Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
[occurrence of giardia species and genotypes in humans and animals in wielkopolska region, poland].giardia is the most common intestinal protozoan parasite found in humans and animals worldwide. although it has been known for three hundred years, the nomenclature, taxonomy, host specificity, and pathogenicity of giardia still arouse numerous controversies and ambiguities. giardia is classified into six species, that are characterised by various ranges of hosts. the most dubious species is g. intestinalis, which includes a dozen or so genotypes, and only two of them (genotype a and b) have wid ...200920209826
tln-4601, a novel anticancer agent, inhibits ras signaling post ras prenylation and before mek activation.tln-4601 is a structurally novel farnesylated dibenzodiazepinone discovered through decipher, thallion's proprietary drug discovery platform. the compound was shown to have a broad cytotoxic activity (low micromol/l) when tested in the nci 60 tumor cell line panel and has shown in-vivo antitumor activity in several xenograft models. related to its farnesylated moiety, the effect of tln-4601 on ras mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was assessed. downstream ras signaling events, raf-1, me ...201020220516
characterization of the activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, z polypeptide 1 (ptprz1) by hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha.hypoxia inducible factors (hifs) are the principal means by which cells upregulate genes in response to hypoxia and certain other stresses. there are two major hifs, hif-1 and hif-2. we previously found that certain genes are preferentially activated by hif-2. one was protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, z polypeptide 1 (ptprz1). ptprz1 is overexpressed in a number of tumors and has been implicated in glioblastoma pathogenesis.201020224786
ets-1/elk-1 is a critical mediator of dipeptidyl-peptidase iii transcription in human glioblastoma cells.dipetidyl-peptidase iii is a metallopeptidase involved in a number of physiological processes and its expression has been reported to increase with the histological aggressiveness of human ovarian primary carcinomas. because no information regarding the regulation of its expression was available, experiments were designed to clone, define and characterize the promoter region of the human dipeptidyl-peptidase iii (dpp-iii) gene. in this study, we cloned a 1038 bp 5'-flanking dna fragment of the h ...201020236318
mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone.bone is an adaptive material that is designed for different functional requirements; indeed, bones have a variety of properties depending on their role in the body. to understand the mechanical response of bone requires the elucidation of its structure-function relationships. here, we examine the fracture toughness of compact bone of elk antler, which is an extremely fast-growing primary bone designed for a totally different function than human (secondary) bone. we find that antler in the transv ...201019941980
direct versus indirect effects of social rank, maternal weight, body condition and age on milk production in iberian red deer ( cervus elaphus hispanicus).social rank in cervids and other mammals is not entirely predicted by body weight, but in most cases influences access to food directly. milk provisioning depends on maternal weight and on daily food intake. usually, body weight, body condition, age and social rank are inter-correlated making it very difficult to discern the relative importance of each variable to milk production. this study used path analysis to assess direct versus indirect effects of these variables on milk production of 62 i ...201019919724
emerging roles of sumo modification in arthritis.dynamic modification involving small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) has emerged as a new mechanism of protein regulation in mammalian biology. sumoylation is an atp-dependent, reversible post-translational modification which occurs under both basal and stressful cellular conditions. sumoylation profoundly influences protein functions and pertinent biological processes. for example, sumoylation modulates multiple components in the nfkappab pathway and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. likewise, ...201020627123
use of a crude extract or purified antigen from first-instar cattle grubs, hypoderma lineatum, for the detection of anti-hypoderma antibodies in free-ranging cervids from southern spain.during the 2003-2005 hunting seasons, a total of 120 cervidae, including 39 red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and 81 fallow deer (dama dama), were examined for subcutaneous myiasis. animals were shot from january to june in southern spain. specific antibodies against hypodermatinae (diptera: oestridae) were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) using a crude larval extract (cle) and a purified antigen [hypodermin c (hc)] obtained from first instars of hypoderma linea ...201020629951
variable extent of sex-biased dispersal in a strongly polygynous mammal.for mammals with a polygynous mating system, dispersal is expected to be male-biased. however, with the increase in empirical studies, discrepancies are arising between the expected and observed direction/extent of the bias in dispersal. in this study, we assessed sex-biased dispersal in red deer (cervus elaphus) on 13 estates from the scottish highlands. a total of 568 adult individuals were genotyped at 21 microsatellite markers and sequenced for 821 bp of the mitochondrial control region. est ...201020629954
how does local weather predict red deer home range size at different temporal scales?1. there is a rapidly growing literature on how climate affects populations of vertebrates. for large herbivorous mammals, most attention has been paid to demographic responses to climate variation. much less information is available regarding how climate affects animal behaviour, i.e. the climate mechanisms. further, the appropriate measurement scale of climate variables remains debated. here, we investigate how local climate variables determine home range sizes at four temporal scales using th ...201020636345
sumoylation can regulate the activity of ets-like transcription factor 4.ets-like transcription factor 4 (elk4) (a.k.a. serum response factor accessory protein 1) belongs to the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of e twenty-six (ets) domain transcription factors. compared to the other tcf subfamily members, elk1 and elk3 (net), there is limited information of the mechanisms regulating the elk4 activity. here, we show that the elk4 can be covalently modified (sumoylated) by small ubiquitin-related modifier (sumo) 1 protein, an important regulator of signaling and ...201020637912
long-term effects of red deer (cervus elaphus) grazing on soil in a breeding area.this paper examines the effects of red deer grazing on some properties of soil (sand, silt, clay ph, electrical conductivity organic carbon, bulk density, fine soil weight, compaction and saturation capacity), and litter (unit weight-mass, organic matter content (%) and organic matter mass) properties on a red deer breeding area by comparing an undisturbed area in istanbul belgrad forest-turkey. according to the results obtained in this study the litter mass in the breeding area has been found c ...201020648831
