Publications

first evidence of natural vertical transmission of yellow fever virus in aedes aegypti, its epidemic vector.	entomological investigations were conducted in 1995 in senegal, following a yellow fever (yf) outbreak. a total of 1125 mosquitoes collected in the field, including males, females and 12-48 h old newly emerged adults reared from wild-caught larvae, were tested for yf virus. among the 22 species captured, aedes aegypti was the most common. 'wild' vectors of yf were also captured, including a. furcifer, a. metallicus and a. luteocephalus. in all, 28 yf virus isolations were made: 19 from a. aegypt ...	1997	9463659
evolution of repellent tolerances in representative arthropods.	eight commercial insect repellents were tested against ornithodoros parkeri (acari: argasidae), dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae), aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), and xenopsylla cheopis (siphonaptera: pulicidae). patterns of tolerance to the test materials were distinctive for each test species. levels of tolerance were coded as character state 0 (sensitive), 1 (intermediate), or 2 (tolerant) and mapped on a cladogram reflecting the accepted classification of the test species. charact ...	1997	9474558
performance of ulv formulations (pesguard 102/vectobac 12as) against three mosquito species.	adulticidal and larvicidal performances of a water-based pyrethroid microemulsion pesguard ps 102 (ai d-allethrin and d-phenothrin, both at 5.0% w/w) and vectobac 12as, an aqua-suspension bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (b.t.i.) formulation (ai 1,200 itu/mg) were assessed against mosquitoes aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and culex quinquefasciatus using a leco ulv fog generator model 1600 and a scorpion 20 ulv airblast sprayer. laboratory-cultured mosquito adults and larvae were used for ef ...	1997	9474567
the mossie-buster: a hose-driven insecticide delivery tool for the control of container-breeding mosquitoes.	a novel insecticide delivery tool, the mossie-buster, was recently developed to control larval populations from urban breeding sites in townsville, australia. this functional and user-friendly control device directly targets the main breeding sites of aedes aegypti (l.) with a focused delivery of insecticides. the mossie-buster comprises a commercially available device and attachments that mix an insecticide solution into the flow of water emitted from a hose. attached to the device is a trigger ...	1997	9474568
a novel insecticidal serotype of clostridium bifermentans.	a novel clostridium bifermentans strain toxic to mosquito larvae on ingestion was isolated from a soil sample collected from secondary forest floor. this strain was designated as serovar paraiba (c. b. paraiba) according to its specific h antigen. clostridium bifermentans paraiba is most toxic to anopheles maculatus theobald larvae (lc50 = 0.038 mg/liter), whereas toxicity to aedes aegypti (linn.) (lc50 = 0.74 mg/liter) and culex quinquefasciatus say (lc50 = 0.11 mg/liter) larvae was 20 and 3 ti ...	1997	9474569
differential accumulation and tissue distribution of mosquito hexamerins during metamorphosis.	the pupal hexamerins were characterized for two mosquitoes representative of the culicine and anopheline families, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. like higher diptera, both mosquito species express two types of hexamerins, hex-1 and hex-2, whose subunits are distinguished by different levels of methionine and aromatic amino acids. in a. aegypti there are two heterohexamers, aahex-1 and aahex-2. in a. gambiae there are two homohexamers, aghex-1.1 and aghex-1.2, and one heterohexamer, aghex-2 ...	1997	9474778
global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, and its emergence in the americas.	about two-thirds of the world's population live in areas infested with dengue vectors, mainly aedes aegypti. all four dengue viruses are circulating, sometimes simultaneously, in most of these areas. it is estimated that up to 80 million persons become infected annually although marked underreporting results in the notification of much smaller figures. currently dengue is endemic in all continents except europe and epidemic dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) occurs in asia, the americas and some pa ...	1997	9477544
survey of cyclopids (crustacea, copepoda) in brazil and preliminary screening of their potential as dengue vector predators.	cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus.	1997	9515258
effect of sublethal dosages of malathion on the oral susceptibility of aedes aegypti to dengue-2 virus infection.		1997	9561626
identification of a gene for cyt1a-like hemolysin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and expression in a crystal-negative b. thuringiensis strain.	a gene designated cyt1ab1, encoding a 27,490-da protein, was isolated from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin (h30 serotype) by using an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the cyt1aa1 gene. the sequence of the cyt1ab1 protein, as deduced from the sequence of the cyt1ab1 gene, was 86% identical to that of the cyt1aa1 protein and 32% identical to that of the cyt2aa1 protein from b. thuringiensis subsp. kyushuensis. the cyt1ab1 gene was flanked upstream by a p21 gene, in the same orientatio ...	1997	9023925
biological effects of canatoxin in different insect models: evidence for a proteolytic activation of the toxin by insect cathepsinlike enzymes.	canatoxin is a toxic protein isolated from the jackbean, canavalia ensiformis. the toxin injected intraperitoneally is lethal for mice and rats; however, it is inactive if given orally. in this study, manduca sexta (l.) (lepidoptera), schistocerca americana (drury) (orthoptera), drosophila melanogaster (l.) (diptera), aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera), rhodnius prolixus (stål) (hemiptera), and callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera) were fed on canatoxin-containing diets. no effects were seen in m ...	1997	9145031
factors favoring houseplant container infestation with aedes aegypti larvae in marília, são paulo, brazil.	since reinvasion of são paulo state by the aedes aegypti (l.) mosquito in 1985, flower pots and vases have been important larval habitats despite educational messages focusing on their control. the objectives of this study were to characterize flower pots and vases as larval habitats with respect to the quantities present and infested, the types of plants involved, and the specific locations of the mosquito larvae; to explore local names for houseplants; and to examine factors affecting acceptan ...	1997	9149524
evaluation of caribbean strains of macrocyclops and mesocyclops (cyclopoida:cyclopidae) as biological control tools for the dengue vector aedes aegypti.	fifteen caribbean strains of copepods were assessed for their predation ability against mosquito larvae. macrocyclops albidus from nariva. mesocyclops aspericornis from oropouche, and mesocyclops longisetus from e1 socorro, trinidad, were most effective against aedes aegypti but not against culex quinquefasciatus. mesocyclops longisetus and me. aspericornis prevented any mosquito survival over 25 wk of observation despite weekly challenges with ae. aegypti. the copepods were tolerant to dosages ...	1997	9152870
