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localization of components of the rna-degrading machine in bacillus subtilis.in bacteria, the control of mrna stability is crucial to allow rapid adaptation to changing conditions. in most bacteria, rna degradation is catalyzed by the rna degradosome, a protein complex composed of endo- and exoribonucleases, rna helicases, and accessory proteins. in the gram-positive model organism bacillus subtilis, the existence of a rna degradosome assembled around the membrane-bound endoribonuclease rnase y has been proposed. here, we have studied the intracellular localization of th ...201627708634
mucosa-reparing and microbiota-balancing therapeutic effect of bacillus subtilis alleviates dextrate sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice.gut microbiota composition of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) is markedly altered compared with healthy individuals. there is mounting evidence that probiotic therapy alleviates disease severity in animal models and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). bacillus subtilisis, as a probiotic, has also demonstrated a protective effect in ibd. however, the therapeutic mechanism of its action has yet to be elucidated. in the present study, a dextrose sulfate sodium (dss)-induced uc mou ...201627698758
identification of functions affecting predator-prey interactions between myxococcus xanthus and bacillus subtilis.soil bacteria engage each other in competitive and cooperative ways to determine their microenvironments. in this study, we report the identification of a large number of genes required for myxococcus xanthus to engage bacillus subtilis in a predator-prey relationship. we generated and tested over 6,000 individual transposon insertion mutants of m. xanthus and found many new factors required to promote efficient predation, including the specialized metabolite myxoprincomide, an atp-binding casse ...201627698086
aag hypoxanthine-dna glycosylase is synthesized in the forespore compartment and involved in counteracting the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of hypoxanthine and alkylated bases in dna during bacillus subtilis sporulation.aag from bacillus subtilis has been implicated in in vitro removal of hypoxanthine and alkylated bases from dna. the regulation of expression of aag in b. subtilis and the resistance to genotoxic agents and mutagenic properties of an aag-deficient strain were studied here. a strain with a transcriptional aag-lacz fusion expressed low levels of β-galactosidase during growth and early sporulation but exhibited increased transcription during late stages of this developmental process. notably, aag-l ...201627698084
development of a bacillus subtilis cell-free transcription-translation system for prototyping regulatory elements.cell-free transcription-translation systems were originally applied towards in vitro protein production. more recently, synthetic biology is enabling these systems to be used within a systematic design context for prototyping dna regulatory elements, genetic logic circuits and biosynthetic pathways. the gram-positive soil bacterium, bacillus subtilis, is an established model organism of industrial importance. to this end, we developed several b. subtilis-based cell-free systems. our improved b. ...201627697563
bioproduction of riboflavin: a bright yellow history.riboflavin (vitamin b2) is an essential nutrient for humans and animals that must be obtained from the diet. to ensure an optimal supply, riboflavin is used on a large scale as additive in the food and feed industries. here, we describe a historical overview of the industrial process of riboflavin production starting from its discovery and the need to produce the vitamin in bulk at prices that would allow for their use in human and animal nutrition. riboflavin was produced industrially by chemic ...201627696023
pendimethalin nitroreductase is responsible for the initial pendimethalin degradation step in bacillus subtilis y3.pendimethalin [n-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine] is a selective preemergence dinitroaniline herbicide. several fungi and bacteria have been reported to degrade pendimethalin, but the enzymes or genes involved in this process have not been characterized. nitroreduction is the initial degradation and detoxification step for pendimethalin. in this study, a pendimethalin nitroreductase (pnr), responsible for the nitroreduction of pendimethalin, was purified from the pendimethalin-degrading ...201627694234
the blueprint of a minimal cell: minibacillus.bacillus subtilis is one of the best-studied organisms. due to the broad knowledge and annotation and the well-developed genetic system, this bacterium is an excellent starting point for genome minimization with the aim of constructing a minimal cell. we have analyzed the genome of b. subtilis and selected all genes that are required to allow life in complex medium at 37°c. this selection is based on the known information on essential genes and functions as well as on gene and protein expression ...201627681641
a ring-shaped conduit connects the mother cell and forespore during sporulation in bacillus subtilis.during spore formation in bacillus subtilis a transenvelope complex is assembled across the double membrane that separates the mother cell and forespore. this complex (called the "a-q complex") is required to maintain forespore development and is composed of proteins with remote homology to components of type ii, iii, and iv secretion systems found in gram-negative bacteria. here, we show that one of these proteins, spoiiiag, which has remote homology to ring-forming proteins found in type iii s ...201627681621
study of the antimicrobial and antifouling properties of different oxide surfaces.membrane separation processes find applications in an array of fields as they use far less energy and chemical agents than competing processes. however, a major drawback of membrane technology is that biofilm formation alters membrane performances. preventing biofilm formation is thus a pivotal challenge for larger-scale development of membrane processes. here, we studied the comparative antibacterial activities of different inorganic membranes (ceramic and zeolite-coated ceramic with or without ...201627680001
a novel function of δ factor from bacillus subtilis as a transcriptional repressor.δ, a small protein found in most gram-positive bacteria was, for a long time, thought to be a subunit of rna polymerase (rnap) and was shown to be involved in recycling of rnap at the end of each round of transcription. however, how δ participates in both up-regulation and down-regulation of genes in vivo remains unclear. we have recently shown, in addition to the recycling of rnap, δ functions as a transcriptional activator by binding to an a-rich sequence located immediately upstream of the -3 ...201627679485
l-form bacteria, chronic diseases and the origins of life.the peptidoglycan cell wall is widely conserved across the bacterial domain, suggesting that it appeared early in the evolution of bacteria. it is normally essential but under certain conditions wall-deficient or 'l-form' bacteria can be isolated. in bacillus subtilis this normally requires two genetic changes. the first, exemplified by mutations shutting down wall precursor synthesis, works by increasing membrane synthesis. this promotes the unusual form of proliferation used by l-forms, involv ...201627672147
new combination of xylanolytic bacteria isolated from the lignocellulose degradation microbial consortium xdc-2 with enhanced xylanase activity.three bacterial strains with extracellular xylanase activity were isolated from the microbial consortium xdc-2. the aerobic strain a7, belonging to bacillus sp., was combined with the anaerobe clostridium sp. strain aa3 and/or bacteroides sp. strain aa4 to obtain an efficient natural xylanolytic complex enzyme. the synthetic microbial community m1 consisting of strains bacillus and clostridium showed enhanced extracellular xylanase activity and production, and higher lignocelluloses degradation ...201627671341
