Publications

a radical form of nitric oxide suppresses rna synthesis of rabies virus.	hydrophobia is an incurable disease of the central nervous system. therefore, every mode of the immune response is important to inhibit and clear infection. innate immunity such as nitric oxide is significantly upregulated during rabies virus infection in vivo. in this report, the possible role of nitric oxide in inhibition of rabies virus replication was studied. rabies virus infected neuroblastoma cells were treated with nitric oxide generated from snp or snp in the presence of ascorbate. snp- ...	2001	11682131
immunosuppression in rabies virus infection mediated by lymphocyte apoptosis.	previously, we demonstrated a depression of cell-mediated immunity in mice by street rabies virus infection. in the present study, we investigated several events during the course of infection and looked for alterations in the host lymphoid cells for evidence of apoptosis. total cellular rna was extracted from muscle tissues at the inoculation site of peripherally infected mice at different intervals after infection. rabies virus mrna was monitored by reverse transcription-pcr. the length of vir ...	2001	11684783
extensive attenuation of rabies virus by simultaneously modifying the dynein light chain binding site in the p protein and replacing arg333 in the g protein.	rabies virus (rv) is a highly neurotropic virus that migrates from the portal of entry to the central nervous system (cns). the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), which is involved in a variety of intracellular motile events, was shown to interact with rv phosphoprotein (p). in order to determine the functional significance of this interaction, p residues 143 to 149 or 139 to 149 encompassing a conserved lc8-interacting motif (k/rxtqt) were deleted from recombinant viruses sad-l16 and sad-d29 ...	2001	11689631
association between cancer chemotherapy and canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.	to determine the association between cancer chemotherapy and serum canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.	2001	11697366
comparative immunogenicity and efficacy studies with oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and red foxes.	a comparative study of immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and foxes was conducted. the raccoon dogs received 10(6.9) (n = 6), 10(6.3) (n = 6) or 10(5.7) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by direct oral application, and subsequently all animals seroconverted. the foxes received 10(7.2) (n = 4), 10(6.2) (n = 4), 10(5.2) (n = 4) and 10(4.2) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by the same route. on days 106 and 196 post vaccination 10 raccoon dogs and 16 foxes were challeng ...	2001	11702339
maternal immunity against rabies in raccoon dogs.	the objective of the study was to examine possible maternally transferred antibodies (maab) against rabies in raccoon dogs. ten cubs born from a rabies-immune animal were bled on days 31, 36, 43, 50, 57 and 64 post partum. the geometric mean titres of the cubs were 1.19, 1.18, 0.45, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.16 iu/ml, respectively. up to 36 days post partum maab were detected in all cubs at levels > or = 0.5 iu/ml and at day 56 post partum all animals had maab levels < 0.5 iu/ml. based on the results of ...	2001	11702340
experimental rabies virus infection in artibeus jamaicensis bats with cvs-24 variants.	an experimental model of rabies was established in the fruit-eating bat species artibeus jamaicensis. the infections caused by cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c, which are both stable variants of cvs-24, were compared after inoculation of adult bats in the right masseter muscle. cvs-n2c produced neurologic signs of rabies with paresis, ataxia, and inability to fly, while cvs-b2c did not produce neurologic signs. bats were sacrificed and the distribution of rabies virus antigen was assessed in tissue sections ...	2001	11704883
silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice.	to examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, shbrv) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, cvs-24). inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either cvs-24 or ...	2001	11704884
evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity.	the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ...	2001	11238853
rabies virus ocular disease: t-cell-dependent protection is under the control of signaling by the p55 tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor, p55tnfr.	following brain infection, the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus infects the retina. rabies virus ocular infection induces the infiltration of neutrophils and predominantly t cells into the eye. the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha)-lymphotoxin signaling in the control of rabies virus ocular infection and inflammatory cell infiltration was assessed using mice lacking the p55 tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr(-/-) mice). the incidence of ocular disease and the intensity of r ...	2001	11238868
cat bites: a source of rabies exposure in rural tennessee.	in summary, several errors occurred with this patient. one, the patient should have been treated prophylactically for p. multocida, as most cat bites become infected. in the patient not allergic to penicillin, augmentin is the drug of choice, not erythromycin. two, rabies postexposure prophylaxis should have been advised immediately after assessing the significance of the exposure. a feral cat must be assumed to be rabid if it cannot be quarantined for 10 days. therefore, the bite or scratch fro ...	2001	11242755
proposal of abolition of the skin sensitivity test before equine rabies immune globulin application.	an epizootic outbreak of rabies occurred in 1995 in ribeirão preto, sp, with 58 cases of animal rabies (54 dogs, 3 cats and 1 bat) confirmed by the pasteur institute of são paulo, and one human death. the need to provide care to a large number of people for the application of equine rabies immune globulin (erig) prevented the execution of the skin sensitivity test (sst) and often also the execution of desensitization, procedures routinely used up to that time at the emergency unit of the univers ...	2001	11246284