attractant resting boxes for rapid collection and surveillance of aedes aegypti (l.) inside houses.	three different resting station designs made of cardboard covered with black cloth were evaluated for their attractiveness to aedes aegypti populations resting inside houses in thailand. box designs attracted more females (but not males) than an open-panel design. thirty to 60% of all adult ae. aegypti resting inside houses were collected by aspirating from 2-4 resting boxes placed inside houses. tall boxes (90 cm) did not attract more females or males than short boxes (45 cm). forty-two percent ...	1997	9152871
efficacy of carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, and lactic acid in modified fay-prince traps as compared to man-landing catch of aedes aegypti.	the attractants 1-octen-3-ol and lactic acid significantly decreased catches of aedes aegypti in townsville, australia, by 50% in a controlled laboratory environment and by 100% in the field when compared to carbon dioxide baited bidirectional fay-prince trap catches. evaluation of an omnidirectional alteration on a bidirectional fay-prince trap revealed no significant improvement in catch size when compared to both the bidirectional trap and man-landing catch (mlc). cumulative evening mlc (1730 ...	1997	9152877
investigation of mosquito-specific larvicidal activity of a soil isolate of bacillus thuringiensis serovar canadensis.	the lc50 value of alkali-solubilized parasporal inclusion proteins of a diptera-specific strain, belonging to bacillus thuringiensis serovar canadensis, was 2.4 microg/ml for larvae of the mosquito, aedes aegypti. a significant loss in larvicidal activity occurred when solubilized inclusion proteins were treated with a. aegypti larval gut extract, silkworm (bombyx mori) larval gut juice, and the proteinase k. approximately 90% of the larvicidal activity was destroyed upon treatment with protease ...	1997	9175558
comparisons of genetic variability and genome structure among mosquito strains selected for refractoriness to a malaria parasite.	restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers were used to evaluate aedes aegypti genome structure and genetic variability within and between substrains selected for different levels of refractoriness to the malaria parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum. the moyo-r substrain was previously selected for complete refractoriness and the moyo-is substrain for intermediate susceptibility from the moyo-in-dry (moyo) strain by selective inbreeding (f = 0.5). eighteen mapped rflp markers were used ...	1997	9183846
analysis of molecular forms and pharmacological properties of acetylcholinesterase in several mosquito species.	two acetylcholinesterases (ache1 and ache2) have recently been characterized in the common mosquito culex pipiens. this situation appeared to be an exception among insects, where only one acetylcholinesterase gene had previously been repeatedly reported. in the present study, acetylcholinesterase was studied in five mosquito species: aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, culiseta longeareolata and culex hortensis, in order to test whether or not two different acetylcholinesteras ...	1997	9185166
failure of aedes aegypti to become infected by feeding on dengue virus-infected immuno-comprised nude mice.		1997	9199718
three novel families of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements are associated with genes of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	three novel families of transposable elements, wukong, wujin, and wuneng, are described in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. their copy numbers range from 2,100 to 3,000 per haploid genome. there are high degrees of sequence similarity within each family, and many structural but not sequence similarities between families. the common structural characteristics include small size, no coding potential, terminal inverted repeats, potential to form a stable secondary structure, a+t richness, ...	1997	9207116
experimental transmission of nocturnally periodic wuchereria bancrofti to indian leaf monkey (presbytis entellus).	successful experimental transmission of the human lymphatic dwelling nocturnal periodic strain of wuchereria bancrofti has been achieved from man to indian leaf monkey (presbytis entellus) through a susceptible strain of aedes aegypti. the prepatent period varied between 195 and 240 days. microfilaria (mf) levels were in general low and the peak count was attained at 1800 hr. of the adult worms 5-12.5% were recovered from male langur while females revealed poor (2.54%) recovery. this host--paras ...	1997	9207745
characterization of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from infections in burn wounds.	four strains of bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from infections in burn wounds and from water used in the treatment of burn wounds. the strains produced large parasporal inclusion bodies composed of 141, 83, and 81 kda protoxins. the four strains were tested for insecticidal activity against larvae of pieris brassicae and aedes aegypti but showed no activity; vero cell assays for the production of enterotoxins were also negative. attempts to classify the strains according to flagellar h-ser ...	1997	9215586
mixed-species plasmodium infections of anopheles (diptera:culicidae)	mixed-pathogen infections of vectors rarely are considered in the epidemiological literature, although they may occur in nature. a review of published reports shows that many anopheles species are capable of carrying sporozoites of > 1 plasmodium species, of doing so simultaneously in field conditions, and of acquiring and transmitting these in experimental situations. mixed-species infections in mosquito populations occur at frequencies greater than or equal to the product of the constituent sp ...	1997	9220675
infection and transmission of plasmodium gallinaceum (eucoccida: plasmodiidae) in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): effect of preinfection sugar meals and postinfection blood meals.	frequency of sugar feeding and blood feeding can have an impact on the infection by and transmission of malaria parasites. data presented here indicate that frequent blood feeding has a deleterious effect on infection by malaria parasites in aedes aegypti. in addition, mosquitoes that do not blood feed, but instead feed on sugar alone after an infected blood meal, have a higher rate of parasite transmission than mosquitoes fed additional blood meals.	1997	9221737
efficacy of altosid pellets and granules against aedes aegypti in ornamental bromeliads.	the tank bromeliad billbergia pyramidalis was treated with 2 doses (0.5 and 2 g) of altosid granules or pellets for the control of aedes aegypti l. emergence inhibition (ei) for all mosquito pupae (including natural populations) in the center wells and leaf axils was > 90% for at least 6 and 12 months for both doses of granules and pellets, respectively. no significant difference in %ei was found between center wells and leaf axils.	1997	9249661
[a description of aedes aegypti colonization in the region of são josé do rio preto, são paulo].	the aim of this study is to describe the colonization by the aedes aegypti in the region. a survey carried out in 1985 detected the species in são josé do rio preto. the mosquito has spread and reached the 30 countries of the region till 1988. in the district and rural areas, the first vector focus was found out in 1987 in one of the 29 districts and rural areas, having spread to the others till 1991. the foci have been mainly identified through larval researches in locations with a great concen ...	1997	9265223