probiotic legacy effects on gut microbial assembly in tilapia larvae.the exposure of fish to environmental free-living microbes and its effect on early colonization in the gut have been studied in recent years. however, little is known regarding how the host and environment interact to shape gut communities during early life. here, we tested whether the early microbial exposure of tilapia larvae affects the gut microbiota at later life stages. the experimental period was divided into three stages: axenic, probiotic and active suspension. axenic tilapia larvae wer ...201627670882
improved nadph regeneration for fungal cytochrome p450 monooxygenase by co-expressing bacterial glucose dehydrogenase in resting-cell biotransformation of recombinant yeast.fungal cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzymes catalyze versatile monooxygenase reactions and play a major role in fungal adaptations owing to their essential roles in the production avoid metabolites critical for pathogenesis, detoxification of xenobiotics, and exploitation avoid substrates. although fungal cyp-dependent biotransformation for the selective oxidation avoid organic compounds in yeast system is advantageous, it often suffers from a shortage avoid intracellular nadph. in this study, we aimed ...201627666994
protective and curative effects of bacillus subtilis spb1 biosurfactant on high-fat-high-fructose diet induced hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and deterioration of liver function in rats.this study was aimed to assess the plausible anti-obesity effects of bacillus subtilis spb1 crude lipopeptide biosurfactant on high fat high fructose diet-fed rats (hffd). male wistar rats were divided into five groups with the following treatment schedule: normal diet (cd), hffd, hffd supplemented with spb1 biosurfactant from the first day of the experiment (hffd+bios1, 10mg/kg/day), hffd receiving standard drug (hffd+torva, 10mg/kg/day) or spb1 biosurfactant (hffd+bios2, 10mg/kg/day) during th ...201627665478
unraveling the predator-prey relationship of cupriavidus necator and bacillus subtilis.cupriavidus necator is a non-obligate bacterial predator of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. in this study, we set out to determine the conditions, which are necessary to observe predatory behavior of c. necator. using bacillus subtilis as a prey organism, we confirmed that the predatory performance of c. necator is correlated with the available copper level, and that the killing is mediated, at least in part, by secreted extracellular factors. the predatory activity depends on the nutr ...201627664741
bacillus velezensis rc 218 as a biocontrol agent to reduce fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation: genome sequencing and secondary metabolite cluster profiles.bacillus subtilis rc 218 was originally isolated from wheat anthers as a potential antagonist of fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb). it was demonstrated to have antagonist activity against the plant pathogen under in vitro and greenhouse assays. the current study extends characterizing b. subtilis rc 218 with a field study and genome sequencing. the field study demonstrated that b. subtilis rc 218 could reduce disease severity and the associated mycotoxin (deoxy ...201627664721
characterisation and quantification of changes in odorants from litter headspace of meat chickens fed diets varying in protein levels and additives.the effect of dietary crude protein (cp) and additives on odor flux from meat chicken litter was investigated using 180 day-old ross 308 male chicks randomly allocated to five dietary treatments with three replicates of 12 birds each. a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. factors were: diet (low cp, high cp, high cp+antibiotic, high cp+probiotic, high cp+saponin) and age (15, 29, 35 days). the antibiotic used was zn bacitracin, the probiotic was a blend of three bacillus subt ...201627664201
antibacterial in vitro effects of preparations from anthroposophical medicine.medications from anthroposophical medicine (am) are clinically used for the treatment of infections within a whole medical system but have not yet been evaluated regarding antibacterial effects. the aims of this study was to investigate antibacterial activity of am medications in cell culture.201627660088
computational operon prediction in whole-genomes and metagenomes.microbial diversity in unique environmental settings enables abrupt responses catalysed by altering the gene regulation and formation of gene clusters called operons. operons increases bacterial adaptability, which in turn increases their survival. this review article presents the emergence of computational operon prediction methods for whole microbial genomes and metagenomes, and discusses their strengths and limitations. most of the whole-genome operon prediction methods struggle to generalize ...201627659221
application of freeze-dried powders of genetically engineered microbial strains as adsorbents for rare earth metal ions.the adsorption behaviors of the rare earth metal ions onto freeze-dried powders of genetically engineered microbial strains were compared. cell powders obtained from four kinds of strains, bacillus subtilis 168 wild type (wt), lipoteichoic acid-defective (δlta), wall teichoic acid-defective (δwta), and cell wall hydrolases-defective (efkyojlp) strains, were used as an adsorbent of the rare earth metal ions at ph 3. the adsorption ability of the rare earth metal ions was in the order of efkyojlp ...201627657851
investigating the inactivation mechanism of bacillus subtilis spores by high pressure co2.the objective of this study was to investigate the inactivation mechanism of bacillus subtilis spores by high pressure co2 (hpcd) processing. the spores of b. subtilis were subjected to heat at 0.1 mpa or hpcd at 6.5-20 mpa, and 64-86°c for 0-120 min. the germination, the permeability of inner membrane (im) and cortex, the release of pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid (dpa), and changes in the morphological and internal structures of spores were investigated. the hpcd-treated spores did not lose he ...201627656175
specific bacillus subtilis 168 variants form biofilms on nutrient-rich medium.bacillus subtilis is an intensively studied gram-positive bacterium that has become one of the models for biofilm development. b. subtilis 168 is a well-known domesticated strain that has been suggested to be deficient in robust biofilm formation. moreover, the diversity of available b. subtilis laboratory strains and their derivatives have made it difficult to compare independent studies related to biofilm formation. here, we analysed numerous 168 stocks from multiple laboratories for their abi ...201627655338
recombinant bacillus subtilis spores for the delivery of mycobacterium tuberculosis ag85b-cfp10 secretory antigens.tuberculosis continues to be a great cause of morbidity and mortality in different parts of the world. unfortunately, the current bcg vaccine being administered is not fully protective against tuberculosis; therefore, there is a great need for alternate vaccines. with an aim to develop such vaccines, we have analyzed the utility of bacillus subtilis spores for the expression of two major immunodominant antigens of mycobacterium tuberculosis, ag85b and cfp10. we created three recombinant b. subti ...201627727129