the incurable wound revisited: progress in human rabies prevention?	rabies is the most important viral zoonosis from a global perspective. modern human postexposure prophylaxis consists of potent vaccines and local infiltration of rabies immune globulins (rigs), but the latter biologicals are not widely available or affordable. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) offer several theoretical advantages over rigs. to this end, several human and equine rigs, alone or in combination with vaccine, were investigated for postexposure efficacy in a syrian hamster model, compared ...	2001	11257347
post-exposure dna vaccination protects mice against rabies virus.	post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination for individuals who have not previously been immunized against rabies includes a cell culture-derived vaccine and a one time injection of rabies immune globulin. recent studies have shown dna vaccinations to be highly effective in rabies pre-exposure experiments, but post-exposure protection has not been achieved. this failure is likely due to the slow onset of dna vaccine induced antibody production. in an attempt to accelerate the onset of the antibody res ...	2001	11257379
postexposure rabies prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients.		2001	11268256
a comparison of complete genome sequences of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus used for production of animal vaccine in japan, and the parental nishigahara strain.	in order to establish the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus used for the production of animal vaccine in japan, the complete genome sequence of this strain was determined and compared with that of the parental nishigahara strain which is virulent for adult mice. the viral genome of both strains was composed of 11,926 nucleotides. the nucleotide sequences of the two genomes showed a high homology of 98.9%. the homology of the g gene was lower than ...	2001	11270607
rabies and canine distemper in an arctic fox population in alaska.	two oil field workers were attacked by a rabid arctic fox (alopex lagopus) in the prudhoe bay oil field (alaska, usa) prompting officials to reduce the local fox population. ninety-nine foxes were killed during winter 1994. we tested foxes for prevalence of rabies and canine distemper. exposure to rabies was detected in five of 99 foxes. of the five, only one fox had rabies virus in neural tissue as determined by the direct fluorescent antibody test. the other four foxes had been exposed to rabi ...	2001	11272487
rabies virus-based vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein induce a strong, cross-reactive cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response against envelope proteins from different hiv-1 isolates.	novel viral vectors that are able to induce both strong and long-lasting immune responses may be required as effective vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. our previous experiments with a replication-competent vaccine strain-based rabies virus (rv) expressing hiv-1 envelope protein from a laboratory-adapted hiv-1 strain (nl4-3) and a primary hiv-1 isolate (89.6) showed that rv-based vectors are excellent for b-cell priming. here we report that cytotoxic t-lymphocyt ...	2001	11287595
neutralizing antirabies antibodies in urban terrestrial wildlife in brazil.	the prevalence of rabies neutralizing antibodies (na) in sera of wild animals from são paulo city (brazil) was investigated using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test between 1994 and 1997. sera from 547 specimens were examined. marsupials represented 45% of the sample and primates 37%; carnivores, rodents, deer and edentates represented 6, 6, 3 and 2%, respectively. the overall prevalence of na was 14%. the prevalence of na was 18% in primates; whereas in marsupials, carnivores, edentate ...	2001	11310897
dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in machakos district, kenya.	a study of 150 dog-owning households from six randomly selected sublocations was conducted in machakos district, kenya. initially, all households were visited to collect information on dog ecology and demography based on who guidelines and to collect serum for rabies antibody detection. a second visit was made 1 year later, to obtain follow-up data on births, deaths, dog movements and other events since the first visit. dog ownership was common, with a range of 53--81% (mean=63%) of households o ...	2001	11311185
preparation and mass spectrometric study of egg yolk antibody (igy) against rabies virus.	rabies virus was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin y(igy) was isolated from yolks of the eggs laid by these chickens using a two-step salt precipitation and one-step gel filtration protocol. the purified igy was reduced with dithiothreitol, and heavy chains (hc) and light chains (lc) were obtained. in addition, the purified igy was digested with pepsin and the fragment with specific antigen binding properties (fab) was produced. using matrix-assist ...	2001	11319793
prevention and treatment of dog bites.	almost one half of all dog bites involve an animal owned by the victim's family or neighbors. a large percentage of dog bite victims are children. although some breeds of dogs have been identified as being more aggressive than other breeds, any dog may attack when threatened. all dog bites carry a risk of infection, but immediate copious irrigation can significantly decrease that risk. assessment for the risk of tetanus and rabies virus infection, and subsequent selection of prophylactic antibio ...	2001	11327433
preliminary report on a single-tube, non-interrupted reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue.	a simple method for the rapid detection of rabies virus was developed employing a single-tube reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the method utilized a single buffer system for both rt and pcr and was performed without interruption as a single thermal cycling programme. two primer sets within the genes coding for rabies nucleoprotein and glycoprotein were used to amplify a 533 bp and a 406 bp amplicon, respectively. the amplified products were detected with a challenge viru ...	2001	11334152