the white gene from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	we report the cloning and primary characterization of both cdna and genomic fragments from the white gene of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. comparisons of the conceptual translation product with white genes from four other species within the order diptera show that the ae. aegypti gene is most similar to the white gene of the mosquito vector of human malaria, anopheles gambiae (86% identity and 92% similarity). the analysis of the primary sequence of genomic dna at the 5'-end of the c ...	1997	9272447
mosquito hexamerins: characterization during larval development.	we report here the first examination of hexamerins expressed during mosquito larval development. haemolymph proteins from fourth-instar larvae of six species representing the two major subfamilies of mosquitoes were characterized by immunoblotting using antisera to calliphorin, the major hexamerin of the blowfly. calliphora vicina, or to lsp1 or lsp2, the two distinct hexamerins of drosophila melanogaster. in each mosquito species the antisera demonstrated the presence of multiple abundant hexam ...	1997	9013251
bioactive compounds from taiwania cryptomerioides.	two new sesquiterpenes, 10 alpha-hydroxyamorphan-4-en-3-one (1) and 4 alpha-methylcadinane-4 alpha-methyl-1 alpha,2 alpha,10 alpha-triol (2), together with four known compounds, sesquiterpenes 10 alpha-hydroxycadinan-4-en-3-one (3) and alpha-cadinol (4), diterpene ferruginol and lignan helioxanthin, were isolated from the whole plant of taiwania cryptomerioides under bioassay-guided fractionations. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated mainly by the nmr spectroscopic analyses. bioactivities ...	1997	9014350
human dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens in sri lanka.	human dirofilariasis due to dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens is a common zoonotic infection in sri lanka. todate 70 cases are on record, and they include 3 expatriates from russia, england and korea, who were undoubtedly infected in sri lanka. around 30-60% of dogs are infected with d. repens in various parts of the country and the mosquito vectors are aedes aegypti, armigeres subalbatus, mansonia uniformis and m. annulifera. unlike in other countries of the old world infection is most common in ...	1997	9802095
dengue: a literature review and case study of travelers from the united states, 1986-1994.	dengue fever is an acute, mosquito-transmitted viral disease characterized by fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. infections are caused by any of four virus serotypes (den-1, den-2, den-3, and den-4). the incidence of dengue is increasing in most tropical areas throughout the world (fig. 1). although dengue is not endemic in the continental united states, hawaii, or alaska, more than 500 laboratory-positive cases of introduced dengue were reported from 1977 through ...	1997	9815484
dengue--a re-emerging infectious disease in singapore.	despite its well-established integrated nationwide aedes mosquito control programme which incorporates source reduction, public health education and law enforcement, singapore has not been spared from the regional resurgence of dengue. the disease incidence has been increasing from 9.3 per 100,000 in 1988 to 102.7 per 100,000 in 1996 at the time when the aedes house index (hi) has dropped to around 1% from > 25% in the 1960s. majority of the cases reported from 1990 to 1996 were dengue fever (df ...	1997	9494676
hemagglutinins in mosquitoes and their role in the immune response to brugia malayi (filarioidea:nematoda) larvae.	hemagglutinins were determined in six species of mosquitoes that are susceptible and refractory to brugia malayi (filarioidea: nematoda). high titers of hemagglutinins were found in the salivary gland extract and in the body fluid of a completely refractory species, aedes taeniorhynchus, and in partially refractory species, anopheles quadrimculatus but low levels of hemagglutinins were also present in the body fluid of aedes aegypti (black-eye, liverpool strain), a susceptible species. hemagglut ...	1997	9505436
[atypical activity rhythm in aedes aegypti in a sub-sudanian savannah zone of côte d'ivoire].	ae. aegypti is vector of many arboviruses of medical and/or economical importance. it transmits the yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya viruses. small water collections constitute its potential breeding sites. three different populations of ae. aegypti are known in africa: a selvatic population breeding in tree holes and rock holes, a population breeding in discarded containers in peri-domestic area and a third population which breeds in drinking water containers and various receptacles inside ...	1997	9507772
reduced transdermal absorption of n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide from a new topical insect repellent formulation.	extensive absorption of the topical insect repellent n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) causes systemic and local toxicities. this report describes the preparation and characterization of a new insect repellent formulation (fa), a peg-polyacrylic acid polymer system, for its deet release, in vitro skin permeation, and in vivo transdermal absorption properties; and for its relative repellency against aedes aegypti mosquitoes. deet release and skin permeation were studied in franz diffusion cells. de ...	1997	9552429
breeding habitats of aedes aegypti (l) and aedes. albopictus (skuse) in villages of barru, south sulawesi, indonesia.	the breeding habitats of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, were studied using larval collection method inside and outside houses in 6 villages of barru, south sulawesi, indonesia from july 1994 to august 1995. aedes aegypti was the dominant species, being abundant indoors especially in the coastal areas. aedes albopictus was breeding primarily in outdoor containers in the hill and mountain areas. earthen jar was the most common breeding habitat of aedes aegypti in all villag ...	1997	9656413
[dengue in panama, 1993].	up to 1993, panama was the only country in central america where the autochthonous transmission of dengue virus had been detected without experimenting an explosive epidemic despite being reinfected with the aedes aegypti mosquito since 1985. the characteristics of this first outbreak reported on november 19, 1993, are described in this paper. it is shown that even when there is a program for the surveillance and control of dengue, which considers low levels of aedes aegypti infection and a syst ...	1997	9685969
site-directed mutagenesis of an acetylcholinesterase gene from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti confers insecticide insensitivity.	insecticide resistance is a serious problem facing the effective control of insect vectors of disease. insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) confers resistance to organophosphorus (op) and carbamate insecticides and is a widespread resistance mechanism in vector mosquitoes. although the point mutations that underlie ache insensitivity have been described from drosophila, the colorado potato beetle, and house flies, no resistance associated mutations have been documented from mosquitoes to date ...	1997	9371089
selected lines of aedes aegypti with persistently distorted sex ratios.	a breeding scheme to isolate x chromosomes sensitive to drive by the t8 (trinidad) y chromosome of aedes aegypti (the md haplotype) is reported. crosses with an australian strain th.i (thursday island) revealed not only sensitive and resistant x chromosomes but also some with the capacity to drive against the t8 y chromosome. four strains were created in which sex ratio was male-distorted (28-36 per cent female) for 10 generations, with no regression towards sexual parity. the proportion of fema ...	1997	9353868