substrate specificity of the bacillus subtilis by-kinase ptka is controlled by alternative activators: tkma and sala.bacterial protein-tyrosine kinases (by-kinases) are known to regulate different aspects of bacterial physiology, by phosphorylating cellular protein substrates. physiological cues that trigger by-kinases activity are largely unexplored. in proteobacteria, by-kinases contain a cytosol-exposed catalytic domain and a transmembrane activator domain in a single polypeptide chain. in firmicutes, the by-kinase catalytic domain and the transmembrane activator domain exist as separate polypeptides. we ha ...201627725816
simple and rapid direct cloning and heterologous expression of natural product biosynthetic gene cluster in bacillus subtilis via red/et recombineering.heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways is an important way to research and discover microbial natural products. bacillus subtilis is a suitable host for the heterologous production of natural products from bacilli and related firmicutes. existing technologies for heterologous expression of large biosynthetic gene clusters in b. subtilis are complicated. herein, we present a simple and rapid strategy for direct cloning based heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in b. subtili ...201627687863
lactobacillus pentosus expressing porcine lactoferrin elevates antibacterial activity and improves the efficacy of vaccination against aujeszky's disease.in this study, lactobacillus pentosus expressing porcine lactoferrin (plf) was tested for in vitro antibacterial activity and for its ability to enhance immunity induced by an orally administered aujeszky's disease virus (adv) vaccine. the cdna encoding n-terminus of plf was cloned into a lactobacillus-specific plasmid to produce l. pentosus plf expressing transformants (ppg612.1-plfn/ l. pentosus). the antimicrobial activity of the recombinant plf protein inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. th ...201627653426
comparative mathematical modelling of a green approach for bioaccumulation of cobalt from wastewater.cobalt is an essential element, but its wide use in industry generates important environmental and biological problems. the present study explores theoretical and empirical models of a green process for cobalt {co(2+)} bioaccumulation from aqueous solutions. two gram-positive bacillus subtilis species, strains cect 4522 and lmm (the latter a former laboratory isolate from wastewater samples, which was phylogenetically characterized for the present work), were selected among others as the best co ...201627646450
de novo synthesis of fatty acids is regulated by fapr protein in exiguobacterium antarcticum b7, a psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from antarctica.fapr protein from the psychrotrophic species exiguobacterium antarcticum b7 was expressed and purified, and subsequently evaluated for its capacity to bind to the promoter regions of the fabh1-fabf and fapr-plsx-fabd-fabg operons, using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. the genes that compose these operons encode for enzymes involved in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids molecules. in bacillus subtilis, fapr regulates the expression of these operons, and consequently has influence in the s ...201627646396
(1)h nmr spectroscopy-guided isolation of new sucrose esters from physalis alkekengi var. franchetii and their antibacterial activity.ten new sucrose esters, physakengoses a-j (1-10), were isolated from the aerial parts of physalis alkekengi var. franchetii under the guidance of (1)h nmr spectroscopy. their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses (hresims, 1d and 2d nmr, and esims) and chemical methods. these new compounds were tested for antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli. among them, compounds 2 and 5-8 showed potent inhibitory e ...201627642039
a simple, one pot synthesis of furo[3,2-c]chromenes and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.synthesis of a number of 2-cyano-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-furo[3,2-c]chromene-2-carboxylate compounds (5) have been accomplished by a simple, multicomponent one pot reaction and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. the outcome of the screening study showed that compound 5c exhibited promising activity against micrococcus luteus mtcc 2470 and klebsiella planticola mtcc 530. whereas, compound 5g exhibited excellent ...201627641471
a recombination directionality factor controls the cell type-specific activation of σk and the fidelity of spore development in clostridium difficile.the strict anaerobe clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea, and the oxygen-resistant spores that it forms have a central role in the infectious cycle. the late stages of sporulation require the mother cell regulatory protein σk. in bacillus subtilis, the onset of σk activity requires both excision of a prophage-like element (skinbs) inserted in the sigk gene and proteolytical removal of an inhibitory pro-sequence. importantly, the rearrangement is restricted to the ...201627631621
mutation of arg191 in ftsz impairs cytokinetic abscission of bacillus subtilis cells.ftsz monomers assemble to form a dynamic z-ring at the midcell position in bacteria that coordinates bacterial cell division. antibacterial agents plumbagin and sb-ra-2001 were found to bind to ftsz and to inhibit z-ring formation in bacteria. docking analysis indicated similar binding regions for these two inhibitors on ftsz, and residue r191 was involved in the binding interaction with both compounds. in this work, the importance of r191 in ftsz assembly and in bacterial cell division was anal ...201627629358
oral administration of lactobacillus plantarum and bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation and the bacterial community in calves.the objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary probiotics on rumen fermentation and the bacterial community in dairy calves. twelve holstein calves were randomly allocated to three treatments: a basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with lactobacillus plantarum gf103 (lb) or basal diet supplemented with a mixture of lactobacillus plantarum gf103 and bacillus subtilis b27 (lbs). a milk replacer was fed to calves from 8 days of age. a starter and alfalfa hay was offered ad libit ...201627628956
acetyl pyridine-based palladium(ii) compounds as an artificial metallonucleases.palladium(ii) complexes of type [pd(l(n))cl2] and [pd(bdt)(l(n))] have been synthesized using 2-acetyl pyridine derivatives(l(n)) and benzene-12-dithiol(bdt). the synthesized complexes have been characterized by various analytical techniques like thermo gravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, conductance measurement, and spectroscopic techniques like elemental analysis, mass spectra, absorption spectra, ir, (1)h nmr, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. the interaction of the complexes with c ...201627627958
hydrodynamic length-scale selection in microswimmer suspensions.a universal characteristic of mesoscale turbulence in active suspensions is the emergence of a typical vortex length scale, distinctly different from the scale invariance of turbulent high-reynolds number flows. collective length-scale selection has been observed in bacterial fluids, endothelial tissue, and active colloids, yet the physical origins of this phenomenon remain elusive. here, we systematically derive an effective fourth-order field theory from a generic microscopic model that allows ...201627627229
bacterial transcription inhibitor of rna polymerase holoenzyme formation by structure-based drug design: from in silico screening to validation.bacterial transcription is a proven target for antibacterial research. however, most of the known inhibitors targeting transcription are from natural extracts or are hits from screens where the binding site remains unidentified. using an rna polymerase holoenzyme homology structure from the model gram-positive organism bacillus subtilis, we created a pharmacophore model and used it for in silico screening of a publicly available library for compounds able to inhibit holoenzyme formation. the hit ...201627622946