circadian transcription in liver.circadian rhythms regulate a wide range of cellular, physiological, metabolic and behavioral activities in mammals. the complexity of tissue- and day-time specific regulation of thousands of clock controlled genes (ccgs) suggests that many transcriptional regulators are involved. our bioinformatic analysis is based on two published dna-array studies from mouse liver. we search overrepresented transcription factor binding sites in promoter regions of ccgs using gc-matched controls. analyzing a la ...201020655353
monitoring bluetongue disease (btv-1) epidemic in southern spain during 2007.on the 25th of july 2007, bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 1 was detected in andalusia, southern spain for the first time. a total of 4436 farms infected with btv-1 were confirmed during that year: 3162 in sheep flocks, 113 in goat flocks, 7 in cattle herds and 1154 in mixed farms (sheep, goat and/or cattle in the same farm). the most common clinical signs were: fever, depression, lethargy, facial edema, and salivation (observed in more than 70% of the infected farms). lesions in oral mucosa, lam ...201020663576
measuring consonant identification in nonsense syllables, words, and sentences.sensorineural hearing loss (snhl) produces deficits in speech comprehension in noise that primarily are due to impairments in identifying consonants. here, we describe the california syllable test (cast) that quantifies the identification of common american english consonants. in experiment i, 16 young subjects with normal hearing identified 720 consonant-vowel-consonant (cvc) syllables in three test sessions. consonants were identified slightly more accurately in words than nonsense syllables, ...201020665350
analysis of the value of measurement of the activity of caeruloplasmin as an alternative to measurement of the concentration of elemental copper in plasma and serum of farmed red deer.to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of elemental cu and activity of caeruloplasmin (cp) in the plasma and serum of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).201020676159
the p38 sapk is recruited to chromatin via its interaction with transcription factors.in mammals, the stress-activated protein kinase (sapk) p38 coordinates a rapid and complex transcriptional program to adapt to sudden changes in the extracellular environment. although a number of genes have been reported to be under the control of p38, the basic mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by this sapk remain uncharacterized. here we show that in response to osmotic shock, anisomycin- or tnfα-activated p38 sapk is recruited to stress-induced genes. the mapkk mkk6 is also found at s ...201020682780
status of brucellosis in free-ranging elk and bison in wyoming.brucella abortus is the causative agent of brucellosis, a disease enzootic in populations of free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, usa. we define the distribution of the disease in elk throughout wyoming, usa, using three epidemiologic/geographic classifications based on winter-foraging opportunity. antibody prevalence for >3,300 yearling and adult, female elk, sampled from supplemental feedgrounds in western wyoming, usa, since 1985, was ...201020688637
new records of hair follicle mites (demodecidae) from north american cervidae.individuals of three species of cervids, with varying degrees of alopecia, were examined for ectoparasites: rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in colorado and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in south dakota. hair follicle mites were recovered and identified as demodex kutzeri, a species originally described from the european red deer (cervus elaphus, from austria) and the sika deer (cervus nippon pseudaxis, captive in germany). the ...201020688655
experimental infection in lambs with a red deer (cervus elaphus) isolate of anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted by ixodes spp. ticks is the causative agent of tick-borne fever (tbf) in domestic ruminants. tbf is widespread along the coast of southern norway and may cause a severe problem for the sheep industry. red deer (cervus elaphus) are important hosts for ticks and have been found to be infected naturally with a. phagocytophilum. however, it is unclear whether red deer could serve as reservoir hosts for a. phagocytophilum infections in sheep. we infected lambs ex ...201020688686
detection of hypoderma actaeon infestation in cervus elaphus with elisa and western blotting.we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blotting (wb) to evaluate the reactivity of first-stage larval extracts of hypoderma lineatum with antibodies in sera from 76 red deer from an endemic area for hypoderma actaeon. antibodies in sera from deer infested with h. actaeon recognized hypodermin c from h. lineatum in both elisa and wb assays. elisa values were correlated with the epidemiology of the fly infestation in the area where the deer sera were collected. there was no ...201020688700
bilateral complex microphthalmia with intraocular dermoid cyst in a neonate red deer (cervus elaphus).a 3-day-old, male red deer (cervus elaphus) with bilateral microphthalmia was found dead in the western alps in northern italy. no other gross alterations were present. ocular globes were formalin fixed and processed for histology. in both eyes, a large cyst, filled with keratin and lined by squamous epithelium admixed with sebaceous glands and hair follicles, expanded the anterior chamber. a mass composed of spindle cells and small tubules, embedded in myxoid ground substance, filled the vitrea ...201020688706
effects of wolves on elk and cattle behaviors: implications for livestock production and wolf conservation.in many areas, livestock are grazed within wolf (canis lupus) range. predation and harassment of livestock by wolves creates conflict and is a significant challenge for wolf conservation. wild prey, such as elk (cervus elaphus), perform anti-predator behaviors. artificial selection of cattle (bos taurus) might have resulted in attenuation or absence of anti-predator responses, or in erratic and inconsistent responses. regardless, such responses might have implications on stress and fitness.201020694139
post-translational control of ets transcription factors: detection of modified factors at target gene promoters.ets transcription factors are implicated in gene regulation during cell proliferation and in the development of the haematopoietic cell lineage. characteristically, ets proteins act in concert with other transcription factors and are regulated by post-translational modifications, most frequently phosphorylation. these events have been shown to modulate the dna binding affinity and interactions of ets transcription factors with co-activators, events that can ultimately determine the formation of ...201020694674
the changing brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats.brucellosis is a zoonosis that preceded humans but continues to cause significant medical, veterinary and socioeconomic problems, mainly because its overall burden remains underestimated and neglected. its ecology, or what we know of it, has evolved rapidly in recent years. two novel species, brucella ceti and b. pinnipedialis, with the potential for causing human disease have been isolated from marine mammals. another novel species, b. microti, has been isolated from wildlife animals, whilst b. ...201020696557