oviposition responses of aedes aegypti and ae. atropalpus (diptera: culicidae) females to waters from conspecific and heterospecific normal larvae and from larvae infected with plagiorchis elegans (trematoda: plagiorchiidae).	ovipositing aedes aegypti (l.) females were attracted to waters in which uninfected aedes atropalpus (coquillett) larvae had been reared, but were repelled by waters from larvae of either species infected with the entomopathogenic digenean plagiorchis elegans (rudolphi). in contrast, ae. atropalpus females were attracted to or repelled by waters from conspecific uninfected and infected larvae, respectively, but did not respond to corresponding waters from ae. aegypti larvae. the sensitivity of o ...	1997	9379463
isolation and properties of drosophila melanogaster ferritin--molecular cloning of a cdna that encodes one subunit, and localization of the gene on the third chromosome.	ferritin was purified from iron-fed drosophila melanogaster extracts by centrifugation in a gradient of potassium bromide. on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the product showed two protein bands corresponding to the ferritin monomer and dimer. electrophoresis following dissociation with sds and 2-mercaptoethanol revealed three strong bands of approximately 25, 26, and 28 kda. n-terminal amino acid sequences were identical for the 25-kda and 26-kda subunits, but different for the 28-kda subun ...	1997	9266686
effect of ebastine on mosquito bites.	mosquito bites usually cause wealing and delayed bite papules. cetirizine decreases wealing, bite papules and pruritus but the effect of other antihistamines on mosquito bites is unknown. we studied the effect of ebastine in 30 mosquito bite-sensitive adult subjects. ebastine 10 mg or 20 mg and placebo were given for 4 days in a cross-over fashion. aedes aegypti bites were given on forearms. the size of the bite lesions and pruritus (visual analogue score) were measured at 15 min, 2, 6, and 24 h ...	1997	9228228
reduced transfer of male accessory gland proteins and monandry in female aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	we examined whether female aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes would remate after they first mated with a male that was reared on a suboptimal larval diet and that as a result, transferred reduced amounts of male accessory gland proteins. accessory gland proteins from males labeled with 3h leucine were not detected in females allowed to male mate with the labeled males after they first mated with either low diet or high diet males. the amount of the male accessory gland protein transferred by smaller, ...	1997	9221745
zebedee: a novel copia-ty1 family of transposable elements in the genome of the medically important mosquito aedes aegypti.	we have utilised pcr to directly identify a novel family of copia-ty1 retrotransposable elements (rtps) in the genome of the mosquito aedes aegypti. two members of the family have been sequenced in their entirety and their structural characteristics determined. zebedeei is 3505 bp long and appears to be flanked by 21bp direct repeat sequences. a single open reading frame (orf) of 972 amino acids has the coding potential for a polyprotein with homology corresponding to the conserved amino acid mo ...	1997	9197409
transposition of the hermes element in embryos of the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti.	using a plasmid-based transpositional recombination assay in vivo, we have demonstrated that hermes, a short inverted repeat type transposable element from musca domestica, can transpose in aedes aegypti embryos. hermes transpositions in ae. aegypti have all the characteristics observed during hermes transposition in its host m. domestica and in related species. these characteristics include an absolute dependence on the expression of the hermes transposase and a preference for the integration s ...	1997	9219363
molecular characterization of a defensin gene from the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	insect immune proteins, defensins, are inducible anti-gram-positive bacterial peptides. we report here the identification of two defensin genes from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, which encode a large 541 bp transcript (aadef ala) and a small 473 bp transcript (aadef asm). the cdna corresponding to aadef ala was cloned, sequenced, and compared with the previously reported aadef asm cdna. the aadef ala gene was isolated through genomic library screening and characterized. it putative regulatory reg ...	1997	9219362
fish landmarks for aedes aegypti chromosomes.	aedes aegypti metaphase chromosome landmarks have been developed so that each chromosome of the haploid genome can be unambiguously identified and oriented by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and digital imaging microscopy. the fish tags were derived from three cosmids that contain repetitive ae. aegypti sequences and their unique fish tagging characteristics are demonstrated. the sequence of the three chromosomal tags revealed that the chromosome 1 tag is an 18s fragment from the ribos ...	1997	9099584
insulin-mediated secretion of ecdysteroids from mosquito ovaries and molecular cloning of the insulin receptor homologue from ovaries of bloodfed aedes aegypti.	the reproductive cycle of female mosquitoes is activated by ingestion of blood from vertebrate hosts. shortly after feeding, neurohormones are released from the brain neurosecretory system and stimulate the ovaries to secrete ecdysteroids, which are necessary for vitellogenesis by the fat body. because bombyxins, which are insulin-like peptides, stimulate ecdysteriodgenesis in silkworm larvae, we tested porcine insulin and found that it activates ecdysteroidogenesis and protein synthesis in ovar ...	1997	9099579
a single cdna encodes all three aedes leucokinins, which stimulate both fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules and hindgut contractions.	a cdna encoding preproleucokinin was isolated from a cdna library of the mosquito aedes aegypti. the deduced amino acid sequence of aedes preproleucokinin contains a putative signal peptide of 18 amino acid residues and a 210-amino acid residue proleucokinin. within the proleucokinin are encoded one copy each of the aedes leucokinins 1, 2, and 3 isolated previously from this species (veenstra, j. a. (1994) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 202, 715-719). all three aedes leucokinins depolarize the t ...	1997	9099680
inheritance of larval resistance to permethrin in aedes aegypti and association with sex ratio distortion and life history variation.	the genetic mechanisms that confer larval permethrin resistance were investigated in two strains of aedes aegypti, vectors of yellow fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. larval resistance to permethrin in an ae. aegypti field-collected resistant couva (r) strain was associated with the sex-determining locus by analysis of backcrosses to the susceptible rockefeller (s) strain. the median lethal concentrations (lc50s) of these strains were 23.1 (95% confidence interval = 22.0-24.3) and 2.2 (2.0-2.3 ...	1997	9158058
cdna cloning and pattern of expression of an adult, female-specific chymotrypsin from aedes aegypti midgut.	a cdna for a midgut chymotrypsin, induced by a blood meal, has been cloned and sequenced from the mosquito aedes aegypti. the 938 base sequence codes for a 268 amino acid protein, which contains an 18-residue signal peptide and a seven-residue activation peptide. the deduced amino acid sequence contains several features typical of chymotrypsin proteases, including the catalytic triad of serine proteases and the residues that determine the chymotrypsin substrate specificity pocket. the chymotryps ...	1997	9134710
