrumental in the spread of the use of new gas chemistry in pneumatic therapy, but they were far from alone. there was no shortage of experimental subjects, as the practice was quickly taken up by medics throughout britain.	2009	20027745
thomas beddoes and the german psychological tradition.	this paper considers thomas beddoes's role in disseminating german psychological ideas in britain. it describes the german tradition as inaugurated by karl philipp moritz (1756-93) and considers the chief differences between this tradition and the english one stemming from david hartley. it is suggested that beddoes found strong support for his convictions about human interiority in writings by moritz and his followers. in particular, these enabled him to think about sanity and madness as being ...	2009	20027748
swine flu: a birmingham experience.	by the beginning of july 2009 the west midlands had seen more cases of novel h1n1 influenza (swine flu) than any other region in the u.k. over a three-week period almost 850 people presented to heartlands hospital with flu-like symptoms. of those admitted 52 adults were subsequently confirmed as having h1n1 infection. most were younger than 30 and not from traditional influenza risk groups. the main risk factor for severe disease was asthma, and to a lesser extent pregnancy and obesity. seven pa ...	2009	20095293
current and future climate- and air pollution-mediated impacts on human health.	we describe a project to quantify the burden of heat and ozone on mortality in the uk, both for the present-day and under future emission scenarios.	2009	20102593
has actuarial aging "slowed" over the past 250 years? a comparison of small-scale subsistence populations and european cohorts.	g.c. williams's 1957 hypothesis famously argues that higher age-independent, or "extrinsic," mortality should select for faster rates of senescence. long-lived species should therefore show relatively few deaths from extrinsic causes such as predation and starvation. theoretical explorations and empirical tests of williams's hypothesis have flourished in the past decade but it has not yet been tested empirically among humans. we test williams's hypothesis using mortality data from subsistence po ...	2009	19220451
human resources. the art of persuasion.		2010	21287839
brief communication: developmental dysplasia of the hip in medieval london.	developmental dysplasia of the hip (ddh) is a spectrum of disease starting in childhood and in many cases persisting into adulthood. the spectrum ranges from acetabular dysplasia, through hip subluxation to dislocation. the aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and pathoanatomy of acetabular dysplasia and subluxation in excavated human skeletal remains, to complement past research on dislocation in ddh. the material under study was the medieval cemetery of st. mary spital in londo ...	2010	21302274
ectopic pregnancy: using the hcg ratio to select women for expectant or medical management.	objective. to identify variables that can be used to select women with an ectopic pregnancy for expectant or medical management with systemic methotrexate. design. cohort study. setting. early pregnancy unit of a london teaching hospital. population. women with a tubal ectopic pregnancy managed non-surgically. methods. the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy was made using transvaginal sonography. human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) levels had to be taken at 0 hour and 48 hours pre-treatment. o ...	2010	21306315
understanding mortality in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in england and wales.	the causes of recurrent waves in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic are not fully understood.	2010	21306572
predicting national exposure to a point source chemical: japan and endocrine disruption as an example.	the predicted aquatic estrogen concentrations for the whole of england and japan were determined and compared using population and flow data. the overall value for english surface waters was 0.9 ng/l estradiol equivalents (eeq) compared to 0.1 ng/l overall for japan. available dilution of sewage effluent was considered to be more important than contraceptive pill usage in this relative risk. a national survey of japanese rivers using the yeast estrogen assay (yes) gave a median value of 0.27 ng/ ...	2010	21166455
tetrabromobisphenol-a, hexabromocyclododecane and its degradation products in uk human milk: relationship to external exposure.	tetrabromobisphenol-a (tbbp-a), hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd) and its degradation products were determined in 34 human milk samples from birmingham, uk. tbbp-a was detected in 36% of samples (average=0.06 ng g(-1) lw), with hbcds detected in all samples (average σhbcds=5.95 ng g(-1) lw). α-hbcd comprised 62-95% σhbcds while β- and γ-hbcd constituted 2-18% and 3-33% respectively. enantioselective enrichment of (-)-α-hbcd (average enantiomer fraction=0.29) was observed indicating potential enantio ...	2010	21167604
prnp allelic series from 19 years of prion protein gene sequencing at the mrc prion unit.	mutation of the human prion protein gene (prnp) open reading frame (orf) accounts for almost all reported familial concurrence of prion disease. the more common mutations globally: octapeptide repeat insertions, p102l, d178n, e200k, and v210i have occurred in large multigenerational pedigrees and display autosomal dominant inheritance, however, many rare genetic changes have been reported that are of uncertain pathogenicity. based on 19 years of prnp sequencing at the mrc prion unit, london, and ...	2010	20583301
