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translocation of the thioesterase domain for the redesign of plipastatin synthetase.non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) are large enzymatic complexes that catalyse the synthesis of biologically active peptides in microorganisms. genetic engineering has recently been applied to reprogram nrpss to produce lipopeptides with a new sequence. the carboxyl-terminal thioesterase (te) domains from nrpss catalyse cleavage products by hydrolysis or complex macrocyclization. in this study, we modified plipastatin synthetase by moving the intrinsic te region to the end of the internal ...201628009004
single-molecule dna polymerase dynamics at a bacterial replisome in live cells.polc is one of two essential replicative dna polymerases found in the gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis. the b. subtilis replisome is eukaryotic-like in that it relies on a two dna polymerase system for chromosomal replication. to quantitatively image how the replicative dna polymerase polc functions in b. subtilis, we applied photobleaching-assisted microscopy, three-dimensional superresolution imaging, and single-particle tracking to examine the in vivo behavior of polc at single-molec ...201628002733
biologically active heterocyclic hybrids based on quinazolinone, benzofuran and imidazolium moieties: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxic and antibacterial evaluation.cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents structurally based on quinazolinone, benzofuran and imidazole pharmacophores, have been designed and synthesized. spectral (ir, (1) h-nmr) and elemental analysis data established the structures of these novel 3-[1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4h)-yl)ethyl]-1-methyl-1h-imidazol-3-ium chloride hybrid derivatives. all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. cytotoxic evaluation using mtt assay re ...201628002645
the immunological characteristics and probiotic function of recombinant bacillus subtilis spore expressing clonorchis sinensis cysteine protease.clonorchiasis, a food-borne zoonosis, is caused by clonorchis sinensis. the intestinal tract and bile ducts are crucial places for c. sinensis metacercariae to develop into adult worms. the endospore of bacillus subtilis is an ideal oral immunization vehicle for delivery of heterologous antigens to intestine. cysteine protease of c. sinensis (cscp) is an endogenous key component in the excystment of metacercariae and other physiological or pathological processes.201627993173
isolation, screening, and identification of novel isolates of actinomycetes from india for antimicrobial applications.the search for novel bioactive compounds from the natural environment has rapidly been gaining momentum with the increase in multi-drug resistant (mdr) pathogens. in the present study, the antimicrobial potential of novel actinomycetes has been evaluated by initial screening of six soil samples. primary and secondary screening was performed against bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, candida albicans, candida tropicalis, trichophyton rubrum, and other mdr bacterial and fu ...201627999566
effects of sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.the present work is aimed at comparing the effects of sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles (agnps) on the growth kinetic, adhesion ability, oxidative stress, and phenotypic changes of model bacteria (escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. growth kinetic tests conducted in 96-well microtiter plates revealed that sublethal concentrations of agnps do not affect e. coli growth, whereas 1 μg/ml agnps increased b. subtilis growth rate under aer ...201627984857
immune responses induced by recombinant bacillus subtilis expressing the hemagglutinin protein of h5n1 in chickens.to develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1, we have constructed a recombinant bacillus subtilis strain (b.s.-ha) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. then we evaluated the immune function in chicken bone marrow derived dendritic cells (bm-dcs), and the immune response after oral immunization. our results show that the recombinant bacillus subtilis b.s.-ha could be sampled by bm-dcs in vitro and increase the bm-d ...201627982050
laserpitium zernyi hayek flower and herb extracts: phenolic compounds, and anti-edematous, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.phenolic compounds and different biological activities of the dry methanol extracts of the flowers and the herb (aerial parts without flowers) of laserpitium zernyi hayek (apiaceae) were investigated. the total phenolic contents in the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using folin-ciocalteu reagent. in both extracts, apigenin, luteolin, their 7-o-glucosides and chlorogenic acid were detected by hplc. identified phenolics were quantified in both extracts, except luteolin in l. zerny ...201627981797
draft genome sequence of bacillus subtilis ia1a, a new strain for poly-γ-glutamic acid and exopolysaccharide production.we report here the 4.092-mb high-quality draft genome assembly of a newly isolated poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing strain, bacillus subtilis ia1a. the genome sequence is considered a critical tool to facilitate the engineering of improved production strains. exopolysaccharides and many industrially important enzymes can be produced by this new strain utilizing different carbon sources.201627979935
commentary: changes in bacillus spore small molecules, rrna, germination, and outgrowth after extended sublethal exposure to various temperatures: evidence that protein synthesis is not essential for spore germination. 201628082954
highly stereoselective biocatalytic synthesis of key cyclopropane intermediate to ticagrelor.extending the scope of biocatalysis to important non-natural reactions such as olefin cyclopropanation will open new opportunities for replacing multi-step chemical syntheses of pharmaceutical intermediates with efficient, clean, and highly selective enzyme-catalyzed processes. in this work, we engineered the truncated globin of bacillus subtilis for the synthesis of a cyclopropane precursor to the antithrombotic agent ticagrelor. the engineered enzyme catalyzes the cyclopropanation of 3,4-diflu ...201628286694
phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, and antifungal assessment of aerial parts of polygonatum verticillatum.the current study was designed to assess the phytochemical profile, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of the crude methanol extract of the aerial parts of polygonatum verticillatum (pa) and its various subsequent solvent fractions using agar well diffusion, agar tube dilution, and microdilution methods. phytochemical analysis showed positive for different chemical groups and also contained marked quantity of saponin and flavonoid contents. significant antibacterial activity was observed a ...201624311628
operon prediction using chaos embedded particle swarm optimization.operons contain valuable information for drug design and determining protein functions. genes within an operon are co-transcribed to a single-strand mrna and must be coregulated. the identification of operons is, thus, critical for a detailed understanding of the gene regulations. however, currently used experimental methods for operon detection are generally difficult to implement and time consuming. in this paper, we propose a chaotic binary particle swarm optimization (cbpso) to predict opero ...201624384714
