Publications

quantifying aphanomyces euteiches in alfalfa with a fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assay.	abstract a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay using a set of specific primers and a dual-labeled probe (taqman) was developed to quantify the amount of aphanomyces euteiches dna in alfalfa plants exhibiting varying levels of disease severity. the study included isolates of race 1 and race 2 of a. euteiches. the assay also discriminated between alfalfa populations for resistance based on analysis of dna extracted from bulked plant samples. analysis of individual plants and bulked plant samples ...	2002	18943997
molecular identification of a new phytoplasma associated with alfalfa witches'-broom in oman.	abstract alfalfa (medicago sativa) plants showing witches'-broom symptoms typical of phytoplasmas were observed from al-batinah, al-sharqiya, al-bureimi, and interior regions of the sultanate of oman. phytoplasmas were detected from all symptomatic samples by the specific amplification of their 16s-23s rrna gene. polymerase chain reaction (pcr), utilizing phytoplasma-specific universal primer pairs, consistently amplified a product of expected lengths when dna extract from symptomatic samples wa ...	2002	18944213
pathogenesis of alfalfa mosaic virus in soybean (glycine max) and expression of chimeric rabies peptide in virus-infected soybean plants-a reexamination.		2002	18943878
enhanced resistance to sclerotium rolfsii in populations of alfalfa selected for quantitative resistance to sclerotinia trifoliorum.	abstract sclerotinia trifoliorum and sclerotium rolfsii are pathogens for which similar mechanisms of parasitism have been proposed. this suggested that resistance to these pathogens may be related in a common host plant. this study was undertaken to determine whether selection for quantitative resistance to sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa also increases resistance to sclerotium rolfsii as expressed in excised leaf tissues and whole plants. resistance in excised leaf tissues was evaluated acc ...	2002	18943095
eliminating tobacco rattle virus from viruliferous paratrichodorus allius and establishing a new virus-vector combination.	a reliable method to eliminate tobacco rattle virus (trv) from viruliferous paratrichodorus allius populations was developed. this virus is vectored by p. allius in the pacific northwest and causes corky ringspot disease (crs) of potato. the viruliferous nematodes that were reared on 'vernema' alfalfa or '770' scotch spearmint for at least 3 months did not transmit trv to 'samsun nn' tobacco, a suitable indicator plant, and did not cause crs symptoms on 'russet norkotah' tubers. a new isolate of ...	2002	19265910
host-range characterization of two pratylenchus coffeae isolates from brazil.	two isolates of pratylenchus coffeae were collected from coffee roots (in marília, são paulo state, brazil) and aglaonema (in rio de janeiro city, rio de janeiro state, brazil) and maintained in the laboratory on alfalfa callus. twenty-four plants were tested in the greenhouse to characterize the host preference of these isolates. the host ranges of the isolates differed from each other and, interestingly, coffee, banana, and citrus were not among the better hosts of either isolate. rather, sorg ...	2002	19265921
investigation of four classes of non-nodulating white sweetclover (melilotus alba annua desr.) mutants and their responses to arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi.	the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between rhizobiaceae and legumes is one of the best-studied interactions established between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. the plant develops root nodules in which the bacteria are housed, and atmospheric nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by the rhizobia and made available to the plant in exchange for carbon compounds. it has been hypothesized that this symbiosis evolved from the more ancient arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis, in which the fungus associates with root ...	2002	21708721
phylogeny of stemphylium spp. based on its and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences.	the phylogenetic relationships among 44 isolates representing 16 species of stemphylium were inferred from its and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) sequence data. the results generally agree with morphological species concepts. there was strong support for monophyly of the genus stemphylium. analysis of the gpd fragment in particular was useful for establishing well-supported relationships among the species and isolates of stemphylium. species of stemphylium that appear to have los ...	2002	21156539
expression of oryzacystatin i and ii in alfalfa increases resistance to the root-lesion nematode.	abstract digestive cysteine proteinases have been isolated from plant-parasitic nematodes as well as coleopteran and hemipteran insects. phytocystatins, inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, are found in a number of plants where they may play a role in defense against pathogens and pests. the cdnas of the phytocystatins from rice, oryzacystatin i (oc-i) and oryzacystatin ii (oc-ii), were expressed in alfalfa (medicago sativa) plants under the control of the potato protease inhibitor ii (pinii) pro ...	2003	18943160
translation inhibition of capped and uncapped viral rnas mediated by ribosome-inactivating proteins.	abstract ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) are n-glycosidases that remove specific purine residues from the sarcin/ricin (s/r) loop of the large rrna and arrest protein synthesis at the translocation step. in addition to their enzymatic activity, rips have been reputed to be potent antiviral agents against many plant, animal, and human viruses. we recently showed that pokeweed antiviral protein (pap), an rip from pokeweed, inhibits translation in cell extracts by binding to the cap structure ...	2003	18942981
reduction of salmonella enterica on alfalfa seeds with acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water and enhanced uptake of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water into seeds by gas exchange.	alfalfa sprouts have been implicated in several salmonellosis outbreaks in recent years. the disinfectant effects of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water against salmonella enterica both in an aqueous system and on artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds were determined. the optimum ratio of seeds to eo water was determined in order to maximize the antimicrobial effect of eo water. seeds were combined with eo water at ratios (wt/vol) of 1:4, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, and 1:100, and the characteristi ...	2003	14627277
effects of dietary soy and estrous cycle on adrenal cytochrome p450 1b1 expression and dmba metabolism in adrenal glands and livers in female sprague-dawley rats.	cytochrome p450 1b1 (cyp1b1) has been shown to be important in the bioactivation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba) to an adrenal toxin in rats. we investigated the effects of diet and stage of estrous cycle on cyp1b1 expression in rat adrenal glands and on dmba metabolism by rat adrenal and hepatic microsomes. female sprague-dawley (sd) rats were placed on either standard soy-containing nih-31 rat chow or soy- and alfalfa-free 5k96 diet from postnatal day (pnd) 21 until sacrifice at pnd50 ...	2003	14642739
synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay.	3-o-carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-o-ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1h and 13c nmr data (apt, cosy, hmqc, and hmbc) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-o-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. the hapten was then conjuga ...	2003	14643876