synthesis, characterization and in silico designing of diethyl-3-methyl-5-(6-methyl-2-thioxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamido) thiophene-2,4-dicarboxylate derivative as anti-proliferative and anti-microbial agents.a series of eight compounds diethyl-3-methyl-5-(6-methyl-2-thioxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamido) thiophene-2,4-dicarboxilate (km10-17) analogues have been prepared by conventional methods and characterized by ir, mass, nmr and elemental analysis. in silico docking studies on human topoisomerase iibeta (pdb id: 3qx3) have been performed for all molecules (km10-17) synthesized. the compounds were tested for in vitro anti-proliferative activity on vero and 786-o cell lines. ou ...201627616159
structures and biological activities of the triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids from alisma orientale.sixteen triterpenoids and nine sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the rhizome of alisma orientale. structures of 16-oxo-11-anhydroalisol a 24-acetate, 13β,17β-epoxy-24,25,26,27-tetranor-alisol a 23-oic acid, 1αh,5αh-guaia-6-ene-4β,10β-diol, and alisguaiaone were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis. the cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated terpenoids were evaluated. triterpenoids alisol a, alisol a 24-ace ...201627615692
mechanical and antibacterial properties of a nanocellulose-polypyrrole multilayer composite.in this study, a composite film based on tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (tocn), polyvinyl alcohol (pva) and polypyrrole (ppy) was synthesized in situ by a chemical polymerization, resulting in the induced absorption of ppy on the surface of the tocn. the composite films were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurements, mechanical tests, and evaluation of antibacterial properties. the developed composite has nearly identical young mo ...201627612793
phage vb_bsup-goe1: the smallest identified lytic phage of bacillus subtilis.currently, interest in phage science is on the rise again as this subject remains largely unexplored, and its potential diversity mainly untapped. here, we present phage vb_bsup-goe1, a new isolate that infects bacillus subtilis the phage forms round plaques with a matt outline on agar plates containing a b. subtilis δ6 lawn. transmission electron microscopy and genomic analyses revealed that phage vb_bsup-goe1 belongs to the podoviridae family as a new member of the phi29likevirus genus. the ph ...201627609230
localization of a red fluorescence protein adsorbed on wild type and mutant spores of bacillus subtilis.bacterial spores have been proposed as vehicles to display heterologous proteins for the development of mucosal vaccines, biocatalysts, bioremediation and diagnostic tools. two approaches have been developed to display proteins on the spore surface: a recombinant approach, based on the construction of gene fusions between dna molecules coding for a spore surface protein (carrier) and for the heterologous protein to be displayed (passenger); and a non-recombinant approach based on spore adsorptio ...201627609116
biosynthesis of cr(iii) nanoparticles from electroplating wastewater using chromium-resistant bacillus subtilis and its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity.the aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize cr(iii) nanoparticles using wastewater from electroplating industries and chromium-resistant bacillus subtilis. formation of cr(iii) nanoparticles was confirmed by uv-visible (uv-vis) spectroscopy at 300 nm. the size of the nanoparticles varied from 4 to 50 nm and energy dispersive spectroscopy profile shows strong cr peak approximately at 4.45 and 5.2 kev. the nanoparticles inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria staphylococcus aureus ...201627608920
isolation and identification of bacteria from marine market fish scomberomorus guttatus (bloch and schneider, 1801) from madurai district, tamil nadu, india.the present study was conducted to evaluate the hygienic quality and freshness of fish indo-pacific king mackerel "scomberomorus guttatus" through the investigation of the occurrence of bacteria which is an indicator for fish quality. fishes were collected every fortnight from madurai fish market on monthly twice of january 2014 to march 2014. skin surface of the fish was examined. escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, bacillus subtilis, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococ ...201627605837
bacterial type b rnase p: functional characterization of the l5.1-l15.1 tertiary contact and antisense inhibition.ribonuclease p is the ubiquitous endonuclease that generates the mature 5'-ends of precursor trnas. in bacteria, the enzyme is composed of a catalytic rna (∼400 nucleotides) and a small essential protein subunit (∼13 kda). most bacterial rnase p rnas (p rnas) belong to the architectural type a; type b rnase p rna is confined to the low-g+c gram-positive bacteria. here we demonstrate that the l5.1-l15.1 intradomain contact in the catalytic domain of the prototypic type b rnase p rna of bacillus s ...201627604960
chemical composition, antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from aromatic plants growing in sudan.to explore the potential of essential oil, as therapeutic molecule source, from olibanum of boswellia papyrifera (burseraceae), leafy stems of cymbopogon schoenanthus (poaceae) and croton zambesicus (euphorbiaceae) and rhizome of cyperus rotundus (cyperaceae) found in sudan. respective essential oil was evaluated for anti-proliferative, antibacterial and antioxidant activity.201627569885
intracellular ph response to weak acid stress in individual vegetative bacillus subtilis cells.intracellular ph (phi) critically affects bacterial cell physiology. hence, a variety of food preservation strategies are aimed at perturbing phi homeostasis. unfortunately, accurate phi quantification with existing methods is suboptimal, since measurements are averages across populations of cells, not taking into account interindividual heterogeneity. yet, physiological heterogeneity in isogenic populations is well known to be responsible for differences in growth and division kinetics of cells ...201627565617
molecular logic of the zur-regulated zinc deprivation response in bacillus subtilis.bacteria respond dynamically to the changes in zinc availability. repression by the bacillus subtilis transcription factor zur requires zn(ii), which binds with negative cooperativity to two regulatory sites per dimer to form, sequentially, zur2:zn3 and zur2:zn4 forms of the repressor. here we show that, as cells transition from zinc sufficiency to deficiency, operons regulated by zur are derepressed in three distinct waves. the first includes the alternative rpmeb(l31*) and rpmgc(l33*) ribosoma ...201627561249
characterization of a protein-protein interaction within the sigo-rsoa two-subunit σ factor: the σ70 region 2.3-like segment of rsoa mediates interaction with sigo.σ factors are single subunit general transcription factors that reversibly bind core rna polymerase and mediate gene-specific transcription in bacteria. previously, an atypical two-subunit σ factor was identified that activates transcription from a group of related promoters in bacillus subtilis. both of the subunits, named sigo and rsoa, share primary sequence similarity with the canonical σ70 family of σ factors and interact with each other and with rna polymerase subunits. here we show that t ...201627558998