production of xylooligosaccharides in ssf by bacillus subtilis kcx006 producing β-xylosidase-free endo-xylanase and multiple xylan debranching enzymes.xylanase and xylooligosaccharides (xos) are employed in food and feed industries. though xylanase production from lignocellulosic materials (lcms) by solid-state fermentation (ssf) is well known, the xos formed during growth is not recovered due to its conversion to xylose by β-xylosidase and subsequent bacterial metabolism. a new strain, bacillus subtilis kcx006, was exceptionally found to synthesize β-xylosidase-free endo-xylanase and multiple xylan debranching enzymes constitutively in the pr ...201625310011
lbp/bpi homologue in eisenia andrei earthworms.lbp/bpis are pattern recognition receptors that are often present in vertebrates and in invertebrates, and they play a defense role against pathogens. we have identified 1698 bp cdna sequence from the eisenia andrei earthworm with predicted amino acid sequence that shares homology with the lbp/bpi family (ealbp/bpi). sequence analysis of ealbp/bpi proved the existence of two conserved domains with the potential ability to bind lps. the predicted molecular mass of the ealbp/bpi protein is 53.5 kd ...201626297397
isolation and structure elucidation of new phthalide and phthalane derivatives, isolated as antimicrobial agents from emericella sp. ifm57991.three new phthalide derivatives, emefuranones a1, a2 and b (1-3); six new phthalane derivatives, emefuran a, b1, b2, c1, c2 and d (4-9); three new farnesylated phthalide derivatives, farnesylemefuranones a-c (10-12); xylarinol c (13); and emericelloxide (14), along with four known compounds (dustanin, sorbicillin, aspergillodiol and xylarinol a), were isolated from the culture extracts of emericella sp. ifm57991. structures of 1-14 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemi ...201626306816
optimization of the expression conditions of cga-n46 in bacillus subtilis db1342(p-3n46) by response surface methodology.cga-n46 is a small antifungal-derived peptide and consists of the 31st-76th amino acids of the n-terminus of human chromogranin a. polycistronic expression of recombinant cga-n46 in bacillus subtilis db1342 was used to improve its production, but the yield of cga-n46 was still low. in the present study, response surface methodology (rsm) was used to optimize culture medium composition and growth conditions of the engineered strain b. subtilis db1342(p-3n46) for the further increase in cga-n46 yi ...201626341498
synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ftsz-targeted 3-arylalkoxy-2,6-difluorobenzamides as potential antimicrobial agents.novel series of 3-o-arylalkylbenzamide and 3-o-arylalkyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their on-target activity and antibacterial activity. the results indicated that the 3-o-arylalkyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide derivatives possessed much better on-target activity and antibacterial activity than the 3-o-arylalkylbenzamide derivatives. among them, 3-o-chlorobenzyl derivative 36 was the most effective in antibacterial activity (0.5, 4, and 8 μg/ml) against bacillu ...201626348110
synthesis of new oxadiazole, pyrazole and pyrazolin-5-one bearing 2-((4-methyl-2-oxo-2h-chromen-7-yl)oxy)acetohydrazide analogs as potential antibacterial and antifungal agents.two series of diversely substituted phenyldiazenyl(2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2h-chromen-7-yloxy)acetyl)3,5-dimethyl-1h-pyrazole 11a-g and phenyldiazenyl-1-(2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-4-chromen-7-yloxy)acetyl)-3-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5(4)h-one 12a-j were synthesized. all these compounds were characterized by ir, nmr, mass spectra and elemental analyses. the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against some gram-positive bacteria, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, gram-negative ba ...201626316428
mismatch repair in gram-positive bacteria.dna mismatch repair (mmr) is responsible for correcting errors formed during dna replication. dna polymerase errors include base mismatches and extra helical nucleotides referred to as insertion and deletion loops. in bacteria, mmr increases the fidelity of the chromosomal dna replication pathway approximately 100-fold. mmr defects in bacteria reduce replication fidelity and have the potential to affect fitness. in mammals, mmr defects are characterized by an increase in mutation rate and by mic ...201626343983
cita (citrate) and dcus (c4-dicarboxylate) sensor kinases in thermophilic geobacillus kaustophilus and geobacillus thermodenitrificans.the thermophilic geobacillus thermodenitrificans and geobacillus kaustophilus are able to use citrate or c4-dicarboxylates like fumarate or succinate as the substrates for growth. the genomes of the sequenced geobacillus strains (nine strains) each encoded a two-component system of the cita family. the sensor kinase of g. thermodenitrificans (termed citagt) was able to replace cita of escherichia coli (citaec) in a heterologous complementation assay restoring expression of the citaec-dependent c ...201626346610
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of commercial rice wine extracts of taiwanese allium fistulosum.the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of commercial rice wine extracts obtained from different plant parts of allium fistulosum were assayed. the results showed that commercial rice wine extracts of a. fistulosum contained 28.3-95.9 μl/ml allicin and exhibited significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. the dpph radical scavenging capacity ranged from 90.2% to 52.1%, and the ic50 value ranged from 14.6 to 26.0 μg/ml. the total phenolic content of wine extracts was 56.4-198.9 mg ...201626213031
zinc oxide induces the stringent response and major reorientations in the central metabolism of bacillus subtilis.microorganisms, such as bacteria, are one of the first targets of nanoparticles in the environment. in this study, we tested the effect of two nanoparticles, zno and tio2, with the salt znso4 as the control, on the gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis by 2d gel electrophoresis-based proteomics. despite a significant effect on viability (ld50), tio2 nps had no detectable effect on the proteomic pattern, while zno nps and znso4 significantly modified b. subtilis metabolism. these results allo ...201626211718
evolution and tinkering: what do a protein kinase, a transcriptional regulator and chromosome segregation/cell division proteins have in common?in this study, we focus on functional interactions among multi-domain proteins which share a common evolutionary origin. the examples we develop are four bacillus subtilis proteins, which all possess an atp-binding walker motif: the bacterial tyrosine kinase (by-kinase) ptka, the chromosome segregation protein soj (para), the cell division protein mind and a transcription regulator sala. these proteins have arisen via duplication of the ancestral atp-binding domain, which has undergone fusions w ...201626286503
rhamnogalacturonan i modifying enzymes: an update.rhamnogalacturonan i (rgi) modifying enzymes catalyse the degradation of the rgi backbone and encompass enzymes specific for either the α1,2-bond linking galacturonic acid to rhamnose or the α1,4-bond linking rhamnose to galacturonic acid in the rgi backbone. the first microbial enzyme found to be able to catalyse the degradation of the rgi backbone, an endo-hydrolase (ec 3.2.1.171) derived from aspergillus aculeatus, was discovered 25 years ago. today the group of rgi modifying enzymes encompas ...201626255130