antler development and coupled osteoporosis in the skeleton of red deer cervus elaphus: expression dynamics for regulatory and effector genes.antlers of deer display the fastest and most robust bone development in the animal kingdom. deposition of the minerals in the cartilage preceding ossification is a specific feature of the developing antler. we have cloned 28 genes which are upregulated in the cartilaginous section (called mineralized cartilage) of the developing ("velvet") antler of red deer stags, compared to their levels in the fetal cartilage. fifteen of these genes were further characterized by their expression pattern along ...201020697743
corvid birds (corvidae) act as definitive hosts for sarcocystis ovalis in moose (alces alces).epidemiological data and a unique phylogenetic position had suggested that sarcocystis ovalis in moose and red deer might use a definitive host other than canids, felids, or humans. corvid birds and rats were therefore evaluated as potential definitive hosts for this species in a small pilot study. four laboratory rats were each inoculated with 10 or 25 sarcocysts of s. ovalis isolated from moose, but no sarcocystis oocysts were detected in their intestinal mucosa upon euthanasia 2 to 3 weeks la ...201020697910
determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern germany, 2001-2008.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus can cause severe symptoms in humans. the incidence of this vector-borne pathogen in humans is characterised by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. to explain the variation in reported human tbe cases per county in southern germany, we designed a time-lagged, spatially-explicit model that incorporates ecological, environmental, and climatic factors.201020707897
short communication: rapid antibiotic screening tests detect antibiotic residues in powdered milk products.rapid antibiotic screening tests are widely used in the dairy industry to monitor milk for the presence of antibiotic residues above regulated levels. given the persistent concern over contamination of milk products with antibiotic residues, we investigated the utility of idexx snap test devices (idexx laboratories inc., westbrook, me) as tools for detecting antibiotic residues in powdered milk products. five powdered milk products were reconstituted according to manufacturer specification with ...201020723670
evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of brucella abortus antibodies in bison in a natural setting.bison and elk in the greater yellowstone area are the last-known reservoir of brucella abortus in the united states. diagnosis of brucellosis is challenging as there is no perfect reference test. the objectives of this study were to estimate the accuracy of the fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) for the screening of b. abortus antibodies in bison in a natural setting. serum and tissue samples were collected and analyzed from the known brucellosis-infected bison herd in yellowstone national pa ...201020727591
epidermal growth factor regulates pai-1 expression via activation of the transcription factor elk-1.pai-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) in breast cancer cells is involved in tumour development and metastasis of breast cancer cells. pai-1 function and the regulation of its expression have been precisely investigated. here we report that egf, which promotes breast cancer tumour growth and survival, rapidly induces pai-1 expression in the breast adenocarcinoma cell line mcf-7 through the activation of the transcription factor elk-1. we have found that the pai-1 promoter fragment (-140 to +1 ...201020727996
regulation of nrf2- and ap-1-mediated gene expression by epigallocatechin-3-gallate and sulforaphane in prostate of nrf2-knockout or c57bl/6j mice and pc-3 ap-1 human prostate cancer cells.to examine the regulatory crosstalk between the transcription factors nrf2 and ap-1 in prostate cancer (pca) by dietary cancer chemopreventive compounds (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) from green tea and sulforaphane (sfn) from cruciferous vegetables.201020729872
spray chilling of deer carcasses--effects on carcass weight, meat moisture content, purge and microbiological quality.twenty red deer carcasses were included in the study. two treatments were applied to the carcasses; control (air chilling) and spray chilling (n=10 for each treatment). carcass weight and temperature change were registered during over-night chilling. meat moisture content was measured in the shoulder, loin, flap and leg before and after the chilling treatments; purge, cooking loss and tenderness were measured in loin samples stored at -1.5 °c for 3 and 9 weeks. microbiological status was assesse ...201020732750
plasminogen stimulates propagation of protease-resistant prion protein in vitro.to clarify the role of plasminogen as a cofactor for prion propagation, we conducted functional assays using a cell-free prion protein (prp) conversion assay termed protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca) and prion-infected cell lines. here, we report that plasminogen stimulates propagation of the protease-resistant scrapie prp (prp(sc)). compared to control pmca conducted without plasminogen, addition of plasminogen in pmca using wild-type brain material significantly increased prp conve ...201020732953
a variant of the klk4 gene is expressed as a cis sense-antisense chimeric transcript in prostate cancer cells.in humans, more than 30,000 chimeric transcripts originating from 23,686 genes have been identified. the mechanisms and association of chimeric transcripts arising from chromosomal rearrangements with cancer are well established, but much remains unknown regarding the biogenesis and importance of other chimeric transcripts that arise from nongenomic alterations. recently, a slc45a3-elk4 chimera has been shown to be androgen-regulated, and is overexpressed in metastatic or high-grade prostate tum ...201020406994
bluetongue virus in wild deer, belgium, 2005-2008.to investigate bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in belgium, we conducted a virologic and serologic survey on 2,416 free-ranging cervids during 2005-2008. infection emerged in 2006 and spread over the study area in red deer, but not in roe deer.201020409376
erk signaling leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in extracellular zinc-induced neurotoxicity.a zinc-induced signaling pathway leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) activation and subsequent neuronal death has been investigated. we find that an extracellular zinc application stimulates biphasic phosphorylation of erk1/2 and p38 mapk in rat cultured neurons. the activation of erk1/2, but not p38, is responsible for zinc neurotoxicity as only u0126, a mek inhibitor that blocks erk1/2 phosphorylation, significantly protects cortical neurons from zinc exposure. over-e ...201020412391
molecular and biological characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in france.toxoplasma gondii isolates have been classified into 3 genetic types. little is known about genotypes of t. gondii isolates in wild animals in europe. in this report, genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wildlife in france are described. sera from wildlife were tested for antibodies to t. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and the hearts from animals with titers superior or equal to 1:6 were bioassayed individually in mice. t.gondii was isolated from 9 of 14 seropositive red foxes (vul ...201020417034