isolation and symbiotic characterization of transposon tn5-induced arginine auxotrophs of sinorhizobium meliloti.	seventeen arginine auxotrophic mutants of sinorhizobium meliloti rmd201 were isolated by random transposon tn5 mutagenesis using tn5 delivery vector pgs9. based on intermediate feeding studies, these mutants were designated as arga/argb/argc/argd/arge (ornithine auxotrophs), argf/argi, argg and argh mutants. the ornithine auxotrophs induced ineffective nodules whereas all other arginine auxotrophs induced fully effective nodules on alfalfa plants. in comparison to the parental strain induced nod ...	2003	15242285
monoclonal c5-1 antibody produced in transgenic alfalfa plants exhibits a n-glycosylation that is homogenous and suitable for glyco-engineering into human-compatible structures.	structural analysis of the n-glycosylation of alfalfa proteins was investigated in order to evaluate the capacity of this plant to perform this biologically important post-translational modification. we show that, in alfalfa, n-linked glycans are processed into a large variety of mature oligosaccharides having core-xylose and core alpha(1,3)-fucose, as well as terminal lewis(a) epitopes. in contrast, expression of the c5-1 monoclonal antibody in alfalfa plants results in the production of plant- ...	2003	17134403
molecular and carbon isotopic composition of leaf wax in vegetation and aerosols in a northern prairie ecosystem.	we measured the molecular and carbon isotopic composition of major leaf wax compound classes in northern mixed mesic prairie species (agropyron smithii, stipa viridula, bouteloua gracilis, tragopogon dubius) and in selected crops (triticum aestivum, brassica napus, hordeum vulgare, medicago sativa) of southern alberta and also in aerosols collected 4 m above the prairie canopy. our aims were to better constrain the wax biosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation relative to the plant's carbon iso ...	2003	12647105
influence of organic and inorganic soil amendments on plant growth in crude oil-contaminated soil.	phytoremediation can be a viable alternative to traditional, more costly remediation techniques. three greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate plant growth with different soil amendments in crude oil-contaminated soil. growth of alfalfa (medicago sativa l., cultivar: riley), bermudagrass (cynodon dactylon l., cultivar: common), crabgrass (digitaria sanguinalis, cultivar: large), fescue (lolium arundinaceum schreb., cultivar: kentucky 31), and ryegrass (lolium multiflorum lam., cultivar: ma ...	2003	14750564
vertical leaf nitrogen distribution in relation to nitrogen status in grassland plants.	vertical gradients of leaf nitrogen (n) per unit leaf area (nla) are viewed as plastic responses that optimize n utilization with respect to carbon assimilation. however, it has been shown that plant species, sowing density and n availability affect the steepness of the nla gradient relative to the photon flux density (pfd) gradient. this paper tests the hypothesis that such variation is related to the n status of the plant. the n status was analysed using the concept of the critical n concentra ...	2003	12967909
oxygen deficiency affects carbohydrate reserves in overwintering forage crops.	anaerobic conditions developing under an ice cover affect winter survival and spring regrowth of economically important perennial crops. the objective was to compare, during a prolonged period of low (<2%) o2 at low temperature, the concentration of carbohydrates of four plant species contrasting in their resistance to oxygen deficiency. four perennial forage species, lucerne (medicago sativa l.), red clover (trifolium pratense l.), timothy (phleum pratense l.), and cocksfoot (dactylis glomerata ...	2003	12754268
selenium and sulfur accumulation and soil selenium dissipation in planting of four herbaceous plant species in soil contaminated with drainage sediment rich in both selenium and sulfur.	four selenium (se) nonaccumulator plant species, including a forage grass species, tall fescue (festuca arundinacea schreb.), a forage legume species, alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), a wetland species, rush (juncus tenuis wild.), and a dry-land alkaline soil species, saltgrass (distichlis spicata l.), were grown in soil contaminated by agricultural drainage sediment having elevated levels of se and sulfur (s). the above-ground plant tissues were consecutively harvested five times and examined for ...	2003	12710233
chlorpyrifos residue levels in avian food items following applications of a commercial ec formulation to alfalfa and citrus.	two 10-day field residue studies were conducted to measure the amount of chlorpyrifos residue found in typical avian food following applications of a commercial 480 g liter(-1) ec (lorsban 4e) at 1.1 kg ai ha(-1) (1 lb ai acre(-1)) to alfalfa and at 2.3 kg al ha(-1) (2.0 lb ai acre(-1)) to citrus. avian food items used in these studies included: crickets (acheta domestica (l)), earthworms (lumbricus terrestris l), darkling ground beetle larvae (tenebrio molitor l), seed heads (triticum sp), and ...	2003	14620043
new perspectives on proanthocyanidin biochemistry and molecular regulation.	our understanding of proanthocyanidin (syn. condensed tannin) synthesis has been recently extended by substantial developments concerning both structural and regulatory genes. a gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase has been obtained from the tropical forage, desmodium uncinatum, with the latter enzyme catalyzing formation of (+)-catechin. the banyuls gene in arabidopsis thaliana, previously proposed to encode leucoanthocyanidin reductase or to regulate proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, has be ...	2003	12943753
captures of western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) adults with pherocon am and vial traps in four crops in east central illinois.	it is hypothesized that the long-term rotation of maize (zea mays l.) and soybean (glycine max l.) in east central illinois has caused a significant change in the ovipositional behavior of the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte. since the mid 1990s in east central illinois, western corn rootworm adults have been observed feeding on soybean foliage and also now use soybean fields as egg laying sites. this behavioral adaptation has greatly decreased the effectiveness of ...	2003	12852611
honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) foraging in response to preconditioning with onion flower scent compounds.	onion (allium cepa l.) seed production has long been plagued with yield problems because of lack of pollination by the honey bee, apis mellifera l. to attempt to attract more pollinators to the onion seed production field, honey bees were conditioned to associate onion floral odor components with a reward. isolated nucleus hives of honey bees were fed 30% sucrose solutions scented with a 0.2% solution of onion floral odor compounds. after feeding on these solutions for 6 wk, bees were not found ...	2003	14650525
alfalfa mosaic virus: coat protein-dependent initiation of infection.	summary taxonomy: alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) is the type species of the genus alfamovirus and belongs to the family bromoviridae. in this family, the tripartite rna genomes of bromo-, cucumo- and probably oleaviruses are infectious as such, whereas infection with the three genomic rnas of alfamo- and ilarviruses requires addition to the inoculum of a few molecules of coat protein (cp) per rna molecule. rnas 1 and 2 encode the replicase proteins p1 and p2, rna 3 encodes the movement protein and c ...	2003	20569357