validation of shortened 2-day sterility testing of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapeutic preparation on an automated culture system.cell therapy products represent a new trend of treatment in the field of immunotherapy and regenerative medicine. their biological nature and multistep preparation procedure require the application of complex release criteria and quality control. microbial contamination of cell therapy products is a potential source of morbidity in recipients. the automated blood culture systems are widely used for the detection of microorganisms in cell therapy products. however the standard 2-week cultivation ...201626143146
unraveling the antibacterial mode of action of a clay from the colombian amazon.natural antibacterial clays can inhibit growth of human pathogens; therefore, understanding the antibacterial mode of action may lead to new applications for health. the antibacterial modes of action have shown differences based on mineralogical constraints. here we investigate a natural clay from the colombian amazon (amz) known to the uitoto natives as a healing clay. the physical and chemical properties of the amz clay were compared to standard reference materials: smectite (swy-1) and kaolin ...201626055454
effect of oral administration of probiotics on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and stress-related indicators in holstein calves.this study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with lactobacillus plantarum and bacillus subtilis on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and stress-related indicators in dairy calves. twenty-four neonatal holstein calves were randomly allocated to three treatments: a basal diet with no supplementation (control), the basal diet supplemented with 1.7 × 10(10) cfu per head per day (cfu/h.d) of l. plantarum gf103 (lb group) or the basal diet supplemented with a ...201625916246
biofilm formation and extracellular polymeric substances (eps) production by bacillus subtilis depending on nutritional conditions in the presence of polyester film.the influence of biofilm formation as the mode of microorganism growth on degradation of synthetic polymers represents an important research topic. this study focuses on the effect of biofilm developed by bacillus subtilis (bs) cultivated submerged under various nutrition conditions on biodeterioration of poly(ε-caprolactone) film. polymer in the film form (thickness 0.7 mm) was incubated for 21 days either continuously or by regularly renewed system. the scission of polyester chain bonds took p ...201626139336
neuroprotective effects of fermented soybean products (cheonggukjang) manufactured by mixed culture of bacillus subtilis mc31 and lactobacillus sakei 383 on trimethyltin-induced cognitive defects mice.this study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of cheonggukjang (cgk) manufactured by mixed culture of bacillus subtilis mc31 and lactobacillus sakei 383 on neurotoxic damages.201625923962
effect of biochars and microorganisms on cadmium accumulation in rice grains grown in cd-contaminated soil.cadmium (cd) contaminated in rice grains is a serious problem because most asians consume rice on a daily basis. rice grown in cd-contaminated soil normally did not have high concentration of cd. however, soil samples used in this study had high concentrations of cd. the purpose of this study was to clearly see the effects of biochar and microorganism addition in rice growing in cd-contaminated soil. the initial cd concentration in cd-contaminated soil used in this study was about 650 mg kg(-1). ...201625943511
[adhesion of bacillus subtilis on the surface of pectin-calcium gel].pectin-calcium gels obtained based on pectins of callus cultures are able to adhere to the surface of cells of gram-positive bacteria bacillus subtilis to various degrees and this is thanks to the structural features of pectin. rapid adhesion of the cells to gels obtained from the pectin of tanacetum vulgare (tvc) callus cultures is associated with a high content of the linear region in the carbohydrate chain of pectin, a high molecular weight, and a low degree of methyl etherification of pectin ...201625842905
antimicrobial agents from selected medicinal plants in libya.to test the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of water and methanol extracts of 23 plant species that are commonly used in libyan folk medicine.201625910704
inoculation of tannin-degrading bacteria into novel hosts increases performance on tannin-rich diets.it has been hypothesized that herbivores host tannin-degrading bacteria (tdb) to overcome the toxic challenges posed by plant tannins. while tdb have been isolated from the guts of numerous mammals, their functional significance to their hosts has never been explicitly tested. we introduced tdb into lab rats, which do not host tdb, and measured host performance on tannin-rich diets. we first isolated three species of tdb, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and enterococcus faecalis, from the gu ...201625753857
effect of heating rate on highly heat-resistant spore-forming microorganisms.highly heat-resistant spore-forming bacillus cause nonsterility problems in canned food and reduce the shelf life of many processed foods. the aim of this research was to evaluate the thermal inactivation of bacillus sporothermodurans iic65, bacillus subtilis ic9, and geobacillus stearothermophilus t26 under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. the data obtained showed that b. sporothermodurans and b. subtilis were more heat resistant than g. stearothermophilus. the survival curves of b. spo ...201625852134
expression of recombinant arabian camel lactoferricin-related peptide in pichia pastoris and its antimicrobial identification.lactoferricin (lfcin) is a strong cationic peptide released from the n-terminus of lactoferrin by gastric pepsin digestion. lfcin has some important properties, including high antimicrobial activity. to date, lactoferricins have been isolated and characterised from various animal species, but not from camel. the aim of this study was to characterise and express recombinant camel lactoferricin (lfcinc) in pichia pastoris and investigate its antimicrobial activity.201625655077
emergence of the β-casp ribonucleases: highly conserved and ubiquitous metallo-enzymes involved in messenger rna maturation and degradation.the β-casp ribonucleases, which are found in the three domains of life, have in common a core of 460 residues containing seven conserved sequence motifs involved in the tight binding of two catalytic zinc ions. a hallmark of these enzymes is their ability to catalyze both endo- and exo-ribonucleolytic degradation. exo-ribonucleolytic degradation proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction and is sensitive to the phosphorylation state of the 5' end of a transcript. recent phylogenomic analyses have shown ...201623403287
multiparameter spectral representation of noise-induced competence in bacillus subtilis.in this work, the problem of representing a stochastic forward model output with respect to a large number of input parameters is considered. the methodology is applied to a stochastic reaction network of competence dynamics in bacillus subtilis bacterium. in particular, the dependence of the competence state on rate constants of underlying reactions is investigated. we base our methodology on polynomial chaos (pc) spectral expansions that allow effective propagation of input parameter uncertain ...201622868681