use of cytochrome b polymorphism for species identification of biological material derived from cattle, sheep, goats, roe deer and red deer.the objective of this study was species identification of the following biological trace material: skin, blood stains, meat samples and jawbone with a tooth, which were the subject of expert opinion ordered by a court. the expert appraisement was conducted by an analysis of a cytochrome b fragment. the choice of mtdna fragment for analysis was based on its conservation in mammals which enabled several farm and wild species to be identified with one pair of primers. the pcr product was differenti ...201020420194
transcriptional repression of skp2 is impaired in mycn-amplified neuroblastoma.the cell cycle regulator, skp2, is overexpressed in various cancers and plays a key role in p27 degradation, which is involved in tumor cell dedifferentiation. little is known about the mechanisms leading to impaired skp2 transcriptional control in tumor cells. we used neuroblastoma as a model to study skp2 regulation because skp2 transcript levels gradually increase with aggressiveness of neuroblastoma subtypes. the highest skp2 levels are found in neuroblastomas with amplified mycn. accordingl ...201020424123
reinforcing abiotic and biotic time constraints facilitate the broad distribution of a generalist with fixed traits.many species are habitat specialists along environmental gradients as a result of contrasting selection pressures, but others maintain broad distributions along such gradients. phenotypic plasticity explains the persistence of some generalists, but not the broad distributions of species with fixed traits. we combined comparative and experimental data to investigate the role of multiple selection pressures on the distribution of a cased caddisfly (asynarchus nigriculus) across a pond permanence g ...201020426341
oestrous red deer hinds prefer male roars with higher fundamental frequencies.across vertebrates, the observation that lower-pitched vocalizations are typically associated with larger and/or higher quality males has lead to the widespread belief that inter- and intra-sexual selection will produce male calls with low fundamental frequencies (f0). here we investigated the response of oestrous red deer hinds to playback of re-synthesized male roars characterized by either higher than average or lower than average f0. we found that hinds prefer higher rather than lower 'pitch ...201020427342
mapping brucellosis increases relative to elk density using hierarchical bayesian models.the relationship between host density and parasite transmission is central to the effectiveness of many disease management strategies. few studies, however, have empirically estimated this relationship particularly in large mammals. we applied hierarchical bayesian methods to a 19-year dataset of over 6400 brucellosis tests of adult female elk (cervus elaphus) in northwestern wyoming. management captures that occurred from january to march were over two times more likely to be seropositive than ...201020428240
iron content of ferritin modulates its uptake by intestinal epithelium: implications for co-transport of prions.the spread of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the deer and elk population has caused serious public health concerns due to its potential to infect farm animals and humans. like other prion disorders such a sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob-disease of humans and mad cow disease of cattle, cwd is caused by prp-scrapie (prpsc), a beta-sheet rich isoform of a normal cell surface glycoprotein, the prion protein (prpc). since prpsc is sufficient to cause infection and neurotoxicity if ingested by a suscepti ...201020429907
toxoplasma gondii in wild cervids and sheep in finland: north-south gradient in seroprevalence.a nationwide seroepidemiological study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in selected wild and domestic ruminants in finland. serum samples from 1367 game cervids collected during the hunting season in 2008-2009 and 1940 sheep sera collected in 2008 were screened with a commercial direct agglutination test at a serum dilution of 1:40. t. gondii-specific igg antibodies were detected in 116 (9.6%) of 1215 moose (european elk, alces alces), 36 (26.7%) of 135 white-tailed ...201020434266
experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus): early detection and late stage distribution of protease-resistant prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd), an important emerging prion disease of cervids, is readily transmitted by intracerebral or oral inoculation from deer-to-deer and elk-to-elk, suggesting the latter is a natural route of exposure. studies of host range susceptibility to oral infection, particularly of those species found in habitats where cwd currently exists are imperative. this report describes the experimental transmission of cwd to red deer following oral inoculation with infectious cwd material ...201020436863
characterization of the promoter region of the human ighmbp2 (smubp-2) gene and its response to tpa in hl-60 cells.immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 (ighmbp2/smubp-2) is a helicase motif-containing dna-binding protein that has been suggested to regulate various nuclear functions. recent studies indicated that mutations in the ighmbp2 gene are responsible for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type i (smard1). however, the mechanism of regulation of ighmbp2 gene expression remains unclear. in the present study, a 2.0-kb fragment of the 5'-flanking (promoter) region of the human ighmbp2 gene w ...201020441787
improving the effect of incubation and oxidative stress on thawed spermatozoa from red deer by using different antioxidant treatments.antioxidants could improve sperm media, extending the viability of spermatozoa and protecting their dna. the protective ability of lipoic acid, melatonin, trolox and crocin was tested on red deer spermatozoa incubated at 37 degrees c. cryopreserved spermatozoa were thawed and incubated with 1 mm or 0.1 mm of each antioxidant, with or without oxidative stress (100 mum fe(2+)). motility (casa), viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and acrosomal status were assessed. lipoperoxidation (malond ...201020450838
a nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk.though it is widely argued that antipredator responses carry nutritional costs, or risk effects, these costs are rarely measured in wild populations. to quantify risk effects in elk, a species that strongly responds to the presence of wolves, we noninvasively monitored diet selection and nutrient balance in wintering elk in the upper gallatin, montana, usa, over three winters while quantifying the local presence of wolves at a fine spatiotemporal scale. standard nutritional indices based on the ...201020462132
activation and repression of cellular immediate early genes by serum response factor cofactors.the induction of expression of many cellular immediate early genes (ieg) involves the transcription factor serum response factor (srf). two families of srf coactivators have also been implicated in ieg induction, the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk1, sap1, and net, and the myocardin-related factors, mkl1 and mkl2. we found that serum induction of some srf target genes is preferentially regulated by mkl1/2, whereas others are redundantly activated by both tcfs and mkl1/2. yet elk1 can also re ...201020466732