high level expression of a human rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody by a rhabdovirus-based vector.	humans exposed to rabies virus must be promptly treated by passive immunization with anti-rabies antibody and active immunization with rabies vaccine. currently, antibody prepared from pooled human serum or from immunized horses is utilized. however, neither of these reagents are readily available, entirely safe, or consistent in their biological activity. an ideal reagent would consist of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies. such antibodies are now available, their only drawback being the co ...	2001	11334980
evaluating rabies exposure.		2001	11344926
genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines.	rabies virus is not a single entity but consists of a wide array of variants that are each associated with different host species. these viruses differ greatly in the antigenic makeup of their g proteins, the primary determinant of pathogenicity and major inducer of protective immunity. due to this diversity, existing rabies vaccines have largely been targeted to individual animal species. in this report, a novel approach to the development of rabies vaccines using genetically modified, reverse- ...	2001	11348722
stability of attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in baits targeted to wild foxes under operational conditions.	the viability of an attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in a bait targeted to red foxes was examined under various operational conditions in a series of experiments in ontario. the virus was relatively stable over a 28-day period in the field, losing a mean 0.5, s = 0.2 log10 of virus titer. the micro-environment into which the bait was placed (open cultivated field, grassy meadow, wooded grove, sun or shade) did not make an appreciable difference in the viability of the virus. there was no sig ...	2001	11360859
effect of rabies virus infection on gene expression in mouse brain.	a variety of molecular genetic approaches were used to study the effect of rabies virus (rv) infection on host gene expression in mouse brain. the down-regulation of gene expression was found to be a major effect of rv infection by using subtraction hybridization. however, a combination of techniques identified approximately 39 genes activated by infection. these included genes involved in regulation of cell metabolism, protein synthesis, synaptic activity, and cell growth and differentiation. n ...	2001	11226313
antigenic and genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species indigenous to canada.	antigenic characterisation of over 350 chiropteran rabies viruses of the americas, especially from species reported rabid in canada, distinguished 13 viral types. in close accord with this classification, nucleotide sequencing of representative isolates, at both the n and g loci, identified four principal phylogenetic groups (i-iv), sub-groups of which circulated in particular bat species. amongst the north american bat viruses, there was a notable division between group i specimens associated w ...	2001	11226582
inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition delays death of rabies virus-infected mice.	a pathophysiological mechanism of cerebral damage and impairment of neuronal function during rabies virus infection was examined. synthesis of nitric oxide (no) and expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) gene are strongly upregulated during rabies virus infection. treatment of rabies virus-infected mice with a selective inhibitor of inos, aminoguanidine (ag), significantly delayed their death. prolonged survival was not due to suppression of an inflammatory response in the cent ...	2001	11232769
postexposure rabies prophylaxis in a patient with lymphoma.		2001	11176806
virus isolation from saliva and salivary glands of cattle naturally infected with paralytic rabies.	the infectivity of saliva, salivary and mammary glands, muscle, lung, kidney and liver of 87 cattle infected with paralytic rabies (positive viral isolation from brains) was studied. fifty percent dilutions of saliva and tissue samples were inoculated intracerebrally into 10- to 15-day-old mice. viral isolation in mice was confirmed by direct rabies fluorescent-antibody test and the antigenic variant of the isolates characterized by monoclonal antibodies. rabies virus was isolated from 4.6% of s ...	2001	11182465
selective role for the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor in immune unresponsiveness induced by an acute viral encephalitis.	brain infection by the laboratory strain challenge virus standard (cvs), a highly neurotropic strain of rabies virus, causes splenocytes to become less responsive to in vitro stimulation with cona. cvs-induced immune unresponsiveness is less severe in mice lacking the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr(-/-)) than in c57bl/6 mice, despite a similar invasion of the brain. comparison of cvs infection in these two strains of mice indicated that decreased immune responsiveness is associated with: (1) ...	2001	11137581
pre-exposure rabies vaccination: strategies and cost-minimization study.	an alternative strategy for pre-exposure rabies vaccination to the institutional recommendations of the world health organization and the centers for disease control and prevention is proposed based on recent long-term follow-up of post-vaccinal seroconversion rates. the alternative strategy uses the same primary series (i.e. vaccination in the deltoid area on d0, d7, and d28), but is completed by a scheduled booster vaccination at d365. the frequency of recommended subsequent booster injections ...	2001	11163664
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of foxes (vulpes vulpes) after experimental primary and secondary oral vaccination using sag2 and v-rg vaccines.	humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of 36 captive foxes to two oral vaccines against rabies currently used for foxes in europe were studied. the street alabama dufferin (sad) mutant gif (sag2) vaccine has been selected by double mutation from the sad virus. the vaccinia recombinant virus (v-rg) expresses the rabies glycoprotein. both vaccines induce similar humoral and cell-mediated responses after primary and secondary oral administration. we observed a typical anamnestic response, altho ...	2001	11166908
structure of recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna complex and identification of the phosphoprotein binding site.	rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) was produced in insect cells, in which it forms nucleoprotein-rna (n-rna) complexes that are biochemically and biophysically indistinguishable from rabies virus n-rna. we selected recombinant n-rna complexes that were bound to short insect cellular rnas which formed small rings containing 9 to 11 n monomers. we also produced recombinant n-rna rings and viral n-rna that were treated with trypsin and that had lost the c-terminal quarter of the nucleoprotein. trypsin- ...	2001	11119617