how little do we actually know? on the size of gene regulatory networks.the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) recently announced the availability of whole genome sequences for more than 1,000 species. and the number of sequenced individual organisms is growing. ongoing improvement of dna sequencing technology will further contribute to this, enabling large-scale evolution and population genetics studies. however, the availability of sequence information is only the first step in understanding how cells survive, reproduce, and adjust their behavior ...201622585140
antibacterial effects of curcumin: an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration study.to evaluate the antibacterial effect of curcumin with the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) method in standard bacterial strains.201624097361
improvement of bacillus strains by mutation for overproduction of exopolygalacturonases.pectinases, produced by microorganisms, have wide range application in food industry, textile processing, paper making, coffee and tea fermentation, etc. it accounts for 10% of the global industrial enzymes produced. the most important and widely used commercial pectinase polygalacturonase is produced by alkalophilic strains of bacillus sp. and streptomyces sp. here, we explored 29 bacterial strains isolated from rotten mango samples for polygalacturonase production and selected 16 strains throu ...201628577516
delivery system for berberine chloride based on the nanocarrier znal-layered double hydroxide: physicochemical characterization, release behavior and evaluation of anti-bacterial potential.layered double hydroxide (ldh) has attracted major interest as one of the most versatile drug delivery systems especially for adsorption capacity and/or controlled delivery property of bioactive agents owing to their combining features of biohybrid. znal synthesized layered double hydroxide can offer a platform to immobilize various types of bioactive compounds, particularly berberine chloride (bbc). however, the immobilization reaction of berberine chloride into znal-ldh was performed by direct ...201627771486
moxifloxacin loaded gelatin nanoparticles for ocular delivery: formulation and in-vitro, in-vivo evaluation.the current research focuses on developing positively charged gelatin nanoparticles loaded with moxifloxacin for its effective ocular delivery and controlled release in corneal eye layer. we selected type a gelatin because of its biodegradable and non-toxic nature as the polymer of choice for fabricating the nanoparticles by a modified two step desolvation technique. the produced nanoparticles were positively charged (+24±0.12mv) with a narrow particle size of 175±1.11nm as measured by dynamic l ...201627552421
dna-binding proteins essential for protein-primed bacteriophage φ29 dna replication.bacillus subtilis phage φ29 has a linear, double-stranded dna 19 kb long with an inverted terminal repeat of 6 nucleotides and a protein covalently linked to the 5' ends of the dna. this protein, called terminal protein (tp), is the primer for the initiation of replication, a reaction catalyzed by the viral dna polymerase at the two dna ends. the dna polymerase further elongates the nascent dna chain in a processive manner, coupling strand displacement with elongation. the viral protein p5 is a ...201627547754
engineering and characterization of fluorogenic glycine riboswitches.a set of 12 fluorogenic glycine riboswitches with different thermodynamic and kinetic response properties was engineered. for the design of functional riboswitches, a three-part rna approach was applied based on the idea of linking a rna sensor, transmitter and actuator part together. for the rna sensor and actuator part, we used the tandem glycine aptamer structure from bacillus subtillis, and fluorogenic aptamer spinach, respectively. to achieve optimal signal transduction from the sensor to t ...201627220466
silica-gentamicin nanohybrids: synthesis and antimicrobial action.orthopedic applications commonly require the administration of systemic antibiotics. gentamicin is one of the most commonly used aminoglycosides in the treatment and prophylaxis of infections associated with orthopedic applications, but gentamicin has a short half-life. however, silica nanoparticles (sio₂ nps) can be used as elegant carriers for antibiotics to prolong their release. our goal is the preparation and characterization of sio₂-gentamicin nanohybrids for their potential antimicrobial ...201628773296
in vitro antimicrobial activity screening of xylaria hypoxylon.fungi have a potential of using both as nutritive and medicinal food stuff. because of containing several therapeutic agents, they are reported to be used for hundreds of years to treat several diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. the aim of this study is to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of xylaria hypoxylon, which were collected from yomra, trabzon, turkey.201628852719
in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potentiality investigation of different fractions of caryota urens leaves.caryota urens is a member of the arecaceae family and a common plant in the southeast asian region. this plant has been reported as an anti-microbial agent in recent years. thus, we aimed to find out the mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) against different pathogenic microorganism.201628536384
isolation and characterization of chemical constituents from chrysophyllum albidum g. don-holl. stem-bark extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial properties.the plant, chrysophyllum albidum is indigenous to nigeria and its stem-bark has wide application in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections and oxidative stress related diseases. the aim of the study was to isolate the chemical constituents responsible for the antioxidant and antibacterial activity from the stem-bark of the plant in order to justify some of its ethnomedicinal uses.201628487910
a peptidomic approach for the identification of antioxidant and ace-inhibitory peptides in sardinelle protein hydrolysates fermented by bacillus subtilis a26 and bacillus amyloliquefaciens an6.antioxidant and angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace)-inhibitory activities of sardinelle (sardinella aurita) protein hydrolysates (sphs) obtained by fermentation with bacillus subtilis a26 (sph-a26) and bacillus amyloliquefaciens an6 (sph-an6) were investigated. both hydrolysates showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities evaluated using various in vitro antioxidant assays. further, they were found to exhibit ace-inhibitory activity. peptides from sph-a26 and sph-an6 were analyzed by nesi-lc- ...201628460924
complete genome sequencing and comparative analyses of broad-spectrum antimicrobial-producing micromonospora sp. hk10.micromonospora genus produces >700 bioactive compounds of medical relevance. in spite of its ability to produce high number of bioactive compounds, no genome sequence is available with comprehensive secondary metabolite gene clusters analysis for anti-microbial producing micromonospora strains. thus, here we contribute the full genome sequence of micromonospora sp. hk10 strain, which has high antibacterial activity against several important human pathogens like, mycobacterium abscessus, mycobact ...201627609432