prion strain mutation determined by prion protein conformational compatibility and primary structure.prions are infectious proteins composed of the abnormal disease-causing isoform prpsc, which induces conformational conversion of the host-encoded normal cellular prion protein prpc to additional prpsc. the mechanism underlying prion strain mutation in the absence of nucleic acids remains unresolved. additionally, the frequency of strains causing chronic wasting disease (cwd), a burgeoning prion epidemic of cervids, is unknown. using susceptible transgenic mice, we identified two prevalent cwd s ...201020466881
role of estrogen receptors, pkc and src in erk2 and p38 mapk signaling triggered by 17β-estradiol in skeletal muscle cells.we have previously reported in c2c12 murine skeletal muscle cells that 10(-8)m 17β-estradiol promotes mapks stimulation which in turn mediates the activation of creb and elk-1 transcription factors. in this work, we demonstrated that the hormone induces erk2 phosphorylation (without affecting erk1 activation) and also stimulates p38 mapk, both in a dose-dependent manner. moreover, estrogen receptors involvement in mapks activation by the estrogen was studied. the use of ici182780 (1 μm), an anta ...201020478382
development of the thymus and peyer's patches in the first year of life in red deer (cervus elaphus).in young ruminants, as in most animals, the thymus and peyer's patches (pp) play a key role in immune function. in sheep and cattle it has been shown that they follow a recognisable pattern of development throughout early life but a study of these tissues in red deer (cervus elaphus) had not been previously conducted. red deer are undergoing increasing domestication thus it was important to determine whether there were any significant differences between species. samples from the thymus, jejunal ...201020478635
low heterozygosity at microsatellite markers in iberian red deer with small antlers.deer antlers are costly structures subjected to directional sexual selection that may be sensitive to heterozygosity. however, a relationship between heterozygosity and antler development has only been found for select protein-coding loci and mhc genes in one deer species (the white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus). here, we study the relationship between multilocus heterozygosity at 11 microsatellite markers and antler size (as) in a sample of 367 iberian red deer males (cervus elaphus hispa ...201020478822
maternal warmth buffers the effects of low early-life socioeconomic status on pro-inflammatory signaling in adulthood.the notion that family support may buffer individuals under adversity from poor outcomes has been theorized to have important implications for mental and physical health, but little is known about the biological mechanisms that explain these links. we hypothesized that adults who grew up in low socioeconomic status (ses) households but who experienced high levels of maternal warmth would be protected from the pro-inflammatory states typically associated with low ses. a total of 53 healthy adults ...201020479762
getting the timing right: antler growth phenology and sexual selection in a wild red deer population.there has been growing interest in the determinants of the annual timing of biological phenomena, or phenology, in wild populations, but research on vertebrate taxa has primarily focused on the phenology of reproduction. we present here analyses of the phenology of the annual growth of a secondary sexual characteristic, antlers in red deer (cervus elaphus) males. the long-term individual-based data from a wild population of red deer on the isle of rum, scotland allow us to consider ecological fa ...201020480184
investigating the interaction between ungulate grazing and resource effects on vaccinium myrtillus populations with integral projection models.dense ungulate populations in forest accompanied by high grazing intensities have the potential to affect plant population dynamics, and such herbivory effects on populations are hypothesised to differ along environmental gradients. we investigated red deer grazing and resource interaction effects on the performance and dynamics of the functionally important boreal shrub vaccinium myrtillus using integral projection models (ipms). we sampled data from 900 v. myrtillus ramets in 30 plots in two c ...201020499103
comparison of the flotac technique with the mcmaster method and the baermann technique to determine counts of dictyocaulus eckerti l1 and strongylid eggs in faeces of red deer (cervus elaphus).the flotac flotation technique has been introduced as a new diagnostic tool to detect parasitic elements from faeces. samples from naturally infected young deer were used for counting dictyocaulus larvae and strongylid eggs. the flotac technique, using 11 different flotation solutions with specific gravities (sg) between 1.20 and 1.45, was compared with the baermann technique and the saturated sodium chloride (sg 1.20)-based mcmaster method. in addition, a comparison was made between the flotac ...201020502918
regulation of ap-1 activity in glucose-stimulated insulinoma cells.the transcriptional activity of ap-1 has been analyzed in glucose-stimulated ins-1 insulinoma cells using a chromosomally embedded ap-1-responsive reporter gene. we show that ap-1 activity was significantly elevated in glucose-treated ins-1 cells. preincubation of the cells with nifedipine or expression of the ca(2+) binding protein parvalbumin in the cytoplasm of ins-1 cells reduced ap-1 activity. thus, activation of l-type ca(2+) channels and an elevated cytoplasmic ca(2+) concentration are cr ...201020503247
effects of density, climate, and supplementary forage on body mass and pregnancy rates of female red deer in spain.the influence of short- and long-term (cohort) effects of climate and density on the life-histories of ungulates in temperate regions may vary with latitude, habitat, and management practices, but the life-histories of ungulates in the mediterranean region are less well known. this study examined the short- and long-term effects of rainfall and absolute density on hinds in two of the southernmost populations of red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) in europe. one population received supplementary ...201020508950
seroprevalence and molecular detection of hepatitis e virus in wild boar and red deer in the netherlands.to date, sources of hepatitis e virus (hev) in the netherlands, including swine and wild boar, have been identified, but no direct attribution to dutch hepatitis e cases have been demonstrated. other animal sources may exist. to identify these species, hev rna detection by rt-pcr is required, but complicated. a preselection based on serology may be useful. therefore, wildlife species were studied by serology and molecular methods. using a species-independent double-antigen sandwich elisa, hev-sp ...201020510298
cell-based quantification of chronic wasting disease prions.cell-based measurement of prion infectivity is currently restricted to experimental strains of mouse-adapted scrapie. having isolated cell cultures with susceptibility to prions from diseased elk, we describe a modification of the scrapie cell assay allowing evaluation of prions causing chronic wasting disease, a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. we compare this cervid prion cell assay to bioassays in transgenic mice, the only other existing method for quantification, ...201020519392