aedes aegypti surveillance and correlation with the occurrence of dengue fever in bahia, brazil.	due to the high frequency of dengue fever cases and the presumed association of such an epidemic with an increase in the population of the mosquito vector, aedes aegypti, we examined the records of the ministry of health in the state of bahia, brazil, regarding the monitoring of domestic mosquito larvae in municipalities throughout the state. the "house index" number for larvae in domestic water reservoirs was determined for each municipality based on annual surveys from 1990 to 1994, and in 199 ...	1997	11107237
effects of two insect growth regulators on the susceptibility of aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae) to molinema dessetae (nematoda:filarioidea).	the effects of 2 growth regulators, diflubenzuron (dfb) and oms 2017, on the ability of females aedes aegypti to become infected with molinema dessetae was studied under laboratory conditions. oms 2017 and dfb had no effect on either the amount of blood ingested or the microfilarial load. the infective potential of females that survived dfb treatment was significantly greater than untreated females, but there was no difference between oms 2017-treated and control females. the percentage of infec ...	1997	9152874
methoprene affects the rotation of the male terminalia of aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	the rotation of the male terminalia of aedes aegypti mosquitoes was investigated with chemical surgical, and mechanical methods. neither decapitation nor ventral nerve cord transection affected the postemergence rotation, but methoprene administered to 4th-instar larvae and early instar pupae slowed rotation significantly and, in the case of pupal treatment, also interfered with successful insemination. methoprene appeared to interfere with the developmental maturation of the cross muscles locat ...	1997	9152867
biochemical, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis of pyruvate carboxylase in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	pyruvate carboxylase (pc, pyruvate: carbon dioxide ligase [adp-forming], ec 6.4.1.1) was purified from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the purified pc showed two polypeptides of similar m(r) (133 and 128 k). the n-terminal sequences of both polypeptides were shown to be very similar, if not identical. a polyclonal antiserum against the 133 kda polypeptide cross-reacted strongly with the 128 kda polypeptide. pc was found in all tissues examined. using a semi-quantitative western blot as ...	1997	9066123
juvenile hormone controls early trypsin gene transcription in the midgut of aedes aegypti.	early trypsin is a female-specific protease present in the aedes aegypti midgut during the first few hours after ingestion of a blood meal. the enzymatic activity of early trypsin plays an essential role in the transcriptional activation of the late trypsin gene, which encodes the major midgut endoprotease involved in blood meal protein digestion. transcription of the early trypsin gene is part of the normal post-emergence maturation of the midgut in the adult female. abdominal ligation within 1 ...	1997	9013256
identification of three allatostatins and their cdna from the mosquito aedes aegypti.	three allatostatins have been isolated from the mosquito aedes aegypti. these peptides have the following structures: ser-pro-lys-tyr-asn-phc-gly-leu-amide, leu-pro-his-tyr-asn-phe-gly-leu-amide, and arg-val-tyr-asp-phe-gly-leu-amide. a cdna encoding these peptides was isolated from an abdominal ganglia cdna library and sequenced. it was found to encode two additional allatostatins: ala-ser-ala-tyr-arg-tyr-his-phe-gly-leu-amide and leu-pro-asn-arg-tyr-asn-phe-gly-leu-amide. northern analysis of ...	1997	9357049
structure of the gypsy moth vitellogenin gene.	genomic clones containing the vitellogenin (vg) gene from the gypsy moth were isolated from two genomic libraries and characterized. the nucleotide sequence of a 16,132 bp region of the gypsy moth genome was determined which included a 3,666 bp region upstream from the transcription initiation site and 499 bp region downstream from the transcribed region. primer extension analysis was performed to identify the transcription initiation site. gene sequence confirmed the sequence of vgmrna recently ...	1997	9327584
central projections of the maxillary and antennal nerves in the mosquito aedes aegypti	in the mosquito aedes aegypti, co2-sensitive receptor neurones are located together with two other types of chemoreceptor neurones in club-shaped sensilla basiconica on the most distal segment of the maxillary palps. in order to identify the central target neuropiles of these neurones and to determine whether antennal receptor neurones project into the same area, the palpal and antennal nerves were labelled by anterograde staining with horseradish peroxidase and by experimentally induced degener ...	1997	9319784
the feasibility of eradicating aedes aegypti in the americas.		1997	9128110
lipophorin levels in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, and the effect of feeding.	high density lipophorin (hdlp) is the major lipid transport vehicle in insect hemolymph. using an indirect elisa, levels of hdlp were measured in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the level of lipophorin, when normalized to the total weight of the insect, was similar in the different developmental stages. starvation (access to water only) of adult females did not affect the level of hdlp nor its density when compared to sugar-fed females. on the other hand, blood feeding (of normally sug ...	1997	9055439
the gecko: an environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control.	laboratory experiments with aedes aegypti mosquitoes investigated the effects of light, mosquito density and physiological state on predation rates by the australian gecko gehydra dubia and the exotic asian house gecko hemidactylus frenatus. for both gecko species a positive correlation was demonstrated between prey density and the predation rate. using ae.aegypti males and unfed females as prey in a terrarium (0.054 m3), consumption rates reached 76-108/day for g.dubia and 63-109/day for h.fren ...	1997	9430109
preliminary field evaluation of the combined adulticidal, larvicidal, and wall residual activity of ulv-applied bifenthrin against mosquitoes.	the combined adulticidal, larvicidal, and wall residual activity of ulv-applied bifenthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, was evaluated in houses in kuala lumpur, malaysia, against larvae and adults of lab-bred aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. a portable ulv sprayer was used to disperse a ulv formulation of bifenthrin at a discharge rate of 45 ml/min. the results indicated that bifenthrin sprayed at this rate exhibited all the three activities against the test mosquitoes. complete adult morta ...	1997	9491365
transamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine to produce xanthurenic acid: a major branch pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, during larval development.	an electrochemically active compound was detected in the larvae of aedes aegypti mosquitoes and progressive accumulation of this compound was observed during larval development. the compound was purified from mosquito larvae using various chromatographic techniques and spectral analysis of the purified compound resulted in its identification as xanthurenic acid. production of xanthurenic acid results from the transamination of 3-hydroxykynuorenine, and analysis of the biochemical pathway in xant ...	1997	9474782