[a study on the epidemiological characteristics and the preventive measures of rabies in shanghai].	to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the preventive measures of rabies in shanghai from 1950 to 2000.	2001	11860835
[studies on the manufacture and immunogenicity of purified rabies vaccines on humans vero cell].	using vero cell as basic cultural material to improve the quality of rabies vaccines and to produce rabies vaccines for humans.	2001	11860837
rabies vaccination of foxes: vaccine residues as potential biohazardous waste.		2001	11740336
regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in serengeti spotted hyenas.	we report a previously unrecognized complexity to the ecology of rabies in wildlife. rabies-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in spotted hyenas, the most numerous large carnivore in the serengeti ecosystem (tanzania, east africa), revealed a high frequency of exposure of 37.0% to rabies virus, and reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr demonstrated rabies rna in 13.0% of hyenas. despite this high frequency, exposure neither caused symptomatic rabies nor decreased survival among members of hyena soc ...	2001	11742089
rabies in marmosets (callithrix jacchus), ceará, brazil.	a new rabies virus variant, with no close antigenic or genetic relationship to any known rabies variants found in bats or terrestrial mammals in the americas, was identified in association with human rabies cases reported from the state of ceará, brazil, from 1991 to 1998. the marmoset, callithrix jacchus acchus, was determined to be the source of exposure.	2001	11747745
serological responses of coyotes to two commercial rabies vaccines.	between august 1993 and september 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. all coyotes vaccinated with imrab 3 (rhone-merieux, inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with dura-rab 3 (immunovet, inc. ...	2001	11763743
the efficacy of a new single post-exposure treatment of rabies in mice without vaccination.	local application of rabies immune serum and isoprinosine, an immunomodulator with antiviral activity was effective in mice infected with a sylvatic rabies virus. in this way, a single medical or veterinary treatment is only required, which is particularly important for developing but also for developed countries. the importance of using a post-exposure potency test to monitor rabies vaccines is emphasized. the same principle could be applied to other emerging viral infections of humans (for exa ...	2001	11765237
is it possible to orally vaccinate juvenile red foxes against rabies in spring campaigns?	the rabies antibody status of juvenile foxes (vulpes vulpes) was evaluated in large-scale, long-term oral vaccination campaigns. between 9% (n = 659) and 21% (n = 42) of the juvenile foxes examined in 1993-94 and 1997, respectively, showed rabies virus neutralizing antibody (nab)-titers > or = 0.5 iu/ml following bait distribution in spring. the presence of nab may be due to either the passive transfer of maternal antibodies, or active immunization derived from spring vaccination campaigns. the ...	2001	11765716
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.	during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ...	2001	11767918
production, purification and analysis of an experimental dna vaccine against rabies.	the basic and applied research efforts devoted to the development of dna vaccines must be accompanied by manufacturing processes capable of being scaled up and delivering a clinical-grade product. this work describes a rapid process of this kind, based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography (hic) for the production of milligram quantities of an experimental dna rabies vaccine. its properties and protective activity are tested in comparison with the same plasmid dna purified with a commercial ...	2001	11778904
detection of rabies virus rna isolated from several species of animals in brazil by rt-pcr.	brain samples from different animal species including humans: five vampire bats, 14 cattle, 12 dogs, 11 cats, two horses, one pig, one sheep and three humans collected from various geographical regions of brazil were found to be positive for rabies by means of the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and the mouse inoculation test (mit). the brain samples were retested for rabies by means of the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with 2 primer sets (p1/p2 and rhni/rhns3), wh ...	2001	11789609
epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the united states, 1999.	to evaluate epidemiologic features of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the united states during 1999 and assess the role of bat-associated variants.	2001	11417737
experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis.	rabies immune globulin (rig) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. seven mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. however, a european bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either mabs or rig. moreover, duvenhage virus was neutralized by rig, but not by mabs, and lagos bat and mokola viru ...	2001	11427255
protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific dna vaccination.	a dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degrees c. nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. in a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a dna vaccine against another f ...	2001	11427277
treatment after rodent exposure necessary to avoid death from rabies.		2001	11429723
failure of pre- and postexposure rabies vaccinations in a child infected with hiv.	we report the case of a 6-y-old hiv-infected girl with severe immune deficiency who failed to respond to intramuscular pre-exposure rabies vaccination using human diploid cell rabies vaccine on days 0, 7 and 28. she also failed to respond to an intradermal postexposure rabies regimen using purified verocell rabies vaccine at 4 sites on days 0, 3 and 7 and at 2 sites on days 30 and 90 (double the usual regimen). sequentially monitored rabies neutralizing antibody titers were below the who minimum ...	2001	11440231