out of our heads! four perspectives on the curation of an on-line exhibition of medically themed artwork by uk medical undergraduates.	the medical school at bristol university is noted for offering, and in some instances requiring, its students to work creatively with medical themes. students, artists, educationalists and a web designer have worked to create an on-line exhibition of the resulting creative output. this can be viewed at www.outofourheads.net. this site is a themed repository of poetry, prose, drawings, paintings, cartoons, films, music, dance and rap. most works come with commentaries that can be as illuminating ...	2010	21321667
prisoners' bodies: methods and advances in convict medicine in the transportation era.	recent historical research looks upon the plight of australian convicts not as victims of a harsh penal system, but as workers whose health had to be judiciously maintained. what then can be said for the medical treatments provided for convict patients during this chapter in australia's past? did convicts receive medical treatments with the same measure of importance and urgency as the free populace, or were prisoners' bodies considered with such a measure of insignificance that they provided ve ...	2010	21553693
predicted impact of vaccination against human papillomavirus 16/18 on cancer incidence and cervical abnormalities in women aged 20-29 in the uk.	human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccination has been approved in more than 90 countries and is being implemented in many of these. in the uk, vaccination for girls aged 12-13 with catch-up for girls up to age 18 was introduced in 2008, using the bivalent gsk vaccine (cervarix).	2010	20104226
human resources. get the measure of your team.		2010	20120611
school absence data for influenza surveillance: a pilot study in the united kingdom.	school-age children are at a high risk of acute respiratory virus infections including the 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1). school absence records have been suggested as a tool for influenza surveillance. we analysed absence records from six primary schools (children aged from around five to 11 years) in london during the years 2005 to 2007 in order to provide baseline epidemiological characteristics of illness-related school absence, and to correlate school absence with seasonal influenza. the ...	2010	20122378
unrecognised scurvy. signs and requirements.		2010	20124375
english mortality from a/h1n1. comparisons with recent flu mortality.		2010	20124383
incidence of 2009 pandemic influenza a h1n1 infection in england: a cross-sectional serological study.	knowledge of the age-specific prevalence of immunity from, and incidence of infection with, 2009 pandemic influenza a h1n1 virus is essential for modelling the future burden of disease and the effectiveness of interventions such as vaccination.	2010	20096450
vaccination against pandemic influenza a/h1n1v in england: a real-time economic evaluation.	decisions on how to mitigate an evolving pandemic are technically challenging. we present a real-time assessment of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alternative influenza a/h1n1v vaccination strategies. a transmission dynamic model was fitted to the estimated number of cases in real-time, and used to generate plausible autumn scenarios under different vaccination options. the proportion of these cases by age and risk group leading to primary care consultations, national pandemic flu s ...	2010	20096762
investigation of farms linked to human patients with cryptosporidiosis in england and wales.	the study investigates farms suspected of being sources of zoonotic human cryptosporidiosis. a variety of implicated farm animal species were sampled and tested to detect cryptosporidium oocysts and investigate genetic linkage with human patients. risk factor information was collected from each farm and analysed by multivariable logistic regression to detect significant associations between factors and cryptosporidium in animals. the results showed that average sample prevalence of cryptosporidi ...	2010	20096944
predicting the postmortem submersion interval for human remains recovered from u.k. waterways.	this article aims to increase accuracy in estimating the postmortem submersion interval (pmsi) for bodies recovered from rivers in the united kingdom. data were collected from closed case files, crime scene reports, and autopsy files concerning bodies recovered over a 15-year period from the river clyde, scotland, and the river mersey and canals in northwest england. one hundred and eighty-seven cases met the study criteria and were scored by quantifying the overall amount of decomposition obser ...	2010	20102465
legal dilemmas for clinicians involved in the care and treatment of children and young people with mental disorder.	the 2008 revised mental health act code of practice describes the legal framework governing the admission to hospital and treatment of children and young people for mental disorders as complex. clinicians are required to be conversant with common law principles as well as the mental health act (mha), children act, mental capacity act (mca), family law reform act, human rights act, and the united nations convention on the rights of the child. professionals working with the mha and the mca have a ...	2010	20030658
comparison of first-trimester contingent screening strategies for down syndrome.	to assess the relative performance of a multi-stage first-trimester screening protocol for fetal down syndrome.	2010	20052660
two-dimensional patterns of human enamel thickness on deciduous (dm1, dm2) and permanent first (m1) mandibular molars.	to characterise patterns of enamel thickness on deciduous (dm1, dm2) and permanent first (m1) mandibular molars and evaluate these against functional and morphological interpretative models.	2010	20056193