pigment epithelium-derived factor induces interleukin-10 expression in human macrophages by induction of ppar gamma.in search for the anti-inflammation mechanism of pedf, we investigate whether pigment epithelium-derived factor (pedf) induces the gene expression of interleukin (il)-10 in human macrophages and determine the molecular basis of this induction.201020553736
angiotensin ii-induced upregulation of at(1) receptor expression: sequential activation of nf-kappab and elk-1 in neurons.it has been clearly established that increased circulating angiotensin ii (ang ii) with concurrent upregulation of brain and peripheral ang ii type 1 receptors (at(1)r) are important mediators in the pathophysiology of several diseases characterized by sympatho-excitation. in an effort to further understand the regulation of at(1)r expression in neurons, we determined the role of sequential activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) and ets-like protein 1 (elk-1) i ...201020554912
ternary complex factors sap-1 and elk-1, but not net, are functionally equivalent in thymocyte development.the ternary complex factors (tcfs; sap-1, elk-1, and net) are serum response factor cofactors that share many functional properties and are coexpressed in many tissues. sap-1, the predominant thymus tcf, is required for thymocyte positive selection. in this study, we assessed whether the different tcfs are functionally equivalent. elk-1 deletion, but not the hypomorphic net(delta) mutation, exacerbated the sap-1 positive selection phenotype, but triply deficient thymocytes were no more defective ...201020554967
mvp interacts with ypel4 and inhibits ypel4-mediated activities of the erk signal pathway.human ypel4 is a member of ypel family. it contains a yippee domain, which is a putative zinc-finger-like, metal-binding domain. the human ypel4 gene maps to chromosome 11q12.1, is ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues, and encodes a nuclear protein of 127 amino acids, the function of which remains unknown. to gain insights into the cellular function of this protein, we searched for ypel4-interacting proteins using a yeast two-hybrid screen. the major vault protein (mvp), a lung resistance ass ...201020555386
temporal autocorrelation functions for movement rates from global positioning system radiotelemetry data.autocorrelation has been viewed as a problem in telemetry studies because sequential observations are not independent in time or space, therefore violating assumptions for statistical inference. yet nearly all ecological and behavioural data are autocorrelated in both space and time. we argue that there is much to learn about the structure of ecological and behavioural data from patterns of autocorrelation. such patterns include periodicity in movement and patchiness in spatial data, which can b ...201020566498
consumer evaluation of venison sensory quality: effects of sex, body condition score and carcase suspension method.intact fallow bucks (n=20) and non-pregnant fallow does (n=24) (dama dama), in the body condition score (bcs) of 2, 3 and 4 (lean, prime and fat) and rising 2 year old red deer stags (n=26) (cervus elaphus) of the same bcs range (2-4) were used in this study to determine the impact of sex, bcs and method of carcase suspension on consumer perception of venison quality. consumers were asked to evaluate cooked meat samples (m. gluteus medius) on an unstructured line scale for colour, flavour, tende ...201020579815
factor binding and chromatin modification in the promoter of murine egr1 gene upon induction.the influence of chromatin on immediate-early gene expression has been studied in a model of egr1 induction in intact mouse cells. chip analysis of factor and rna polymerase binding reveals that the gene is constitutively poised for transcription in nonstimulated cells, but a repressing chromatin structure hampers productive transcription. stimulation with phorbol esters results in a transient activation, which starts at 5 min and peaks at 30 min. quantitative mapping of promoter occupancy by th ...201020582451
quality characteristics and composition of the longissimus muscle in the short-loin from male and female farmed red deer in new zealand.meat quality and composition characteristics are reported for the longissimus muscle from 10 red deer stags and 10 hinds aged about 20 months. all animals were pasture-finished but the stags and hinds came from different farms. the average carcass weight was 3.4 kg greater for the stag group (55.8 vs 52.4 kg; p=0.04), but measures of gr as a measure of fatness were similar and intramuscular fat content was significantly greater for the hind group (1.12% vs 0.63%; p<0.0001), as expected. the tend ...201020584574
comparison in effect of heatsynch with heat detection aids and cidr-heatsynch in dairy heifers.the objective of the present study was to determine whether oestrous detection with the help of oestrous detection aids during the heatsynch without timed ai protocol is equally effective with the progesterone-combined protocol in dairy heifers. a total of 148 heifers were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. a group of heifers treated with heatsynch with heat detection aids (n = 72) received gnrh on day 0, prostaglandin f(2alpha) (pgf(2alpha)) on day 7 and oestradiol benzoate (eb) on day ...201020586954
integrative genomic analyses on ikaros and its expression related to solid cancer prognosis.ikaros is a member of the kruppel family of zinc finger dna-binding proteins. the ikaros protein contains two separate regions of zinc-finger domains: 4 dna-binding zinc fingers near the n-terminus and 2 zinc fingers for protein-protein interactions near the c-terminus. here, we identified the ikaros gene from 14 vertebrate genomes and found ikaros existed in all kinds of vertebrate including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. moreover, except rat and xenopus tropicalis ikaros proteins, which ...201020596648
bovine hypodermosis--a global aspect.cattle hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a notorious veterinary problem throughout the world. larvae of hypoderma species cause a subcutaneous myiasis of domesticated and wild ruminants. this disease is caused by, hypoderma bovis, hypoderma lineatum in cattle whereas, hypoderma diana, hypoderma actaeon, and hypoderma tarandi, affect roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively. adults of the cattle grub are commonly known as heel flies, warble flies, bomb flies or gad flies. the biology ...201020607401
chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease that affects free-ranging and captive cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, rocky mountain elk and moose. cwd-infected cervids have been reported in 14 usa states, two canadian provinces and in south korea. the possibility of a zoonotic transmission of cwd prions via diet is of particular concern in north america where hunting of cervids is a popular sport. to investigate the potential public health risks posed by cwd prions, we have in ...201020610667
seasonal variation in red deer (cervus elaphus) venison (m. longissimus dorsi) drip loss, calpain activity, colour and tenderness.sixty four young red deer (cervus elaphus) stags (<2 years old) were slaughtered at four different times (december (group 1); n=17, march (group 2); n=8, july (group 3); n=20 and september (group 4); n=19) to evaluate seasonal effects on venison quality. m. longissimus dorsi samples for calpain analysis were collected on the slaughter line and the rest of these muscles were collected at 1 day post-slaughter. loins were divided into four parts and randomly allocated to storage for 1 day, 3, 9 or ...201020615618