altered life cycle in arabidopsis plants expressing psugt1, a udp-glucuronosyltransferase-encoding gene from pea.	alfalfa (medicago sativa) and arabidopsis were used as model systems to examine molecular mechanisms underlying developmental effects of a microsomal udp-glucuronosyltransferase-encoding gene from pea (pisum sativum; psugt1). alfalfa expressing psugt1 antisense mrna under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter exhibited delayed root emergence, reduced root growth, and increased lateral root development. the timing of root emergence in wild-type and antisense plants was c ...	2003	12972656
expression of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins after transformation of alfalfa with maize lc.	three anthocyanin regulatory genes of maize (zea mays; lc, b-peru, and c1) were introduced into alfalfa (medicago sativa) in a strategy designed to stimulate the flavonoid pathway and alter the composition of flavonoids produced in forage. lc constructs included a full-length gene and a gene with a shortened 5'-untranslated region. lc rna was strongly expressed in lc transgenic alfalfa foliage, but accumulation of red-purple anthocyanin was observed only under conditions of high light intensity ...	2003	12857826
the medicago species a2-type cyclin is auxin regulated and involved in meristem formation but dispensable for endoreduplication-associated developmental programs.	phytohormones as well as temporal and spatial regulation of the cell cycle play a key role in plant development. here, we investigated the function and regulation of an alfalfa (medicago sativa) a2-type cyclin in three distinct root developmental programs: in primary and secondary root development, nodule development, and nematode-elicited gall formation. using transgenic plants carrying the medsa;cyca2;2 promoter-beta-glucuronidase gene fusion, in combination with other techniques, cyca2;2 expr ...	2003	12644661
alfalfa seed decontamination in a salmonella outbreak.	based on in vitro data, the u.s. food and drug administration recommends chemical disinfection of raw sprout seeds to reduce enteric pathogens contaminating the seed coats. however, little is known about the effectiveness of decontamination at preventing human disease. in 1999, an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype mbandaka occurred in oregon, washington, idaho, and california. based on epidemiologic and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis evidence from 87 confirmed cases, the outbreak was li ...	2003	12702229
effects of feeding dairy cows protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability.	twenty-five (10 ruminally cannulated) holstein cows averaging 82 +/- 34 d in milk were assigned to 5 x 5 latin squares (21-d periods) and fed diets supplemented with one of four different proteins to assess effects on production, ruminal metabolism, omasal flow of n fractions, and degradation rates of protein supplements. total mixed diets contained (dry matter basis) 44% corn silage, 22% alfalfa silage, 2% urea, and 31% concentrate. five concentrate mixes were fed: 31% high-moisture shelled cor ...	2003	12703620
milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles.	the objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of feeding fish oil (fo) along with fat sources that varied in their fatty acid compositions (high stearic, high oleic, high linoleic, or high linolenic acids) to determine which combination would lead to maximum conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9,trans-11 cla) and transvaccenic acid (tva) concentrations in milk fat. twelve holstein cows (eight multiparous and four primiparous cows) at 73 (+/- 32) dim were used in a 4 x 4 latin square with ...	2003	12703631
phytoglobins and nitric oxide: new partners in an old signalling system in plants.	the recent review summarizes the major achievements in discovery of role of phytoglobins in mediation of nitric oxide generated cellular functions in higher plants. genes encoding non-symbiotic hemoglobins have been cloned from several plant species. the expression pattern of these genes show tissue-specificity that is also under the control of stress factors like hypoxia. the nitric oxide has pivotal role in signalling pathway specifically in hypersensitive reactions and programmed cell death. ...	2003	12705318
suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and nodulation in split-root systems of alfalfa after pre-inoculation and treatment with nod factors.	roots of legumes establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and nodule-inducing rhizobia. the existing nodules systemically suppress subsequent nodule formation in other parts of the root, a phenomenon termed autoregulation. similarly, mycorrhizal roots reduce further amf colonization on other parts of the root system. in this work, split- root systems of alfalfa (medicago sativa) were used to study the autoregulation of symbiosis with sinorhizobium meliloti and the mycorrhizal ...	2003	12709494
genomics insights into symbiotic nitrogen fixation.	following an interaction with rhizobial soil bacteria, legume plants are able to form a novel organ, termed the root nodule. this organ houses the rhizobial microsymbionts, which perform the biological nitrogen fixation process resulting in the incorporation of ammonia into plant organic molecules. recent advances in genomics have opened exciting new perspectives in this field by providing the complete gene inventory of two rhizobial microsymbionts. the complete genome sequences of mesorhizobium ...	2003	12732321
effect of feeding protein supplements of differing degradability on omasal flow of microbial and undegraded protein.	ten ruminally cannulated lactating holstein cows that were part of a larger trial studying the effects of feeding different proteins on milk production were used in a replicated 5 x 5 latin square to quantify flows of microbial and rumen-undegradable protein (rup) in omasal digesta. cows were fed total mixed rations containing (dry matter basis) 44% corn silage, 22% alfalfa silage, 2% urea, and 31% concentrate. the basal diet contained 31% high-moisture corn; equal n from one of four protein sup ...	2003	12741554
responses of primiparous and multiparous holstein cows to additional energy from fat or concentrate during summer.	supplemental fat has been advocated for use during hot weather and often increases milk yield of cows past peak production when energy intake should not be limiting. relative responses of primiparous and multiparous cows to supplemental fat or isocaloric addition of concentrates under hot weather conditions have not been determined. nine multiparous and nine primiparous holstein cows (154 and 167 d in milk, respectively) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design with 28-d periods. diet ...	2003	12741555
effects of increasing levels of refined cornstarch in the diet of lactating dairy cows on performance and ruminal ph.	our study investigated the effect of a linear increase in level of ruminally fermentable carbohydrate, at a constant level of dietary starch and fiber, on performance, microbial n yield, chewing activity, and ruminal ph of midlactation dairy cows. eight cows (53 dim) were assigned to four treatments in a double 4 x 4 latin square. diets consisted of increasing levels of refined cornstarch (0, 5.9, 11.9, and 17.9% of diet dry matter) replacing dry cracked, shelled corn so that increasing amounts ...	2003	12741560
effects of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows.	forty-five multiparous and 18 primiparous holstein cows were fed three levels of crude protein (cp), each at three levels of neutral detergent fiber (ndf), to identify optimal dietary cp and energy. cows were blocked by parity and days in milk into seven groups of nine and randomly assigned to an incomplete 9 x 9 latin square trial with four, 4-wk periods. diets were formulated from alfalfa and corn silages, high-moisture corn, soybean meal, minerals, and vitamins. forage was 60% alfalfa and 40% ...	2003	12741562