breast cancer in women under 40 years of age: a series of 57 cases from northern ireland.	there are few studies examining breast cancer in women under the age of 40 years, particularly in western european populations. such tumours are reported to be more aggressive, possibly due to a different pathophysiology compared to older patients.	2010	20060718
barriers to targeted hiv testing on an acute admissions unit: evaluation of the uk guideline.	one-quarter of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the uk are unaware of their infection, leading to late presentation with consequent increased morbidity and mortality, as well as ongoing transmission of infection. recent uk guidelines advise hiv testing of patients with 'indicator diseases' in secondary care. there are limited seroprevalence data to support this recommendation, and acute medical settings present operational difficulties that may limit its feasibility.	2010	20040534
homicide and suicide in yorkshire and the humber: 1975-1992 and 1993-2007.	homicide-suicide (hs) events in yorkshire and the humber have been documented previously by milroy in a study of the period 1975 to 1992 (milroy, med sci law. 1993;33:167-171; milroy 1994; milroy, forensic sci int. 1995;71:117-122; milroy, med sci law. 1995;35:213-217; and milroy, j clin forensic med. 1998;5:61-64). reported here is an update of that study covering hs events in the same region from 1993 to 2007. data from cohort 1 (1975-1992) and cohort 2 (1993-2007) are presented and compared, ...	2010	19935394
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus outbreak in a school in london, april-may 2009: an observational study.	on 29 april 2009, an imported case of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus infection was detected in a london school. as further cases, pupils and staff members were identified, school closure and mass prophylaxis were implemented. an observational descriptive study was conducted to provide an insight into the clinical presentation and transmission dynamics in this setting. between 15 april and 15 may 2009, 91 symptomatic cases were identified: 33 were confirmed positive for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus inf ...	2010	19925691
a spatial and seasonal assessment of river water chemistry across north west england.	this paper presents information on the spatial and seasonal patterns of river water chemistry at approximately 800 sites in north west england based on data from the environment agency regional monitoring programme. within a gis framework, the linkages between average water chemistry (ph, sulphate, base cations, nutrients and metals) catchment characteristics (topography, land cover, soil hydrology, base flow index and geology), rainfall, deposition chemistry and geo-spatial information on disch ...	2010	19926113
communication challenges of hpv vaccination.	the uk has introduced a national human papillomavirus (hpv) immunisation programme for girls aged 12-13 from autumn 2008. previous research has explored public understanding of the causes of cervical cancer and found little awareness of the role of hpv.	2010	20022908
healthcare workers' perceptions of the duty to work during an influenza pandemic.	healthcare workers (hcws) are often assumed to have a duty to work, even if faced with personal risk. this is particularly so for professionals (doctors and nurses). however, the health service also depends on non-professionals, such as porters, cooks and cleaners. the duty to work is currently under scrutiny because of the ongoing challenge of responding to pandemic influenza, where an effective response depends on most uninfected hcws continuing to work, despite personal risk. this paper repor ...	2010	20026687
chronic hepatitis c is associated with peripheral rather than hepatic insulin resistance.	chronic hepatitis c (chc) is associated with insulin resistance (ir), liver steatosis (genotype 3), and increased diabetes risk. the site and mechanisms of ir are unclear.	2010	19962985
the maternal age-specific live birth prevalence of trisomies 13 and 18 compared to trisomy 21 (down syndrome).	to estimate the maternal age-specific live birth prevalence (in the absence of prenatal diagnosis and selective termination) of trisomy 13 (patau syndrome) and trisomy 18 (edwards syndrome) and compare it with that of trisomy 21 (down syndrome).	2010	19911411
investigation of food and environmental exposures relating to the epidemiology of campylobacter coli in humans in northwest england.	this study uses multilocus sequence typing (mlst) to investigate the epidemiology of campylobacter coli in a continuous study of a population in northwest england. all cases of campylobacter identified in four local authorities (government administrative boundaries) between 2003 and 2006 were identified to species level and then typed, using mlst. epidemiological information was collected for each of these cases, including food and recreational exposure variables, and the epidemiologies of c. je ...	2010	19854914
sir joseph barcroft, cambridge placental and fetal research (1933-1966) and inter-generational science.	the nature of cambridge (uk) placental and fetal research in the middle third of the twentieth century is reviewed on the basis of published literature and personal recollection. joseph barcroft is a central figure who came to fetal research late in an extremely productive career which is briefly sketched. contemporaneous cambridge academics in the field included j.d. boyd (the authors father), j. hammond, f.h.a. marshall, r.a. mccance, j. needham, a.s. parkes and elsie widdowson. the then curre ...	2010	19876838