zpdn, a plasmid-encoded sigma factor homolog, induces pbs32-dependent cell death in bacillus subtilis.the ancestral bacillus subtilis strain 3610 contains an 84-kb plasmid called pbs32 that was lost during domestication of commonly used laboratory derivatives. here we demonstrate that pbs32, normally present at 1 or 2 copies per cell, increases in copy number nearly 100-fold when cells are treated with the dna-damaging agent mitomycin c. mitomycin c treatment also caused cell lysis dependent on pbs32-borne prophage genes. zpdn, a sigma factor homolog encoded by pbs32, was required for the plasmi ...201627551016
synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of (z)-5-((3-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-4- yl)methylene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives.an alarming increment in pathogenic resistance to existing anti-microbial agents is a serious problem and the treatment of these bacterial infections is becoming increasingly challenging. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial agents.201627550428
an unusual conformational isomer of verrucosidin backbone from a hydrothermal vent fungus, penicillium sp. y-50-10.a new verrucosidin derivative, methyl isoverrucosidinol (1), was isolated from the marine fungus penicillium sp. y-50-10, dwelling in sulfur rich sediment in the kueishantao hydrothermal vents off taiwan. the structure was established by spectroscopic means including hrms and 2d-nmr spectroscopic analysis. the absolute configuration was defined mainly by comparison of quantum chemical tddft calculated and experimental ecd spectra. among hitherto known compounds with a verrucosidine backbone isol ...201627548192
antimicrobial protein candidates from the thermophilic geobacillus sp. strain zgt-1: production, proteomics, and bioinformatics analysis.a thermophilic bacterial strain, geobacillus sp. zgt-1, isolated from zara hot spring in jordan, was capable of inhibiting the growth of the thermophilic g. stearothermophilus and the mesophilic bacillus subtilis and salmonella typhimurium on a solid cultivation medium. antibacterial activity was not observed when zgt-1 was cultivated in a liquid medium; however, immobilization of the cells in agar beads that were subjected to sequential batch cultivation in the liquid medium at 60 °c showed inc ...201627548162
high-level intra- and extra-cellular production of d-psicose 3-epimerase via a modified xylose-inducible expression system in bacillus subtilis.d-psicose 3-epimerase (dpease) converts d-fructose into d-psicose which exists in nature in limited quantities and has key physiological functions. in this study, rdpe (dpease from ruminococcus sp. 5_1_39bfaa) was successfully constitutively expressed in bacillus subtilis, which is the first report of its kind. three sugar-inducible promoters were compared, and the xylose-inducible promoter p xyla was proved to be the most efficient for rdpe production. based on the analysis of the inducer conce ...201627544767
the marr-like protein pchr (yvmb) regulates expression of genes involved in pulcherriminic acid biosynthesis and in the initiation of sporulation in bacillus subtilis.cyclodipeptides and their derivatives constitute a large class of peptide natural products with noteworthy biological activities. in some yeasts and bacterial species, pulcherriminic acid derived from cyclo-l-leucyl-l-leucyl is excreted and chelates free ferric ions to form the pulcherrimin. in bacillus subtilis, the enzymes yvmc and cypx are known to be involved in pulcherriminic acid biosynthesis. however, the mechanisms controlling the transcription of the yvmc-cypx operon are still unknown.201627542896
a multi-tolerant low molecular weight mannanase from bacillus sp. csb39 and its compatibility as an industrial biocatalyst.bacillus sp. csb39, isolated from popular traditional korean food (kimchi), produced a low molecular weight, thermostable mannanase (mncsb39); 571.14u/ml using locust bean gum galactomannan as a major substrate. it was purified to homogeneity using a simple and effective two-step purification strategy, sepharose cl-6b and deae sepharose fast flow, which resulted in 25.47% yield and 19.32-fold purity. the surfactant-, nacl-, urea-, and protease-tolerant monomeric protein had a mass of ∼30kda as a ...201627542747
role of base excision repair (ber) in transcription-associated mutagenesis of nutritionally stressed nongrowing bacillus subtilis cell subpopulations.compelling evidence points to transcriptional processes as important factors contributing to stationary-phase associated mutagenesis. however, it has not been documented whether or not base excision repair mechanisms play a role in modulating mutagenesis under conditions of transcriptional derepression. here, we report on a flow cytometry-based methodology that employs a fluorescent reporter system to measure at single-cell level, the occurrence of transcription-associated mutations in nutrition ...201627530626
depletion of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatases disrupts cell envelope biogenesis in bacillus subtilis.the integrity of the bacterial cell envelope is essential to sustain life by countering the high turgor pressure of the cell and providing a barrier against chemical insults. in bacillus subtilis, synthesis of both peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acids requires a common c55 lipid carrier, undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate (upp), to ferry precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane. the synthesis and recycling of upp requires a phosphatase to generate the monophosphate form und-p, which is the substrate ...201627528508
seds proteins are a widespread family of bacterial cell wall polymerases.elongation of rod-shaped bacteria is mediated by a dynamic peptidoglycan-synthetizing machinery called the rod complex. here we report that, in bacillus subtilis, this complex is functional in the absence of all known peptidoglycan polymerases. cells lacking these enzymes survive by inducing an envelope stress response that increases the expression of roda, a widely conserved core component of the rod complex. roda is a member of the seds (shape, elongation, division and sporulation) family of p ...201627525505
in vitro and in vivo antibiofilm potential of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol from seaweed surface associated bacterium bacillus subtilis against group a streptococcus.biofilm formation of group a streptococcus (gas) is recognized as an important virulent determinant. the present study reports the antibiofilm potential of seaweed (gracilaria gracilis) surface associated bacillus subtilis against gas. purification revealed 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (dtbp) as the active principle. dtbp exhibited a dose dependent antibiofilm activity against gas (sf370 & six different clinical m serotypes). microscopic analysis revealed changes in cell surface architecture and red ...201627524650
an efficient one-pot synthesis of thiochromeno[3,4-d]pyrimidines derivatives: inducing ros dependent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities.an efficient synthesis of thiochromeno[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives has been achieved successfully via a one-pot three-component reaction of thiochrome-4-one, aromatic aldehyde and thiourea in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulphate [bmim]hso4. this new protocol has the advantages of environmental friendliness, high yields, short reaction times, and convenient operation. furthermore, among all the tested derivatives, compounds 4b and 4c exhibited promising antibacterial, m ...201627522461