effects of forage particle size, forage source, and grain fermentability on performance and ruminal ph in midlactation cows.	our study investigated the effects of, and interactions between, forage particle size, level of dietary ruminally fermentable carbohydrate (rfc), and level of dietary starch on performance, chewing activity, and ruminal ph for dairy cows fed one level of dietary ndf. twelve cows (48 dim) were assigned to six treatments in a replicated 6 x 6 latin square. treatments were arranged in an incomplete 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. factors were: dry cracked shelled corn (dc, low rfc) or ground high-moist ...	2003	12741563
the effect of reducing alfalfa haylage particle size on cows in early lactation.	the objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of reducing forage particle size on cows in early lactation based on measurements of the penn state particle separator (psps). eight cannulated, multiparous cows averaging 19 +/- 4 d in milk and 642 +/- 45 kg bw were assigned to one of two 4 x 4 latin squares. during each of the 23-d periods, animals were offered one of four diets, which were chemically identical but included alfalfa haylage of different particle size; short (sh), mostly s ...	2003	12741569
a protein kinase from colletotrichum trifolii is induced by plant cutin and is required for appressorium formation.	when certain phytopathogenic fungi contact plant surfaces, specialized infection structures (appressoria) are produced that facilitate penetration of the plant external barrier; the cuticle. recognition of this hydrophobic host surface must be sensed by the fungus, initiating the appropriate signaling pathway or pathways for pathogenic development. using polymerase chain reaction and primers designed from mammalian protein kinase c sequences (pkc), we have isolated, cloned, and characterized a p ...	2003	12744512
nod factor and elicitors activate different phospholipid signaling pathways in suspension-cultured alfalfa cells.	lipo-chitooligosaccharides (nod factors) are produced by symbiotic rhizobium sp. bacteria to elicit nod responses on their legume hosts. one of the earliest responses is the formation of phosphatidic acid (pa), a novel second messenger in plant cells. remarkably, pathogens have also been reported to trigger the formation of pa in nonlegume plants. to investigate how host plants can distinguish between symbionts and pathogens, the effects of nod factor and elicitors (chitotetraose and xylanase) o ...	2003	12746536
irradiation d-values for escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella sp. on inoculated broccoli seeds and effects of irradiation on broccoli sprout keeping quality and seed viability.	like alfalfa sprouts, broccoli sprouts can be a vehicle for bacterial pathogens, which can cause illness when they are consumed. the gamma irradiation process was used to reduce numbers of bacterial pathogens on broccoli sprouts and seeds, and the effect of this process on the seeds was studied. the irradiation destruct values for salmonella sp. and for strains of escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated on broccoli seeds were determined. results obtained in this study indicate that a dose of 2 kgy r ...	2003	12747682
chemical and irradiation treatments for killing escherichia coli o157:h7 on alfalfa, radish, and mung bean seeds.	in this study, the effectiveness of dry-heat treatment in combination with chemical treatments (electrolyzed oxidizing [eo] water, califresh-s, 200 ppm of active chlorinated water) with and without sonication in eliminating escherichia coli o157:h7 on laboratory-inoculated alfalfa, radish, and mung bean seeds was compared with that of dry-heat treatment in combination with irradiation treatment. the treatment of mung bean seeds with eo water in combination with sonication followed by a rinse wit ...	2003	12747683
the response of some common egyptian plants to ozone and their use as biomonitors.	relative sensitivity of five common egyptian plant species namely, senecio vulgaris, malva parviflora, sonchus oleraceus, medicago sativa and melilotus indicus to elevated levels of ozone has been studied. the plants were exposed to charcoal filtered air (cfa) and different levels of o3 (50 and 100 ppb) for 5 h per day. the studied parameters were recorded for five consecutive days after fumigation. the foliar injury varied significantly among species in a dose-dependent manner. severe injury sy ...	2003	12758022
the expression of the saccharomyces cerevisiae hal1 gene increases salt tolerance in transgenic watermelon [citrullus lanatus (thunb.) matsun. & nakai.].	an optimised agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer protocol was developed in order to obtain watermelon transgenic plants [citrullus lanatus (thunb.) matsun. & nakai.]. transformation efficiencies ranged from 2.8% to 5.3%, depending on the cultivar. the method was applied to obtain genetically engineered watermelon plants expressing the saccharomyces cerevisiae hal1 gene related to salt tolerance. in order to enhance its constitutive expression in plants, the hal1 gene was cloned in a pbin19 plas ...	2003	12783167
function and glycosylation of plant-derived antiviral monoclonal antibody.	plant genetic engineering led to the production of plant-derived mab (mabp), which provides a safe and economically feasible alternative to the current methods of antibody production in animal systems. in this study, the heavy and light chains of human anti-rabies mab were expressed and assembled in planta under the control of two strong constitutive promoters. an alfalfa mosaic virus untranslated leader sequence and lys-asp-glu-leu (kdel) endoplasmic reticulum retention signal were linked at th ...	2003	12799460
novel growth media for rearing larval horn flies, haematobia irritans (diptera: muscidae).	experiments were conducted to develop an agar-based medium for rearing immature horn flies, hematobia irritans (l.). larval survival was determined on sterilized manure inoculated with pure and mixed cultures of acinetobacter sp., bacillus pumilus meyer & gottheil, comamonas acidovorans den dooren de jong, pseudomonas mendocina palleroni, flavobacterium sp. and empedobacter breve (holmes & owen). rearing larvae on mixed cultures enhanced pupal weight but not survival. horn fly larvae failed to s ...	2003	12597649
expression of mspg3-gfp fusions in medicago truncatula'hairy roots' reveals preferential tip localization of the protein in root hairs.	tip growth is a specialized type of polar growth where new cell wall is deposited in a localized region of the cell, the growing tip. these cells show a characteristic zonation, with a high accumulation of secretory vesicles containing cell wall components at the tip, followed by an organelle-enriched zone. mspg3 is a medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene isolated in our laboratory, specifically expressed during the interaction of this plant with its symbiotic partner sinorhizobium meliloti and ...	2003	12605677
effects of diet fermentability on efficiency of microbial nitrogen production in lactating dairy cows.	effect of diet fermentability on efficiency of microbial n production was evaluated. eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated holstein cows (55 +/- 15.9 days in milk; mean +/- sd) were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. experimental diets contained either ground high moisture corn (hm) or dry ground corn (dg) at two dietary starch concentrations (32 vs. 21%). all diets were formulated for 18% cp, and the sources of dietary protein we ...	2003	12613865