an equipment for the study of behavioural responses of mosquitoes to residual application of synthetic insecticides.	excito-repellency (e-r) test box was developed to study under laboratory conditions the refractory behaviour of mosquitoes to residual application of synthetic insecticides. the observations obtained through the equipment were compared with another behavioural study of mosquitoes using standard who irritability test kit. during 16 hour exposure period there was restricted entry of mosquitoes in ddt treated chamber of e-r test box for all mosquito species tested (anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypt ...	1997	9465527
laboratory evaluation of the biocontrol potential of mesocyclops thermocyclopoides (copepoda: cyclopidae) against mosquito larvae.	biocontrol potential of mesocyclops thermocyclopoides against first instar larvae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus was studied under laboratory conditions. it was found that m. thermocyclopoides had the highest predation efficacy against ae. aegypti followed by an. stephensi and cx. quinquefasciatus. there was a significant reduction in the predation efficacy of m. thermocyclopoides against cx. quinquefasciatus in the presence of alternate food (p < 0.01). the cag ...	1997	9656415
cloning of cdna for vitellogenin of the parasitoid wasp, pimpla nipponica (hymenoptera: apocrita: ichneumonidae): vitellogenin primary structure and evolutionary considerations.	the cdna for vitellogenin (vg) of the parasitoid wasp pimpla nipponica (hymenoptera: apocrita) was cloned and sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequence with 1807 residues was obtained. the n-terminal 20 amino acids chemically determined for vitellin (vn) agreed completely with the deduced 20 amino acids that follow the 16 amino acid residues for putative signal peptide. the cdna clone for the vg of the turnip sawfly athalia rosae (hymenoptera: symphyta), previously obtained and partially sequen ...	1997	9569645
transient expression of the drosophila melanogaster cinnabar gene rescues eye color in the white eye (we) strain of aedes aegypti.	the lack of eye pigment in the aedes aegypti we (white eye) colony was confirmed to be due to a mutation in the kynurenine hydroxylase gene, which catalyzes one of the steps in the metabolic synthesis of ommochrome eye pigments. partial restoration of eye color (orange to red phenotype) in pupae and adults occurred in both sexes when first or second instar larvae were reared in water containing 3-hydroxykynurenine, the metabolic product of the enzyme kynurenine hydroxylase. no eye color restorat ...	1997	9569641
costs and benefits of mosquito refractoriness to malaria parasites: implications for genetic variability of mosquitoes and genetic control of malaria.	the problem of fitness costs associated with host resistance to parasitism is related to the evolution of parasite virulence, population genetic diversity and the dynamics of host-parasite relationships, and proposed strategies for disease control through the genetic manipulation of mosquito vectors. two aedes aegypti populations, refractory and susceptible to plasmodium gallinaceum, were previously selected from the moyo-in-dry strain (moyo) through inbreeding (f = 0.5). reproductive success an ...	1997	28565348
a mouse model of mosquito allergy for study of antigen-specific ige and igg subclass responses, lymphocyte proliferation, and il-4 and ifn-gamma production.	to date, there are no ideal animal models for study of natural sensitization leading to ige- and lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivities. we established such a model in which four balb/c mice were each sensitized by exposure to at least 16 mosquito aedes aegypti bites, twice a week for 4 weeks. four non-exposed control mice were also studied. mosquito a. aegypti head and thorax extract, saliva, and two recombinant salivary allergens (raed a 1 and raed a 2) were used in vitro as antigens. intrader ...	1998	9693276
coevolutionary interactions between host life histories and parasite life cycles.	several recent studies have discussed the interaction of host life-history traits and parasite life cycles. it has been observed that the life-history of a host often changes after infection by a parasite. in some cases, changes of host life-history traits reduce the costs of parasitism and can be interpreted as a form of resistance against the parasite. in other cases, changes of host life-history traits increase the parasite's transmission and can be interpreted as manipulation by the parasite ...	1998	9695109
trial of a community-based intervention to decrease infestation of aedes aegypti mosquitoes in cement washbasins in el progreso, honduras.	washbasins and metal drums are important sources of aedes aegypti mosquitoes in much of latin america. when manual cleaning was found to be ineffective in eliminating mosquito larvae in a community-based control programme in el progreso, honduras, it was decided to develop and evaluate an improved method of removing mosquito eggs based on commonly-available materials. the method, named la untadita ('the little dab', in english), consists of five steps: mixing chlorine bleach and detergent to mak ...	1998	9698263
dengue control in ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil.	following an epidemic of type i dengue in late 1990, the municipality of ribeirão preto (state of são paulo, brazil) assumed direct responsibility for the control of aedes aegypti larvae. control activities are presented in this report and are based on popular participation in environmental management. massive use of the communications media, participation by schoolchildren, constant contact with the population, and integration of various public agencies are the program's priorities. although th ...	1998	9700231
predation on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by theridion rufipes (araneae: theridiidae) in puerto rico.	theridion rufipes lucas was found in rearing cages of aedes aegypti (l.) in the school of medicine, san juan, pr. from the 1970s to the 1990s, the spiders had a continuous existence in the cages and in the room outside the cages. a single spider eventually could eliminate all the mosquitoes in a cage. the behavior of the mosquitoes in the web was observed by isolating spiders individually in glass or plastic flasks. when a mosquito comes in contact with the beads of sticky silk on the web, it is ...	1998	9701953
typing of dengue viruses in clinical specimens and mosquitoes by single-tube multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr.	in recent years, dengue viruses (serotypes 1 to 4) have spread throughout tropical regions worldwide. in many places, multiple dengue virus serotypes are circulating concurrently, which may increase the risk for the more severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever. for the control and prevention of dengue fever, it is important to rapidly detect and type the virus in clinical samples and mosquitoes. assays based on reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr (rt-pcr) amplification of dengue viral rn ...	1998	9705406