novel role of egr-1 in nicotine-related neointimal formation.the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which nicotine increases vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation and post-injury neointimal formation.201020615913
measured elemental transfer factors for boreal hunter/gatherer scenarios: fish, game and berries.the environmental assessment of long-term nuclear waste management requires data to estimate food chain transfers for radionuclides in various environmental settings. for key elements such as iodine (i) and chlorine (cl), there is a paucity of transfer factor data, particularly outside of agricultural food chains. this study dealt with transfers of i, cl and 28 other elements to foods that would be typical of boreal hunter/gatherer lifestyles, as well as being common foods for modern recreationa ...201020619514
detection of prohibited animal products in livestock feeds by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of amplicons produced from a mitochondrial dna region between the trna(lys) and atpase8 genes was applied for the detection of animal product within livestock feeds. identification of prohibited animal (cattle, elk, sheep, deer, and goat) and nonprohibited animal (pig and horse) products from north america was possible based on the differential display of the single-stranded dna fragments for the different animal species on sscp gels. this ...201020051214
erk regulates strain-induced migration and proliferation from different subcellular locations.repetitive deformation like that engendered by peristalsis or villous motility stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation on collagenous substrates and motility across fibronectin, each requiring erk. we hypothesized that erk acts differently at different intracellular sites. we stably transfected caco-2 cells with erk decoy expression vectors that permit erk activation but interfere with its downstream signaling. targeting sequences constrained the decoy inside or outside the nucleus. we as ...201020069571
role of iaps in prostate cancer progression: immunohistochemical study in normal and pathological (benign hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer) human prostate.in this study was investigate iaps in normal human prostate (np), benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostatic carcinoma (pc), and their involvement in apoptosis/proliferation via nf-kb (tnf-alpha, il-1) stimulation.201020078866
overlapping in short motif sequences for binding to human rev7 and mad2 proteins.polzeta, a dna polymerase specialized for translesion dna synthesis (tls), is comprised of two subunits, the rev3 catalytic subunit and the rev7 accessory subunit. the human rev7 (hrev7) protein is known to interact with hrev3, hrev1 (another tls protein) and some other proteins such as adam9 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) and elk-1 (an ets-like transcription factor). hrev7 is alternatively termed hmad2l2, because its primary sequence shows 26% identity to that of hmad2 that plays crucial r ...201020088965
camp-response element-binding protein (creb) controls msk1-mediated phosphorylation of histone h3 at the c-fos promoter in vitro.the rapid induction of the c-fos gene correlates with phosphorylations of histone h3 and hmgn1 by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases. we have used a cell-free system to dissect the mechanism by which msk1 phosphorylates histone h3 within the c-fos chromatin. here, we show that the reconstituted c-fos chromatin presents a strong barrier to histone h3 phosphorylation by msk1; however, the activators (serum response factor, elk-1, camp-response element-binding protein (creb), and atf1) b ...201020089855
evaluation of the western immunoblot as a detection method for brucella abortus exposure in elk.brucella abortus has been an important wildlife disease issue for most of the last century, especially because wildlife species are considered to be important disease reservoirs for cattle. diagnostic uncertainty, caused in part by cross-reactions of antibodies to environmental pathogens such as yersinia enterocolitica o:9 on standard brucella serology, has exacerbated the challenges of managing the disease and has highlighted the need for test validation in wildlife species. the western immunob ...201020090021
surveys for disease agents in introduced elk in arkansas and kentucky.surveys for disease agents were conducted in introduced free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in arkansas and kentucky. elk had been captured in colorado and nebraska and released in arkansas during 1981-1985. from 1997 through 2002 elk were captured in arizona, kansas, north dakota, new mexico, oregon, and utah and released in southeastern kentucky. specimens were collected from 170 hunter-killed elk in arkansas during 1998-2006, and 44 elk in kentucky during 2001-2004. significant findings ...201020090032
changes in fatty acid profiles in testis and spermatozoa of red deer exposed to metal pollution.lowered sperm quality associated with reduced superoxide dismutase activity in testis and spermatozoa has been observed in red deer from a mined area in south-central spain. here we present fatty acid profiles for testis and spermatozoa of deer from this mined area (n=29) and a control area (n=33). despite elevated pb in liver and bone of red deer from this area, concentrations in testis and sperm were not significantly higher than in control areas; however, cu in testis was lower in mined areas ...201020096347
alterations of cardiac erk1/2 expression and activity due to volume overload were attenuated by the blockade of ras.the activities and protein content of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 in the heart were measured in rats at 4 and 16 weeks after volume overload due to aortocaval shunt. protein content of phosphorylated erk1/2 was increased at both 4 and 16 weeks, whereas protein content of total erk1/2 was increased only at 16 weeks of inducing volume overload. the erk1/2 activities, estimated as phospho-elk-1 content, were also increased at 4 and 16 weeks of inducing volume overload. the increa ...201020100902
polyphenol-rich grape powder extract (gpe) attenuates inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned media.obesity-associated inflammation is characterized by an increased abundance of macrophages (mphis) in white adipose tissue (wat), leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins (pgs) that can cause insulin resistance. grape powder extract (gpe) is rich in phenolic phytochemicals that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.201020101247
investigating temporal changes in hybridization and introgression in a predominantly bimodal hybridizing population of invasive sika (cervus nippon) and native red deer (c. elaphus) on the kintyre peninsula, scotland.we investigated temporal changes in hybridization and introgression between native red deer (cervus elaphus) and invasive japanese sika (cervus nippon) on the kintyre peninsula, scotland, over 15 years, through analysis of 1513 samples of deer at 20 microsatellite loci and a mtdna marker. we found no evidence that either the proportion of recent hybrids, or the levels of introgression had changed over the study period. nevertheless, in one population where the two species have been in contact si ...201020102517