spatio-temporal assembly of functional mineral scaffolds within microbial biofilms.historically, multicellular bacterial communities, known as biofilms, have been thought to be held together solely by a self-produced extracellular matrix. our study identified a novel mechanism maintaining bacillus subtilis and mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms-active production of calcite minerals. we studied, for the first time, the effects of mutants defective in biomineralization and calcite formation on biofilm development, resilience and morphology. we demonstrated that an intrinsic rise i ...201628721240
not so simple, not so subtle: the interspecies competition between bacillus simplex and bacillus subtilis and its impact on the evolution of biofilms.bacillus subtilis biofilms have a fundamental role in shaping the soil ecosystem. during this process, they unavoidably interact with neighbour bacterial species. we studied the interspecies interactions between biofilms of the soil-residing bacteria b. subtilis and related bacillus species. we found that proximity between the biofilms triggered recruitment of motile b. subtilis cells, which engulfed the competing bacillus simplex colony. upon interaction, b. subtilis secreted surfactin and cann ...201628721238
overall shapes of the smc-scpab complex are determined by balance between constraint and relaxation of its structural parts.the smc-scpab complex plays a crucial role in chromosome organization and segregation in many bacteria. it is composed of a v-shaped smc dimer and an scpab subcomplex that bridges the two structural maintenance of chromosomes (smc) head domains. despite its functional significance, the mechanistic details of smc-scpab remain obscure. here we provide evidence that atp-dependent head-head engagement induces a lever movement of the smc neck region, which might help to separate juxtaposed coiled-coi ...201728286005
corrigendum to "cellulolytic potential of probiotic bacillus subtilis ams6 isolated from traditional fermented soybean (churpi): an in-vitro study with regards to application as an animal feed additive" [microbiol. res. 186-187 (2016) 62-70]. 201728285662
efficient production of lactulose from whey powder by cellobiose 2-epimerase in an enzymatic membrane reactor.in this study, the gene encoding cellobiose 2-epimerase from caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (csce) was successfully expressed in bacillus subtilis wb800. after the fermentation medium optimization, the activity of recombinant strain was 4.5-fold higher than the original medium in a 7.5l fermentor. the optimal catalytic ph and temperature of crude csce were 7.0 and 80°c, respectively. an enzymatic synthesis of lactulose was developed using cheese-whey lactose as its substrate. the maximum c ...201728285222
benzofuran glycosides and coumarins from the bark of streblus indicus (bur.) corner.two pairs of rare benzofuran glucoside epimers, indicuses a and b and indicuses c and d, three biogenetically related compounds indicuses e-g, and one coumarin indicus h, as well as 11 known compounds, were isolated from the bark of streblus indicus (bur.) corner. the structures of indicuses a-h were elucidated by nmr and ms data, as well as by cd. (s)-marmesinin exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity in vitro against bacillus subtilis and saccharomyces cerevisiae. 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2 ...201728284566
impact of chemical, organic and bio-fertilizers application on bell pepper, capsicum annuum l. and biological parameters of myzus persicae (sulzer) (hem.: aphididae).myzus persicae (sulzer) is a polyphagous aphid that causes chlorosis, necrosis, stunting, and reduce growth rate of the host plants. in this research, the effects of zinc sulfate and vermicompost (30%), bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas fluorescens, glomus intraradices, g. intraradices × b. subtilis, and g. intraradices × p. fluorescens compared to control was investigated on the growth characters of capsicum annuum l. and biological parameters of m. persicae. different fertilizers caused a signifi ...201728283949
pirated siderophores promote sporulation in bacillus subtilis.in microbial communities bacteria chemically and physically interact with one another. some of these interactions are mediated by secreted specialized metabolites that act as either intra- or inter-species signals to alter gene expression and change cell physiology. bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized soil microbe that can differentiate into multiple cell types including metabolically dormant endospores. we were interested in identifying microbial interactions that affected sporulation in ...201728283524
probiotic consumption decreases the number of osteoclasts during orthodontic movement in mice.the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of probiotic (bacillus subtilis) supplementation on bone remodelling induced by mechanical loading.201728282515
production optimization of a heat-tolerant alkaline pectinase from bacillus subtilis zgl14 and its purification and characterization.alkaline pectinase has important applications in the pretreatment of waste water from food processing and in both the fabric and paper industries. in this study, a 2-level factorial design was used to screen significant factors that affect the activity of alkaline pectinase, and the response surface methodology (rsm) with a box-behnken design (bbd) was used to optimize their concentrations. starch, peptone, kh2po4 and k2hpo4·3h2o were found to significantly affect the activity of alkaline pectin ...201728282260
a new sesquiterpene lactone from fungus eutypella sp. d-1.we isolated and identified a new sesquiterpene lactone which we named eut-guaiane sesquiterpene (1), along with four cytochalasins from the fungus eutypella sp. derived from the soil of high latitude of arctic. the new structure was determined by spectroscopic studies such as 1d and 2d nmr and ms analyses, while the known compounds were identified by comparison of the nmr data with those in literatures. new compound 1 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, bacillus sub ...201728278679
chemical profiling and biological properties of neolitsea kedahense gamble essential oils.hydrodistillation of the fresh stem and leaf of neolitsea kedahense gamble, collected from gunung jerai, malaysia followed by the gc-fid and gc-ms analysis revealed the detection of a total of 47 constituents of which 28 (86.4%) from the stem and 31 (96.4%) constituents from the leaf. δ-cadinene (17.4%), 1-epi-cubenol (11.8%), cyperotundone (9.0%), cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol (7.7%), τ-cadinol (7.1%) and α-cadinol (7.1%) were the principle constituents in the stem oil, whereas β-caryophyllene (18.9%), b ...201728278643
phytotoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of mycotoxins and other metabolites from trichoderma sp.a new natural mycotoxin was isolated from the fermentation broth of trichoderma sp. jing-8 and the structure was determined as alternariol 1'-hydroxy-9-methyl ether (1), together with twelve known compounds. the structures were elucidated on the basis of their 1d, 2d nmr spectra and mass spectrometric data. compounds 1, 8 and 9 indicated inhibitions against germination of the seeds of cabbage with mics < 3 μg/ml. the compound 1 showed the antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis and stap ...201728278628