multiple host-feeding and biting persistence of aedes aegypti.	the effects of host activity, host defensive behaviour and biting persistence on multiple host-feeding by aedes aegypti (l.) were investigated, in laboratory conditions, on human volunteers. in four different settings, four or five volunteer hosts displayed inactive, mildly active, mildly defensive and highly defensive behaviour. into each of the four trials, each with 20 replicates, a single mosquito was released for a period of 10 min. in all settings, the median number of hosts sought per mos ...	1998	9713547
development of an indicator to evaluate the impact, on a community-based aedes aegypti control intervention, of improved cleaning of water-storage containers by householders.	householders in a community-based programme to control dengue in el progreso, honduras, are being encouraged to improve the cleaning of the water-storage containers in which many of the vectors thrive. the objective of the present study was to develop an indicator of the change occurring in human behaviour. traditional aedes aegypti larval indices do not differentiate between containers in which all the immature stages are present and those which hold only first- and second-instar larvae. howeve ...	1998	9713548
antibody to a cdna-derived calreticulin protein from amblyomma americanum as a biomarker of tick exposure in humans.	the antibody responses of human and animal hosts were studied to determine the utility of antibody against recombinant tick calreticulin (rtc), a cdna-derived protein isolated from salivary glands of amblyomma americanum l., as a biologic marker of tick exposure. rabbits fed upon by either a. americanum or dermacentor variabilis say developed significant anti-rtc antibody responses, as measured by both elisa and immunoblot assay. in contrast, gerbils exposed to aedes aegypti did not develop anti ...	1998	9715947
bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins.	during the past decade the pesticidal bacterium bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject of intensive research. these efforts have yielded considerable data about the complex relationships between the structure, mechanism of action, and genetics of the organism's pesticidal crystal proteins, and a coherent picture of these relationships is beginning to emerge. other studies have focused on the ecological role of the b. thuringiensis crystal proteins, their performance in agricultural and othe ...	1998	9729609
determination of dengue virus serotypes in individual aedes aegypti mosquitoes in colombia.	adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes were collected in puerto triunfo, central colombia, where dengue is endemic, during a six month period. viral infection within the head of each individual mosquito was identified by an immunofluorescent assay (ifa) using a flavivirus-specific monoclonal antibody. the dengue virus serotype, present in each flavivirus-positive specimen, was then determined in portions of the remaining thorax using ifas with serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies. among 2065 female a ...	1998	9737600
comparative repellency of commercial formulations of deet, permethrin and citronellal against the mosquito aedes aegypti, using a collagen membrane technique compared with human arm tests.	a collagen membrane technique, based on the membrane blood-feeding system of cosgrove et al. (1994), was used to compare repellents against aedes aegypti mosquitoes. repellency was defined in terms of inhibition of probing (ed50 and ed90) after 5 min exposure. a direct comparison was made with repellency from probing after 5 min on five male volunteers. four repellent products were compared with technical deet as the standard. the liquid formulations tested were: autan (20% deet; bayer); repel p ...	1998	9737601
thanaka (limonia acidissima) and deet (di-methyl benzamide) mixture as a mosquito repellent for use by karen women.	the prevention and treatment of drug-resistant malaria is becoming increasingly difficult. on the thai-myanmar border multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria are increasing and, because the malaria vector anopheles bite outdoors during early evening, insecticide house-spraying or impregnated bednets provide only limited protection. therefore, the protective efficacy of repellent formulations containing di-methyl benzamide (deet) and permethrin against local vectors was estimated, when ...	1998	9737602
biochemical monitoring of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide resistance in aedes aegypti mosquitoes from trinidad.		1998	9737606
distribution of potential dengue vectors in major townships along the national highways and trunk roads of northeast india.	surveys were conducted in some townships along the national highways and trunk roads of northeast india to detect breeding of aedes mosquitos in used/waste tire dumps piled outdoors by the tire repairing shops during summer season of 1996-1997. the breeding of both the potential vectors of dengue, viz. aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus were detected, prevalence rate being in the range of 30.0-88.0 (ci = container index value). the preponderance of ae. aegypti was considerably much higher than tha ...	1998	9740295
similarities to a line element shared by anopheline and culicine mosquitos map to the distal end of dihydrofolate reductase amplicons in aedes albopictus mosquito cells.	to extend our understanding of amplicon structure in methotrexate-resistant mtx-5011-256 aedes albopictus mosquito cells, we examined a series of cosmids containing genomic dna corresponding to the unique 3'-end of the type 1 dihydrofolate reductase amplicon. cosmid pwed118 contained five ecori fragments ranging from 2 to 5 kb (a, b, c, f, g) that hybridized to cdna from methotrexate-resistant cells. of these, fragments b and f hybridized weakly to first-strand cdna from sensitive cells and shar ...	1998	9753771
the introduction into bacillus sphaericus of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin cyt1ab1 gene results in higher susceptibility of resistant mosquito larva populations to b. sphaericus.	the fragment containing the gene encoding the cytolytic cyt1ab1 protein from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and its flanking sequences (i. thiery, a. delécluse, m. c. tamayo, and s. orduz, appl. environ. microbiol. 63:468-473, 1997) was introduced into bacillus sphaericus toxic strains 2362, 2297, and iab872 by electroporation with the shuttle vector pmk3. only small amounts of the protein were produced in recombinant strains 2362 and iab872. the protein was detected in these strains onl ...	1998	9758818
sequence of the cry11bb11 gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and toxicity analysis of its encoded protein.	the nucleotide sequence of the cry11bb1 gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin was determined. the corresponding protein has a deduced molecular mass of 88.2 kda, and is 60.9% and 83% identical to the proteins cry11aa1 and cry11ba1, respectively. the cry11bb1 protein contains five repetitive blocks of 16 amino acids at the c terminal part. it is highly toxic to first instar laboratory reared aedes aegypti, anopheles albimanus and culex quinquefasciatus larvae.	1998	9774743
field evaluation of mesocyclops longisetus (copepoda: cyclopoidea) for the control of larval aedes aegypti (diptera culicidae) in northeastern mexico.	field trials of the predacious copepod mesocyclops longisetus thiubaud were conducted in northeastern mexico to determine the effectiveness of this species to control larval aedes aegypti (l.) populations and to survive and reproduce in nature. groups of 200, 50, and 50 ovigerous m. longisetus females were inoculated into 200-liter metal drums, discarded tires, and cemetery flower vases, respectively, which are 3 of the more important aedes breeding sites in this area. larvae were sampled at 15- ...	1998	9775596