comparison of the tbars assay and bodipy c11 probes for assessing lipid peroxidation in red deer spermatozoa.several methods are used to measure lipid peroxidation (lpo) in spermatozoa. the objective of this study was comparing the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (tbars) method and the bodipy 581/591 c(11) (b581) and bodipy 665/676 c(11) (b665) fluorescent probes to measure induced peroxidative damage in thawed epididymal spermatozoa from iberian red deer. samples from three males were thawed, pooled, diluted in pbs, incubated at room temperature and assessed at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h under different ex ...201020113445
the glycosylation pattern of secretory granules in binucleate trophoblast cells is highly conserved in ruminants.the binucleate trophoblast cells (bncs) in the ruminant placenta are a unique feature of this taxon. these cells produce several secretory proteins and transfer these across the fetomaternal barrier into the dam. we used lectin histochemistry with a panel of 24 lectins to characterise the glycosylation pattern of bnc secretory granules in a variety of ruminants. seven species out of three ruminant families were thus investigated: greater malayan chevrotain (tragulidae); fallow deer, red deer, ch ...201019959226
molecular characterization of five sarcocystis species in red deer ( cervus elaphus), including sarcocystis hjorti n. sp., reveals that these species are not intermediate host specific.muscle tissue from 37 red deer from norway was examined for sarcocysts. sarcocysts from 2 reindeer were obtained for comparative studies. cysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dna sequence analysis. five sarcocystis species, sarcocystis hjorti n. sp., sarcocystis hardangeri, sarcocystis ovalis, sarcocystis rangiferi, and sarcocystis tarandi, were found. all 5 species have previously been identified from either reindeer or moose b ...201019961651
outbreak of brucellosis in domestic elk in korea.seven of 18 elk on a deer farm were found by the official rose-bengal agglutination test (rbt) and tube agglutination test to be brucellosis reactors/suspects. evaluation with the competitive elisa (c-elisa) and the fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) tests revealed that six and five sera were positive respectively. the seven reactors/ suspects were slaughtered and their blood and tissues were collected. brucella species could be isolated from three of the slaughtered animals, with nine isolat ...201019968852
phenotypic correlates of hybridisation between red and sika deer (genus cervus).1. hybridisation with an invasive species has the potential to alter the phenotype and hence the ecology of a native counterpart. 2. here data from populations of native red deer cervus elaphus and invasive sika deer cervus nippon in scotland is used to assess the extent to which hybridisation between them is causing phenotypic change. this is done by regression of phenotypic traits against genetic hybrid scores. 3. hybridisation is causing increases in the body weight of sika-like deer and decr ...201020002231
age susceptibility of red deer (cervus elaphus) to paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to measure the relative susceptibility of three age classes of red deer (cervus elaphus) to the various manifestations of infection and disease states due to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) after experimental oral challenge. three groups of seronegative female deer (30 three-month-old weaners, 20 fifteen-month-old yearlings and 20 adults) received four oral doses of approximately 10(9) colony forming units (cfu) of a bovine strain of map. they were mon ...201020005645
induction of angptl4 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells by pma through activation of pkc and mapk pathways.in this study, we demonstrate that protein kinase c (pkc) activators, including phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma), 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (dog), and platelet-derived growth factor alpha are potent inducers of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (angptl4) expression in several normal lung cell types and carcinoma cell lines. in human airway smooth muscle (hasm) cells induction of angptl4 expression is observed as early as 2 h after the addition of pma. pma also increases the level of angptl4 prot ...201020025870
identification of brucella abortus genes in elk (cervus elaphus) using in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) reveals novel markers of infection.elk in the greater yellowstone area are a major reservoir for brucellosis, which represents an obstacle to eradication of the disease in domestic livestock. furthermore, immune responses to brucella abortus infection in the wild host are not well-understood. in this regard, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) was employed to identify novel b. abortus antigens expressed during infection in elk. sera collected from sero-positive wyoming elk were pooled and absorbed against in vitro-grown cu ...201019914012
evolutionary cross-domain discriminative hessian eigenmaps.is it possible to train a learning model to separate tigers from elks when we have 1) labeled samples of leopard and zebra and 2) unlabelled samples of tiger and elk at hand? cross-domain learning algorithms can be used to solve the above problem. however, existing cross-domain algorithms cannot be applied for dimension reduction, which plays a key role in computer vision tasks, e.g., face recognition and web image annotation. this paper envisions the cross-domain discriminative dimension reduct ...201019887315
nfat-induced histone acetylation relay switch promotes c-myc-dependent growth in pancreatic cancer cells.induction of immediate early transcription factors (itf) represents the first transcriptional program controlling mitogen-stimulated cell cycle progression in cancer. here, we examined the transcriptional mechanisms regulating the itf protein c-myc and its role in pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo.201019900447
disruption of actin cytoskeleton mediates loss of tensile stress induced early phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in organ culture.aorta organ culture has been widely used as an ex vivo model for studying vessel pathophysiology. recent studies show that the vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) in organ culture undergo drastic dedifferentiation within the first few hours (termed early phenotypic modulation). loss of tensile stress to which aorta is subject in vivo is the cause of this early phenotypic modulation. however, no underlying molecular mechanism has been discovered thus far. the purpose of the present study is to i ...201019874818
can iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) discriminate among essential minerals in their diet?optimal foraging predicts that animals should be able to assess the content of important nutrients in food. ungulates discriminate salt and p, but discrimination of other minerals is controversial even though they are also essential and often limiting. animal scientists have explained this taste through palatability, which predicts the same pattern of discrimination for calves and hinds and greater consumption by the latter. social learning may also be involved, predicting a correlation between ...201019860987
Refresh
firstprev
...31323334353637383940...
nextlast
Displaying items 3001 - 3100 of 4335