both exo- and endo-nucleolytic activities of rnase j1 from staphylococcus aureus are manganese dependent and active on triphosphorylated 5'-ends.rna decay and rna maturation are important steps in the regulation of bacterial gene expression. rnase j, which is present in about half of bacterial species, has been shown to possess both endo- and 5' to 3' exo-ribonuclease activities. the exonucleolytic activity is clearly involved in the degradation of mrna and in the maturation of at least the 5'end of 16s rrna in the two firmicutes staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis. the endoribonuclease activity of rnase j from a number of specie ...201728277929
antimicrobial peptide cwfw kills by combining lipid phase separation with autolysis.the synthetic cyclic hexapeptide cwfw (cyclo(rrrwfw)) has a rapid bactericidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. its detailed mode of action has, however, remained elusive. in contrast to most antimicrobial peptides, cwfw neither permeabilizes the membrane nor translocates to the cytoplasm. using a combination of proteome analysis, fluorescence microscopy, and membrane analysis we show that cwfw instead triggers a rapid reduction of membrane fluidity both in live ba ...201728276520
multimer recognition and secretion by the non-classical secretion pathway in bacillus subtilis.non-classical protein secretion in bacteria is a common phenomenon. however, the selection principle for non-classical secretion pathways remains unclear. here, our experimental data, to our knowledge, are the first to show that folded multimeric proteins can be recognized and excreted by a non-classical secretion pathway in bacillus subtilis. we explored the secretion pattern of a typical cytoplasmic protein d-psicose 3-epimerase from ruminococcus sp. 5_1_39bfaa (rdpe), and showed that its non- ...201728276482
[purification of human goose-type lysozyme 2 (hlysg2) from human seminal plasma and analysis of its enzymatic properties].objective to purify human goose-type lysozyme 2 (hlysg2) from human seminal plasma by chromatography and analyze its enzymatic properties. methods the distribution of hlysg2 in semen was analyzed by western blot analysis. seminal plasma was subjected to the separation of target protein using cation-exchange chromatography, chitin affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. the purified product was identified by western blot analysis and mass spectrometry (ms).the purity was analyz ...201728274309
broadly reactive aptamers targeting bacteria belonging to different genera using a sequential toggle cell-selex.conventional cell-selex aims to isolate aptamers to a single unique target bacteria species. we propose a method to isolate single-stranded dna aptamers that have broad reactivity to multiple bacterial targets belonging to different genera. the key of the proposed method is that targets of interest are changed sequentially at each selex round. the general scheme was examined using six bacteria from different genera, escherichia coli, enterobacter aerogenes, klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter fre ...201728272554
structure and function of the stressosome signalling hub.the stressosome is a multi-protein signal integration and transduction hub found in a wide range of bacterial species. the role that the stressosome plays in regulating the transcription of genes involved in the general stress response has been studied most extensively in the gram-positive model organism bacillus subtilis. the stressosome receives and relays the signal(s) that initiate a complex phosphorylation-dependent partner switching cascade, resulting in the activation of the alternative s ...201728271471
possible correlation between levansucrase production and probiotic activity of bacillus sp. isolated from honey and honey bee.five bacterial isolates from honey and bee gut were selected based on their high levansucrase activity and levan yield which were strongly positively correlated. all isolates showed good tolerance to temperature up to 70 °c, to nacl up to 3 m and to 0.1% h2o2. they maintained over 59 and 64% survival at ph 9.0 and 2.0 respectively, but showed varying tolerance to 0.1% bile salts and pancreatic enzymes. most isolates were susceptible to widely used antibiotics, but demonstrated diverse antimicrob ...201728271385
bacillus subtilis and surfactin inhibit the transmissible gastroenteritis virus entering intestinal epithelial cells.intestinal epithelial cells are the targets for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection. it is urgently to develop a novel candidate against tgev entry. bacillus subtilis is a probiotics with excellent anti-microorganism properties, and one of its secretions, surfactin, has been regarded as the versatile weapons for most plant pathogens, especially for the enveloped virus. we demonstrate for the first time that bacillus subtilis okb105 and its surfactin can effectively inhibit one a ...201728270576
chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oil from premna microphylla turczaninow.premna microphylla turczaninow, an erect shrub, was widely used in chinese traditional medicine to treat dysentery, appendicitis, and infections. in this study, the essential oil from p. microphylla turcz. was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gc (gas chromatography) and gc-ms (gas chromatography-mass spectrometer). fifty-six compounds were identified in the oil which comprised about 97.2% of the total composition of the oil. major components of the oil were blumenol c (49.7%), β-ced ...201728264507
nattokinase: an oral antithrombotic agent for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.natto, a fermented soybean product, has been consumed as a traditional food in japan for thousands of years. nattokinase (nk), a potent blood-clot dissolving protein used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is produced by the bacterium bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans to produce natto. nk has been extensively studied in japan, korea, and china. recently, the fibrinolytic (anti-clotting) capacity of nk has been recognized by western medicine. the national science fo ...201728264497
multifork chromosome replication in slow-growing bacteria.the growth rates of bacteria must be coordinated with major cell cycle events, including chromosome replication. when the doubling time (td) is shorter than the duration of chromosome replication (c period), a new round of replication begins before the previous round terminates. thus, newborn cells inherit partially duplicated chromosomes. this phenomenon, which is termed multifork replication, occurs among fast-growing bacteria such as escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. in contrast, it was ...201728262767
ion exchange resins as additives for efficient protein refolding by dialysis.the most significant drawback of bacterial protein production involving inclusion bodies is the subsequent refolding into bioactive form. implementation of refolding operations in large-scale applications often fails due to low yields and/or low product concentrations. this paper presents a simple method of integrated refolding by dialysis and matrix assisted refolding that combines advantages of both methods, high product concentrations and high refolding yields. ion exchange resins (ier) and s ...201728259735