increasing dietary levels of cracked pima cottonseed increase plasma gossypol but do not influence productive performance of lactating holstein cows.	lactating holstein cows were fed diets with increasing levels of cracked pima cottonseed to determine its effects on plasma gossypol concentrations as well as milk yield and composition and dry matter (dm) intake in a short-term study. all diets contained 12.8% cottonseed, 43.5% concentrate, and 43.7% chopped alfalfa hay on a dm basis. the proportion of whole upland cottonseed to cracked pima cottonseed in the four dietswas 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100. four primiparous cows were fed the diets ...	2003	12613869
monensin by fat interactions on trans fatty acids in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous fermentors fed corn or barley.	in previous studies, monensin (m) and unsaturated plant oils independently increased trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. this study was conducted to determine if combining m with plant oil yielded interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms or their effects were additive. four continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between two feedings), consisting of alfalfa hay pellets (30 ...	2003	12613874
the effect of treating alfalfa with lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows.	lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and enzymes (beta-glucanase, alpha-amylase, xylanase, and galactomannase) were applied to chopped alfalfa (39% dm) to study their effects on the fermentation and nutritive value of the silage. alfalfa was treated with nothing, or l. buchneri 40788, for a final application rate of 1 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), or 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage and ensiled in laboratory silos for 2, 4, 8, and 56 d. treatment with l. buchneri 40788 had few effects on the end products of fermen ...	2003	12613876
effects of dietary supplements of zinc-methionine on milk production, udder health and zinc metabolism in dairy goats.	twenty-two murciano-granadina dairy goats were used to investigate the effects of organic zn supplementation of a diet containing a high level of inorganic zn. goats were kept in pens, machine milked once a day throughout lactation and fed a diet based on a dehydrated mixture of whole-plant maize and alfalfa ad libitum, alfalfa pellets, barley grain and a concentrate mixture. treatments were: (1) control, and (2) supplemented with 1 g/d zn-methionine (zn-met) included in the concentrate mixture. ...	2003	12617388
transcriptome analysis of sinorhizobium meliloti during symbiosis.	rhizobia induce the formation on specific legumes of new organs, the root nodules, as a result of an elaborated developmental program involving the two partners. in order to contribute to a more global view of the genetics underlying this plant-microbe symbiosis, we have mined the recently determined sinorhizobium meliloti genome sequence for genes potentially relevant to symbiosis. we describe here the construction and use of dedicated nylon macroarrays to study simultaneously the expression of ...	2003	12620125
kinetics and strain specificity of rhizosphere and endophytic colonization by enteric bacteria on seedlings of medicago sativa and medicago truncatula.	the presence of human-pathogenic, enteric bacteria on the surface and in the interior of raw produce is a significant health concern. several aspects of the biology of the interaction between these bacteria and alfalfa (medicago sativa) seedlings are addressed here. a collection of enteric bacteria associated with alfalfa sprout contaminations, along with escherichia coli k-12, salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium strain atcc 14028, and an endophyte of maize, klebsiella pneumoniae 342, were ...	2003	12620870
experimental tribulus terrestris poisoning in sheep: clinical, laboratory and pathological findings.	eleven native sheep, 1-2 years old, of both sexes were randomly divided into two groups, 6 sheep being allocated to the experimental group and 5 serving as controls. the sheep in the experimental group were fed 80% tribulus terrestris and 20% alfalfa hay and wheat straw, while the control sheep were given a mixture of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% wheat straw. clinical signs of hepatogenous photosensitivity were observed from day 11, including reddening and crust formation on the muzzle, nose, ears an ...	2003	12625403
antisense inhibition of nadh glutamate synthase impairs carbon/nitrogen assimilation in nodules of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.).	legumes acquire significant amounts of nitrogen for growth from symbiotic nitrogen fixation. the glutamine synthetase (gs)/nadh-dependent glutamate synthase (nadh-gogat) cycle catalyzes initial nitrogen assimilation. this report describes the impact of specifically reducing nodule nadh-gogat activity on symbiotic performance of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). four independent transgenic alfalfa lines, designated ga89, ga87, ga88, and ga82 (for gogatantisense), containing an antisense nadh-gogat cd ...	2003	12631328
changes in single unit activity in the lateral hypothalamic area of goats during feeding.	in order to clarify the location of feeding centers in the ruminant brain, this study used a single-unit activity (sua) recording electrode to investigate the existence of appetite-regulating neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (lha) in goats. seven male japanese saanen goats were used in the experiment. the animals were fed twice daily, once in the morning (1000 to 1200) with 1.5 kg of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, and once in the afternoon (1600 to 1800) with 200 g of commercial grou ...	2003	12643498
stress-induced protein phosphatase 2c is a negative regulator of a mitogen-activated protein kinase.	protein phosphatases of type 2c (pp2cs) play important roles in eukaryotic signal transduction. in contrast to other eukaryotes, plants such as arabidopsis have an unusually large group of 69 different pp2c genes. at present, little is known about the functions and substrates of plant pp2cs. we have previously shown that mp2c, a wound-induced alfalfa pp2c, is a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways in yeast and plants. in this report, we provide evidence that alf ...	2003	12646559
effect of quantity, quality, and length of alfalfa hay on selective consumption by dairy cows.	twenty-four lactating holstein cows were used in a replicated 6 x 6 latin square design. experimental periods were 6 or 7 d. cows were housed in tie-stalls, and diets were fed ad libitum twice daily at 1100 and 1600 h. diets contained 60% concentrate and either 40% alfalfa hay or 20% alfalfa hay and 20% alfalfa silage (dry matter basis). the effect of quantity, quality, and length of hay on sorting behavior was determined. treatments consisted of 20% lower or higher quality long alfalfa hay, 20% ...	2003	12647962
fibrolytic enzymes and parity effects on feeding behavior, salivation, and ruminal ph of lactating dairy cows.	four multiparous and four primiparous lactating dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 latin square design to study the effects of parity and inclusion of a fibrolytic enzyme product (agribrands international, st. louis, mo) on feeding and chewing behavior, salivation, and ruminal ph. diets consisting of rolled barley, barley silage, and alfalfa haylage (55% forage, dm basis) differed in enzyme application: 1) control, 2) enzyme applied to concentrate (45% of tmr ...	2003	12647963
effect of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars with malic acid on milk production.	two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars and malic acid on milk production. in trial 1, 257 cows at four sites were fed a basal diet consisting of no more than 60% of forage dm as corn silage and less than 40% as alfalfa hay. cows were assigned randomly within site, parity, and two stages of lactation to: 1) control; 2) enzyme a; 3) enzyme b; and 4) soluble sugars and malic acid. there was a 14-d pretreatment and an 84-d treatment ...	2003	12647964
effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows.	six multiparous holstein cows (average 31 days in milk; 36.3 kg/d of milk) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 6 x 6 latin square with 21-d periods to investigate the effects of diets that varied in forage source and amount of supplemental tallow. isonitrogenous diets in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement were based on either high corn silage (40:10 corn silage to alfalfa silage, % of dry matter) or high alfalfa silage (10:40 corn silage to alfalfa silage, % of dry matter) and contained 0, 2, ...	2003	12647966
effects of particle size of alfalfa-based dairy cow diets on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and milk production.	effects offorage particle size measured as physically effective ndf and ratio of alfalfa silage to alfalfa hay of diets on feed intake, chewing activity, particle size reduction, salivary secretion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of dairy cows were evaluated using a 4 x 4 latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. the diets consisted of 60% barley-based concentrate and 40% forage, comprised either of 50:50 or 25:75 of alfalfa silage:alfalfa hay, and alfalfa ...	2003	12647969
expression of the bacterial catalase genes during sinorhizobium meliloti-medicago sativa symbiosis and their crucial role during the infection process.	sinorhizobium meliloti possesses three distinct catalases to cope with oxidative stress: two monofunctional catalases (kata and katc) and one bifunctional catalase-peroxydase (katb). the katb gene is constitutively expressed during growth in batch culture and is not induced under oxidative stress conditions. in contrast, the expression of kata and katc genes is mainly regulated at the transcription level in these conditions. a differential expression of kat genes was observed during the developm ...	2003	12650453
ankyrin protein kinases: a novel type of plant kinase gene whose expression is induced by osmotic stress in alfalfa.	interaction between medicago spp. and sinorhizobium meliloti leads to the development of a novel organ, the root nodule. a gene, msapk1, encoding a novel type of plant protein kinase containing a n-terminal region with an ankyrin domain, was identified and shown to be expressed both in s. meliloti-infected and spontaneous nodules in alfalfa. this gene is not exclusively associated to nodulation since its expression was detected in other plant organs. several genes coding for ankyrin protein kina ...	2003	12650621
technical note: specific pcr amplification of protozoal 18s rdna sequences from dna extracted from ruminal samples of cows.	a protozoa-specific primer (p-ssu-342f) was designed and paired with a eukarya-specific primer to amplify a 1,360-bp fragment of dna encoding protozoal small subunit (ssu) ribosomal rna from ruminal fluid of cows fed a mixed forage:grain diet or alfalfa hay. sequencing of clones showed that p-ssu-342f is specific to ruminal protozoa and, with slight modifications, the primer will be useful for ecological studies of ruminal protozoa.	2003	12661662
evaluation of the estrogenic effects of legume extracts containing phytoestrogens.	seven legume extracts containing phytoestrogens were analyzed for estrogenic activity. methanol extracts were prepared from soybean (glycine max l.), green bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), alfalfa sprout (medicago sativa l.), mung bean sprout (vigna radiata l.), kudzu root (pueraria lobata l.), and red clover blossom and red clover sprout (trifolium pratense l.). extracts of kudzu root and red clover blossom showed significant competitive binding to estrogen receptor beta (erbeta). estrogenic activ ...	2003	12670155
scanning electron microscopy of native biofilms on mung bean sprouts.	native biofilms present on the adaxial surface of cotyledons of mung bean sprouts (vigna radiata) were studied by use of scanning electron microscopy. biofilms were abundant on the cotyledon surfaces and were comprised of rod-shaped bacteria, cocci-shaped bacteria, or yeasts, often with one type of microbe predominant. in contrast to our earlier study of biofilms on green sprouts (alfalfa, clover, broccoli, and sunflower), yeast and cocci were abundant on mung bean. filamentous fungi were not ob ...	2003	12674347
the mode of action of cell wall-degrading enzymes and their interference with nod factor signalling in medicago sativa root hairs.	medicago sativa l. (alfalfa) root hairs respond to nod factors [nodrm-iv(c16:2,s)] in a host-specific manner with depolarization and rapid ion fluxes. protoplasts prepared from these cells using the cell wall-digesting enzymes pectolyase and cellulase do not, or to a rather small extent, respond to nod factors. in an effort to understand this activity loss we analyzed the mode of action of both enzymes with respect to their effects on the root hairs as well as their interference with the nod fac ...	2003	12687367
detection of salmonella by indicator agar media and pcr as affected by alfalfa seed homogenates and native bacteria.	to investigate and prevent the undesirable effect of native bacteria and alfalfa seed homogenates on detection of salmonella in alfalfa seeds by indicator agar media and polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	2003	12581374
influence of diet on growth yields of rumen micro-organisms in vitro and in vivo: influence on growth yield of variable carbon fluxes to fermentation products.	the efficiency of rumen microbial production (emp) in vitro and in vivo was examined for three roughages (lucerne (medicago sativa l.) hay, oat (avenia sativa l.)-berseem clover (trifolium alexandrinum cultivar bigbee) hay and maize (zea mays l.) crop residue (mcr)) and for five isonitrogenous (106 g crude protein (nx6.25)/kg) diets formulated from lucerne hay, oat-berseem clover hay, mcr, soybean meal and maize grain to provide degradable intake protein for the production of 130 g microbial pro ...	2003	13129469
striking complexity of lipopolysaccharide defects in a collection of sinorhizobium meliloti mutants.	although the role that lipopolysaccharide (lps) plays in the symbiosis between sinorhizobium meliloti and alfalfa has been studied for over a decade, its function in this process remains controversial and poorly understood. this is largely due to a lack of mutants affected by its synthesis. in one of the definitive studies concerning this issue, clover et al. (r. h. clover, j. kieber, and e. r. signer, j. bacteriol. 171:3961-3967, 1989) identified a series of mutants with putative lps defects, j ...	2003	12813079
effect of photoperiod on hepatic growth hormone receptor 1a expression in steer calves.	photoperiod manipulation, specifically a long-day photoperiod (ldpp), increases milk production in lactating cattle. we have previously reported that the galactopoietic effect of ldpp is associated with an increase in circulating igf-i, which seems to occur independently of changes in concentrations of gh, igfbp-2, and igfbp-3. this study tested the hypothesis that ldpp increases the expression of gh receptor (ghr) 1a messenger rna (mrna) in the liver. two groups of holstein steer calves (98 +/- ...	2003	12817491