spore-displayed enzyme cascade with tunable stoichiometry.taking the advantages of inert and stable nature of endospores, we developed a biocatalysis platform for multiple enzyme immobilization on bacillus subtilis spore surface. among b. subtilis outer coat proteins, cotg mediated a high expression level of clostridium thermocellum cohesin (ctcoh) with a functional display capability of ∼10(4) molecules per spore of xylose reductase-c. thermocellum dockerin fusion protein (xr-ctdoc). by co-immobilization of phosphite dehydrogenase (ptdh) on spore surf ...201627977916
role of autoregulation and relative synthesis of operon partners in alternative sigma factor networks.despite the central role of alternative sigma factors in bacterial stress response and virulence their regulation remains incompletely understood. here we investigate one of the best-studied examples of alternative sigma factors: the σb network that controls the general stress response of bacillus subtilis to uncover widely relevant general design principles that describe the structure-function relationship of alternative sigma factor regulatory networks. we show that the relative stoichiometry ...201627977677
glucose induces ecf sigma factor genes, sigx and sigm, independent of cognate anti-sigma factors through acetylation of csha in bacillus subtilis.extracytoplasmic function (ecf) σ factors have roles related to cell envelope and/or cell membrane functions, in addition to other cellular functions. without cell-surface stresses, ecf σ factors are sequestered by the cognate anti-σ factor, leading to inactivation and the resultant repression of regulons due to the inhibition of transcription of their own genes. bacillus subtilis has seven ecf σ factors including σ(x) and σ(m) that transcribe their own structural genes. here, we report that glu ...201627965645
survival of antibacterial resistance microbes in hospital-generated recycled wastewater.hospital wastewater has the potential to be a threat to the hospital environment as it can contain pathogenic bacteria that may facilitate the resistant nature of organisms within effluent or water treatment plants. the recycling of hospital wastewater should have good quality. this study was carried out to highlight the incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospital-generated recycled water. this study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital during june 2013-june 2014. one hu ...201627959872
effect of encapsulation on antimicrobial activity of
herbal extracts with lysozyme.resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has increased. the use of natural components with antimicrobial properties can be of great significance to reduce this problem. the presented work is focused on the study of the effect of encapsulation of selected plant and animal antimicrobial substances (herbs, spices, lysozyme and nisin) on their activity and stability. antimicrobial components were packaged into liposomes and polysaccharide particles (alginate, chitosan and starch). antimicrobial a ...201627956862
intracellular zn(ii) intoxication leads to dysregulation of the perr regulon resulting in heme toxicity in bacillus subtilis.transition metal ions (zn(ii), cu(ii)/(i), fe(iii)/(ii), mn(ii)) are essential for life and participate in a wide range of biological functions. cellular zn(ii) levels must be high enough to ensure that it can perform its essential roles. yet, since zn(ii) binds to ligands with high avidity, excess zn(ii) can lead to protein mismetallation. the major targets of mismetallation, and the underlying causes of zn(ii) intoxication, are not well understood. here, we use a forward genetic selection to i ...201627935957
use of hydrogen peroxide vapour & plasma irradiation in combination for quick decontamination of closed chambers.various conventional methods such as gaseous, vapour and misting systems, fogging, manual spray and wipe techniques employing a number of chemical agents are used for decontamination of enclosed spaces. among all these methods, use of aerosolized formaldehyde is the most preferred method due to cost-effectiveness and practical aspects. however, being extremely corrosive in nature generating very irritating fumes and difficulty in maintaining a high level of gas concentration, many laboratories p ...201627934804
mechanistic insights from the crystal structure of bacillus subtilis o-succinylbenzoyl-coa synthetase complexed with the adenylate intermediate.o-succinylbenzoyl-coa (osb-coa) synthetase, or mene, catalyzes an essential step in vitamin k biosynthesis and is a valuable drug target. like many other adenylating enzymes, it changes its structure to accommodate substrate binding, catalysis, and product release along the path of a domain alternation catalytic mechanism. we have determined the crystal structure of its complex with the adenylation product, o-succinylbenzoyl-adenosine monophosphate (osb-amp), and captured a new postadenylation s ...201627933791
effect of linker length and flexibility on the clostridium thermocellum esterase displayed on bacillus subtilis spores.in fusion protein design strategies, the flexibility and length of linkers are important parameters affecting the bioactivity of multifunctional proteins. a series of fusion proteins with different linkers were constructed. the effect of temperature, ph, and organic solvents was investigated on the enzymatic activity. fusion proteins with p1(ptptpt) and p2((ptptpt)2) linkers remained highly active with wide temperature range. at ph 9.6, the relative activity of fusion proteins with (ptptpt)2 and ...201627933482
use of a sec signal peptide library from bacillus subtilis for the optimization of cutinase secretion in corynebacterium glutamicum.technical bulk enzymes represent a huge market, and the extracellular production of such enzymes is favorable due to lowered cost for product recovery. protein secretion can be achieved via general secretion (sec) pathway. specific sequences, signal peptides (sps), are necessary to direct the target protein into the translocation machinery. for example, >150 sec-specific sps have been identified for bacillus subtilis alone. as the best sp for a target protein of choice cannot be predicted a prio ...201627927208
identification of protein structural elements responsible for the diversity of sequence preferences among mini-iii rnases.many known endoribonucleases select their substrates based on the presence of one or a few specific nucleotides at or near the cleavage site. in some cases, selectivity is also determined by the structural features of the substrate. we recently described the sequence-specific cleavage of double-stranded rna by mini-iii rnase from bacillus subtilis in vitro. here, we characterized the sequence specificity of eight other members of the mini-iii rnase family from different bacterial species. high-t ...201627924926
a degu-p and degq-dependent regulatory pathway for the k-state in bacillus subtilis.the k-state in the model bacterium bacillus subtilis is associated with transformability (competence) as well as with growth arrest and tolerance for antibiotics. entry into the k-state is determined by the stochastic activation of the transcription factor comk and occurs in about ∼15% of the population in domesticated strains. although the upstream mechanisms that regulate the k-state have been intensively studied and are well understood, it has remained unexplained why undomesticated isolates ...201627920766
identification of 2-methylthio cyclic n6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2ct6a) as a novel rna modification at position 37 of trnas.transfer rna modifications play pivotal roles in protein synthesis. n(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)a) and its derivatives are modifications found at position 37, 3'-adjacent to the anticodon, in trnas responsible for ann codons. these modifications are universally conserved in all domains of life. t(6)a and its derivatives have pleiotropic functions in protein synthesis including aminoacylation, decoding and translocation. we previously discovered a cyclic form of t(6)a (ct(6)a) as a chemi ...201627913733