enhancing menaquinone-7 production by bacillus natto r127 through the nutritional factors and surfactant.bacillus natto is commonly used in industrial production of menaquinone-7, an important vitamin which plays a crucial role for blood clotting and may contribute to prevention of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. this study determined the optimal combination of key nutrients and established an effective use of surfactant in a coupling medium to enhance the yield of extracellular mk-7. mk-7 yield of 31.18 mg/l was achieved under optimal conditions containing 53.6 g/l glycerol, 100 g/l soy p ...201728258367
an efficient system for deletion of large dna fragments in escherichia coli via introduction of both cas9 and the non-homologous end joining system from mycobacterium smegmatis.accompanied with the internal non-homologous end joining (nhej) system, cas9 can be used to easily inactivate a gene or delete a fragment through introduction of dna double-stranded breaks (dsbs) in eukaryotic cells. while in most prokaryotes (e.g. escherichia coli), due to the lack of nhej, homologous recombination (hr) is required for repair of dsbs, which is less convenient. here, a markerless system was developed for rapid gene inactivation or fragment deletion in e. coli via introduction of ...201728257845
an extracellular aminopeptidase encoded by ywad gene plays an important role in supplying nitrogen nutrition for the growth of bacillus subtilis 168.to investigate the physiological role of an extracellular aminopeptidase (bsap168) encoded by ywad gene in bacillus subtilis 168, the ywad-deletion mutant (bs-ap-k) was constructed. compared with that of wild-type strain, the maximum growth rate of bs-ap-k was reduced by 28% when grown in soybean protein medium at 37°c, but not in lb medium. the impaired growth rate was more marked at higher temperature and can be compensated by amino acid supplement to the culture media. further studies showed ...201728257579
from substrate specificity to promiscuity: hybrid abc transporters for osmoprotectants.the abc-transporters opub and opuc from bacillus subtilis function as osmoprotectant import systems. their structural genes have most likely evolved through a duplication event but the two transporters are remarkably different in their substrate profile. opub possesses narrow substrate specificity, while opuc is promiscuous. we assessed the functionality of hybrids between these two abc-transporters by reciprocally exchanging the coding regions for the opubc and opucc substrate-binding proteins ...201728256787
the anti/syn conformation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine is modulated by bacillus subtilis polx active site residues his255 and asn263. efficient processing of damaged 3'-ends.8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8oxodg) is a major lesion resulting from oxidative stress and found in both dna and dntp pools. such a lesion is usually removed from dna by the base excision repair (ber), a universally conserved dna repair pathway. 8oxodg usually adopts the favored and promutagenic syn-conformation at the active site of dna polymerases, allowing the base to hydrogen bonding with adenine during dna synthesis. here, we study the structural determinants that affect the glycosi ...201728254425
next-generation sequencing analyses of bacterial community structures in soybean pastes produced in northeast china.fermented soybean foods contain nutritional components including easily digestible peptides, cholesterol-free oils, minerals, and vitamins. various fermented soybean foods have been developed and are consumed as flavoring condiments in asian regions. while the quality of fermented soybean foods is largely affected by microorganisms that participate in the fermentation process, our knowledge about the microorganisms in soybean pastes manufactured in northeast china is limited. the current study u ...201728253439
enhanced poly(3-hydroxypropionate) production via β-alanine pathway in recombinant escherichia coli.poly(3-hydroxypropionate) (p3hp) is a thermoplastic with great compostability and biocompatibility, and can be produced through several biosynthetic pathways, in which the glycerol pathway achieved the highest p3hp production. however, exogenous supply of vitamin b12 was required to maintain the activity of glycerol dehydratase, resulting in high production cost. to avoid the addition of vb12, we have previously constructed a p3hp biosynthetic route with β-alanine as intermediate, and the presen ...201728253372
self-organization of bacterial communities against environmental ph variation: controlled chemotactic motility arranges cell population structures in biofilms.as with many living organisms, bacteria often live on the surface of solids, such as foods, organisms, buildings and soil. compared with dispersive behavior in liquid, bacteria on surface environment exhibit significantly restricted mobility. they have access to only limited resources and cannot be liberated from the changing environment. accordingly, appropriate collective strategies are necessarily required for long-term growth and survival. however, in spite of our deepening knowledge of the ...201728253348
identification of lipopeptides produced by bacillus subtilis czk1 isolated from the aerial roots of rubber trees.we obtained a strain of bacillus subtilis, which we named czk1, from the aerial roots of rubber trees. this bacterial isolate exhibits strong antagonistic activity against ganoderma pseudoferreum, phellinus noxius, helicobasidium compactum, rigidoporus lignosus, sphaerostilbe repens, and colletotrichum gloeosporioides. our earlier research has shown that the antagonistic activity of a fermentation supernatant czk1 isolate produces a complex mixture of lipopeptides. in this study, we used methano ...201728252162
nematode neuropeptides as transgenic nematicides.plant parasitic nematodes (ppns) seriously threaten global food security. conventionally an integrated approach to ppn management has relied heavily on carbamate, organophosphate and fumigant nematicides which are now being withdrawn over environmental health and safety concerns. this progressive withdrawal has left a significant shortcoming in our ability to manage these economically important parasites, and highlights the need for novel and robust control methods. nematodes can assimilate exog ...201728241060
molecular characteristics of hemoglobins in blood clam and their immune responses to bacterial infection.bivalve hemoglobins have antibacterial activities, while the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. in our study, three full-length cdnas of hemoglobins from blood clam skhbs were obtained, encoding putative polypeptides of 147, 150, and 152 amino acids, respectively. predicted advanced protein structures showed that the skhbs had amphipathic antibacterial structures, displayed the typical structural characteristics of proteins with globin-like fold containing numerous alpha-helixes, an ...201728238912
microbial carcinogenic toxins and dietary anti-cancer protectants.several toxins are known which account for the ability of some bacteria to initiate or promote carcinogenesis. these ideas are summarised and evidence is discussed for more specific mechanisms involving chymotrypsin and the bacterial chymotryptic enzyme subtilisin. subtilisin and bacillus subtilis are present in the gut and environment and both are used commercially in agriculture, livestock rearing and meat processing. the enzymes deplete cells of tumour suppressors such as deleted in colorecta ...201728238104