effect of select nitrocompounds on ruminal fermentation; an initial look at their potential to reduce economic and environmental costs associated with ruminal methanogenesis.	methane production by ruminal microbes during the digestion of feedstuffs is an inefficient process resulting in losses of 2-12% of the gross energy consumed by ruminants. presently, we report the effect of three inhibitors on ruminal methane production in vitro. mixed populations of ruminal microbes collected from cannulated cows maintained on an alfalfa hay:corn diet (50:50) were incubated at 39 degrees c for 24 h under a 100% carbon dioxide gas phase in closed tubes with 72 mm added sodium fo ...	2003	12835058
effects of a polymer-coated urea product on nitrogen metabolism in lactating holstein dairy cattle.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of polymer-coated urea on nitrogen retention, rumen microbial growth, and milk production and composition. coated urea (cu) that is more slowly hydrolyzed to ammonia than unprotected urea could potentially be used more efficiently by rumen microorganisms. eight cows were offered each of three diets in a randomized crossover design. each treatment period consisted of a 14-d adjustment period and a 5-d collection period. diets were formulated to ...	2003	12836952
comparison of the national research council-2001 model with the dutch system (dve/oeb) in the prediction of nutrient supply to dairy cows from forages.	the objective of this study was to compare the dve/oeb system (dve = truly absorbed protein in the small intestine; oeb = degraded protein balance) and the nrc-2001 model in the prediction of supply of protein to dairy cows from selected forages: alfalfa (medicago sativa l. cv. pioneer and beaver) and timothy (phleum pratense l. cv. climax and joliette). comparisons were made in terms of 1) ruminally synthesized microbial cp, 2) truly absorbed protein in the small intestine, and 3) degraded prot ...	2003	12836955
influence of herbicide tolerant soybean production systems on insect pest populations and pest-induced crop damage.	conventional soybean weed management and transgenic herbicide-tolerant management were examined to assess their effects on soybean insect pest populations in south georgia in 1997 and 1998. soybean variety had very little impact on the insect species observed, except that maturity group effects were observed for stink bug, primarily nezara viridula (l.), population densities on some sampling dates. stink bugs were more abundant on the early maturing varieties in mid-season. velvetbean caterpilla ...	2003	12852606
combinations of alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed in limit-fed growing diets for beef cattle.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alfalfa hay (ah) and wet corn gluten feed (wcgf) combinations on adg and gain efficiency of cattle limit-fed growing diets. in exp. 1, crossbred beef steers (n = 220; initial bw = 262 kg) were limit-fed diets consisting of steam-flaked corn and 40% wcgf (dm basis) with 0, 10, or 20% ground ah (0ah, 10ah, and 20ah, respectively). a fourth diet containing 20% ground ah and steam-flaked corn served as a control. all diets were fed once daily ...	2003	12854802
the influence of diet on faecal dna amplification and sex identification in brown bears (ursus arctos).	to evaluate the influence of diet on faecal dna amplification, 11 captive brown bears (ursus arctos) were placed on six restricted diets: grass (trifolium spp., haplopappus hirtus and poa pratensis), alfalfa (lupinus spp.), carrots (daucus spp.), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), blueberries (vaccinium spp.) and salmon (salmo spp.). dna was extracted from 50 faecal samples of each restricted diet, and amplification of brown bear dna was attempted for a mitochondrial dna (mtdna) locus a ...	2003	12859644
reduction of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella on laboratory-inoculated alfalfa seed with commercial citrus-related products.	alfalfa sprouts contaminated with the bacterial pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella have been the source of numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness in the united states and in other countries. the seed used for sprouting appears to be the primary source of these pathogens. the aim of this study was to determine whether the efficacy of commercial citrus-related products for sanitizing sprouting seed is similar to that of high levels of chlorine. five products (citrex, pangermex, cit ...	2003	12870748
industry practices and compliance with u.s. food and drug administration guidelines among california sprout firms.	since 1995, raw vegetable sprouts have been implicated as the vehicle of infection in 15 foodborne outbreaks involving salmonella and 2 foodborne outbreaks involving escherichia coli o157:h7. to reduce the numbers of sprout-related outbreaks, the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) published guidance for industry: reducing microbial food safety hazards for sprouting seeds in 1999. between october 2000 and april 2001, 61.5% (16 of 26) of the known commercial sprout firms in california were en ...	2003	12870761
characterization of an antifungal soil bacterium and its antagonistic activities against fusarium species.	bacteria were isolated from a cultivated soil and screened for antagonistic activity against fusarium graminearum, a predominant agent of ear rot and head blight in cereal crops. based on its in vitro effectiveness, isolate d1/2 was selected for characterization and identified as a strain of bacillus subtilis by phenotypic tests and comparative analysis of its 16s ribosomal rna gene (rdna) sequence. it inhibited the mycelial growth of a collection of common fungal phytopathogens, including eight ...	2003	12897834
the vird2 pilot protein of agrobacterium-transferred dna interacts with the tata box-binding protein and a nuclear protein kinase in plants.	the bacterial virulence protein vird2 plays an important role in nuclear import and chromosomal integration of agrobacterium-transferred dna in fungal, plant, animal, and human cells. here we show that in nuclei of alfalfa cells, vird2 interacts with and is phosphorylated by cak2ms, a conserved plant ortholog of cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinases. cak2ms binds to and phosphorylates the c-terminal regulatory domain of rna polymerase ii largest subunit, which can recruit the tata box-bindi ...	2003	12900506
natural genomic design in sinorhizobium meliloti: novel genomic architectures.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiont of alfalfa, was reported in 2001 by an international consortium of laboratories. the genome comprises a chromosome of 3.65 megabases (mb) and two megaplasmids, psyma and psymb, of 1.35 mb and 1.68 mb, respectively. based on the nucleotide sequence of the whole genome, we designed a pathway of consecutive rearrangements leading to novel genomic architectures. in a first step we obtained derivative strains conta ...	2003	12902376
milk production and composition from cows fed high oil or conventional corn at two forage concentrations.	twelve multiparous holstein cows (63 +/- 24 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square with 28-d periods to evaluate conventional and high oil corn grains when fed at two different forage-to-concentrate ratios. dietary treatments consisted of conventional or high oil corn supplementing a diet with a 25:25:50 mixture of corn silage: alfalfa: concentrate mix, or a high forage diet with a 30:30:40 mixture of corn silage: alfalfa: concentrate mix. dry matter intake (28.1, 28.7, 26.9, an ...	2003	12906061
the sinorhizobium meliloti glycine betaine biosynthetic genes (betlcba) are induced by choline and highly expressed in bacteroids.	the symbiotic soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti has the capacity to synthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline-o-sulfate and choline. this pathway is encoded by the beticba locus, which comprises a regulatory gene, beti, and three structural genes, betc (choline sulfatase), betb (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase), and beta (choline dehydrogenase). here, we report that beticba genes constitute a single operon, despite the existence of intergenic regions containing mosaic element ...	2003	12906115