a model for neutralization of viruses based on antibody coating of the virion surface.		2001	11443871
rabies postexposure prophylaxis. human and domestic animal considerations.	the emphasis on rabies control and prevention in the united states seems to be a function of our perception of proximity of the threat. wildlife rabies epizootics within a state may be of little concern to the uninformed urban dweller. additionally, many parts of the western united states are free of terrestrial rabies; were it not for the presence of bat rabies, people in those areas would likely interpret rabies control as a minor public health concern. it is essential that federal, state, and ...	2001	11446104
effect of maternal immunity on the immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.	to determine effect of maternal antibodies on immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.	2001	11453495
early rabies antibody response to intramuscular booster in previously intradermally immunized travelers using human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	postexposure treatment (pet) of travelers who may have had a potential rabies exposure is simpler, safer, and cheaper if the traveler is preimmunized. preimmunization can be done with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv) administered intramuscularly or intradermally. some authorities, however, are now advocating that travelers vaccinated by the intradermal (id) route should be treated as if they are not immunized. a particular concern raised is that travelers who have received pre-exposure r ...	2001	11468113
selection of single chain variable fragments (scfv) against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus from a human synthetic scfv phage display library and their fusion with the fc region of human igg1.	we have prepared human recombinant antibody molecules against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus (gprv) based on the single chain variable fragment (scfv) format. anti-gprv scfvs were selected from a human synthetic scfv phage display library with a repertoire of approximately 109 specificities. after three rounds of selection against the pv11 strain of the virus, 40% of the clones tested recognized the rabies antigen. of the 20 positive clones that were sequenced, five distinct sequen ...	2001	11472431
rapid clearance of sag-2 rabies virus from dogs after oral vaccination.	this study investigated the safety, efficacy, and clearance of sag-2, an attentuated rabies virus, after oral vaccination in dogs. nineteen dogs consumed baits containing lyophilized vaccine, but residual sag-2 virus was recovered in only one of 57 oral swabs, collected one hour post-vaccination. seven vaccinates were euthanized between 24 and 96 h after consuming a bait. rabies virus rna was detected in tonsils from all seven dogs by nested rt-pcr, with primers to the viral glycoprotein. genomi ...	2001	11483278
interaction of lyssaviruses with the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr.	the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr interacts in vitro with the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein and serves as a receptor for rv. the lyssavirus genus comprises seven genotypes (gts) of rabies and rabies-related viruses. the ability of p75ntr to interact with the glycoprotein of representative lyssaviruses from each gt was investigated. this investigation was based on a specific binding assay between bsr cells infected with a lyssavirus and spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expre ...	2001	11714960
[development of a rapid method of immunologic monitoring during pregnancy].	the authors validate the efficiency of enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) for rapid diagnosis of rabies and titration of specific antibodies and of the method of isolation of field rabies strains in the rat gasser's node neurinoma cells. highly active specific diagnostic agents for elisa and immunofluorescent test based on sheep immunoglobulins have been created for detection of the rabies agent in pathological material from different animals and humans.	2001	11715711
field trial with oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the philippines.	the potential role of oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the philippines was investigated in terms of safety and efficacy.	2001	11737869
expression of the b-cell and t-cell epitopes of the rabies virus nucleoprotein in mycobacterium bovis bcg and induction of an humoral response in mice.	expression vectors containing rabies virus nucleoprotein b-cell and t-cell epitopes in mycobacterium bovis bcg were constructed. the epitopes were subcloned into the m. leprae 18-kda gene to ensure correct presentation to the host immune system. expression of the 18-kda::b+t epitope fusion protein was driven by either the hsp60 promoter, which is constitutively activated at a high level in m. bovis bcg, or the 18-kda promoter, which is strongly induced in vivo. mice were immunised intra-peritone ...	2001	11738736
one-time gene gun or intramuscular rabies dna vaccination of non-human primates: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against rabies virus 1 year after vaccination.	we have previously shown that macaca fascicularis (cynomologus) monkeys receiving a primary and either one or two booster rabies dna vaccinations are protected against rabies virus. in this study, we determined whether monkeys that had been vaccinated only once via gene gun or intramuscularly (i.m.) with different concentrations of dna would be protected against rabies virus challenge. neutralizing antibody responses were assayed for 1 year before the monkeys were challenged. neutralizing antibo ...	2001	11738747
a comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens.	many diagnostic methods have been used to detect rabies virus antigen. the preferred method for routine diagnosis of rabies in fresh or frozen brain tissues is the fluorescent antibody test (fat). in this study, the fat was used to evaluate the rabies status of fresh/frozen brain specimens from more than 800 rabies-suspected cases, in more than 14 different species of animals. a comparable brain specimen from each case was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and examined by the fat. the evaluation of ...	2001	11377721