preparation and characterization of an antibacterial ultrafiltration membrane with n-chloramine functional groups.in this study, a cardo poly(aryl ether ketone) ultrafiltration membrane containing an n-chloramine functional group (pek-n-cl membrane) was easily obtained via exposure of a cardo poly(aryl ether ketone) ultrafiltration membrane (pek-nh membrane) to dilute sodium hypochlorite solution. the chlorination process did not harm membrane performance. in addition, the pek-n-cl membrane was stable in both air and water. the pek-n-cl membrane exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties against both gram ...201728237757
competitive folding of rna structures at a termination / antitermination site.antitermination is a regulatory process based on the competitive folding of terminator/antiterminator structures that can form in the leader region of nascent transcripts. in the case of the bacillus subtilis lics gene involved in β-glucosides utilization, the binding of the antitermination protein lict to a short rna hairpin (rat) prevents the formation of an overlapping terminator and thereby allows transcription to proceed. here, we monitored in vitro the competition between termination and a ...201728235843
analysis of spo0m function in bacillus subtilis.spo0m has been previously reported as a regulator of sporulation in bacillus subtilis; however, little is known about the mechanisms through which it participates in sporulation, and there is no information to date that relates this protein to other processes in the bacterium. in this work we present evidence from proteomic, protein-protein interaction, morphological, subcellular localization microscopy and bioinformatics studies which indicate that spo0m function is not necessarily restricted t ...201728234965
biosurfactant and degradative enzymes mediated crude oil degradation by bacterium bacillus subtilis a1.in this work, the biodegradation of the crude oil by the potential biosurfactant producing bacillus subtilis a1 was investigated. the isolate had the ability to synthesize degradative enzymes such as alkane hydroxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase at the time of biodegradation of hydrocarbon. the biosurfactant producing conditions were optimized as ph 7.0, temperature 40°c, 2% sucrose and 3% of yeast extract as best carbon and nitrogen sources for maximum production of biosurfactant (4.85 g l(-1)). ...201728232826
complete genome sequence of bacillus subtilis strain 29r7-12, a piezophilic bacterium isolated from coal-bearing sediment 2.4 kilometers below the seafloor.here, we report the genome sequence of bacillus subtilis strain 29r7-12, a piezophilic bacterium isolated from coal-bearing sediment down to ~2.4 km below the ocean floor in the northwestern pacific. the strain is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, closely related to bacillus subtilis within the phylum firmicutes this is the first complete genome sequence of a bacillus subtilis strain from the deep biosphere. the genome sequence will provide a valuable resource for comparative studies of m ...201728232436
extracellular self-assembly of functional and tunable protein conjugates from bacillus subtilis.the ability to stably and specifically conjugate recombinant proteins to one another is a powerful approach for engineering multifunctional enzymes, protein therapeutics, and novel biological materials. while many of these applications have been illustrated through in vitro and in vivo intracellular protein conjugation methods, extracellular self-assembly of protein conjugates offers unique advantages: simplifying purification, reducing toxicity and burden, and enabling tunability. exploiting th ...201728230977
development of electrochemical biosensor for detection of pathogenic microorganism in asian dust events.we developed a single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts)-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of bacillus subtilis, one of the microorganisms observed in asian dust events, which causes respiratory diseases such as asthma and pneumonia. swcnts plays the role of a transducer in biological antigen/antibody reaction for the electrical signal while 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (1-pbse) and ant-b. subtilis were performed as a chemical linker and an acceptor, respectively, for t ...201728226280
plant growth promotion by volatile organic compounds produced by bacillus subtilis syst2.bacterial volatiles play a significant role in promoting plant growth by regulating the synthesis or metabolism of phytohormones. in vitro and growth chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced by the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium bacillus subtilis strain syst2 on hormone regulation and growth promotion in tomato plants. we observed a significant increase in plant biomass under both experimental conditions; we observed an inc ...201728223976
biogenic nanoparticles bearing antibacterial activity and their synergistic effect with broad spectrum antibiotics: emerging strategy to combat drug resistant pathogens.the present study emphasizes on synthesis of bimetallic silver-gold nanoparticles from cell free supernatant of pseudomonas veronii strain as41g inhabiting annona squamosa l. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using hyphenated techniques with uv-visible spectra ascertained absorbance peak between 400 and 800 nm. possible interaction of biomolecules in mediating and stabilization of nanoparticles was depicted with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir). x-ray diffraction (xr ...201728223861
preparation and biosorption evaluation of bacillus subtilis/alginate-chitosan microcapsule.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of alginate-chitosan microcapsule on viability characteristics of bacillus subtilis and the ability of b. subtilis/alginate-chitosan microcapsule to remove uranium ion from aqueous solution. the effects of particle size, chitosan molecular weight and inoculum density on viability characteristics were studied using alginate-chitosan microcapsule-immobilized b. subtilis experiments. in addition, the effects of ph, immobilized spherule dosage, temperat ...201728223783
effects of ohmic heating, including electric field intensity and frequency, on thermal inactivation of bacillus subtilis spores.methods for microbial inactivation are important in the food industry; however, conventional external heating (ch) reduces food quality. accordingly, the nonthermal effects of ohmic heating (oh) on bacillus subtilis spores in a sodium chloride aqueous solution at 101°c (i.e., the boiling point), as well as the effects of electric field intensity and frequency during oh, were investigated. survival kinetics were compared between oh and external ch. the inactivation effect on b. subtilis was great ...201728221892
inactivation of gram-positive bacteria by novel phenolic branched-chain fatty acids.novel phenolic branched-chain fatty acids (pbc-fas) were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against both gram-positive ( listeria innocua , bacillus subtilis , enterococcus faecium ) and gram-negative ( escherichia coli , salmonella typhimurium, and pseudomonas tolaasii ) bacteria. in addition, pbc-fa derivatives, such as pbc-fa methyl ester mixture, methyl-branched fatty acid mixtures, and trimethylsilyl-pbc-fa methyl esters, were synthesized to study the structure activity relationsh ...201728221889
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