acidified hot water extraction of adenosine, cordycepin, and polysaccharides from the chinese caterpillar mushroom, ophiocordyceps sinensis cs1197 (ascomycetes): application of an artificial neural network and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities.the effects of process variables (temperature, time, and ph) on the extraction of adenosine, cordycepin, and polysaccharides from ophiocordyceps sinensis cs1197 were studied using response surface methodology (rsm) and an artificial neural network (ann). the ann model resulted in low root mean square errors (0.022, 0.079, 0.018) and high r2 values (0.995, 0.934, 0.997) for adenosine, cordycepin, and polysaccharide yields, respectively, which implied good agreement between the predicted and actua ...201627910759
identification, heterologous expression, and functional characterization of bacillus subtilis yutf, a had superfamily 5'-nucleotidase with broad substrate specificity.5'-nucleotidases (ec 3.1.3.5) catalyze the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of 5'-ribonucleotides and 5'-deoxyribonucleotides as well as complex nucleotides, such as uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (udp-glucose), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, to their corresponding nucleosides plus phosphate. these enzymes have been found in diverse species in intracellular and membrane-bound, surface-localized forms. soluble forms of 5'-nucleotidases belong to the ubiquitous haloaci ...201627907199
dietary probiotic bacillus subtilis strain fmbj increases antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of chicken breast meat during storage.this study was aimed to measure the dietary effects of probiotic bacillus subtilis strain fmbj (bs fmbj) on antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of chicken breast meat during storage. treatment groups were fed the basal diet with bs fmbj at 0 g/kg (con), 0.2 g/kg (bs-1), 0.3 g/kg (bs-2), or 0.4 g/kg (bs-3) doses without antibiotics. during 8 days of storage at 4°c, bs-2 group showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) on meat quality (ph, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, color l*, ...201627907152
biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from cassia fistula (linn.): in vitro assessment of their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.the present study reports on biogenic-synthesised silver nanoparticles (agnps) derived by treating ag ions with an extract of cassia fistula leaf, a popular indian medicinal plant found in natural habitation. the progress of biogenic synthesis was monitored time to time using a ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. the effect of phytochemicals present in c. fistula including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and alkaloids on the homogeneous growth of agnps was investigated by fourier-transform ...201627906147
immobilization of neutral protease from bacillus subtilis for regioselective hydrolysis of acetylated nucleosides: application to capecitabine synthesis.this paper describes the immobilization of the neutral protease from bacillus subtilis and its application in the regioselective hydrolysis of acetylated nucleosides, including building blocks useful for the preparation of anticancer products. regarding the immobilization study, different results have been obtained depending on the immobilization procedure. epoxy hydrophobic carriers gave a poorly stable derivative that released almost 50% of the immobilized protein under the required reaction c ...201627898006
subcellular clustering of a putative c-di-gmp-dependent exopolysaccharide machinery affecting macro colony architecture in bacillus subtilis.the structure of bacterial biofilms is predominantly established through the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (eps). they show that bacillus subtilis contains an operon (ydaj-n) whose induction leads to increased congo red staining of biofilms and strongly altered biofilm architecture, suggesting that it mediates the production of an unknown exopolysaccharide. supporting this idea, overproduction of ydajklmn leads to cell clumping during exponential growth in liquid culture, and a ...201627897378
lipid-ii independent antimicrobial mechanism of nisin depends on its crowding and degree of oligomerization.nisin inhibits bacterial growth by generating pores in cell membrane and interrupting cell-wall biosynthesis through specific lipid ii interaction. however, the role of the hinge region and c-terminus residues of the peptide in antibacterial action of nisin is largely unknown. here, using molecular dynamics simulations and experimental approach, we report that at high concentration regimes of nisin, interaction with phospholipids may equally deform the bacterial cell membranes even under signifi ...201627897200
cooperative recruitment of ftsw to the division site of bacillus subtilis.five essential proteins are known to assemble at the division site of bacillus subtilis. however, the recruitment of the ftsw homolog is still unclear. here, we take advantage of spore germination to facilitate the depletion of essential proteins and to study the divisome assembly in the absence of previous division events. we show that, unlike what has been shown for the escherichia coli divisome, the assembly of ftsw is interdependent with the localization of pbp 2b and ftsl, which are key com ...201627895631
poly-γ-glutamic acids contribute to biofilm formation and plant root colonization in selected environmental isolates of bacillus subtilis.bacillus subtilis is long known to produce poly-γ-glutamic acids (γ-pga) as one of the major secreted polymeric substances. in b. subtilis, the regulation of γ-pga production and its physiological role are still unclear. b. subtilis is also capable of forming structurally complex multicellular communities, or biofilms, in which an extracellular matrix consisting of secreted proteins and polysaccharides holds individual cells together. biofilms were shown to facilitate b. subtilis-plant interacti ...201627891125
a novel cell type enables b. subtilis to escape from unsuccessful sporulation in minimal medium.sporulation is the most enduring survival strategy developed by several bacterial species. however, spore development of the model organism bacillus subtilis has mainly been studied by means of media or conditions optimized for the induction of sporogenesis. here, i show that during prolonged growth during stationary phase in minimal medium, b. subtilis undergoes an asymmetric cell division that produces small and round-shaped, dna containing cells. in contrast to wild-type cells, mutants harbor ...201627891124
damxungmacin a and b, two new amicoumacins with rare heterocyclic cores isolated from bacillus subtilis xz-7.two new amicoumacins, named damxungmacin a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the culture broth of a soil-derived bacterium bacillus subtilis xz-7. their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic studies (uv, ir, nmr and hr-esi-ms). compound 1 possessed a 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-one ring system in its structure, which was reported for the first time, while 2 had a 1-acetylmorpholine-3-one moiety, which was naturally rare. compound 1 exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxic activit ...201627886094
engineering an inducible gene expression system for bacillus subtilis from a strong constitutive promoter and a theophylline-activated synthetic riboswitch.synthetic riboswitches have been increasingly used to control and tune gene expression in diverse organisms. although a set of theophylline-responsive riboswitches have been developed for bacteria, fully functional expression elements mediated by synthetic riboswitches in bacillus subtilis are rarely used because of the host-dependent compatibility between the promoters and riboswitches.201627876054