genetic characterization and geographic distribution of rabies virus isolates in brazil: identification of two reservoirs, dogs and vampire bats.	we analyzed 50 rabies virus samples isolated in brazil from 12 dogs, 11 cats, 5 vampire bats, 15 cattle, 2 horses, 1 pig, 1 sheep, and 3 humans to investigate the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses. we sequenced 203 nucleotides on the nucleoprotein gene by direct sequencing of the pcr-amplified products. all the isolates belonged to the genotype 1 and homology of the 203 nucleotides was at least 83.7% among isolates. the main reservoirs were estimated based on the homology of nucleotide se ...	2001	11384221
rabies virus production in non-woven polyester fabric(nwpf) packed-bed reactors.	the production of rabies virus from baby hamster kidney-ankara66 (bhk-an(66), hukuk 99050302) monolayer cells was examinedin a packed-bed reactor containing non-woven polyester fabric (nwpf)discs. at first, growth characteristics of the cells were determined instatic culture. the suspension culture studies were realized in a 1litre spinner basket with nwpf support. bhk-an(66) cells(inoculation density, 5x10(4) cells.ml(-1)) were maintained in the reactor loaded with5 g.l(-1) carrier. the culture ...	2001	11389670
immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in foxes.	studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of sad b19 attenuated rabies virus vaccine in foxes under laboratory conditions were conducted. twenty-seven foxes (vulpes vulpes) were offered a vaccine bait containing 10(6.3) ffu/ml sad b19. blood samples were collected 60, 110 and 190 days post-vaccination. on day 190 post vaccination the animals and 14 controls were challenged with a canid street rabies virus. twenty-four of the 26 vaccinated foxes (92.3%) survived the challenge, whereas all the co ...	2001	11393813
[molecular epidemiological characterization of rabies virus isolated from guangxi].	to analyze the genotype of rabies virus isolated from different areas in guangxi at different time.	2001	11986719
comparative evaluation of a simple indirect immunofluorescence test and mouse neutralization test for assaying rabies antibodies.	in this study, we have developed and evaluated a simple indirect immunofluorescence test (iift) to detect rabies antibodies in a two-step immunofluorescence assay. one hundred and eighty five serum samples from people who had taken different rabies vaccines and 8 pairs of serum and csf samples from confirmed paralytic rabies cases were tested by iift and results evaluated in comparison to standard mouse neutralization test (mnt). though the titres of rabies antibodies obtained with iift were 2-4 ...	2001	12024919
typing of field rabies virus strains in fr yugoslavia by limited sequence analysis and monoclonal antibodies.	a total of 32 rabies virus isolates (15 of fox, 14 of cat and 3 of dog origin) from the territory of fr yugoslavia were collected from december 1996 till february 1998 and analyzed by limited sequencing of n gene and by indirect immunofluorescence and a panel of 20 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs). all examined strains were characterized as sylvatic fox strains. two main genetic variants were detected, 15 isolates belonging to group i, 14 belonging to group ii, while the remaining 3 ...	2001	11876006
immunogenicity and efficacy of fermi-type nerve tissue rabies vaccine in mice and in humans undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies in ethiopia.	rabies is an acute viral encephalitis that is invariably fatal following the manifestations of clinical signs. to subvert the course of the disease, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is widely utilized. the immunogenicity and efficacy of fermi-type rabies vaccine produced in ethiopia was determined in mice subjected to intracranial challenge with rabies virus, and in humans undergoing rabies pep in ethiopia. mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups. group 1 received 0.25 ml each of phenoli ...	2001	12380231
[clinical trial of yu bhk rabivak vaccine against rabies in volunteers].	the bhk (baby hamster kidney) continual cell line has been used for years in the production of rabies vaccine for animals. becouse of the rich harvesting of rabies virus from this cell substrate, there is no need of the an additional virus concentration, so that the vaccine production can be organised in small local pasteur institutes as well. although its long-range use in the veterinary medicine has proved that the bhk line is safe and that the vaccine is immunogenic, its use in the human medi ...	2001	12078123
rabies: doubtful and discordant results in fluorescent antibody test.	by a fluorescent antibody test animal brain samples were examined for the rabies antigen. two observers read the results. doubtful, suspicious or weak results in the test were reanalyzed in a virus isolation test on the murine neuroblastoma cell line. from 37 samples estimated doubtful by the fluorescent antibody test, 17 were positive in the virus isolation test.	2001	12078124
[10 years' of production and use of human rabies immunoglobulin in yugoslavia].	application of the rabies immunoglobuline is a compulsory part of the prophylaxis of rabies in all severe, transdermal lesions caused by rabies infected animals. sylvatic rabies has spread in the past few years throughout the whole yugoslavia, and human cases of rabies have also been reported in other east european countries. in order to achieve the highest level of rabies prophylaxis, apart from postinfective rabies vaccination, it is necessary to provide passive immunization using specific ant ...	2001	12078125
characterization of sri lanka rabies virus isolates using nucleotide sequence analysis of nucleoprotein gene.	thirty-four suspected rabid brain samples from 2 humans, 24 dogs, 4 cats, 2 mongooses, i jackal and i water buffalo were collected in 1995-1996 in sri lanka. total rna was extracted directly from brain suspensions and examined using a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) gene. twenty-eight samples were found positive for the virus n gene by rt-pcr and also for the virus antigens by fluorescent antibody (fa) test. rabies virus is ...	2001	12083333
[immune response of mice to replication-defective recombinant adenovirus containing glycoprotein gene of rabies virus 3ag strain].	to evaluate the immune response, of mice immunized with e1, e3 deleted replicative deficient recombinant adenovirus which can express glycoprotein of chinese 3ag rabies virus.	2001	12526306