oviposition attraction and repellency of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to waters from conspecific larvae subjected to crowding, confinement, starvation, or infection.	as the biomass of aedes aegypti (l.) larvae increased in relation to the volume of rearing waters, oviposition attraction of these waters to conspecific, gravid females first rose to a peak and then declined. further increases in biomass rendered waters strongly repellent. comparable responses were elicited by a decrease in the volume of rearing waters or an increase in the relative size or number of mosquito larvae. low volumes of water reduced oviposition attraction and increased repellency, w ...	1998	9775609
life table study of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in puerto rico fed only human blood versus blood plus sugar.	life table studies were performed in 1996 with aedes aegypti (l.) during the low (cool/dry) and high (hot/rainy) dengue virus transmission seasons in puerto rico. mated adult females from field-collected pupae were placed individually in cages and divided into 2 treatment groups: one was fed only human blood and the other human blood plus a 10% sucrose solution. survival and number of eggs laid were recorded daily for each female. during both seasons, age specific survivorship was higher for the ...	1998	9775613
mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenins from goniothalamus giganteus.	goniotetracin and a mixture of (2,4-cis and trans)-gonioneninone, new, bioactive, mono-tetrahydrofuran (thf) gamma-lactone and ketolactone acetogenins, were isolated from the bark of goniothalamus giganteus (annonaceae) by activity-directed fractionation using the brine shrimp lethality test (bst). the structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical methods. their absolute stereochemistries were determined by the advanced mosher ester method. both showed selective and significant ...	1998	9779595
adhesion of plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes to the aedes aegypti midgut: sites of parasite attachment and morphological changes in the ookinete.	plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes adhered to aedes aegypti midgut epithelia when purified ookinetes and isolated midguts were combined in vitro. ookinetes preferentially bound to the microvillated luminal surface of the midgut, and they seemed to interact with three types of structures on the midgut surface. first, they adhered to and migrated through a network-like matrix, which we have termed microvilli-associated network, that covers the surface of the microvilli. this network forms on the lum ...	1998	9783452
eradication of aedes aegypti from a village in vietnam, using copepods and community participation.	in northern vietnam, copepods of the genus mesocyclops were used for biological control of aedes aegypti, the principal vector of dengue viruses, by inoculation into wells, large cement tanks, ceramic jars, and other domestic containers that served as ae. aegypti breeding sites. the use of mesocyclops was complemented by community participation with respect to recycling to eliminate unused and discarded containers that collected rainwater and provided ae. aegypti breeding sites that could not be ...	1998	9790448
three isoforms of a hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 transcription factor with tissue- and stage-specific expression in the adult mosquito.	we cloned three isoforms of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (hnf-4) from the mosquito aedes aegypti, designated aahnf-4a, aahnf-4b, and aahnf-4c. aahnf-4a and aahnf-4b are typical members of the hnf-4 subfamily of nuclear receptors with high amino acid conservation. they differ in n-terminal regions and exhibit distinct developmental profiles in the female mosquito fat body, a metabolic tissue functionally analogous to the vertebrate liver. the aahnf-4b mrna is predominant during the previtellogenic ...	1998	9792695
variable cross-resistance to cry11b from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) resistant to single or multiple toxins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	a novel mosquitocidal bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan, and one of its toxins, cry11b, in a recombinant b. thuringiensis strain were evaluated for cross-resistance with strains of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus that are resistant to single and multiple toxins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. the levels of cross-resistance (resistance ratios [rr]) at concentrations which caused 95% mortality (lc95) between b. thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan and the different b ...	1998	9797262
identification of immune-related protein kinases from mosquitoes (aedes aegypti).	protein kinases are known to be involved in signal transduction for numerous physiological events. however, little is known about the roles of protein kinases in insect immunity. a fragment around 150 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using cdna templates from bacterial inoculated mosquitoes and primers corresponding to the conserved domain of protein kinases. based on sequence analysis, 11 groups of protein kinases were characterized including 3 nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, 3 recep ...	1998	9662071
chitinases are a multi-gene family in aedes, anopheles and drosophila.	degenerate primers were used to amplify by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) dna fragments from the chitinase genes of five insect species: aedes aegypti, anopheles freeborni, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi and drosophila melanogaster. as many as four different products were found for each species; each deduced protein sequence having greatest homology to chitinase sequences from other species of insects and the crustacean, penaeus japonicus. the four pcr products of a. aegypti hybridi ...	1998	9662472
dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever.	dengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. in 1998 this mosquito-borne disease is the most important tropical infectious disease after malaria, with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever, 500,000 ca ...	1998	9665979
a comparison of surveillance systems for the dengue vector aedes aegypti in port of spain, trinidad.	when the currently used larval surveillance system (visual inspection) for the dengue vector aedes aegypti was compared with the surveillance for the presence of eggs by ovitrapping in port of spain, trinidad, it was found that the latter (39.1%) was significantly more sensitive than the visual inspection system (10.1%). at the same time, the presence of the nuisance mosquito culex quinquefasciatus was detected in 38.4% of the households. both ae. aegypti and cx. quinquefasciatus showed preferen ...	1998	9673912
effect of female size on fecundity and survivorship of aedes aegypti fed only human blood versus human blood plus sugar.	we determined whether size, an indirect measure of teneral energy reserves, modifies the fitness advantage (sigma survival x egg production/female/day) conferred to female aedes aegypti (l.) maintained on human blood over cohorts fed human blood plus sugar. different sized females were obtained by rearing them at different larval densities and with different amounts of food per larva. each female in 4 treatment groups of 23 mosquitoes each was maintained in a separate cage. a 10% sucrose solutio ...	1998	9673914