molecular determinants of substrate specificity revealed by the structure of clostridium thermocellum arabinofuranosidase 43a from glycosyl hydrolase family 43 subfamily 16.the recent division of the large glycoside hydrolase family 43 (gh43) into subfamilies offers a renewed opportunity to develop structure-function studies aimed at clarifying the molecular determinants of substrate specificity in carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. α-l-arabinofuranosidases (ec 3.2.1.55) remove arabinose side chains from heteropolysaccharides such as xylan and arabinan. however, there is some evidence suggesting that arabinofuranosidases are substrate-specific, being unable to display ...201627917828
time series analysis of the bacillus subtilis sporulation network reveals low dimensional chaotic dynamics.chaotic behavior refers to a behavior which, albeit irregular, is generated by an underlying deterministic process. therefore, a chaotic behavior is potentially controllable. this possibility becomes practically amenable especially when chaos is shown to be low-dimensional, i.e., to be attributable to a small fraction of the total systems components. in this case, indeed, including the major drivers of chaos in a system into the modeling approach allows us to improve predictability of the system ...201627872618
roles of the essential protein ftsa in cell growth and division in streptococcus pneumoniae.streptococcus pneumoniae is an ovoid-shaped gram-positive bacterium that grows by carrying out peripheral and septal peptidoglycan (pg) synthesis, analogous to model bacilli such as escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis in the model bacilli, ftsz and ftsa proteins assemble into a ring at midcell and are dedicated to septal pg synthesis, but not peripheral pg synthesis; hence inactivation of ftsz or ftsa results in long filamentous cells unable to divide. here we demonstrate that ftsa and ftsz c ...201627872183
purification and characterization of a thermostable β-mannanase from bacillus subtilis be-91: potential application in inflammatory diseases.β-mannanase has shown compelling biological functions because of its regulatory roles in metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation. this study separated and purified the β-mannanase from bacillus subtilis be-91, which is a powerful hemicellulose-degrading bacterium using a "two-step" method comprising ultrafiltration and gel chromatography. the purified β-mannanase (about 28.2 kda) showed high specific activity (79, 859.2 iu/mg). the optimum temperature and ph were 65°c and 6.0, respectively. more ...201627868067
purification of bioactive lipopeptides produced by bacillus subtilis strain bia.bacillus subtilis strain bia was used for the production of bioactive lipopeptides. different extraction and purification methods were assayed as liquid-liquid extraction, and acid and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by tlc, spe, and gel filtration. active fractions were further purified using rp-hplc. the molecular mass of the purified product from hplc was determined through tris-tricine sds-page and maldi-tof-ms. the results revealed that bacillus subtilis strain bia produced surfacti ...201627867207
biophysical characterization and activity analysis of nano-magnesium supplemented cellulase obtained from a psychrobacterium following graphene oxide immobilization.cellulase enzyme was purified from a psychrophilic strain of bacillus subtilis obtained from east himalayan mountains. the native enzyme showed optimum activity at 15°c and ph 8.0.the magnesium oxide nanoparticle (mgn) supplemented enzyme when immobilized on graphene oxide nanosupport (go), via glutaraldehyde as cross linker, showed 2.98 folds increase in enzymatic activity at 8°c and more than 3.5 folds activity increment at 90°c. the mgn-cel on graphene (go-mgn-cel) showed a decrease in km by ...201627866623
dibenzo-α-pyrones: a new class of larvicidal metabolites against aedes aegypti from the endophytic fungus hyalodendriella sp. ponipodef12.in our search for new agrochemicals from endophytic fungi, the crude extract of the endophytic hyalodendriella sp. ponipodef12 associated with the hybrid 'neva' of populus deltoides marsh × p. nigra l. was found to possess larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti.201627862895
command of active matter by topological defects and patterns.self-propelled bacteria are marvels of nature with a potential to power dynamic materials and microsystems of the future. the challenge lies in commanding their chaotic behavior. by dispersing swimming bacillus subtilis in a liquid crystalline environment with spatially varying orientation of the anisotropy axis, we demonstrate control over the distribution of bacterial concentration, as well as the geometry and polarity of their trajectories. bacteria recognize subtle differences in liquid crys ...201627856907
the modified gingyo-san, a chinese herbal medicine, has direct antibacterial effects against respiratory pathogens.modified gingyo-san (mgs) is empirically used to treat various respiratory infections. mgs has been reported to have antiinflammatory and antiviral activities; however, it is not known if it has an antibacterial activity. therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of mgs against respiratory pathogens.201627842538
monitoring spatial segregation in surface colonizing microbial populations.microbes provide an intriguing system to study social interaction among individuals within a population. the short generation times and relatively simple genetic modification procedures of microbes facilitate the development of the sociomicrobiology field. to assess the fitness of certain microbial species, selected strains or their genetically modified derivatives within one population, can be fluorescently labelled and tracked using microscopy adapted with appropriate fluorescence filters. exp ...201627842347
carbonyl reductase identification and development of whole-cell biotransformation for highly efficient synthesis of (r)-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] ethanol.(r)-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] ethanol [(r)-3,5-btpe] is a valuable chiral intermediate for aprepitant (emend) and fosaprepitant (ivemend). biocatalyzed asymmetric reduction is a preferred approach to synthesize highly optically active (r)-3,5-btpe. however, the product concentration and productivity of reported (r)-3,5-btpe synthetic processes remain unsatisfied.201627835967
cell-wall remodeling drives engulfment during bacillus subtilis sporulation.when starved, the gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis forms durable spores for survival. sporulation initiates with an asymmetric cell division, creating a large mother cell and a small forespore. subsequently, the mother cell membrane engulfs the forespore in a phagocytosis-like process. however, the force generation mechanism for forward membrane movement remains unknown. here, we show that membrane migration is driven by cell wall remodeling at the leading edge of the engulfing membrane ...201627852437
the role of γδ t cells in fibrotic diseases.inflammation induced by toxins, micro-organisms, or autoimmunity may result in pathogenic fibrosis, leading to long-term tissue dysfunction, morbidity, and mortality. immune cells play a role in both induction and resolution of fibrosis. γδ t cells are an important group of unconventional t cells characterized by their expression of non-major histocompatibility complex restricted clonotypic t cell receptors for non-peptide antigens. accumulating evidence suggests that subsets of γδ t cells in ex ...201627824548
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