experience of human rabies in north india.	rabies is one of the most common causes of human encephalitis in developing countries. this study shows the diagnosis of rabies among suspected human rabies encephalitis cases by seller stain, flourescent stain as well as mouse inoculation test. out of 71 postmortem brain specimens, 26 were diagnosed as rabies positive. negri bodies were demonstrated in 18 (25.4%) brain saples by seller stain. flourescent antibody technique could detect rabies antigen in 21 (29.6%) samples. rabies virus could be ...	2001	12561994
evaluation of rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres induced by intramuscular inoculation of rabies dna vaccine in mice and bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata).	a rabies dna vaccine consisting of plasmid dna expressing the rabies virus surface glycoprotein was injected (im) twice at two week interval to outbred swiss mice or bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) and the levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (vna) titres were examined over a one year period. in mice, the vna titre was maintained above the minimum protective level (0.5 i.u./ml) up to 10 months after primary immunization, while in monkeys, the titre dropped below the protective level by 6 ...	2001	12562014
rabies epizootics among raccoons vary along a north-south gradient in the eastern united states.	the characteristics of rabies epizootics among raccoons were investigated in 11 eastern states along a north-south gradient from new york to north carolina. epizootics were defined as discrete intervals of time of at least 5 months in duration, when reported cases of raccoon rabies from an individual county exceeded the median value of raccoon rabies cases reported by that county over the entire period rabies was present among raccoons in the county. over the approximately 20-year study period, ...	2001	12653126
risk factors for human exposure to raccoon rabies during an epizootic in connecticut.	the emergence of rabies among terrestrial wildlife poses increasing but poorly defined risks to people. in particular, events leading to human exposure to rabies virus via mammalian reservoirs remain elusive. thus, we determined those risk factors associated with human exposure to rabies-positive animals during a raccoon rabies epizootic in connecticut. existing passive surveillance data on animal rabies tests in connecticut from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated for demographic, ecological, and ...	2001	12653149
[epidemiology and epizootiology of rabies in krasnodar region].	in 1995-1999 the aggravation of the epidemiological situation in rabies took place in the krasnodar territory. in the region of great sochi this was due to the emergency situation (armed conflict) on the adjoining territory (in abkhazia), which led to the migration of domestic animals, turning wild, to the black sea coast where the situation with this infection had earlier been favorable. in 1995-1997 on the territory of great sochi 4 persons died of rabies as a consequence of getting dog bites ...	2001	12718186
inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine provides short-term immunity in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella).	eight capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) were vaccinated against rabies with an inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine (smbv). three 1-ml doses of 2% brain tissue suspension were given by i.m. injection at 0, 30, and 60 days. blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, 240, 300, and 365 days and were tested by simplified fluorescence inhibition to titer-neutralizing antibodies. all of the animals developed neutralizing antibodies with titers >0.5 iu/ml after vaccination, but the immu ...	2001	12790394
exposure of hooded capuchin monkeys (cebus apella cay) to a rabid bat at a zoological park.	on 27 may 1999, a big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) was discovered on an island exhibit at the denver zoo that contained a troop of 15 hooded capuchin monkeys (cebus apella cay). the monkeys were attacking the bat when it was discovered. the bat was collected and humanely euthanatized without direct handling and submitted to the colorado department of public health and environment virology laboratory for rabies evaluation. the monkeys had not been vaccinated against rabies virus. the next day, th ...	2001	12790408
antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and free-ranging wolves (canis lupus).	fourteen captive and five free-ranging minnesota gray wolves (canis lupus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvna) after vaccination with an inactivated canine rabies vaccine. blood was collected from all wolves prior to vaccination and at 1 mo postvaccination (pv) and from all captive and three wild wolves at 3 mo pv. in addition, one free-ranging wolf was sampled at 4 mo pv, and two free-ranging wolves were sampled at 6 mo pv. all wolves were seronegative pr ...	2001	12790409
the role of vitamin a in enhancing humoral immunity produced by antirabies vaccine.	we tested the effects of vitamin a supplementation on the antibody titre of 40 healthy volunteers (age range: 10-35 years), who had received a complete course of antirabies vaccine (5 injections over 30 days). after determining the baseline serum vitamin a status of 80 volunteers, 20 pairs were matched for serum vitamin a level, body mass index, age, sex and socioeconomic status. one person from each pair was randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. the experimental group received ...	2001	15332782
immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell anti-rabies vaccine in post-exposure treatment of animal bite cases.	the observations on immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell (pcec) anti rabies vaccination in post-exposure prophylaxis is reported. in total 207 serum samples collected from patients receiving 3 to 6 doses of pcec were analysed for the presence of anti-rabies antibodies. the samples were collected from 10 days to 11 months after the last dose of vaccine. all the vaccinees (n=33) tested after 3 doses of pcec showed protective titres (> or = 0.5 iu/ml) and those receiving 5-6 doses (n=161) s ...	2002	12718340