treatment of escherichia coli o157:h7 inoculated alfalfa seeds and sprouts with electrolyzed oxidizing water.	electrolyzed oxidizing water is a relatively new concept that has been utilized in agriculture, livestock management, medical sterilization, and food sanitation. electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water generated by passing sodium chloride solution through an eo water generator was used to treat alfalfa seeds and sprouts inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of nalidixic acid resistant escherichia coli o157:h7. eo water had a ph of 2.6, an oxidation-reduction potential of 1150 mv and about 50 ppm free ...	2003	12915034
[growth and polysaccharide formation in sinorhizobium meliloti strains in an air-lift-type fermentor. effect on nodulation velocity in alfalfa plants].	in this paper the influence of the exopolysaccharides produced by sinorhizobium meliloti strains on the nodulation rates in alfalfa plants has been considered. the experiments were performed in a rotary shaker and in an air-lift type fermentor. different sinorhizobium meliloti strains were used. bacterial growth rates were determined by viable cell counts. exopolysaccharide concentration was determined by precipitation with ethanol. it was observed that maximum cell concentration was in the orde ...	2003	12920984
ability of cold-tolerant plants to grow in hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.	phytoremediation of hydrocarbons in soil involves plants and their associated microorganisms. differences in environmental conditions and restrictions on species importation mean that each country may need to identify indigenous plants to use for phytoremedation. screening plants for hydrocarbon tolerance before screening for degradation ability may prove more economical than screening directly for degradation. thirty-nine cold-tolerant plants native, or exotic and naturalized, in western canada ...	2003	12929494
comparative analysis of plant and animal models for characterization of burkholderia cepacia virulence.	a simple alfalfa model was developed as an alternative infection model for virulence studies of the burkholderia cepacia complex. symptoms of disease were observed in wounded alfalfa seedlings within 7 days following inoculation of 10(1) to 10(5) cfu of most strains of the b. cepacia complex. strains from seven genomovars of the b. cepacia complex were tested for virulence in the alfalfa model, and the degree of virulence was generally similar in strains belonging to the same genomovar. strains ...	2003	12933878
comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. production responses with different levels of concentrate.	silages prepared from pure stands of ryegrass, alfalfa, white clover, and red clover over two successive year were offered to lactating dairy cows in two feeding experiments. proportional mixtures of all cuts prepared in a yr were used to ensure that the forage treatments were representative of the crop. additional treatments involved mixtures of grass silage with either white clover silage or red clover silage (50/50, on a dm basis). silages were prepared in round bales, using a biological inoc ...	2003	12939084
comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 2. in vivo and in sacco evaluations of rumen function.	two experiments were conducted to investigate the basis for higher voluntary intakes and increased alpha-linolenic acid content in milk from cows offered clover silages. six cows with rumen and duodenal cannulae were used in a four-period changeover-design experiment. cows received 8 kg/d of dairy concentrate and had ad libitum access to one of six silage treatments: grass, red clover, white clover, alfalfa, and 50/50 (dry matter basis) mixtures of grass with red clover or white clover. the rume ...	2003	12939085
the distributional changes and role of microtubules in nod factor-challenged medicago sativa root hairs.	the normal tip-growing pattern exhibited by root hairs of legumes is disrupted when the hair is exposed to nod factors generated by compatible bacteria capable of inducing nodule formation. since microtubules (mts) play an important role in regulating directionality and stability of apical growth in root hairs [t.n. bibikova et al. (1999) plant j 17:657-665], we examined the possibility that nod factors might affect the mt distribution patterns in root hairs of medicago sativa l. we observed tha ...	2003	12942325
mutations in rpobc suppress the defects of a sinorhizobium meliloti rela mutant.	the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between sinorhizobium meliloti and medicago sativa requires complex physiological adaptation by both partners. one method by which bacteria coordinately control physiological adaptation is the stringent response, which is triggered by the presence of the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppgpp). ppgpp, produced by the rela enzyme, is thought to bind to and alter the ability of rna polymerase (rnap) to initiate and elongate transcription and affect the affinity of ...	2003	12949113
use of some novel alternative electron sinks to inhibit ruminal methanogenesis.	several compounds were evaluated in vitro as alternative electron sinks to ruminal methanogenesis. they were incubated with ruminal fluid, buffer mixture, and finely ground alfalfa hay for 24 h, at 0, 6, 12, and 18 mm initial concentrations. the propionate enhancer oxaloacetic acid, the butyrate enhancer beta-hydroxybutyrate, and the butyrate unsaturated analog 3-butenoic acid were ineffective in decreasing methanogenesis. nevertheless, beta-hydroxybutyrate increased apparent fermentation of the ...	2003	12956318
plasmid transfer from pseudomonas putida to the indigenous bacteria on alfalfa sprouts: characterization, direct quantification, and in situ location of transconjugant cells.	the transfer of the plasmids pjkj5 and tol (pwwo) from pseudomonas putida to the indigenous bacterial community on alfalfa sprouts was studied. tagging with fluorescent protein markers allowed direct quantification of the introduced donor bacteria and of indigenous bacteria that had received the plasmids. the sprouts were observed for 9 days; during this time alfalfa seeds, inoculated with donor bacteria, developed to edible and subsequently decaying sprouts. the first transconjugants were detec ...	2003	12957943
host-based divergence in populations of the pea aphid: insights from nuclear markers and the prevalence of facultative symbionts.	in north america, the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum encompasses ecologically and genetically distinct host races that offer an ideal biological system for studies on sympatric speciation. in addition to its obligate symbiont buchnera, pea aphids harbour several facultative and phylogenetically distant symbionts. we explored the relationships between host races of a. pisum and their symbiotic microbiota to gain insights into the historical process of ecological specialization and symbiotic acquis ...	2003	12964998
effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on feed intake, serum chemistry, and hematology of horses, and the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent.	the feeding of fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated grains adversely affects the performance of swine and poultry. very little information is available, however, on adverse effects associated with feeding these mycotoxin-contaminated grains on the performance of horses. an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on feed intake, serum immunoglobulin (ig) concentrations, serum chemistry, and hematology of horses. a ...	2003	12968685