[old and new prescriptions for infectious diseases and the newest recipes for biomedical products in plants].	the three antiviral vaccines discovered in the 18th century (smallpox), 19th century (rabies), and 20th century (polio) share a common feature: none would ever be licensed today for human vaccination. yet jenner's smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox, pasteur's rabies vaccine represented the first successful post-exposure treatment of people bitten by rabid animals, and polio vaccine administered since its discovery in 1950 is leading to the eradication of polio (in the years 2004 ...	2002	12549429
[ferrets in veterinary practice].	ferrets (mustela putorius furo) show up with increasing frequency in veterinary practice. originally domesticated for hunting of rodents and rabbits, they became very popular pets which require legal permission though and the further fulfillment of various husbandry needs. ferrets have to be maintained on a high protein diet which in practice is often done with commercial feline products. physical examination is similar to dogs and cats whereas the frequent occurrence of non-specific symptoms re ...	2002	12481538
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.	during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...	2002	12494966
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--tennessee, 2002.		2002	12495403
human rabies: a disease of complex neuropathogenetic mechanisms and diagnostic challenges.	rabies is inevitably fatal and presents a horrifying clinical picture. human rabies can manifest in either encephalitic (furious) or paralytic (dumb) forms. the brainstem is preferentially involved in both clinical forms, though there are no clinical signs of brainstem dysfunction. differences in tropism at the inoculation site or the cns, in the route of spread, or in the triggering of immune cascades in the brainstem may account for clinical variation. rabies still poses diagnostic problems, p ...	2002	12849514
characterization of the equilibrium between the native and fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein indicates that the fusion complex is made of several trimers.	rabies virus-induced membrane fusion is triggered at low ph and is mediated by the trimeric viral glycoprotein (g). g assumes three conformations: the native state (n) detected above ph 7; the activated state (a), which initiates the fusion process; and the fusion-inactive conformation (i) observed after prolonged incubation at low ph. differently from other viral fusogenic glycoproteins, g in the i state recovers its native conformation when reincubated above ph 7. here, we demonstrate that the ...	2002	12083843
clinical and serological response of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies.	wild dogs lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in ...	2002	12088076
human viral superantigens: to be or not to be transactivated?		2002	12102742
genealogical analyses of rabies virus strains from brazil based on n gene alleles.	thirty rabies virus isolates from cows and vampire bats from different regions of são paulo state, southeastern brazil and three rabies vaccines were studied genetically. the analysis was based on direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products of 600 nucleotides coding for the amino terminus of nucleoprotein gene. the sequences were checked to verify their genealogical and evolutionary relationships and possible implication for health programmes. statistical data indicated that there were no signif ...	2002	12113496
lyssavirus p gene characterisation provides insights into the phylogeny of the genus and identifies structural similarities and diversity within the encoded phosphoprotein.	a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the lyssavirus genus, employing p gene sequences from 128 isolates recovered globally, is presented. while confirming prior suggestions of the genetic distinctness of the australian bat lyssaviruses, these data also revealed a clear division within the rabies virus clade (genotype 1) between globally distributed viruses circulating predominantly in canid species (subgroup 1-1), and american strains harbored by both chiropteran and terrestrial hosts (subgr ...	2002	12127791
distribution of rabies virus in infected mice, vaccinated and submitted to p. acnes as immunomodulator.	the lethality and distribution of rabies virus were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus, vaccinated and submitted to immunomodulation by p .acnes (formerly corynebacterium parvum). the animals were sacrificed at different times,when the different tissues were collected and submitted to fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse inoculation test (mit). the group submitted to vaccination and p. acnes treatment presented a percentage of survival superior to that ...	2002	12135238
rabies re-examined.	rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis. the causative agents are neurotropic rna viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. mammalian reservoirs include the carnivora and chiroptera, but rabid dogs still pose the greatest hazard worldwide. viral transmission occurs mainly via animal bite, and once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system. after viral replication, there is centrifugal spread to ma ...	2002	12144896
genetic analysis of rabies virus isolates in the philippines.	to determine the genetic characteristics of the rabies virus in the philippines, 59 rabies virus isolates were obtained from domestic rabid dogs and their partial nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (n) gene were compared. based on comparison with reported sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates from the philippines had close genetic relations and formed two subgroups. the philippines isolates belonged to a different lineage from other asian isolates but were closer to them ...	2002	12153119
rabies virus is not cytolytic for rat spinal motoneurons in vitro.	cultures of purified rat embryonic spinal cord motoneurons were used to investigate the capacity of the neurons to survive rabies virus infection in vitro. in crude primary spinal cord cultures, neurons did not survive more than 2 days after rabies virus infection with the fixed strain challenge virus standard. in contrast, virus-infected purified motoneurons resisted cytolysis for at least 7 days, as also did infected motoneurons treated with conditioned medium sampled from rabies virus-infecte ...	2002	12161815